1 The Literature of Colonial America殖民时期的美国文学
美国作家作品
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 美国第一位作家《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 普利茅斯第一任首长《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 波士顿第一任首长《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams –The Patriarch of New England《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。
The Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期美国文学
2) Transitional Indian Literature
A. translations of the great Indian orators; memoirs of the Indian experience B. to white audiences 3) Modern Indian Literature A. novels, short stories, and poetry B. more good Indian poets than fiction writers C. both their rich heritage and their tragic loss of identity
II. Native American Literature
• 1. Background 1) a rich store of oral literature 2) different literary taste • 2. Three stages of development 1) Traditional Indian Literature A. the category of oral literature B. a regularity of metric pattern C. an organic part of everyday life D. functional
PART I
THE LITERATURE OF COLONIAL AMERICA
I. Introduction of American literature
• 1. Definition of American Literature literature produced in American English by American citizens • 2. Basic Qualities of American Writers 1) Independent A. no close hold; free from its control B. an independent action C. free-lance writers D. their independence and their right to make up their own minds
美国文学史综合
PartⅠ The Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学I．The Background Information1. 第一批美国永久居民：The first permanent English settlement in North America wasestablished at Jamestown, Virginia(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)in 1607. At last early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞) began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.2. 清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals游记3. 清教徒在美国的写作内容：1〕their voyage to the new land ；2) Adapting themselves tounfamiliar climates and crops；3) About dealing with Indians；4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit4. 美国第一位作家〔The first American writer〕Captain John Smith. He published eightin all.1).1608年A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实介绍》. 2) A Map of Virginia《弗吉尼亚地图》3).General History of Virginia《弗吉尼亚通史》他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他的作品filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans. He saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers” instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward. 5．※美国清教主义〔American Puritanism〕: Puritans purified their religious beliefs and practices, and believed that God decides everything and they are God’s chosen people.Hard work, thrift (节俭;节约), piety (虔诚；虔敬), and sobriety (节制；严肃) were the Puritan spirit that dominated much of the earliest American writing(including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather).Cotton Mather: wrote more than 450works, an example as well as an advocate of the Puritan ideal of hard work.6. A literature of ideas: New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological,moral, historical, and political.7．The Pilgrim Fathers:English Puritans who went to America in 1620 and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts.8．※Puritan：The “Puritan”was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. Their purposes are for religious freedom and political freedom. The major intellectual spokesmen of Puritanism are John Cotton, Roger Williams. II. Literature1.William Bradford(威廉·布拉德福德)：The first governor of Plymouth(普利茅斯第一任首长)，History of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》He was perhaps the greatest of the Pilgrim Fathers〔“美国历史之父”〕2. John Winthrop(约翰·温斯罗普)：波斯顿第一任首长The History of New England《英格兰历史》3.John Cotton(约翰·科顿)：The Patriarch of New England〔“新英格兰教父”〕4.Roger Williams〔罗杰·威廉斯〕：1).He begins the history of religious toleration and theseparation of church and state.2). He is interested in the Indian language. eg: A Key into the Language of America《开启美国语言的钥匙》5.Anne Bradstreet(安妮·布莱德斯):The first woman poet in the English language.one of themost interesting of the early poets〔最幽默的诗人之一〕“The tenth muse lately sprung up in American”《最近出现在北美的第十位缪斯》6.Edward Taylor〔爱德华·泰勒〕：The best of the Puritan poets〔清教徒诗人最杰出的一位〕The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.Conclusion: The early American literature was European/English in style/form, but American in content/spirit.Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学I. The Background Information1. The American War for Independence 〔1775-1783〕:Strict rules made by Englishgovernment hampered the economic development of the colonies. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country2. Enlightenment：1).an intellectual movement 2)the power of human reason 3)the scientificidea;4)the idea of progress.3. Enlightenment and American Revolution:1). all the leaders of the revolution wereinfluenced by the Enlightenment, representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, etc. 2). The new nation was set on the basic ideas and principles of the Enlightenment.4．※Deism (自然神论, 自然神教派) is a religious philosophy and movement that derives the existence and nature of God from reason and personal experience.5. The important literature topics of the revolutionary period:1).theology, 2).politics3).enlightenmentII. LiteratureRepresentative works: Noah Webster诺亚·韦伯斯特:第一部美国英语字典Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence; Thomas Paine: The American Crisis; Rights of Man; The Federalist; Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac; The Autobiography 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传1.Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林—The first major writer in the colonial period, theonly good American author before the Revolutionary War；one of the Founding Fathers of the United States; a paradoxical combination of Puritanism and Enlightenment; anembodiment of the “American Dream”Representative works: (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷人查理德的年鉴》an annual collocation of proverbs (It contains a large number of practice sayings about life，the common theme is that the industriousness and discretion are rewarded.(2) The Autobiography《自传》(a. The first success story of self-made Americans, it records the writer’s rising from poverty. b. Style: simple, clear in order, direct, concise and humorous. c.First of its kind in literature and set the autobiography as a genre. d. The early example of the American dream.) In The Autobiography we will be able to notice: 1)Puritanism’s influence, such as self-examination and self-improvement 2)Enlightenment spirits (man’s nature is good, rights of liberty, virtues including “order”)2. Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因“Great Commoner of Mankind”(“人类伟大的平民)；Pamphleteer(美国著名政治小册子家)；Leading figure in American revolution. Representative works: 1〕famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 《常识》，it boldly advocateda "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机; Pain became the spokesman of the American Revolution 2〕"American Crisis" 《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense”was a series of16 pamphlets.3)The Rights of Man《人权》--a defense of the French Revolution. 4) The Age of Reason《理性的时代》5).Analysis of The American Crisis 3. Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊—an Enlightenment thinker and a leader ofAmerican revolution and; The third President of the United StatesThe aims of his life-pursuit: Freedom and DemocracyThe style of writings: clear; graceful; poetic.Representative work: drafted The Declaration of Independence—the Declaration isconsidered to be the founding document of the United States of America.All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness.4. Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺--the poet of the American Revolution “美国革命诗人”and the father of American poetry“美国诗歌之父”His poems are: neoclassical in form，romantic in spirit；strongly lyrical; clear imagery Philip Morin Freneau was a deistic (自然神论的) optimist.Representative work: The Wild Honey Suckle《野忍冬花》※1). In this poem the poet expressed a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience ofnature. He not only meditated on Mortality but also celebrated nature. The poem implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature. “The Wild Honey Suckle”is Philip Freneau's most widely read natural lyric with the theme of transience.2). The central image is a native wild flower, which makes a drastic difference from eliteFlower images typical of traditional English poems3). The poem showed strong feelings for the natural beauty, which was the characteristic ofromantic poets4). The poem was written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas, rhyming: ababcc. The structureof the poem is regular, so it has the neoclassic quality of proportion and balance.5). The line“the space is but an hour“contains a hyperbole stressing the transience of life.The tone of the poem is both sentimental and optimisticA). Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next greatsubject to command the attention of the best minds.B). Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.Part ⅢThe Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学I. The Background Information1. Romanticism Characteristics: Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics:moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源2．Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems3．Imaginative literature想象类文学：became intense, personal, and symbolic as more writers came to perceive themselves as prophets and seers.4．The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。
殖民时期的美国文学
Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI．Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions.III．The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas.IV．Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV．Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of England. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition --intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.。
美国文学
1.The Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
美国文学考试重点
1.The literature of colonial AmericaWilliam Bradford威廉·布拉德福德（1590年-1657年），五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。
他所撰写的《普利茅斯垦殖记》是关于欧洲新世界殖民史的早期著作之一。
Anne Bradstreet美国女诗人布莱德斯特律1612英格兰比安普敦～1672.9.16,马萨诸塞湾殖民地安多弗美国最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的一位女诗人。
她的宗教组诗《沉思集》(Contemplations)受到20世纪文学批评界的重视，被认为是一部不朽之作。
《凡人的虚荣》(Of the vanity of all worldly creatures)、《灵与肉》(The Flesh and the Spirit)、《献给我亲爱的丈夫》(To My Dear and Loving Husband)、《人世正凋萎，万物有终极》(All things within this fading world hath end)、《心痛手颤写诗句》(With troubled heart and trembling hand I write)、《大卫对扫罗和约拿单的哀悼》(David's Lamentation for Sauland Jonathan)Puritan Thoughts美国清教主义从一开始就是一种精神运动，它不仅仅是一种宗教信仰，而且还是一种极端民主与共和的理论。
清教徒在自己的祖国遭受迫害，对英国严酷的社会现实不满而移民到美国。
他们希冀按自己的意欲信仰上帝。
于是，他们致力于建立一个乌托邦式的重视伦理和精神生活的社会模式。
他们崇尚真正的自由——这种真正的自由涵盖了广泛的道德的含义。
他们把一切破坏和蔑视这种自由信念的行为一概斥责为对权威的亵渎。
因此，他们认为自己是一群称之为美国人的新人，命定要建立一个新的世界，为人类建造一座“山上的光辉的城市”。
殖民时期的文学
Colonial America Puritanism
(1620---1776)
•
Puritanism is the attitude which desired a more thorough-going reform of the church in the direction of Protestantism. It stressed that The church should be restored to the purity of the 1st church as established by Jesus Christ Himself.
Benjamin Franklin (1706----1790)
Position a universal genius------ business man, scientist,
writer, statesman etc. The embodiment of the enlightenment ideas and a cultural hero whose life exemplifies the American dream . Literary achievement He was noted for his mastery skills in perodical essay, satire, political journalism and folk humour He set the form for autobiography as a genre in America with his Autobiography credited as
美国文学史总结
美国文学史总结Part I The Literature of Colonial America（殖民地时期的文学）Chapter 1→John Smith 约翰.史密斯1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3.The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2→William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）→Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）→John Winthrop （约翰.温思罗普）→The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3→John Cotton （约翰.科登）→Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）→ A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》Chapter 4→Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）→The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》→Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）→Psalms 《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution（理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5→Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1.Poor Richard ’s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2.The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）3.The Autobiography 《自传》4.Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6→Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）mon Sense 《常识》（1776）3.The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed“Common Sense” ）4.Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791年， II 1792年）5.The Age of Reason 《理性时代》6.Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要著作）Chapter 7→Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗1.该集子并不是按写作顺序来安排的，而是按事件发展的先后顺序重新编排，即：TheDeerslayer（《杀鹿者》）；The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》；The Pathfinder 《探路人》；The Pioneers《拓荒者》；The Prairie《大草原》}Chapter 11→William Cullen Bryant （威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特）1.Thanatopsis《死亡思考/死之思考》（1817）2.To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》（is perhaps the peak of his work 是其巅峰之作）Chapter 12→Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.艾伦.坡）1.MS. Found in a Bottle 《金瓶子城的方德先生》2.The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂榭府崩溃记》3.Tales Of the Grotesque and Arabesque《述异集》（1840）4.The Raven《乌鸦》（1845）5.To Helen《给海伦》6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔.李》Chapter 13→Ralph Waldo Emerson（拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生）1.Nature《论自然》（1836）2.Two speeches（正真让他功成名就的是两次演讲）：The American Scholar《美国学者》（a great statements 一篇优秀的论说文）& Divinity School Address《神学院致辞》3.Poem《诗集》（1847）4.Essay《随笔录》5.Representative Men《代表》（1850）6.English Traits《英国人》（1856）7.Nature《论自然》8.Self-Reliance《论自助》Chapter 14→Henry David Thoreau（亨利.戴维.梭罗）1.Walden《沃尔登》（1854）Chapter 15→Nathaniel Hawthorne （纳撒尼尔.霍桑）1.The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》2.Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》（1846）3.The Scarlet Letter 《红字》（1850）The Scarlet Letter is the introductory chapter of The Scarlet Letter. 《海关》是《红字》的前言。
美国文学知识
美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。
代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。
代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。
代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。
代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。
代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。
爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。
代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。
乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。
代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。
二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。
Part1 the literature of colonial america
2） The First American Writer
Captain John Smith
John Smith
“A True Relationship of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” （1608 ）
Two Prominent Figures
Benjamin Franklin ( 1707 ~ 1790 ) Jonathan Edwards (1703 ~ 1758 )
Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790)
He is a …
• • • • • • • Prose writer scientist inventor newspaper publisher city father of Philadelphia diplomat The only one who signed the four documents that created the USA.
Jonathan Edwards (1703 – 1758)
1
literary status
A great religious prose writer A pioneer of American transcendentalism
2 historical and social backgrounds
殖民地时期的美国文学
Unit 1 Colonial American Literature 1607 ~ 1776
Topics:
• 1 Historical Introduction • 2 Literary Introduction • 3 Two Prominent Figures ① Benjamin Franklin (1707~1790) ② Jonathan Edwards (1703~1758)
C2 美国文学 殖民地时期 ---现代主义诗歌
20111013 Thursday整个文学脉络美国：1. The literature of colonial America (1590-1750)2. The literature of Reason and Revolution (the war of Independence 1750 - 1810)3. Romanticism (1810 - 1860 civil war)4. Realism and naturalism (latter half of 19th cen.)5. 20th century literature1. Literature in stage I/ IINot wonderful , no special featuresSimple literary works:personal letters, historical records, journals, sermons, political pamphletsserved for the religious and political purposeStyle: followed the example of its English counterpart e.g. FranklinKey points:the first American writer, the father of American poetry the first important American writerPuritanism [features/ influences]Franklin Autobiography the American dream3. Romanticism (1810 - 1860 civil war)From the end of the 18th century (after the War for Independence ) through the outbreak of the Civil War.(1798the preface of Lyrical Ballads-1832 the death of Scott)a.1st phase: Early Romanticismnovel ----Irving (local events ) Cooper (the West) poetry--- Bryant, Poe(rose to the same level of its English literature to some degree)b. 2nd phase: New England Renaissance (summit) developed its distinct style and formoptimism T ranscendentalism [Emerson/ Thoreau; pessimism ( Hawthorne, Melville)Irving:position, The Sketch Book[two masterpieces{main ideas, theme, etc.}, his attitude towards the change and European culture]Cooper:The frontier SagaCentral figure [features, special image of Indians] Permanent theme:desire for an escape from society and a return to nature= conventionBryant:Title, masterpiecesimilarity with WordsworthPoe:Writing principle:Brevity, beauty; Unity of Effect or Atmosphere[Vs Oscar Wilde’s Aesthetic movement]Favorite topics/tone:Masterpiece:Poetry: T o Helen, Annabel Lee, The RavenShort story: The Cask of amontillado, the fall of the house of usherT ranscendentalism:I.Features1.the transcendence of oversoul2.divinity of men, importance of individualism3.nature –symbol of spirit/God；restorativeinfluence4.focus in intuition (irrationalism andsubconsciousness)II.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a youngnation and brought about the idea that humancan be perfected by nature. It stressed religioustolerance, called to throw off shackles ofcustoms and traditions and go forward to thedevelopment of a new and distinctly Americanculture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in arapidly expanded economy where opportunityoften became opportunism [Emerson:Americans—newborn Adam, standing simpleand sincere before the world ]3.It helped to create the first Americanrenaissance –one of the most prolific period inAmerican literature.Representatives:[1]Ralph Waldo Emerson1.life2.works(1)Nature [manifesto/ Bible](2) speech: The American Scholar[intellectualDeclaration of Independence]3.opinions(1)One major element of his philosophy is hisfirm belief in the transcendence of the―oversoul‖.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the mostsanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual andimmanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivateshimself and brings out the divine in himself,he can hope to become better and evenperfect. This is what Emerson means by ―theinfinitude of m an‖. [self-reliance]4.aesthetic ideas about the poet [The Poet, TheNature and The American Scholar](1) definition of poetno ordinary person. He is a complete man, an eternal man. He should be able to see into the depths of infinite time, comprehend the path of things and the divine unity of the Universe by intuition and communicate the feelings of contact with nature to his fellowmen.[Whitman: envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community byhis expression of the truth.▪In ―The Defense of Poetry,‖ Shelley claims that ―poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.‖ Poets hold up a mirror to society challenging us (readers) to question our behavior, our morals, our philosophy.▪Vs Plato (liars should be banished from Republic) Wordsworth, Eliot ](2)T rue poetry and true art should ennoble. Itshould serve as a moral purification and apassage toward organic unity and higherreality.(3)The poet should express his thought insymbols. [as for him, symbolism is a universalthing. Influence of Puritanism](4)As to theme, Emerson called upon Americanauthors to celebrate America which was tohim a long poem in itself, to celebrate the lifeof today. American intellectuals should haveindependent mind, stop imitating andtransplanting European tradition, shouldfocus on here and present.[attitude toward American culture: Irving{TheAuthor’s Account of Himself: praise the sublimeand beautiful natural scenery of America,America was full of youthful promise, whichEurope was rich in the accumulated treasures ofage.}, Hawthorne, Henry James, T.S. Eliot ]II.Henry David Thoreau1.works: Walden2.ideas(1)He did not like the way a materialisticAmerica was developing and was vehementlyoutspoken on the point. very critical ofmodern civilization.(2) Practical T ranscendentalism: nature as agenuine restorative, healthy influence onman’s spiritual well-being.(3)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward,spiritual grace of man.Nathaniel Hawthorne1.works(1)Two collections of short stories: T wice-toldT ales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter [main ideas, characters,theme, features](3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun2/ Setting: Puritan New EnglandT opic: Evil & sinIdeas: “black vision‖ toward human beings Features: AmbiguityT echniques: symbolism3. ideas:[1]mixed attitude towards Puritanism[2]Hawthorne’s view of sin/evilguilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity.all his life, Hawthorne seems to be haunted by his sense of _sin___ and __evil_____. It illustrates to some extent the influence of the Calvinist doctrine of _original sin___& total depravity__.e.g. The Minister’s Black Veil―I look around me, and lo! On every visage a Black veil.‖瞧啊，你们每一个人脸上都有一块黑面纱！描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点，这与加尔文教关于人的―原罪‖和―内在堕落‖的理论的影响是分不开的。
The Literature of Colonial America殖民时期的美国文学
从妇女主义的视角解读《紫色》中黑人女性的成长
❖ An Analysis of the Causes of Emma’s Tragedy in Madame Bovary from the Perspective of Freudian Psychoanalysis
❖ 现实很残酷，文学很空灵；人虽然活在 残酷的现实里，但心灵深处是需要美好 的文学直接的滋养。
❖ “文学是什么？” --- 谭旭东
❖ “为什么选择英语专业？” ---唐伟胜
❖ “现在的大学英语系能教给我们什么？” --2015-08-16《 翻译教学与研究》
❖ “English majors want the joy of seeing the world through the eyes of people who are more sensitive, more articulate, shrewder, sharper, more alive than they themselves are.”
The regular grades (50%)
❖ 1. 考勤： 共5分。每次课考勤，无故缺课一 次扣2分，3次及以上得0分 关于请假、调课
❖ 2. 随堂考核（包括课堂提问、课堂讨论、课 堂测验）
1. 期中测验：20分 2. presentation： 10分 3. 课堂投入度、讨论、提问：5分 ❖ 3. 课程作业10分：读作品，写赏析（迷你毕 业论文，要求按毕业论文格式）。
American Literature 美国文学
For English Majors Grade 2012
美国文学知识
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：
被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：
被誉为“美国历史之父”。代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
代表作《日记》（Journal of John Woolman）。
菲利普·弗瑞诺（Philip Freneau）：
爱国诗人，革命诗人。代表作《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》（The Rising Glory of America）。
菲利斯·惠特利（Phillis Wheatley）：
美国文学史上第一位黑人女诗人。代表作《胡塞先生和棺木》（On Messrs Hussey and Coffin）。
亨利·大卫·梭罗（Henry David Thoreau）：
超经验主义（Transcendentalism）的另一位重要代表。代表作《沃尔登湖，或林中生活》（Walden, or Life in the Woods）。
亨利·华兹沃斯·朗费罗（Henry Wadsworth Longfellow）：
爱德华·爱斯特林·肯明斯（Edward Estlin Cummings）：
诗人，具象诗（concrete poetry）的先驱。代表作《郁金香与烟囱》（Tulips and Chimneys）。
尤金·奥尼尔（Eugene O’Neil）：
1936年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作《天边外》（Beyond the Horizon），《送冰人来了》（The Iceman Cometh），《长夜漫漫路迢迢》（Long Day’s Journey Into Night）。
美国文学殖民地时期的文学
History And Anthology Of American LiteraturePart I The Literature of Colonial AmericaHistorical IntroductionThe First American Writings & WritersPuritan ThoughtsHistorical Introduction● 1. The discovery of the American continent by Christopher Columbus in 1492 Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America2. English and European explorersThe earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese, each group settling in different parts of the continent and they all contributed to the forming of the American civilization, but the colonies that became the first United States were for the most part English sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands.3. English and European settlementsThe first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. At last early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.Two Important New England Settlements→(Map) The Plymouth ColonyFlagship Mayflower arrives – 1620 Leader - William Bradford Settlers known as Pilgrims (朝圣者，朝觐者,清教徒前辈移民) and Separatists (主张脱离英国国教者) "The Mayflower Compact" provides for social, religious, and economic freedom, while still maintaining ties to Great Britain. The Massachusetts Bay Colony Flagship Arbella arrives – 1630 Leader - John Winthrop Settlers are mostly Puritans or Congregational (公理会教派的) Puritans "The Arbella Covenant" clearly establishes a religious and theocratic (神权政治的) settlement, free of ties to Great Britain.4. The first American writings●The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of thesesettlements. They wrote in diaries and in journals. They wrote letters and contracts and government charters and religious and political statements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting themselves to the unfamiliar climates and crops, about dealing with Indians. All seemed possible to them in the new world through hard work and faith.1) Captain John Smith●His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, were the first distinctly Americanliterature to be written in English. Smith’s descriptions of America were filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, characters, and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He portrayed English North America as a land of endless bounty.His vision helped lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans who saw themselves as new saints with a spiritual mission to flee the Old World and create a New Israel (Jerusalem---Heaven on earth), a New Promised Land, in the America that John Smith had described.2) The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies●The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smith made theirgreatest contribution to American literature in the 18th century, in the Age of Reason and Revolution.●William Byrd II Thomas JeffersonUntil that time, literature developed slowly, especially in the South. Farms widely dispersed. Towns were few. Illiteracy was high. And there was little of the religious ferment and zeal that inspired such a tide of literature to flow from Puritan New England.The First American Writer●Captain John Smith (1580-1631) was the first American writer and he published eight inall.●1)A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony(1608), defending the handling of the settlement and proclaiming the merits of the new land●2) A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612), a guide to the countryand an invitation to the bold sprits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantations in the new land●3) General History of Virginia (1624), containing his most famous tale of how the Indianprincess Pocahontas saved him from the wrath of her father Powhatan●Captain John Smith contributed more to the survival of the Jamestown colony than didanyone else. And he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.Early New England Literature●New England: →(Map)● A region of the northeast United States comprising the modern states of Maine, NewHampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.1) A literature of ideas: New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological, moral, historical, political. The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been planted mainly as a commercial venture. Southern society was almost completely rural, interested primarily in the development of a tobacco economy.●2) Theocracy:The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with thediscipline of a harsh church. The first intention in Massachusetts was to found a theocracy —a society in which God would govern through the church. The church thus became the supreme political body. The ideal may have been inspiring, but because of the imperfections of the human material, in practice theocracy often led to injustice and intolerance (不容异说, 偏狭).●3) The Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing: Overthe years the puritans built a way of life that was in harmony with their somber religion, one that stressed hard work, thrift (节俭;节约), piety (虔诚；虔敬), and sobriety (节制；严肃). These were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.●Cotton Mather wrote more than 450 works, an example as well as an advocate of thePuritan ideal of hard work.4) The American poets: The American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet.William Bradford and John Winthrop● 1. William Bradford (1590-1657), first governor of Plymouth. He wrote The History ofPlymouth Plantation (1856).●William Bradford started the History in 1630, ten years after the Mayflower voyage,beginning his story with an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New World. In addition to History, Bradford left a wealth of letters, other prose writings about the colony, and even a narrative poem.●He was perhaps the greatest of the Pilgrim Fathers. The New England colonies mournedhim at his death, in words written later by Cotton Mather, as “a common blessing and father to them all”.●The Pilgrim Fathers: English Puritans who went to America in 1620 and founded thecolony of Plymouth, Massachusetts2. John Winthrop (1588 –1649), first governor at Boston. He wrote The History of New England (1826).John Winthrop began to keep a journal on the Bay Colonists’voyage to Massachusetts aboard the ship Arbella in 1630 and he maintained this practice for the rest of his life. The History is less appropriate than “journal”, for the work has not the scope and order of a history. Yet it remains Winthrop’s chief work.● 3. Importance of the Histories●Both works are notable for their candid simplicity and honesty. Each book is the mostvaluable kind of historical source---an account of events by a man who has been a major figure of his time. Both accounts were written, not from literary ambition, but from a sense of the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account attained literary excellence.Puritan Thoughts● 1. What was a Puritan?●The “Puritan”was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religiousbeliefs and practices. The word was coined by the opponents of the group and was applied to them in scorn; it was intended to ridicule them as persons who thought themselves holier or better than others. The undaunted Puritans claimed the name for themselves, adopting it as a badge of honor (荣誉徽章).● 2. What did the Puritans want to do?●The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bibleto theology. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine, form of worship, and organization of authority. Another point of controversy was that the Church of England was the established church, that is, the official church of the state, and the most extreme Puritans, among them the Plymouth Plantation group, felt the influences of politics and the court had led to corruption within the church.●These Puritans were “Separatists”--- that is, they wished to break free from the Churchof England. The Massachusetts Bay group, on the other hand, wished to reform the church but remain a part of it. Yet once they were settled in the new land, they too moved gradually toward complete separation.● 3. What kind of people were the Puritans?●Puritans include people from the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society, botheducated and uneducated, poor and rich. The Puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s will and was not to be accepted. They were thus zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. They drove out of their settlements all those whose opinions seemed dangerous to them.Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts has sometimes been exaggerated, but it is true that their lives were disciplined and hard. Puritans tended to suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. They made strict laws about private morality as well as public behavior.●Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forgethis mercy. From this harsh side of Puritan thought comes the picture of what Nathaniel Hawthorne (author of The Scarlet Letter)called the “stern (严厉的, 苛刻的) and black-browed (黑眉毛的, 抑郁的) Puritans.”Yet this was indeed one of their aspects, but only one. Governor Bradford and Governor Winthrop were men of character, courage, and noble spirit.●Puritanism (the practices and doctrines of the Puritans) was the strongest in the NewEngland region and had great influence upon its history, its people and its literature.4. John Cotton (1584-1652) and Roger Williams●contradictory examples of PuritansJohn CottonThe first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England.”From the time he came to Boston in 1633, he was the “teacher”( that is, spiritual leader) of the community, and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy ( a state ruled by the church). John Cotton’s primary influence was through the pulpit (讲坛;布道坛).●The people of Massachusetts delighted to hear him preach, and some of his listeners wereconvinced that he could make no mistake, for “God would not suffer Mr. Cotton err (犯错误，出差错)”. Yet err he did, great and good man that he was. Practical circumstances allied him with much less noble spirits than his own in suppressing differences of opinion.●Through John Cotton we can see an important characteristic of the Puritans. They weremuch more concerned with authority than with democracy.●The Puritans faults were those common to persons who hold extreme opinions.Roger Williams●With Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America, and with him, too, thehistory of the separation of church and state. Williams advocated the freedom of belief. In him we have a balance to John Cotton.●Roger Williams was interested in the Indian language. One of his works was A Key intothe Language of America; or, A Help to the Language of the Nation in That Part of America Called New England.Anne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorMany Puritans wrote verse, sometimes using that form for their narratives of actual events. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding (沉重缓慢的, 单调乏味的), but the work of the two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.Anne BradstreetAnne Dudley Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets.Anne Dudley Bradstreet●Both her father and her husband were governors of Massachusetts.●Bradstreet’s first published work appeared in London: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Upin America.●She wrote well when she dealt with the simple events of her daily life. The note of piety,gently sounded, was in her work.Edward Taylor: Puritan Preacher and Poet●The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. His work followed the style and formsof the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century.Edward Taylor●Most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on thePsalms.Taylor did not publish any of his work. His poems were found in manuscript in 1937, more than two hundred years after his death. This discovery brought Taylor to immediate prominence in the colonial literary history, and enriched American poetic heritage. A complete edition of Taylor’s poems appeared in 1960.Study Question●The United States has been criticized in recent years for assuming an air of moralsuperiority and for trying to impose its opinion on the rest of the world. Can you find the seeds of these American attitudes in the literature of the first two centuries? Explain your answer by referring to specific works you have read.。
书名
附：作者及作品（第一册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》“ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》‘The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin※《自传》“The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
美国文学史选择题
美国文学史选择题●美国文学主要分为四个时期：●I. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。
●一、殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American) (Colonial Period 1607--1775[独立战争1775-1783]）●其他：●major topic: American Puritanism●起源（关键概括）：●是English Protestant的一个分支、Martin Luther(1517)、JohnCalvin、因他们认为伊丽莎白教会改革不彻底、unscriptural不根据基督教《圣经》来--而called for further purification、"would bepurifier"●清教主义信仰（关键内容概括）：●purify the English Church让宗教崇拜重返早期"pure and unspotted"condition、反教会的繁杂仪式rituals、人们要根据《圣经》行事●教条学说：●把宗教当成最重要的事●为了光辉上帝活着●相信：●predestination预言天数上帝拯救、拯救少数●limited atonement赎罪耶稣死亡是上帝选择、不是为了大家●oringinal sin & total depravity堕落每个人生来有原罪、应该努力工作●清教主义表现/影响：●道德卓越moral excellence与良知conscience●重教育●努力、节俭thrifty、独立●有上帝选民chosen people意识●实践理想主义、教条机会主义●欢愉是罪●文学贡献：促进了象征主义的发展--Puritans 认为任何一个简单的东西都有深意connoted deep meaning.●印第安文学Native American Literature●major forms: legends, folktales, battle songs and poems●早期来美洲的目的：金子、土地、宗教迫害persecution、政治观念错误、穷人、罪犯、经商●美洲殖民地：●第一个：1607 英国人建立Jamestown--现在的Virginia●第二个：1620 William Bradford领导的清教徒，乘坐May Flower号船，到今天的Massachusetts●人物集：●1、约翰•史密斯（John Smith）：早期英国殖民者、探险家，在弗吉尼亚建立了第一个永久英国殖民地。
1 The Literature of Colonial America殖民时期的美国文学
❖ “就这样渡过了浩瀚的大洋，经历了筹备远 航期间无尽的困苦......,现在没有朋友来迎接 他们，没有小旅馆让他们歇一歇饱经风霜的 身子，没有人家更没有小镇可供投靠求 助。......极目所见，只是野人野兽遍布的蛮 荒， 而野人野兽究竟有多少，他们无法知 道。”
❖ 途径浩洋，烦扰如浩洋者亦何其多哉！ 登陆之时，无亲朋之恭候，无馆驿以洗 尘，无房屋以容栖，无城镇以所图之助 也。然有之者，远目所及者，乃蛮荒之 僻壤，遍野之野人野兽，且其数不可量 也。 （译文出自10级某同学）
The final examination (50%)
❖ 考试内容：有关文学史知识及一些文学作品的解读 与欣赏，涵盖教材与授课内容。
❖ 考核的试题类型与分值比例： I. Literary Terms(15%)， II. Match the names of the writers with their works (10%) III. Multiple Choice (30%)， IV. Identification and interpretation of some excerpts of literary works(20%) V. Essay questions (25%)
Historical background
❖ the first settlers in American continent
American Indians, tribes
❖ great geographic discoveries in 15th century
1492, Christopher Columbus 1497, John Cabot sent by King Henry of England
Chapter one The Literature of Colonial America
American Literature Part I the Literature of Colonial Americ
北美殖民时期文学（1607-1750）
Part I The Literature of Colonial America
北美殖民时期文学（1607-1750）
Part I The Literature of Colonial America
北美殖民时期文学 （1607-1750）
Part I The Literature of Colonial America
北美殖民时期文学（1607-1750）
所以，让我们选择生活， 这样，我们和我们的后代， 可以听从上帝的声音， 须臾不离上帝， 因为，上帝是我们的生命， 我们的兴旺。 —— 约翰· 温斯罗普
Part I The Literature of Colonial America
Literature of Colonial America
Political Reason: In the 1630s, arbitrary rule by England's Charles I gave impetus to the migration. Most European emigrants left their homelands to escape political oppression.
Captain John Smith
William Bradford
John Winthrop
John Cotton
Roger Williams
How to Analyze Poetry
Anne Bradstreet
Edward Taylor
Part I The Literature of Colonial America
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Characteristics of the Colonial American literature
The first American literature was neither American nor literature.
Humble origins, personnal literature in various forms, imitative
吴伟仁编
Textbook
History and Anthology of American Literature
（Volume 1, Volume 2）
《美国文学史及选读》 外语教学与研究出版社
Reference Books
1、常耀信， 《 美国文学简史》 （第
三版） 南开大学出版社，2008
2、常耀信， 《 精编美国文学教程》
Historical background
❖ the first settlers in American continent
American Indians, tribes
❖ great geographic discoveries in 15th century
1492, Christopher Columbus 1497, John Cabot sent by King Henry of England
The history of American literature
-- A short history (compared with the British literature)
the Chinese literature -- but an impactful effect -- Five stages:
❖ An Analysis of the Negotiation of the Identity of Karim Amir in The Buddha of Suburbia from the Perspective of the Third Space Theory
第三空间理论视角下《郊区佛爷》中克里姆·阿米尔的 身份构建
❖ establish colonies in the rein of Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
❖ lasting settlements were established
Jamestown in Virginia (1607) --- profit motive Plymouth in Massachusetts (1620) --- religious motive
❖ “就这样渡过了浩瀚的大洋，经历了筹备远 航期间无尽的困苦......,现在没有朋友来迎接 他们，没有小旅馆让他们歇一歇饱经风霜的 身子，没有人家更没有小镇可供投靠求 助。......极目所见，只是野人野兽遍布的蛮 荒， 而野人野兽究竟有多少，他们无法知 道。”
❖ 途径浩洋，烦扰如浩洋者亦何其多哉！ 登陆之时，无亲朋之恭候，无馆驿以洗 尘，无房屋以容栖，无城镇以所图之助 也。然有之者，远目所及者，乃蛮荒之 僻壤，遍野之野人野兽，且其数不可量 也。 （译文出自10级某同学）
学习指南》 修订版 （一、二册), 中央民
族大学出版社， 2010
Course Assessment
Your final score: 1) The regular grades (50%)
a. Class attendance (5%) b. Presentation and tests in class (35%) c. Critical comments on assigned literary works (10%) 2) The final examination (50%) This is really important !!!
Five stages of the history of American literature
❖1. The literature of colonial American ❖2.The literature of reason and revolution ❖3. The literature of Romanticism ❖4. The literature of Realism ❖5. Twentieth Century Literature
从第三空间理论看《白牙》中的文化身份构建
❖ An Analysis of the Narrative Techniques
in the Novel and the Film of The Great Gatsby
《了不起的盖茨比》电影和小说的叙事比较分析
❖ An Analysis of the Growth of Black Women
The final examination (50%)
❖ 考试内容：有关文学史知识及一些文学作品的解读 与欣赏，涵盖教材与授课内容。
❖ 考核的试题类型与分值比例： I. Literary Terms(15%)， II. Match the names of the writers with their works (10%) III. Multiple Choice (30%)， IV. Identification and interpretation of some excerpts of literary works(20%) V. Essay questions (25%)
in The Color Purple from the Perspective of Womanism
从妇女主义的视角解读《紫色》中黑人女性的成长
❖ An Analysis of the Causes of Emma’s Tragedy in Madame Bovary from the Perspective of Freudian Psychoanalysis
从弗洛伊德精神分析法解读《包法利夫人》中爱玛的 悲剧的原因
❖ An Analysis of the Multiple Themes in Saving Fish from Drowning from the Perspective of Narrative Technique
从叙事技巧的角度解读《沉没之鱼》的多重主题
❖ 现实很残酷，文学很空灵；人虽然活在 残酷的现实里，但心灵深处是需要美好 的文学直接的滋养。
❖ “文学是什么？” --- 谭旭东
❖ “为什么选择英语专业？” ---唐伟胜
❖ “现在的大学英语系能教给我们什么？” --2015-08-16《 翻译教学与研究》
❖ “English majors want the joy of seeing the world through the eyes of people who are more sensitive, more articulate, shrewder, sharper, more alive than they themselves are.”
by John Winthrop, first governor of Boston
Excerpt from History Of Plymouth Plantation (P78)
Being thus passed the vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before in their preparation…, they had now no friends to welcome them, no inns to entertain or refresh their weatherbeaten bodies, no houses or much less towns to repair to, to seek for succour…. Besides, what could they see but a hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men? And what multitude there might be of them they knew not…
“The simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.” (吴伟仁, 2000: p6)
2. The first American writer: Captain John Smith
Two significant authors: William Bradford & John Winthrop
--History Of Plymouth Plantation
by William Bradford (first governor of Plymouth) pilgrims
The History Of New England
（中文版）， 南开大学出版社，2005
Reference Books
3. 童明（美） 《 美国文学史》增订
版 A History of American
Literature
外语教学与研究出版 社，2008
（高等院校仁, 张强 《美国文学史及选读
❖potential topics for your Graduation thesis
❖ An Analysis of the Negotiation of the Cultural Identity in White Teeth from the Perspective of the Third Space Theory
❖ “Education is what remains after you forget everything you learned in school.”