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1 音节（Syllables ）英语中一个元音构成一个音节，一个元音加上一个或一个以上的辅音也只构成一个音节。如：I /ai/ , it /it/, ,bite /bait/, thrift/ θrift / 2 重读音节Stressed syllables 单音节词都有一个重读音节，但不标出重音符号。双音节或多音节词有一个音节的元音比其它音节的元音长而响亮，这个长而响亮的音节称为重读音节.有些多音节词中除了主重音（Primary Stress），还可以有次重音（Secondary Stress)。重音符号表在重读音节的左上角，次重音符号标在左下角。 3.元音字母在重读开音节和重读闭音节中读法：（1）、开音节：有两种开音节。一种叫做绝对开音节，就是元音字母后没有辅音字母，例如no,me.另一种叫做相对开音节，就是在元音字母后面有辅音字母（辅音字母r除外）还有一个无声的字母e，note use face等，在重读开音节中元音字母都读他们字母表的音（2）闭音节：元音字母后面有辅音字母（r除外）时，这个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节。 bad lamp thank yes sit hot mother sun (3)-r音节: 元音字母与辅音字母-r结合，构ar, or, ir, er, ur音节。 car horse girl her nurse (4)-re：元音字母与-re结合，构成are ere ire ore ure音节。 are读作/??/ care dare ere读作/??/, /??/ here there ire读作/a??/ fire tire(疲倦) ore读作/?:/ more wore ure读作/j??/ pure(纯碎) cure（医治） 4 英语单词重音可遵循以下规律： 1 )双音节词作为名词，重音在第一个音节；作为动词，重音在第二个音节。 ?名词动词 'Record ['rek??d] re'cord[ri'k?:d] 'Object ['?bd?ikt] ob'ject [?b'd?ekt] 2) 复合名词重音一般在第一个音节上 'Blackboard 'Handbag 'Bookstore 'classroom 复合动词重音一般在第二个音节上 Short'change ill-'treat 3 )有些复合词有双重重音 'Arm'chair 'kind'hearted 'four-'footed 'Second-'handed 4 )少数复合词重音在第二音节 What'ever who'ever your'self through'out

英语语音学习技巧

英语语音学习技巧 [出处] [作者] 黄滨 [内容] 多年教英语的经验告诉我，学习英语首先要过好国际音标关。音标教学是英语教学的重要组成部分和基础，决不可忽视。不少学生就是因为音标关过不了而放弃英语这门课的。为此，我在音标教学中进行了以下改革，收到了较好的教学效果。首先，在学习１２个单元音时，我分了几个步骤来进行。第一步把１２个单元音按接近音编成６组，使学生记好其中〔ｉ：〕、〔ｅ〕、〔Λ〕、〔ｕ〕、〔Ｃ〕、〔〕、〔θ〕这６个主要音素即可。在教〔ｉ：〕这个音素时，我把外衣反复脱掉、穿上，反复带读〔ｉ：〕，用实物传感记忆，用实物

诱发记忆。在教〔ｅ〕这个音素时，我将一个同学叫上讲台，我作出一副很冷的样子，我和她紧紧挨在一起，再反复带读〔ｅ〕，用动作传感记忆。就这样，把６个音素很快教完。然后马上讲解这６个音素与别外６个音素之间的区别，学生们很快就掌握了这１２个音素。第二步把６个主要音素编成极简单的顺口溜。〔ｉ：〕、〔ｅ〕、〔Λ〕为一组，〔ｕ〕、〔Ｃ）〕、〔〕为一组。两分钟后，同学们就全部将它们溜会了。第三步把１２个音素编成号，写在黑板上，要求同学们记忆住它们的顺序。我在黑板上刚把中与的顺序写完，同学们就把１２个音素的顺序背会了。然后我马上把黑板擦掉。我快速问３号、５号、１０号…，采用快速强记。全班叫任何同学都可以对答如流，甚至有些学生到临下课时还达到倒背如流。在２８个辅音音素里面有几个难读，我采用谐音记忆法。比如教〔ｔ

ｓ〕这个音素，我们说“吃饭”，而东北人却说成“刺饭”。班上东北学生很少，很多人还是第一次听到，有一种新奇感，不自觉地就脱口而出，整个教室“刺饭”声此起彼伏。马上教〔ｔｓ〕这个音素，自然就很快地掌握了。在教〔∫〕这个音素时，我学着农村妇女撵小鸡的样子，嘴里不停地发“嘘”的声音，绕教室一周，同学们也跟着“嘘、嘘”。这样〔∫〕这个音素也就学会了。其他的音素，采用多种类似方法，效果都很好。在三年教学中，我要求学生每背一个单词必须读出单词，并写出音标。反复循环，提高记忆。这期间无论是小考还是大考，２／３以上的学生答语音题准确率都达到１００％。从兰州市教育局对’９５年的中考成绩统计来看，我班英语成绩名列兰州市第一名，全班平均为９８．２分，全班５３名毕业生中１００分以上的有３５人。我认为，这一成绩的取得跟音标教教学的改进有很大关系。

《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示

《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等. 第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原 320240*********

英语语音教程教案

英语语音元音辅音的学习一、元音熟悉元音舌位图对于准确掌握元音的发音非常重要。通过元音舌位图的指导，在元音学习时明白舌位的变化，在练习的过程中能有意识地感到发音的部位。舌头抬起的高度（high、mid、low）;舌头最高部分的位置（front、central、back）;元音的长度或强度（long or short; tense or lax）;唇的圆展（rounded or unrounded）二、辅音在辅音学习中，对发音常识的认知，比如发音与发音器官的关系，唇齿音的位置，肌肉的紧张与松弛程度，声带的振动与否，气流的通道是口腔还是鼻腔等，都将对音的准确与否产生影响。在学习过程中，发音常识能给与理性指导。辅音的分类非常细致，总共有6个爆破音；9个摩擦音；2个塞擦音；3个鼻音；3个近似音；1

个边音。注意，在英语中有/b//d//g//p//k/等辅音，汉语中也有。但汉语中的/b//d//g/等是不送气的，声带基本不震动。所以大家可以感受到，英语辅音是压迫出声的，气流冲破感要强得多，声带震动也强烈。如果我们仍用发汉语辅音的习惯去发英语辅音，那么会有“波”“泼”“摸”之类的音出现，cat会发成“凯特”，book会发成“布克”等等。这就是明显的中式英语，所以应特别注意英语辅音中发音时的气流冲破感。三、常见易错易混元音、辅音前元音/i/ /i:/ 和短元音/I/ /i/ Believe me. 相信我。 It's a deal. 一言为定。 I mean it. 我是认真的。 Zip your lips! 闭上你的嘴！ It's Greek to me. 我完全听不懂。 Business is business. 公事公办。 I beat him down to fifteen.我把价给他杀到了15元。后元音/?/和/?:/

英语语言学知识点整理

★Haliday—child language. Macrofunctions: ideational, interpersonal, textual. ★what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. Chapter2 Phonology ★three branches of phonetics:①Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. ②Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. ③Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. ★Organs of Speech : Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔Oral cavity–口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity–鼻腔 ★Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. (leaf /l/) ★Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.(dark /l/~) ★Phonetics and Phonology区别: are concerned with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds. ①Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified, etc. ②Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. ★rules in Phonology:①Sequential rules: Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. ②Assimilation rules: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ③Deletion rule: It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented. ★Suprasegmental超切分特征: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.(intonation: when pitch, stress and sound lenth are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. //tone: Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature.) Chapter3 Morphology ★open class words: new words can be added to these classes regularly. Such as nouns, verbs,