2010年四川大学汉教考研真题及其答案解析

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全国名校考古学 2010年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题(含部分答案)(圣才出品)

2010年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题（含部分答案）一、名词解释1．元谋人答：元谋人是指中国西南地区旧石器时代早期的人类化石，是迄今所知中国境内年代最早的直立人。

1965年5月，在云南省元谋县上那蚌村附近发现。

元谋人的地址时代属早更新世晚期，年代为距今170万年。

元谋人化石包括两枚上内侧门齿，一左一右，属于同一成年人个体。

根据出士的两枚牙齿、石器、炭屑，以及其后在同一地点的同一层位中，发掘出少量石制品、大量的炭屑和哺乳动物化石，证明他们是能制造工具和使用火的原始人类。

2．龙山文化答：龙山文化泛指中国黄河中、下游地区约新石器时代晚期的一类文化遗存。

铜石并用时代文化，因首次发现于山东历城龙山镇(今属章丘)而得名，距今约4600～4000年。

分布于黄河中下游的山东、河南、山西、陕西等省。

1928年的春天，考古学家吴金鼎在山东省历城县龙山镇发现了举世闻名的城子崖遗址。

在此之后，考古学家们先后对城子崖遗址进行多次发掘，取得了一批以精美的磨光黑陶为显著特征的文化遗存。

根据这些发现，考古学家把这些以黑陶为主要特征的文化遗存命名为“龙山文化”。

3．二里头文化答：二里头文化是中国青铜时代文化，因发现于河南偃师二里头遗址而命名。

年代约为公元前21世纪～17世纪。

二里头文化主要分布在河南中西部和山西南部的汾水下游一带。

出土的陶器有做炊器的鼎、折沿深腹罐、侈口圆腹罐等，做食器和容器的深腹瓶、三足盆、平底盆、足、小口领罐、澄滤器和锤缸等等，洒器有盉、觚、爵等。

居民以农业经济为主，居址有半地穴式、地面式和窑洞式，还发现有灰坑、窖穴、水井等遗迹。

二里头文化的墓葬开了用青铜礼器随葬的先河。

二里头文化的遗物，除青铜器外，还有玉器、绿松石饰、象牙器、木漆器等珍品，这些遗物制作精美，反映了二里头文化高超的工艺水平。

4．燕下都答：燕下都是指战国中、晚期燕国都城遗址，位于河北省易县东南。

从历年出土的兵器铭文看，该城的繁荣时期主要在燕昭王（公元前311年～279年）。

(NEW)四川大学历史文化学院《649考古学通论》历年考研真题汇编(含部分答案)

目　录第一部分　四川大学649考古学通论考研真题2016年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题（回忆版）及详解（含部分答案）2015年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题及详解（含部分答案）2014年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题（回忆版）2013年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题及详解（含部分答案）2012年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题及详解（含部分答案）2011年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题及详解（含部分答案）2010年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题及详解（含部分答案）2007年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题2006年四川大学425考古学通论考研真题第二部分　四川大学相关专业考研真题2004年四川大学445中国考古学（汉-唐考古学）考研真题2003年四川大学432中国考古学（汉-唐考古学）考研真题2002年四川大学426中国考古学考研真题2001年四川大学426中国考古学考研真题2000年四川大学中国考古学考研真题第一部分　四川大学649考古学通论考研真题2016年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题（回忆版）及详解（含部分答案）一、名词解释1．良渚文化答：良渚文化是一支分布在中国东南地区太湖流域的新石器文化类型。

良渚文化的代表遗址是良渚遗址，位于杭州城北18公里处余杭区良渚镇，距今约5300～4500年，出土的文物主要有陶器和玉器，陶器以夹灰砂的灰黑陶和泥质灰胎黑皮陶为主，轮制较普遍，圈足器和三足器较为盛行；玉器包含璧、琮、钺、璜、冠形器、玉镯、玉管、玉珠等，琮、璧一类玉器之多，为同时期其他文化所罕见。

出土的农具也反映了当时的生产力一定程度上的先进性。

总之，良渚文化不仅反映了当时的文化程度，而且也是证明我国具有五千年文明的有力证据。

2．武官大墓答：武官大墓是在安阳殷墟中已发掘的墓葬中规模最大的一座墓。

此墓面积340平方米，容积1615立方米，1950年进行科学发掘。

这是一座“中”字形墓，墓室南北长14米，东西宽12米，深7.2米。

2010年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题及详解（含部分答案）【圣才出品】

2010年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题及详解（含部分答案）【圣才出品】2010年四川大学649考古学通论考研真题及详解（含部分答案）一、名词解释1．元谋人答：元谋人是指中国西南地区旧石器时代早期的人类化石，是迄今所知中国境内年代最早的直立人。

1965年5月，在云南省元谋县上那蚌村附近发现。

元谋人的地址时代属早更新世晚期，年代为距今170万年。

元谋人化石包括两枚上内侧门齿，一左一右，属于同一成年人个体。

2．龙山文化答：龙山文化泛指中国黄河中、下游地区约新石器时代晚期的一类文化遗存。

铜石并用时代文化，因首次发现于山东历城龙山镇(今属章丘)而得名，距今约4600～4000年。

分布于黄河中下游的山东、河南、山西、陕西等省。

1928年的春天，考古学家吴金鼎在山东省历城县龙山镇发现了举世闻名的城子崖遗址。

在此之后，考古学家们先后对城子崖遗址进行多次发掘，取得了一批以精美的磨光黑陶为显著特征的文化遗存。

根据这些发现，考古学家把这些以黑陶为主要特征的文化遗存命名为“龙山文化”。

3．二里头文化答：二里头文化是中国青铜时代文化，因发现于河南偃师二里头遗址而命名。

年代约为公元前21世纪～17世纪。

二里头文化主要分布在河南中西部和山西南部的汾水下游一带。

居民以农业经济为主，居址有半地穴式、地面式和窑洞式，还发现有灰坑、窖穴、水井等遗迹。

二里头文化的墓葬开了用青铜礼器随葬的先河。

二里头文化的遗物，除青铜器外，还有玉器、绿松石饰、象牙器、木漆器等珍品，这些遗物制作精美，反映了二里头文化高超的工艺水平。

4．燕下都答：燕下都是指战国中、晚期燕国都城遗址，位于河北省易县东南。

2013年四川大学《汉语国际教育基础》考研真题

2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：汉语国际教育基础科目代码：445适用专业：汉语国际教育（试题共6页）（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）壹.中外文化及跨文化交际基础知识（共70分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分）1.在中国茶史上，被尊为“茶圣”的是。

2. 是拥有少数民族种数最多的省级行政单位。

3.在中国历史上，是第一个“开眼看世界”的人。

4.1900年在敦煌发现了唐朝印制的《金刚经》，这是目前已知的世界上最早的印刷品。

5.宋代在原有十二部经书的基础上加入了，成了后人所说的“十三经”6.中国有55个少数民族，他们的人口数量相差很大，人口最多的超过1500万，人口最少的在以下。

7.举世闻名的《清明上河图》是画家的杰作。

8.由朱熹整理而成的四书指的是《论语》、《孟子》、《中庸》与《》。

9.中国佛教四大名山是山西五台山、四川峨眉山、和浙江普陀山。

10.通常所说的中国四大菜系，指川、、、四大菜系。

11.“地支”由十二个字组成，这十二个字是。

12.“师旷之聪，不以六律，不能正五音”，这个五音即。

13. 起源于公元前六至五世纪的古印度，是世界上最大的宗教之一。

14. 提出“福兮祸之所依，祸兮福之所伏”。

15. 和，在中国文学史上并称“风骚”。

16.我国第一部散文集是。

17. 是汉乐府中最有名的诗篇，也是中国历史上第一部长篇叙事诗。

第1页18.中国的地方戏有360多种，其中影响较大的有、、、、、。

19.中国的是世界上壁画最多的石窟群，也是当今世界上规模最宏伟、保存最完好的佛教艺术宝库。

20.汉字经历了、、、、等字体的演变。

21.“三权分立”指的是立法权、司法权和。

22.佛教的“四谛”又称“四圣谛”，即。

23. 是伊斯兰教的主要经典。

24.“欧佩克”全称是，“东南亚国家联盟”简称。

25.感恩节是每年十一月的。

26.《爱弥尔》的作者是西方教育史上著名的思想家。

27.莫奈是对画派贡献最大的画家。

2010年四川大学汉语国际教育硕士汉语国际教育基础(案例分析写作

2010年四川大学汉语国际教育硕士汉语国际教育基础（案例分析写作）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 案例分析写作案例分析写作1．根据以下材料，按照“选择论题——确立观点——论证说明——实践运用”的思路，写一篇1500字以上的自由命题作文，要求观点明确、证据充实、结构严谨、条理清晰、语言表达规范流畅。

材料：我从小就很不喜爱华文。

从小学一年级开始，曾经教过我大姐的华文老师就常常拿我和她来做比较。

华文和我“势不两立”的情结从此在我心里深深扎根。

我对华文、对老师的厌恶和恐惧，如此强烈，以至于上华文课时，我会躲到桌子底下，以为这样做就能躲避华文老师和那恐怖的高级华文。

在家里，当妈妈用华语和我交谈时，我却只会用英语回答。

观看中文电视节目时，我一定会读画面下的英文字幕。

我的中文能力，不用多说，大家也了解。

很自然的，我所选择的都是大家公认的“Kang-Tang”学校。

我中学就读于丹戎加东女子中学，高中则在英华中学(自主)读国际文凭大学预科课程(International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme)，这是一个专为国际学生所开办的课程，而我所修读的华文B课程，也是专门为完全没有中文背景的学生而设计的。

不过，我却选择到中国留学，主要的原因是为了寻根，为了她巨大无比的经济潜力，为了吸取欧美留学生所没有的经验，最重要的，是要考验自己。

刚到复旦大学时，我粗浅的中文程度根本无法听懂教授的讲解。

我修读的是工商管理，需要选读数学分析和许多其他不同的课程，那些从没听过看过，完全陌生的术语，如“垄断”、“向量”等，让我烦躁和无助。

于是，我开始尝试使用不同方法去学习汉语。

为了能更快掌握汉语，我无时无刻不带着电子字典。

我开始用中文写博客，练习怎样用华文来表达我的看法和意见。

我结交了很多中国朋友，和他们用华语聊天。

我也参加了中国学生的社团，为贫困的农民子弟义务补习英语，以了解中国大部分低层人民的生活和文化。

2010年四川大学汉语写作与百科知识考研真题及其答案解析

财教创办北大、人大、中、北外授训营对视频集、一一保分、、小班2010年四川大学汉语写作与百科知识真题答案育明教育梁老师提醒广大考生:历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于咱们从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要重视.有什么疑问可以随时联系育明教育梁老师,我会为根据各位考生的具体情况提供更加有针对性的指导。

1 汉赋是在汉代涌现出的一种有韵的散文，它的特点是散韵结合，专事铺叙。

从赋的形式上看，在于“铺采摛文”；从赋的内容上说，侧重“体物写志”。

汉赋的内容可分为5类：一是渲染宫殿城市；二是描写帝王游猎；三是叙述旅行经历；四是抒发不遇之情；五是杂谈禽兽草木。

而以前二者为汉赋之代表。

赋是汉代最流行的文体。

在两汉400年间，一般文人多致力于这种文体的写作，因而盛极一时，后世往往把它看成是汉代文学的代表。

《史记》是由司马迁撰写的中国第一部纪传体通史。

记载了上自上古传说中的黄帝时代，下至汉武帝元狩元年间共3000多年的历史（哲学、政治、经济、军事等）。

《史记》最初没有固定书名，或称“太史公书”，或称“太史公传”，也省称“太史公”。

“史记”本是古代史书通称，从三国时期开始，“史记”由史书的通称逐渐成为“太史公书”的专称。

《史记》与后来的《汉书》（班固）、《后汉书》（范晔、司马彪）、《三国志》（陈寿）合称“前四史”。

刘向等人认为此书“善序事理，辩而不华，质而不俚”。

与司马光的《资治通鉴》并称“史学双璧”。

《离骚》是战国时期著名诗人屈原的代表作，是中国古代诗歌史上最长的一首浪漫主义的政治抒情诗。

诗人从自叙身世、品德、理想写起，抒发了自己遭谗被害的苦闷与矛盾，斥责了楚王昏庸、群小猖獗与朝政日非，表现了诗人坚持“美政” 理想，抨击黑暗现实，不与邪恶势力同流合污的斗争精神和至死不渝的爱国热情。

四川大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年

四川大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：30.00)1.Tom is the most ______ pupil in the class.（分数：1.50）A.industrious √B.indulgentC.industrialistD.industrial解析：indulgent放纵的；溺爱的。

industrialist工业家，实业家。

industrial工业的；产业的。

2.The mayor of the city is a ______ old man.（分数：1.50）A.respectiveB.respectfulC.respectingD.respectable √解析：respectable可敬的；有名望的。

respective各自的。

respectful有礼貌的；尊重人的。

respecting 动词现在分词形式。

3.I believe reserves of coal here ______ to last for fifty years.（分数：1.50）A.efficientB.sufficient √C.proficientD.effective解析：sufficient充足的，充分的。

efficient效率高的；有能力的。

proficient熟练的；能手。

4.Mr. Smith complained about the ______ air-conditioner he had bought from the company.（分数：1.50）A.infectiousB.deficientC.ineffectiveD.defective √解析：defective有缺陷的，有瑕疵的。

infectious传染的；有感染力的。

deficient不足的，缺乏的。

ineffective无效的，不起作用的。

大学翻译硕士MTI历年考研真题-2010年四川大学翻译硕士357真题

2010年四川大学翻译硕士357真题翻译硕士（MTI）备考系列I. Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their target language respectively. There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one pint for each. (30’)1. OECD2. NASA3. IAEA4. ASEM5. UNICEF6. ASEAN7. APEC8. IPR9. CEPA10. Special Safeguard Mechanism11. Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis12. Free Trade Agreement13. bonded warehouse14. Encyclopedia Britannica15. binary opposition16. 《论语》17. 《红楼梦》18. 扫黄打非19. 西部大开发20. 高度自治21. 发烧门诊22. 转基因食品23. 小排量汽车24. 温室气体排放25. 创业板26. 中国特色的社会主义市场经济27. 选秀28. 外交庇护29. 稳健的货币政策30. 摸着石头过河II. Directions: Translate the following source texts into their target languages respectively. If the source text is in English, its target language is Chinese. If the source text is in Chinese, its target language is English. (120’)Source Text 1:For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call--lamely, enviously-- whole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person's "inside" and "outside," they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive-- and so ugly. One of Socrates' main pedagogical acts was to be ugly-- and to teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was. They may have resisted Socrates' lesson. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off--with the greatest facility--the 'inside" (character, intellect) from the "outside" (looks); but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good.Source Text 2:Frankly speaking, Adam, I created Eve to tame you. Indeed she is wiser than you because she knows less but understands more. Charm is her strength just as your strength is charm. Doubtless you are active, eager, passionate, variable, progressive and original but she is passive, stable, sympathetic and faithful. In other words you are like animals which use up energy, whereas she is like the plants which store up energy. Henceforth you have got to get along with her willy-nilly in sun and rain, joys and sorrows, peace and turbulence. For you the Rubicon has been crossed. It is up to you now to make the situation a blessing or a curse. I would refuse to entertain any more request from you to take her back.Source Text 3:新疆维吾尔自治区地处中国西北边陲，亚欧大陆腹地，面积166.49万平方公里，占中国国土面积六分之一，陆地边境线5600公里，周边与8个国家接壤，是古丝绸之路的重要通道。

2010年四川大学中文专业考研中国文学&文学评论写作真题

2010年四川大学中文专业考研中国文学&文学评论写作真题2010年四川大学中文专业考研中国文学&文学评论写作真题中国文学填空题之一1.“八事”默写五个2.《我之文学改良观》作者3.第一部白话诗集4.第一部白话小说集5《倾城之恋》作者6.《西厢记》改编自[唐]谁的什么作品7.《稼轩长短句》《漱玉词》《乐章集》作者8.《许茂和他的女儿们》作者9.诗经四家10.九歌共多少篇填空题之二填作者1.大风起兮云飞扬，威加海内兮归故乡2.袅袅兮秋风，洞庭波兮木叶下3.晨兴理荒秽，带月荷锄归4.行到水穷处，坐看云起时5.池塘生春草，园柳变鸣禽6.冠盖满京华，斯人独憔悴7.战士军前半死生，美人帐下犹歌舞8.桃李春风一杯酒，江湖夜雨十年灯9.人生到处知何似，应似飞鸿踏雪泥10.玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨名词解释1.周易2.永明体3.江西诗派4.公安派5.骈文6.谴责小说7.觉新8.三突出9.《白鹿原》10.《面朝大海春暖花开》解答1.读庄子《秋水》后2.简析白先勇的艺术特质3.简析纳兰性德词的艺术特色论述1.李商隐无题诗的艺术特色2.赏析卞之琳《断章》文学概论填空题1.《审美经验现象学》作者2“书不尽言，言不尽意”最早出自3“窥意象而运斤”出自4经典是文本特殊性与什么的结合5文学与其他艺术形式的根本区别6文学阐释是以什么为前提7“张力”是谁提出的8.“风格即人”是谁提出的9.孔子对文学功能的理论是10.文学创作的基本含义是名词解释1.体裁2.文学接受3.审美日常生活化4生态文学解答1.意象与意境的关系2.读者中心论对文学观念的影响论述论述马克思的一段话，大意是说艺术生产与社会发展的不平衡性文学评论写作韩少功的《蛮师傅》。

2012年四川大学汉教考研真题及其答案解析

育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！2012年四川大学汉教考研真题及其答案解析考试科目：汉语基础科目代码：354适用专业：汉语国际教育硕士（答案必须写在答题纸上。

写在试题上不给分）(试题共10页）壹汉语语言基础知识（共80分）一，填空题（每空1分，共30分）1.语言符号的能指和所指之间是一种__________关系。

2.现代汉民族的共同语，它以____________为基础方言。

3.词的语法类别是以词的__________作为分类的基本依据分出来的类别。

4.普通话里“灰，回，会，悔”除了字形和意义上不同以外，还有________上的不同。

5.“他鲁”两字相切，切出来的字音用拼音当写作______________。

6.“树根儿”有___________个音节。

7.___________是汉字第一次规范化的字体。

8.___________是听觉上最容易分辨出来的语音单位。

9.汉语普通话有_________个声母。

10.在汉语普通话中，从发音方法上说，f,s,sh是_____________音节。

11.在汉语普通话中，从发音方法上说，“佩”和“被”的区别在于______________。

12.汉语的单元音韵母一共有____________。

13.我国第一部“义书”是_________。

14.一般词汇，依据不同的来源，可以分为新造句，古语词，方言词，外来词及社会习惯语_______________。

15.“尚且﹍何况”在复句中表示____________关系。

16.“南方人过冬不取暖”的谓语是___________________。

17.语言中最小的音义结合体是____________。

2010四川大学汉语国际教育考研真题及答案解析

【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师.2010年四川大学汉语国际教育考研真题及答案解析第一部分：汉语语言文学基础知识（共80分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分）1.现代汉民族共同语以______________为基础方言。

2.与印欧语系语言相比，现代汉语在词汇方面的特点是广泛运用__构成新词。

3.现代汉语方言中，西南地区的成都话属于_________。

4.与现代汉语普通话的语音差别最大的方言是粤方言和________。

5.现代汉语方言中，语言各要素的差异最突出的方面是_________。

6.气流通过咽头，口腔，鼻腔时，一定会受到发音器官阻塞的音素叫______。

7.普通话声母c从发音部位上看属于_________。

8.语言中最小的语音单位是_______。

9．现代汉语普通话的单元音韵母一共有______。

10.现代汉语音节中，能够充当韵尾的音素共有______。

11.普通话上声的调值是_____。

12．按照四呼分类，普通话音节“字”的韵母属于_____.13.汉字是记录汉语的________系统。

14.距今已有3000多年历史的殷商时期的文字是_____。

15.《现代汉语常用词表》规定的次常用字的数量是________。

16.汉字字体古文字演变为今文字的转折点是________。

17.介于楷书和草书之间的字体是_______。

18.在汉语字典，词典等语文工具书中，具有字形归类作用的部首叫_______。

19.词汇包括一种语言里所有的（或特定范围）的词和_____。

20.语素是语言中______的音义结合体。

21.有两个或两个以上语素构成的词叫_________。

2010年四川大学汉语写作与百科知识考研真题

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！一、百科知识：请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点：1、秦汉是中国文学的形成期。

秦代文学成就甚微，稍有成就的仅李斯一人。

汉代是我国文学自觉的萌动期，汉赋是汉代文学的代表，政论散文和史传文学也取得了突出的成就，诗歌远不及前二者，但在文学史上亦有重要地位及影响，尤其是乐府民歌。

汉赋经过了骚体赋、大赋、小赋三个发展阶段。

代表两汉史传文学的最高成就的是《史记》，在史学、文学方面都有显著的成就，被鲁迅先生誉为“史家之绝唱，无韵之《离骚》”。

《汉书》是继《史记》之后我国古代又一部重要史书，与《史记》、《后汉书》、《三国志》并称为“前四史”。

2、《联合国气候变化框架公约》中将“气候变化”定义为：“经过相当一段时间的观察，在自然气候变化之外由人类活动直接或间接地改变全球大气组成所导致的气候改变。

”1979年，第一次世界气候大会呼吁保护气候；1992年通过的《联合国气候变化框架公约》确立了发达国家与发展中国家“共同但有区别的责任”原则；1997年通过的《京都议定书》确定了发达国家2008年~2012年的量化减排指标。

在人为因素中，气候变化主要是由于工业革命以来人类活动，特别是发达国家工业化过程的经济活动引起的。

化石燃料燃烧和毁林、土地利用变化等人类活动所排放温室气体导致大气温室气体浓度大幅增加，温室效应增强，从而引起全球气候变暖。

全球变暖将导致地球气候系统的深刻变化，使人类与生态环境系统之间业已建立起来的相互适应关系受到显著影响和扰动。

3、二十国集团（G20）伦敦金融峰会2009年4月2日落下帷幕，与会领导人就国际货币基金组织增资和加强金融监管等、全球携手应对此次金融危机的议题达成多项共识。

2011年四川大学汉教考研真题及其答案解析

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！2011年四川大学汉教考研真题及其答案解析答题说明：答案一律写在答题纸上，不需抄题，表明题号即可，答在试题上无效。

一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分）1.《史记》所载“五帝”分别为（），，帝豪，尧，。

2.（）是我国最早的一部诗歌总集，相传为孔子所编定。

答案：诗经3.中国古代国家的礼制包括吉，嘉，宾，军（）五部分，称为五礼。

答案：凶4.《亚维农的少女》是画家（）著名绘画作品之一。

答案：毕加索5.科举制度中乡试考试者称举人，第一名为（）。

答案：解元6.中国思想史上，把法，术，势思想有机会结合起来，成为法家集大成人物的是（）。

答案：韩非子7.京剧中，张飞的脸谱颜色是（）。

答案：黑8.甲骨文之外，商代晚期还有铜器铭文，即（）。

答案：金文9.在中国，举行登高，赏菊，佩珠等习俗活动的传统节日是（）。

答案：重阳节10.京剧四大名旦为（），尚小云，程静秋，荀慧生。

答案：梅兰芳11.中国古代著名文学理论家留心的代表作为（）。

答案：文心雕龙12.（）是明代戏剧家汤显祖的戏剧《牡丹亭》中的女主人公。

答案：杜丽娘13.明代短片小说的代表作有“三言”、“二拍”，其中“三言”包括《警世通言》，《喻世明言》和（）。

答案：西行适合演14.班因《》中讨论的是棋类是（）。

答案：围棋15.完整的二十四节气最早见于西汉刘安的《_______》一书。

答案：淮南子16.北宋（）发明了活字术，宣告我国古代四大发明中印刷术的诞生。

答案：华生17.宁波为范氏的（）始建于明代，是我国著名的藏书楼之一。

答案：天一阁18.唐朝时（）编写刊行了世界第一部茶树--------《茶经》。

2010年四川外国语大学汉语写作与百科知识考研真题及其答案解析

财教创办北大、人大、中、北外授训营对视频集、一一保分、、小班2010年四川外国语大学汉语写作与百科知识真题答案育明教育梁老师提醒广大考生:历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于咱们从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要重视.有什么疑问可以随时联系育明教育梁老师,我会为根据各位考生的具体情况提供更加有针对性的指导。

1 “五经”，指儒家的五圣经，即《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《礼记》、《春秋》。

温柔宽厚，《诗》教也；疏通知远，《书》教也；广博易良，《乐》教也；洁静精微，《易》教也；恭俭庄敬，《礼》教也；属词比事，《春秋》教也。

汉武帝立五经博士，儒教国家化由此谓开端。

“五经”还是中医名词，指肝、心、脾、肺、肾五脏的经脉。

3 《黄帝内经》分《灵枢》《素问》两部分，为古代医家托轩辕黄帝名之作，为医家、医学理论家联合创作，一般认为成书于春秋战国时期。

在以黄帝、岐伯、雷公对话、问答的形式阐述病机病理的同时，主张不治已病，而治未病，同时主张养生、摄生、益寿、延年。

是中国传统医学四大经典著作之一(《黄帝内经》、《难经》、《伤寒杂病论》、《神农本草经》)，是我国医学宝库中现存成书最早的一部医学典籍。

它是研究人的生理学、病理学、诊断学、治疗原则和药物学的医学巨著。

在理论上建立了中医学上的“阴阳五行学说”、“脉象学说”“藏象学说”等。

公元3世纪初，张仲景博览群书，广采众方，凝聚毕生心血，写就《伤寒杂病论》一书。

中医所说的伤寒实际上是一切外感病的总称，它包括瘟疫这种传染病。

该书成书约在公元200年～210年左右。

在纸张尚未大量使用，印刷术还没有发明的年代，这本书很可能写在竹简上。

《神农本草经》简称《本草经》或《本经》，是中国现存最早的药物学专著。

《神农本草经》成书于东汉，。

2010年四川大学翻译硕士英语真题

考试科目： 211翻译硕士英语适用专业：英语口译（MTI）、英语笔译（MTI）（试题共13页）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choiceDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.Tom is the most ___________ pupil in the class.A. industriousB. indulgentC. industrialistD. industrialThe mayor of the city is a ________old man.A. respectiveB. respectfulC. respectingD. respectableI believe reserves of coal here __________ to last for fifty years.A. efficientB. sufficientC. proficientD. effectiveMr. Smith complained about the __________air-conditioner he had bought from the company.A. infectiousB. deficientC. ineffectiveD. defectiveAll the students were excited at the __________of a weekend sports competition.A. opinionB. viewC. thoughtD. ideaThe traveler’s passport established his ___________.A. proofB. evidenceC. identityD. caseWhen we credit the successful people with intelligence, physical strength or great luck, we are making excuses for ourselves because we fall________ inall three.A. rareB. shortC. lackingD. scarceMy sister is quite __________ and plans to get an M.A degree within one year.A. aggressiveB. enthusiasticC. considerateD. ambitiousThe twins are so much __________ that it is difficult to tell one from the other.A. similarB. sameC. likeD. alike10. His eyes were injured in a traffic accident, but after a __________ operation,he quickly recovered his sight.A. considerateB. delicateC. preciseD. sensitive11. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on _________ best in itsclimate and soil.A. it grownB. does it grownC. what growsD. what does it grow12. The fragrances of many natural substances come from oils, __________ theseoils may be used in manufacturing perfumes.A. ofB. whetherC. fromD. and13. If only our team ___________ one more point!A. scoresB. had scoredC. scoredD. have scored14. ___________, he could not lift the weight.A. Strong while he wasB. However strong as he wasC. Strong as he wasD. Strong although he was15. Tom is one of the top students who __________ by the headmaster.A. have been praisedB. has been praised dC. have praisedD. are praised16. You could do it, if you _________ try hard enough.A. mightB. shouldC. couldD. would7. The chairman requested that ___________.A. the members studies the problem more carefullyB. the problem would be more carefully studiedC. the members had studied the problem with more careD. the problem be studied with more care18. George would certainly have attended the proceedings__________.A. if he didn’t get a flat tireB. if the flat tire hadn’t happenedC. had he not had a flat tireD. had the tire not flattened itself19. I would appreciate _________ it a secret.A. you to keepB. that you would keepC. your keepingD. that you are keeping20. We _________ the letter yesterday, but it didn’t arriveA. must receiveB. must have receivedC. ought to receiveD. ought to have receivedII. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AThis year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers, and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impressions to the youth groups in which they are active.What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often think of America only in terms of skyscrapers, Cadillacs, and gangsters.Americans think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get along. The people get along just fine.”Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different from what he had expected--much more formal, much harder. Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the food--mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes of friends in many of Germany’s major cities.“One’s viewpoint is broadened,” he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously. In Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken was “fabulous.” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase “we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling,“America is a second home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent, adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same economic, cultural, and religious background.After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss what they observed. For visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the exchange program. They are supposed to observe, evaluate, and come to fair conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had made friendships that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by the freedom permitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge about other countries.The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna: “At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school. “Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves like it too!”It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed, board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small amount of federal support for the program.For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan, the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.1. Exchange students are generally placed in homes that areA. very similar to their own homes.B. typical of homes in the land they are visiting.C. as different from their own homes as is possible.D. None of the above.2. The greatest value of the program is that each visiting studentA. has a chance to travel in foreign countries.B. shares what he learned with others.C. learns a new language.D. gains a new understanding of world problems.3. Fred Herschbach and Mike Pfafflin agreed thatA. Americans are friendlier than Germans.B. German food is more monotonous than American food..C. German schools are harder than American schools.D. The teacher in German is king.4. The major expense that a group sponsoring an exchange student mustmeet isA. bed and board.B. pocket money and incidentals.C. transportation.D. transportation, bed board and pocket money.5. It is reasonable to suppose that the author wishes thatA. American schools provided fewer outside activities.B. more money were available to finance the exchange program.C. the program were government sponsored.D. visiting foreign students will completely accept the culture of America. Passage B“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five hundred newspapers.”“We’ll sell them or g ive them away.”The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping streets of New York City. The New York Tribune was born.The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job because he was too young.Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to answer an ad. A paper called the Northern Spectator had a job for a boy. The editor asked him why he wanted to be a printer. Horace spoke up boldly:“Because, sir, I want to learn all I can about newspapers.”The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the job, son.”For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work. After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there, he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania. Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his father.The Spectator failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined his family in Eric, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the Erie Gazette. Half the money he earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket. He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and his habits did not change. He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after his Tribune became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next meal.The Tribune grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were truthful and accurate. His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The Tribune became America’s first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in the land.Greeley and his Tribune fought for many causes. He was the first to come out for the right of women to vote. His Tribune was the leader in demanding protection for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”As the Tribune gained more and more power, Greeley became more interested in politics. He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man, was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.Greeley was then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow. Only weeks after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved Tribune lived on after him as the monument he wanted. Just before he died, he wrote:“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of the New York Tribune.”6. Horace gladly accepted his first jobA. because of the kind of work it was.B. because of the high salary offered.C. because of the location of the office.D. because he couldn’t find any other job.7. When Horace founded the Tribune he wasA. already a rich and famous newspaperman.B. poor, but skilled in newspaper work.C. poor, but eager to learn newspaper work.D. rich and skilled in newspaper work.8. The Tribune was different from all other American papers because it wasA. available by subscription only.B. printed in New York city.C. distributed throughout the nation.D. it offered the editor’s personal opinions only.9. Before the Tribune was founded, news reporting wasA. honest but uninteresting.B. distorted or dishonest.C. almost unknown.D. interesting but distorted.10. Greeley probably felt that his greatest accomplishment wasA. rising from poverty to wealth.B. becoming a popular political leader.C. founding the New York Tribune.D. All of the above.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1～3At seven o’clock each morning a bell sounds in the red brick buildings on the steep bank of the Hudson River at Ossining, New York. As it rings, an entire, separate town of some 2300 persons comes to life. It is the prison town of Sing Sing, a world of men who are confined but also living, working, playing—and hoping. Sing Sing is a town that lives on hope.The seven o’clock bell is the signal for Sing Sing’s 1748 inmates and 514 man staff to begin another round of duties. The prisoners rise, wash and dress. They make up their narrow beds army-style and make certain that the objects on their dressers are regulation neat. By 7:15, when guards come along the runways to unlock the individual cells, the men are ready. They file slowly to the mess hall, falling into step along the way with friends and acquaintances. Each man grabs a tray and gets a breakfast of oatmeal with milk and sugar, bread, and coffee; he takes his seat at one of the long rows of eating benches, places the tray before him, and begins his breakfast. So starts the day in Sing Sing.Breakfast over, the men file from the mess hall and under the watchful eyes of guards, drop their eating utensils into boxes provided at the doors. At five minutes to eight they go outside in a long, chattering line down to the cluster of prison workshops.The prison has a dual function: it has its own permanent population, but it also serves as a receiving station for the great flow of prisoners from New York City. Here they come to be examined, screened, and eventually transferred to upstate institutions.For the first two weeks, the new arrival is put through a series of mental, physical, and psychological examinations and given courses to prepare him for prison life. In each batch of new prisoners there are hardened men for whom prison can serve just one function—to remove them form society and keep them from doing further harm. But in each batch there are also those who can be helped and encouraged and turned into law-abiding citizens. It is toward these that most of the effort at the prison is directed.Sing Sing is a school, hospital, and factory as well as a prison. If initialtests show that a man is illiterate, he goes to the prison school to receive the equivalent of an eighth-grade education. If he needs medical treatment, he is sent to the prison hospital. If he shows some special aptitude, or appears capable of learning a trade, he is assigned to a regular job in one of the shops.The shops cover a wide range of activities. A man may be assigned to the printshop to learn the printer’s trade, or to the neighboring machine shop, where a twelve-month course turns raw trainees into good auto mechanics. Many of the prisons “graduates,” incapable of earning an honest living before, now support themselves on the good wages they make as skilled workers.The shops are busy until 11:40 a.m., when the men straggle up the slope to the mess hall for dinner. In the afternoons some men go back to the shops. Others may meet and talk with relatives in the prison’s visiting room. Athletes may spend hours running and drilling on the basketball court.The day’s work ends at 3:30, giving the men more than an hour of relative freedom before the supper whistle sounds at 4:40. With the evening meal, the day ends. The men go directly from the mess hall to their cell blocks and are locked in for the night. Each cell is equipped with a set of radio headphones tuned into programs sent over the prison circuit. A prisoner may read one of the well-thumbed volumes from the prison library, which circulates about 36,000 volumes a year, or he may work, as many inmates do, on a correspondence course to improve his chances of making a living when he gets out. Lights go out at ten o’clock. This routine does not vary greatly for any of Sing Sing’s inmates.“We run the prison like a city of eighteen hundred people, only of course with a lot more police,” says Warden Wilfred I. Denno. “Anything you couldn’t do on the outside, you can’t do on the inside. You can’t fight, you can’t abuse an officer, you can’t steal. If you do, you’ll be punished. We hold court twice a week and try to make the punishment fit the crime.”This code is impressed on the prisoner from the start; it underlies his every move on every day he spends in Sing Sing. He is faced with clear alternatives. If he misbehaves, he received punishment in the form of restricted privileges or even strict confinement. In one typical week there were only five infractions of prison rules, most of which were minor. One man was reprimanded for not reporting to work on time, one for creating a disturbance by trying to shove his way into the mess-hall line ahead of those already waiting. In three weeks of reports there was only one case of serious,outright rebellion against prison discipline. An inmate who was to be released in a month suddenly refused to follow an officer’s order. He was promptly placed in segregation for the rest of his prison term. There are no dark holes or bread-and-water routines at Sing Sing—in segregation, the cells and the food are the same as in the rest of the prison. But a man’s movements are restricted. He is kept locked in his cell, isolated from his fellows, and cannot go to the movies or to the commissary.If a prisoner behaves, he accumulates “good time,” an important source of hope for most prisoners. Good time is the time by which, through his own good conduct, a prisoner may reduce his minimum sentence. Good behavior earns a man ten days good time a month. So a prisoner facing a three-to-six-year term would be able to appear before the parole board for possible release at the end of two years.Release then is not automatic. The parole board must consider many other factors. All that good time does is to guarantee a prisoner the right to appear before the parole board earlier than he otherwise could.The real importance of good time is that it gives a prisoner the one hope that stirs all Sing Sing—the hope of earlier parole, the hope of freedom.A prisoner has to hope, “Once you take away a man’s hope, you make a bitter man,” Warden Denno says. That is the problem of Sing Sing: to punish and yet avoid the deprivation of hope that can make an imprisoned man more desperate, more vengeful, and a greater menace to society.1. What is Sing Sing? Describe in your own words the functions of Sing Sing.2. Why would Warden Wilfred I. Denno compare running the prison torunning a city?3. What does “good time” refer to? Does it have any importance to theprisoners?Questions 4～5To all the world, nothing seems more completely American than the cowboy. Yet the truth is that the cowboy’s horse, clothes, and trade are all part of the rich heritage contributed by Mexico to her northern neighbor.Even the word cowboy is a translation of the Mexican term vaquero. The word cowboy was unknown to the American settlers who first headed west to Texas in the 1820’s. These people thought of themselves as farmers. In fact,the only cattle most of them brought were a cow or two for milk and a yoke of oxen to draw their plows. It was their Mexican neighbors—the Tejanos whose herds had roamed the open ranges since the early 1700’s—who introduced them to cattle raising, taught them to use the lariat, the branding iron, and the horned saddle, and showed them how to break the wild mustangs and round up the free-ranging longhorns. So well did the new Texans take to Tejano ways that soon you spoke fighin’ words if you referred to them as anything as ordinary as mere “farmers.” They had been changed into saddle-proud ranchers.Later, as the cattle industry spread all over the West, its Mexican origins were largely forgotten. But even today the language of the rangeland clearly shows how great were the cowboy’s borrowings. Corral, pinto, palomino, mesquite, bronco, rodeo, mesa, canyon, arroyo, loco, plaza, fiesta, pronto—by the hundreds Mexican words slipped into English with only a change in accent. Borrowed “by ear,” other words underwent weird alterations. From sabe came savvy, jàquima turned into hackamore, chaparajos was shortened to chaps, estampida was converted into stampede, vamos emerged as vamoose, and the juzgado gave birth to hoosegow. Even the famed ten-gallon hat got its name not from some Texan’s tall tale but from a Mexican song about a gaily decorated hat, or sombrero galoneado.In countless other ways the people of the United States are indebted to the Mexicans who once lived in the old Southwest. There were only seventy-five thousand of them when Mexico ceded the region to the United States, and these were scattered from the Gulf Coast in the east to the shores of the Pacific in the west. They had lived in the borderlands since 1598, more than twenty years before the Pilgrims sailed for the New World. In the course of more than 250 years they had left their mark on the land. Many of the western states in the United States still bear the lovely lyrical names the Mexican settlers first wrote upon their maps. So do countless rivers and mountains, and thousands of cities and towns—from Corpus Christi in Texas to all the Sans and Santas along the Pacific shore.Through trial and error, the rugged Mexicans had learned to survive and prosper in the dry, half-desert land, When English-speaking people poured into the region, the Spanish-speaking people shared their knowledge with the new settlers, making things much easier for them. Settlers in other parts of the United States did not have this advantage.In all the rest of the country, pioneers had to break their own trails. Butthose who headed west in gold rush days could follow the Santa Fe Trail from the Missouri to the Rockies. In the old settlements of New Mexico, the wagon trains could rest their oxen and replenish their supplies before moving on down the Old Spanish Trail on the Tucson-Yuma route.In the 1850’s, army engineers were sent west to survey the railroad routes that would link East with West. The northern parties had to find their own way through vast stretches of little-explored territory, but in the Southwest the surveyors merely remapped the trails that had been packed hard over the years by Mexican mule trains. Two major railroads—the Southern Pacific and the Santa Fe—and many main highways were built along the routes made by the early Spanish settlers when they first spread out into the new land.Early migrants from the East thought of the Southwest as a great desert, a land that had to be passed through, but was hardly to be settled upon. However, they changed their minds when they saw the rich green fields along the Rio Grande, fields that had been irrigated since the early 1600’s. In time the newcomers were able to turn even desert into some of the most fertile farmland in all the nation.Water laws gave the new settlers some trouble at first. They tried to use a system under which the landowners along the banks of a stream controlled its waters. This system worked well in the water-rich East, but in the dry lands of the Southwest it gave the lucky more water than they needed, while others on higher ground got none at all. In time all the western states had to switch over to the Mexican way—sharing water rights among all the owners whose land could be irrigated.Western sheep farmers, too, owe a great debt to their forerunners. For the small flocks that the early Mexican settlers had brought to Santa Fe had multiplied into large herds by the time the United States took over the Southwest. New Mexico supplied sheep to ranges all over the country. With the sheep went pastores, who still form a large percentage of the herdsmen in North America. Until the recent introduction of sheep clipping machines, sheepshearing was to a large extent a Mexican skill for which sheep ranchers in the States would bid eagerly.Mexicans have played an important part not only in cattle and sheep farming, but in mining as well. It was a Mexican who discovered the great Santa Rita copper deposit in New Mexico. Today, miners of Mexican descent still form a major part of the work force in most of the copper mines of the。