牛津英语模块七第四单元所有知识点详解11

Unit 4 Public transport
Welcome to the unit
phr v to begin to sleep
She kept dropping off at her desk.
I must have dropped off to sleep .
drop sb/sth⇔off
to take someone or something to a place by car and leave them there on your way to another place
I'll drop you off on my way home.
to fall to a lower level or amount
The number of graduates going into teaching has dropped off sharply.
Reading
2.Because it linked with other lines at almost
every station, making the system more
user-friendly.
3.He is the architect that designed many of the
stations between 1918 and 1938. Many of the
railway tracks did not go into the
London city centre, so buses were required.
This increased traffic on the road. The
underground system transported more
people without increasing traffic on the
road.
2.The carriages did not have windows and
were pulled by steam engines through
narrow tunnels.
3.He bought many of the different lines and
set up the Underground Group.
4.It has functioned as a bomb shelter, an
aeroplane factory, anti-aircraft centre,
meeting rooms for the government
administration.
5.More lines were added because more
people traveled on the underground.
6.It means that many of the lines are linked
at many stations. Therefore, it is very
convenient for riders to go to different
places in the city from any station.
Event
1854 An underground railway was decided to be built
1863 The first tunnels were opened
1868 The next section of the underground system was opened
1884 The underground service was provided in the middle of the city
1933 A public organization was created
1918-1938 London transport was expanded
After 1945 More people traveled on the underground and more lines were added
1977 The last line was added
adj. far away
in the distant past/future: far away in the past or future:
distance n. [C or U] the amount of space between two places:
He travels quite a distance (= a long way) to work every day.
Does she live within walking distance of her parents?
1.boundary
n. -- the edge (Line5)
The mountain becomes the national ~ for both countries.
The fence serves as a ~ between the two buildings.
the boundaries of knowledge
2.historic
adj. -- having importance in or influence on history (Line 6)
11 November 1918 is a ~ day as it represents the end of World War I.
Can you tell me when the ~ meeting between the two great leaders was held?
Historic refers to what is important in history:
the historic first voyage to outer space
It is also used of what is famous or interesting because of its association with persons or events in history:
a historic house
Historical refers to whatever existed in the past, whether regarded as important or not:
a historical character
Historical refers also to anything concerned with history or the study of the past:
a historical novel
historical discoveries
The differentiation between the words is not complete. They are often used interchangeably: historic times or historical times
3.choke (Line8)
n. [C] v. 窒息；堵塞；阻塞
1). The child swallowed a pen and chocked to death.
2). The roads to the coast were choked with traffic.
3). At lunchtime the streets were choked with traffic.
4). Children can choke on peanuts.
引申: chock back 忍住，抑制chock up 因激动等说不出话来
4.link (Line21)
v. [T] to make a connection between two or more people, things or ideas:
1) The explosions are not thought to be linked in any way.
•link up: to form a connection, especially in order to work or operate together:
2)The organization's aim is to link up people from all over the country who are suffering from
the disease.
3)They linked up two areas by telephone.
用法拓展:be connected with 与……相接，和……有联系
5.place (Line 36)
v. --to be in a state or situation
1) She placed a tape recorder in front of her on the table.
2) His uncooperative attitude placed us in an embarrassing situation.
3) This job places great demands on the workers, which can be quite stressful.
6.be responsible for (L39)
be in charge of
1)The driver is responsible for the passengers’ safety.
2) Philip is the project manager. He is responsible for anything concerning the project.
3) Who is responsible for making the dinner reservation?
7.function as (L42)
serve as
1) My living room also functions as a study.
2) The room functioned as a store room for keeping all our collection.
3) The beautiful leaf functioned as a bookmark
8.honor (L51)
a quality that combines respect, pride and honesty:
a man of honor
We fought for the honor of our country.
n. [C] a reward, prize or title that publicly expresses admiration or respect:
She received an honor for her services to the community.
in honor of sb./ sth. in order to celebrate or show great respect for someone or sth.:
a banquet in honor of the president
9.permit (L57)
v. -tt- [T] to allow sth.:
The regulations do not permit much flexibility.
[+do ing] The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month.
[+ object + to infinitive] The security system will not permit you to enter without the correct password.
10.beneath
preposition (formal)
in or to a lower position than sb/sth; under sb/sth:
They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves. ◆The boat sank beneath the waves.
not good enough for sb: He considers such jobs beneath him.
◆They thought she had married beneath her (= married a man of lower social status).
UNDER
beneath adverb: Her careful make-up hid the signs of age beneath.
11.order
n. [U] 顺序
in order of: 以……的顺序
out of order：杂乱无序
The children lined up in order of age/height.
I can't find the file I need because they're all out of order (= they are no longer arranged in the correct way).
Put the files in alphabetical order.
12.discount
n. [C] a reduction in the usual price:折扣
They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies.
They offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students.
at a discount
(a) at a reduced price 打折扣; 减价.
(b) (fig 比喻) not highly valued; unfashionable 不受重视的; 不时兴的:
Concern for others seems to be at (something of) a discount today. 如今好像不兴关心别人了.
Word Power
Language Points
1.rely on sb./sth.
1) 依靠，依赖
[+ ing form of verb] The success of this project relies on everyone making an effort.
[+ to infinitive] I'm relying on the garage to fix the car by tomorrow.
2) to trust someone or sth. or to expect them to behave in a particular way指望，期待
British weather can never be relied on - it's always changing.
[+ ing form of verb] Don't rely on finding me here when you get back (= I might have gone).
I. 分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。

现在分词构成为V+ing, 过去分词构成为V+ed。

分词也有一般式、过去式、完成式及主动和被动等各种形式。

II. 现在分词和过去分词的区别
1. 在时态上，现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。

Developing countries 发展中国家
The developed countries 发达国家
Boiling water 沸腾的水
Boiled water 开水
2. 在语态上，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。

The oppressing class 压迫阶级
The oppressed class 被压迫阶级
Burning fire 燃烧的火焰
Burned skin 烧伤的皮肤
III. 分词的时态与语态
1. 一般式（主动、被动）
分词的一般式的主动式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。

其被动式表示这个动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生，主要作定语、状语或宾补。

When I entered the room, I found him reading. 当我进入房间时，我发现他在读书。

I found the flowers watered. 我发现花已浇过了。

The building being repaired is a hospital. 正在修建的建筑物是一家医院。

He found the matter being talked everywhere. 他发现到处都在谈论这件事。

Being surrounded, the enemy were forced to put down their guns. 敌人被包围，不得不缴械投降。

2. 完成式（主动、被动）
分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。

完成时态的分词在句中常作状语，一般不作定语。

Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet.
由于没做好充分的准备，我们推迟了运动会。

Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up?
给了这样好的机会，他怎能放弃呢？
3. 现在分词的被动式与过去分词的区别
过去分词表示动作已完成，不强调时间概念，而现在分词的被动式强调某一动作正在进行中。

The building repaired is library. 修建过的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。

The building being repaired is our library. 正在修建的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。

4. 延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别
延续性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个过去进行时时态的句子，而终止性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个一般过去时的从句。

Walking in the street the other day (=While I was walking in the street the other day), I came across an old friend of mine. 那天我在马路上走时，突然碰到了我的一个老朋友。

Arriving at the airport (=When I arrived at the airport), I found my light had taken off.
到达机场时，我发现我的班机已经起飞了。

IV. 分词的独立结构
分词（短语）作状语时，尽管在形式上它没有主语，但其逻辑上的主语必须和谓语动词的主语保持一致。

Studying in the college (=When I studied in the college), I learned a lot from my teachers.
在大学学习时，我从老师那里学到了很多东西。

但是,分词有时也有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为分词的独立结构。

它可以表示时间，原因，条件，伴随的动作，有时还可用介词with, without 来引导。

His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母亲病了，他今天没来。

（原因）
Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果时间允许，他们会开始做一项新工作。

（条件）
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。

（伴随）They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten. 他们饿着肚子旅行了一整天。

（伴随）注意：分词用于独立结构时，如果分词是being, having been done形式时，没有实际意义的being或having been可以省略。

The old man was in a bad condition, his temperature (being) over 40℃and his pulse (being) weak and rapid. 那位老人处于不好的状况，他的体温超过40℃，脉搏既弱又快。

The report (having been) read, a discussion began. 读完报告，开始讨论。

The experiment (having been) finished, we left the lab and went home. 实验结束后，我们离开了实验室回家了。

1. 单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。

developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题
2. 作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。

The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。

3. 某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing形式，必须用定语从句。

①作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。

昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。

【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
②v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语，不作定语。

被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。

【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
v-ed形式作定语
1. 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。

A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。

All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的坏门窗都修好了。

When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。

提示如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。

Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。

2. 带有修饰语或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定语，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。

We have read many novels written by this author.
(= that are written by this author) 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。

Half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.
(= who had been invited to the reception)
被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。

The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
(= which was attended by one thousand students)
这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。

A woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge.
(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。

v-ing 和v-ed形式作定语的区别
1．及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。

The group called Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
The group calling itself Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
2．不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而v-ed形式表示动作已完成。

the rising sun 正在升起的太阳the risen sun 升起了的太阳
boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 开水
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子fallen leaves 落叶
changing condition 变化着的情况c hanged condition 改变了的情况
developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家
不及物动词－ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。

an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped 逃犯
a retired worker = a worker who has retired 退休工人
a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived 新来的客人
动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，其动作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。

在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。

动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。

1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。

Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
(= After we have made full preparations...)
2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。

Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill...)
3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。

His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.)
4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。

Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
=If you work hard at your lessons...
5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this...
6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。

He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
v-ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。

但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。

1 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。

Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
(= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
(= After he was completely examined...)
有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。

Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。

When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。

Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。

2 动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。

Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. (= As it was written in haste ...)
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
(= Because we were excited by...)
3 动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。

Heated, water changes into steam.(= If water is heated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better. (= If he was given more time ...)
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.
(= If she was compared with other professors...)
4 动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。

Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
(= Even if he was laughed by ...)
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。

Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。

Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart.
Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.
5 动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。

The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.
(= and he was surrounded …)
He went into the office, followed by some children.
(= and he was followed by some children)
v. to go in a particular direction 走向，往某地出发
1）I was heading out of the room when she called me back.
2）He headed straight for (= went towards) the fridge.
3）I think we ought to head back/home (= return to where we started) now, before it gets too dark.
2.They have done so in the hope that people will take notice of the problems caused by
poisonous smoke and gas from cars.
1).In the hope of :怀着……希望
I haven’t phoned you til l four o'clock in the hope that you'd be finished.
2). take notice (of): 注意
to give attention to something:
I asked him to drive more slowly, but he didn't take any notice.
Don't take any notice of/Take no notice of what your mother says —she's just in a bad mood. 3.It was an A+, which was beyond my modest expectations.
beyond
prep., adv.
1). outside or after (a stated limit):
(1)Few people live beyond the age of a hundred.
(2)We cannot allow the work to continue beyond the end of the year.
(3)His thoughtlessness is beyond belief (= is so great that it is impossible to believe)
2). If sth. is beyond you, you are unable to understand it:
I'm afraid physics is completely beyond me.
wash sth. away
If water or rain washes sth. away, it removes it or carries it away:
The blood on the pavement had been washed away by the rain overnight.
under repair
being repaired
The house is under repair now, so we have to rent one to live in for a while.
相关：under discussion 在讨论中
under consideration 在考虑中
under construction 在建设中
2.remind
v. [T] to make someone aware of sth. they have forgotten or might have forgotten:
[+ to infinitive] Please remind me to post this letter.
[+ (that)] I rang Jill and reminded her (that) the conference had been cancelled.
remind you of sth./sb. to be similar to, and make you think of, sth. or someone else:使人想起……Your hair and eyes remind me of your mother.
Project
greatly over the past year. (P62)
arise
v. [I] (arose, arisen) to happen:
Should the opportunity arise, I'd love to go to China.
Could you work on Saturday, should the need arise (= if it were to be necessary)?
Are there any matters arising from (= caused by) the last meeting?
2.This notice is aimed at increasing people’s awareness of the problem because it has
become quite extreme. (P62)
aim at sth.
to plan, hope / intend to achieve sth.:
The talks are aiming at a compromise.
[+ doing ] The government's campaign is aimed at influencing public opinion.
aware adj.
knowing that sth. exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing:
[+ that] I wasn't even aware that he was ill.
She was well (= very) aware that he was married .
Were you aware of the risks at the time?
I suddenly became aware of (= started to notice) him looking at me.
"Has Claude paid the phone bill?" "Not as far as I'm aware." (= I don't think so)
awareness
n. [U]
Public awareness of the problem will make politicians take it seriously.
Environmental awareness has increased dramatically over the past decade.
3.We must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.
(P 62)
potential adj.
possible when the necessary conditions exist:
1) A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company.
2) Many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying.
3) The accident is a grim reminder of the potential dangers involved in North Sea oil production
4.Many drivers are aggressive and push into other lanes of traffic or overtake other cars.
(P62)
aggressive adj.
1) behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person:
Men tend to be more aggressive than women.
If I criticize him, he gets aggressive and starts shouting.
2) determined to win or succeed and using forceful action to achieve victory or success:
an aggressive election campaign
aggressive marketing tactics
overtake v. (overtook, overtaken)
vt. to go beyond sth. by being a greater amount or degree:
Our US sales have now overtaken our sales in Europe.
We'd planned to hold a meeting tomorrow, but events have overtaken us (= things have changed).
2) vt./vi. to come from behind another vehicle or a person and move in front of it:
Always check your rear view mirror before you overtake (another car).
5.Recently the number of people fined for speaking on their mobile phones while driving has
increased by 30 percent. (P62)
fine n.c.
an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law:
The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1000 fine.
If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a
heavy (= severe) fine.
vt.
Drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily.
[+ two objects] They fined him $100 for using threatening behavior.
6.If you drive after you have consumed alcoholic drinks, you are violating the law and risking
your own life as well as the lives of others. (P62)
consume vt.
1) to use fuel, energy or time, especially in large amounts:
Our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world's oil.
2) FORMAL to eat or drink, especially a lot of sth.:
He consumes vast quantities of chips with every meal.
7.violate vt.
to break or act against sth., especially a law, agreement, principle or sth. that should be treated with respect:
They were charged with violating federal law.
8.risk
vt.1) to do sth. although there is a chance of a bad result:
---"It's dangerous to cross here."
---"I'll just have to risk it."
[+ doing] He risked losing his house when his company went bankrupt.
2) If you risk sth. important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it:
He risked life and limb to get the cat down from the tree.
She was prepared to risk everything on a last throw of the dice.。