英语语言学_OUTLINE
英语演讲outline
The spice of my lifeOutlineSpecific purpose: To inform my audience about my experience living with my sister Central idea: To tell the story and feeling living with my sister.IntroductionEye contactRecently, China is about to carry out generally two-child policy. People have different views on the policy. Businesspersons discover new opportunities. Young parents are considering if they want a second child. How about you? Most of you are the only child. When you heard the policy, are you happy your parents won’t want a second at this age? Or do you feel ashamed the policy carrying out so late? Slow down .But for me, as an older sister, my emotion is plex. I think of my experience living with my sister. She is like the spicy of my life.Today, according to my feeling I will divide the experience into four stages to share with you. (preview statement) (transition: let’s get down the first stage, sour)BodyI. The first stage is my mother was pregnant, my feeling is sour. In other words, I was jealous of the little life.A.The reason why I hate younger sister1. Before, I heard that if you had a younger sister or brother, all of your thingswould be shared. I believe it without doubt.2.When my mother was pregnant, I was not allowed to be close to my mother, mymother ate much delicious foods for baby.B. a conversation with my mother to show my disgust.I remember, she asked me a question: Do you like little sister or brother? I said: Neither. If it is born, I will kill it.(transition: After the first stage, since my sister was born, my life has changed a lot. At that time, I was 9 years old.)pauseII. The second stage is bitter. It’s the period of my sister from 1 to 4 years old.A.Introduce my sister’s characteristicsIn the stage, my sister didn’t understand anything. She is so small, I didn’t dare to hug her, I was also afraid of others hugging her. How fragile sheis. If someone was closed to her, I would separate them.B. It’s worse, I had to look after herWhen my mother was busy, she shouted at me “look after your sister, quickly.”One time, when I rocked her in my armed, unexpectedly, she peed on my clothes. (transition: through the bitter life, I ushered in my third stage) pauseIII . The second stage is spicy.A.In the period, she was so naughty so that my homework died of her hands.B.And when I played with my friends, she must follow me.C.Sometimes, she quarreled with me, even hit me. However, If I also hit her,The little kid would tell mom. I was really sick of her.(transition: it seems that between of us filled with terrible recall. until……) pause slow downIV The fourth stage is sweet.(preview) before, I thought I couldn’t wait to go away with her, however, when the moment es, my heart is full of sweet missA.When I am away my home for schooling, nobody is noisy around with me. It’s too quiet for me.B.(in fact) She is never selfish, she always shares her food and toys withme even though I don’t care.C.When she calls me, she asked,”sister, are you ok? When will you go home?”I know she misses me.ConclusionEye contactI. In a word, (pause)it’s as the saying goes, you don’t miss your water. When the time we are together is less and less, I discover that it is not inexistent, but I ignore the happiness between my sister and I.II. From the experience living with my sister, I get tolerant, responsible and mature.III. Thanks for my mother, I have a sister acpany me forever. At the same time, thanks for the policy, more and more people will have sister or brother to enrich his life and experience sour, bitter, spicy and sweet.BibliographyNetease. (2015, October29). CCP Central mittee carrying out generally two-child policyRetrieved from http://news.163./15/1029/18/B746VT6C0001124J.html?baikeThe Sina Net Finance, (2015,November 4). Who is two-child policy for? Retrieved from /zl/money/20151104/103223673566.shtmlGou, X (2012, October). The research of one-child students groups characteristics.Kinetic Theory, section 26。
英语论文outline范文英语论文的outline具体格式呀
英语论文outline范文英语论文的outline具体格式呀英语论文outline范文英语论文的outline具体格式呀V. Thesis Outline:I. IntroductionII. On Developing English Reading Skills in Junior High School2.1. Current Situation and Problems of Junior High School Students in English Reading2.2. Reasons of Currents Problems in English ReadingⅢ. Ways to develop Students’ English Reading Skills3.1. Developing Students’ Reading Habits3.2. Specific Measures in developing Reading Skills3.2.1 Broadening Students’ Vocabulary3.2.2 Improving Students’ Reading Interests3.2.3 .Training Students’ Reading Speed While Reading3.2.4. Choose Proper Reading Materials and StrategiesⅣ. Extending Students’ Eye Shot in Extracurricular Reading Ⅴ. ConclusionOUTLINECreating an outline begins with a reading of your prewriting notes. First, group related ideastogether, looking for major topics (which can be headings) and minor ones (which can besubheadings, examples, or details). Define your major points, and rearrange them until theymake sense and follow a logical progression.You will be able to see the relationships betweenyour ideas as you outline them, and determine their importance (major point, minor point,example, detail). If you need more supporting details or facts—subcategories—you can addthem now. As you outline your information, use one-word topics, short phrases, or writeout full sentences for each point on your outline.If your prewriting notes are somewhat organized, you can use the outlining feature includedin most word-processing programs to create an outline. Otherwise, arrange them yourself ina standard outline form using Roman and Arabic numerals and upper and lower case letters:I.A.B.1.2.a.b.Once you have pleted an outline, revise and refine it by following these steps:1. Write down your overall goal for your essay.What are you trying to say to yourreaders?2. Go over your outline and circle, underline, or highlight your major points orimages. Do they all support your goal?3. Brainstorm words and phrases that will aurately and concisely express thosepoints (jot them down in the margin of your outline, or use a separate sheet ofpaper).4. Use this list and your outline to guide your writing. Do not allow yourself tostray from your goal or your major points.Outline:I. IntroductionII.A.B.C.D.E.F. III.A.B.C.IV. ConclusionThen her charming smile, that smile make me feel warm. Especially in the winter. That smile are like what freesia.Winter is the season that leaves, but mon in cold season flowering, which will undoubtedly give the wholewinter has brought angry. And she's like Freesia, her smile brought a glimmer of warmth to the winterseason;there is no exception in the light of the sun, when the evening sunset, in the west to emit light, shining on every corner of the school, at that moment, she es back, she smiles, that unforgettable smile, this is simply a words can not describe the 'beauty'There is a One's childish dispos很高兴为您解答O(∩_∩)O~满意请及时【采纳】 ^_^1。
怎样撰写英语的outline
怎样撰写英语的outline好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。
不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。
接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。
1.明确文章的主旨。
一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。
选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。
比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨：• 比较和对照两个事物。
• 列出因果• 阐明或分析一个特殊方面• 列出单个或两者的论证• 提供证据并得出结论• 列出问题然后提供解决方案2.收集辅助材料。
这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。
通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。
3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。
举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。
4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。
如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。
• 一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。
5.确定主要类别。
根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。
这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。
• 当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。
例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。
6.确定论点。
每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。
这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。
一般它们是用英文字母标示的。
（比如A、B、C 等等）• 让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米• 还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。
outline 用法
Outline 用法1. 什么是 OutlineOutline 是一种用于组织和安排文章、演讲或项目的工具。
它是一种结构化的框架，用于展示主要思想、主题和关键点，以及它们之间的逻辑关系。
Outline 可以帮助我们在写作或演讲时更清晰地表达思想，使读者或听众更容易理解和跟随。
2. Outline 的重要性Outline 在写作和演讲中起着至关重要的作用。
它可以帮助我们：•组织思维：通过创建 Outline，我们可以清晰地组织和整理自己的思维。
它可以帮助我们明确主题、主要观点和支持细节，避免思维混乱和跳跃。
•提高效率：Outline 可以帮助我们节省时间和精力。
在写作或演讲之前，我们可以先创建 Outline，然后按照 Outline 的结构填充内容。
这样可以避免在写作过程中迷失方向，提高工作效率。
•强调重点：Outline 可以帮助我们凸显重要观点和关键信息。
通过将重要内容放在 Outline 的高层级中，读者或听众可以更容易地理解和记住。
•改善逻辑结构：Outline 可以帮助我们检查和改善文章或演讲的逻辑结构。
通过观察 Outline 的整体框架，我们可以发现逻辑上的不一致或缺失，并进行调整和改进。
3. 创建一个 Outline创建一个有效的 Outline 需要遵循一些基本原则。
下面是创建 Outline 的步骤：3.1 确定主题首先，我们需要确定文章、演讲或项目的主题。
主题应该是明确的，并且可以用一句话或短语来概括。
3.2 列出主要观点在确定主题后，我们需要列出主要观点。
这些观点应该是支持主题的关键点，并且应该按照逻辑顺序排列。
3.3 添加支持细节在每个主要观点下，我们可以添加支持细节。
这些细节可以是事实、例子、引用或其他支持观点的材料。
支持细节应该具体、相关且有力。
3.4 确定层次结构在列出主要观点和支持细节后，我们可以确定 Outline 的层次结构。
主要观点应该是高层级，支持细节应该是低层级。
错误分析法介绍
归纳性错误
归纳性语言错误是由Stermon提出来的。这既 不是指学习者的目标语水平不高，也不是受母 语干扰而产生的，而是在一定的教学情境和社 会情境中，所引发的语言错误。是由于教师讲 解不清或教学方法不当引起的错误。
错误的类型
省略 ：this is car. 添加：there are five peoples. 双重标记：有些同学会将“eat ”的过去式写成“ated”. 形式错误: I go to school ,have class. 顺序错误: he ran was very fast.
2．忽略(omission) 对冠词”a”和 “the”的忽略。 3．简化(simplification)。学习者总是在学习中回避目标语体
系中的某些多余东西。内在原因主要是语言中的冗余现象。 如：书像朋友，Book is like friend．学习者常把books和 friends中的“is”省掉。其交流渠道仍然是畅通的。“is”就是 一个冗余信息，学习者不自觉地回避了这些。
错误的来源
语言学习者的错误分为三类：语间错误 (Interlingual errors)、语内错误(Intralingual errors)和归纳性语言错误(Induced errors)。
语间错误
语间错误是语言的迁移性引起的．也是受学习者母语 的干扰所产生的语言错误。根据语言迁移(Language transfer)理论，当产生负迁移时，会产生语言错误。目 标语和母语之间无论从语音、语法结构、语义还是文 化背景等方面都存在着诸多差异。“汉式英语”就是由 此类错误产生。例如：有许多人去教堂。相当一部分 中国学生会写成：There are many people go to church. 再如：Lily被解雇了。她很难过。一些学生会写为：Lily is fired，she is upset．汉语的句子重“意合”．句子的前 后连接多靠语序和上下文的逻辑关系，很少使用连接 词。而英语的句子重“形合”。句子的连接主要靠连接 词去体现。
topicoutline格式范文
怎样写topic outline and sentence outline我只知道outline，不过应该包括你说的这些了一般为五段式结构1.introductory paragraph 介绍段-hook 引出话题；概述，大概1-2句-thesis statement 你的论点 1句-main points 一般是3点 1句以下3段分别论述这3点2.3.4段结构一样，我只写1段的做参考2.body paragraph 正文段-topic sentence 你的分论点，也就是你在第一段说的3点中的第1点，只不过要更具体一点 1句-quotation 引证.可以是数据，举例，文章节选等等-explain 解释你的例证是如何支持你的topic sentence-conclusion 对本段的总结5.concluding paragraph 总结段-restate thesis 再次强调你的论点-restate main points 再次强调你的3个分论点英语系论文得outline怎么写？步骤等,谢谢outline 有三种很简约的说1.topic outlinethesis:XXXXX（是一句话，要打句点）（下面的都是单词和短语不打句点）Ⅰ.XXXXⅡ.XXXXA.XXXX1.XXX2.XXXB.XXXXⅢ.XXXXX2.sentence outline （格式和TOPIC OUTLINE 是一样的，但是下面的小点和层次都是一句话的形式）thesis和下面的层次是一排起头的3.mixed outline 格式也是一样的但是第一层是要是一句话的，一下的都是短语和单词组成，是前面2种的混合体英语论文的outline具体格式是什么呀V. Thesis Outline:I. Introduction.II. On Developing English Reading Skills in Junior High School.2.1. Current Situation and Problems of Junior High School Students in English Reading.2.2. Reasons of Currents Problems in English Reading.Ⅲ. Ways to develop Students' English Reading Skills.3.1. Developing Students' Reading Habits.3.2. Specific Measures in developing Reading Skills.3.2.1 Broadening Students' Vocabulary.3.2.2 Improving Students' Reading Interests.3.2.3 Training Students' Reading Speed While Reading.3.2.4 Choose Proper Reading Materials and Strategies.Ⅳ. Extending Students' Eye Shot in Extracurricular Reading.Ⅴ. Conclusion.定义和用法注释：轮廓线不会占据空间，也不一定是矩形。
英语专业写作王星主编 UnitOutline
5.1.2 Criteria of a sentence outline
Each heading is a complete, single sentence, not two or three. Statements are better than questions. All the sentences are in the same tense.
5.2 The topic outline
A topic outline starts with the thesis statement and continues by listing the supporting arguments, details, and examples. It uses words or phrases for all entries, and uses no punctuation after entries. Its advantages lie in presenting a brief overview of the work and in being easier and faster to write than a sentence outline.
First, these disciplines are necessary to establish a proper environment for teaching and learning. Teaching and learning are tough mental activities that require great concentration. If students eat breakfast in the classroom, they cannot pay attention to study at the same time. If students move in and out of classroom as they wish, the teacher and other students will definitely be interrupted. / Besides, learning is also a long term process. If students skip classes frequently, they will not get a complete understanding of the knowledge system of the course, and thus be unable to learn the course well.
学术英语范文outline
学术英语范文outlineIntroductionThe ability to effectively communicate in academic settings is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike. Academic English, also known as scholarly or scientific English, refers to the specific language conventions and writing styles used in formal educational and research contexts. This style of writing is characterized by its objectivity, precision, and adherence to established conventions. Mastering academic English is essential for success in higher education, research, and various professional fields that require the presentation of complex ideas and findings. This essay will explore the key elements of academic English, including its linguistic features, organizational structure, and the importance of developing proficiency in this specialized form of communication.Linguistic Features of Academic EnglishOne of the defining features of academic English is its formal and objective tone. This is achieved through the use of complex sentence structures, precise vocabulary, and an impersonal writing style. Academic writing typically avoids the use of contractions,colloquialisms, and personal pronouns, instead favoring more formal language choices. For example, a sentence such as "The researchers found that the new treatment was effective" would be preferred over a more casual phrasing like "They found the treatment worked well."Additionally, academic English is characterized by the use of discipline-specific terminology and technical jargon. This specialized vocabulary is essential for accurately conveying complex ideas and concepts within a particular field of study. Researchers and scholars must be able to use these terms correctly and consistently to ensure clear and unambiguous communication with their peers.Another linguistic aspect of academic English is the emphasis on precise and concise language. Academic writers strive to express their ideas clearly and succinctly, avoiding unnecessary wordiness or redundancy. This is achieved through the use of well-structured sentences, logical transitions, and a focus on conveying the key points and findings.Organizational Structure of Academic WritingThe organizational structure of academic writing is another crucial element that distinguishes it from other forms of communication. Academic essays and research papers typically follow a standardized format, which includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction serves to provide background information, establish thecontext, and clearly state the thesis or main argument. The body of the text then presents the supporting evidence, analysis, and discussion of the topic, often organized into well-defined sections or paragraphs. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key points, draws logical inferences, and may suggest avenues for further research or exploration.Within this overall structure, academic writers also employ various rhetorical strategies to effectively convey their ideas. These strategies may include the use of definitions, explanations, comparisons, and the integration of relevant sources and citations. The inclusion of in-text citations and a comprehensive reference list is a hallmark of academic writing, as it demonstrates the writer's engagement with the existing scholarly discourse and their ability to properly acknowledge the work of others.Importance of Proficiency in Academic EnglishDeveloping proficiency in academic English is essential for success in higher education and various professional contexts. For students, the ability to write in the academic style is crucial for completing assignments, research papers, and thesis or dissertation projects. Mastering academic English allows students to effectively communicate their ideas, demonstrate their understanding of course material, and engage with scholarly sources in a meaningful way.Beyond the academic realm, proficiency in academic English is also highly valued in many professional fields, such as scientific research, medicine, law, and business. In these contexts, the ability to present complex information, data, and findings in a clear, concise, and well-organized manner is crucial for effective communication with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders. Professionals who can navigate the conventions of academic English are often better equipped to contribute to the knowledge base of their respective fields and participate in the broader scholarly discourse.Moreover, the globalization of education and research has further emphasized the importance of academic English proficiency. With the increasing internationalization of higher education and the growing prominence of English as the lingua franca of academia, the ability to communicate effectively in academic English has become a valuable asset for scholars, researchers, and students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.ConclusionIn conclusion, academic English is a specialized form of communication that is essential for success in higher education and various professional contexts. Its linguistic features, such as formal tone, precise vocabulary, and complex sentence structures, as well as its standardized organizational structure, set it apart from other forms of written expression. Developing proficiency in academicEnglish is crucial for students and professionals alike, as it enables them to effectively convey complex ideas, engage with scholarly sources, and contribute to the knowledge base of their respective fields. As the global academic landscape continues to evolve, the mastery of academic English will only become more vital for those seeking to thrive in the world of research, education, and professional advancement.。
英语outline范例
英语outline范例标题: 英语outline范例(创建与此标题相符的正文并拓展)正文：I. Introduction- Definition of an outline- Importance of using an outline in English writingII. Types of OutlinesA. Topic Outline- Main points and subpoints- Used for organizing general ideasB. Sentence Outline- Complete sentences for each point- Used for detailed planning and structuringIII. Creating an OutlineA. Brainstorming- Generating ideas and concepts related to the topic- Organizing ideas into main points and subpointsB. Structuring- Arranging the main points in a logical order- Balancing the importance of each pointC. Formatting- Using Roman numerals, capital letters, and numbers toindicate hierarchy- Ensuring consistent formatting throughout the outline IV. Expanding the OutlineA. Adding Supporting Details- Including evidence, examples, and statistics to substantiate each point- Providing additional information to strengthen the argumentB. Developing Subpoints- Elaborating on subpoints to provide more in-depth analysis- Using transitional words and phrases to connect ideas C. Revising and Editing- Evaluating the outline for coherence and clarity- Making necessary revisions and edits to improve the structure and flowV. Conclusion- Recap of the importance of using an outline in English writing- Encouragement to use outlines as a tool for effective organization and communication拓展：1. Benefits of Using an Outline:- Helps to organize thoughts and ideas coherently- Provides a clear structure and logical flow to the writing - Saves time by preventing unnecessary reorganization during the writing process2. Common Mistakes to Avoid in Creating an Outline:- Overcomplicating the outline with too many levels of subpoints- Failing to balance the importance of each point, resulting in an unbalanced argument- Neglecting to include supporting details and evidence for each point3. Techniques for Expanding the Outline:- Conducting research to find relevant sources and evidence - Including personal experiences or anecdotes to add depth to the argument- Using quotes from experts or authoritative figures to strengthen the credibility of the writing4. Tips for Revising and Editing the Outline:- Ensuring that each point is clear, concise, and directly supports the main topic- Checking for consistency in formatting, such as usingparallelism in headings and subheadings- Seeking feedback from peers or instructors to gain different perspectives on the outline's effectivenessIn conclusion, using an outline is an essential tool for effective English writing. By creating a well-structured outline and expanding it with supporting details, writers can enhance the coherence and clarity of their writing. Regularly revising and editing the outline helps to refine the content and ensures a strong argument. Therefore, it is highly recommended to utilize outlines in English writing for better organization and communication.。
英语专业写作王星主编 PPT Unit_1__Outline
5. Types of the outlines
5.1 The sentence outline A sentence outline uses complete sentences for all entries and uses correct punctuation. Its advantages lie in presenting a more detailed overview of the work, including possible topic sentences, and in making it easier and faster to write the final essay.
5.2.1 sample analyzing
P 16-19
5.2.2. Practice
Write an outline (either sentence or topic) according to the following sample: In recent years, universities in China have tried to admit more students. While meeting public demand for higher education, these universities are usually troubles with various problematic behaviors on the students’ part, such as skipping classes, eating breakfast in the classroom, and too intimate behaviors between student lovers. To deal with these problems, many universities carried out more strict disciplines. / Though many students are against them, I believe that these disciplines are necessary and helpful.
【上海高中英语新教材】上外版第一册 Unit 2 Language and Culture
Vocabulary【Words】Find out the particular cultural message behind the word.3. 我注意到了关于每个人说英语的方式的一些有趣的事儿。
I noticed something funny about the way everyone spoke English.4. 她出来的时候带着一包薯片！She came out with a packet of crisps!5. 文化因素可能会影响语言的含义，并在跨文化交流中引发错误的理解。
Cultural factors may influence meanings of languages and cause misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication.【长难句分析】1. My mum then told me that they call “pants” what we call “trousers,” the outer clothing that you wear on your legs!主干部分：My mum then told me that they call A B…句中包含了：宾语从句、名词性从句、定语从句、还有同位语Grammar【句子类型】五大基本类型1、Subject(主语)+ Verb(谓语)谓语种类：__________如此类动词后要接宾语，须加上__________常见动词：appear, die, disappear, end, fail, last等。
2、Subject(主语)+ Verb (谓语)+ Object(宾语)动词后需有宾语，宾语的形式为__________、__________、__________等。
常见动词：see, catch, like, offer, raise, arouse, forget 等。
英语写作sentence outline和topic outline
英语写作sentence outline和topic outline 在英语写作中，大纲（outline）是一种组织和规划文章内容的有效工具。
它有助于作者明确文章的主题、要点和结构，并使文章更有条理和易于理解。
以下是英语写作中常用的两种大纲类型：Sentence Outline（句子大纲）：句子大纲是以句子为单位来呈现文章的结构和要点。
每个要点下面可能包含一个或多个句子，用于详细阐述或支持主题句。
句子大纲通常用于较短的文章或段落，以便更具体地规划内容和组织思路。
例如，以下是一个关于“健康饮食”主题的句子大纲：I. IntroductionA. 介绍健康饮食的重要性B. 提出本文的主题：如何保持健康饮食II. Benefits of Healthy EatingA. 健康饮食对身体的益处B. 健康饮食对心理的益处III. Tips for Healthy EatingA. 多吃蔬菜水果B. 适量摄入蛋白质和脂肪C. 控制糖分和盐分的摄入D. 注意饮食的份量和频率IV. ConclusionA. 总结健康饮食的重要性B. 鼓励读者实践健康饮食2. Topic Outline（主题大纲）：主题大纲是以主题或论点为单位来呈现文章的结构和要点。
每个要点下面可能包含一个或多个子主题或子论点，用于详细阐述或支持主题或论点。
主题大纲通常用于较长或较为复杂的文章，以便更全面地展开主题和组织思路。
例如，以下是一个关于“气候变化”主题的Topic Outline：I. IntroductionA. 介绍气候变化的现象和影响B. 提出本文的主题：应对气候变化的措施II. Causes of Climate ChangeA. 人为因素：工业排放、农业活动等B. 自然因素：太阳辐射、自然灾害等III. Effects of Climate ChangeA. 对自然环境的影响：极端天气、物种灭绝等B. 对人类社会的影响：粮食安全、经济发展等IV. Solutions to Climate ChangeA. 减少温室气体排放：能源转型、提高能源效率等B. 适应气候变化：投资基础设施、改善生态系统等C. 国际合作与政策制定：共同应对气候挑战等V. ConclusionA. 总结气候变化的严重性和应对措施的重要性B. 强调个人和社会的责任和行动对于应对气候变化的作用。
英语专业文献综述Outline（5篇）
英语专业文献综述Outline（5篇）第一篇：英语专业文献综述OutlineOutline 1 Introduction 2 Literature overreview2.1 Peer review2.2 incidental vocabulary acquisition2.3 Peer evaluation and the teacher3 Design of the study4 Results4.1 Students as evaluatees4.2 Students as evaluators5 Discussion6 Conclusion第二篇：英语专业实习报告 intership report outlineOutline for Internship Report1.First PageFirst page should display: Student name and surname, internship start and finish dates, number of internship days, type of internship(production, or design and development), company/institution name.This page should be signed and stamped by the supervisor of the intern student.2.Weekly timetableA weekly timetable where each row in the table corresponding to a day in internship period.Each row should record the date, internship activity on that date.Weekly Schedule should explain the work accomplished each day of the week during the internship period and should contain:•••The department of the organization that the week was and signature of the controlling supervisor for each week The official stamp of the organization.3.A Brief Executive Summary of the InternshipA one page summary of the company/institution and a short account of the major activities carried out during the internship period.4.Table of ContentsContents of the report with page numbers, list of tables, and list of figures.5.Description of the company/institution This section should answer the following questions:5.1.What is the full title of the company/institution? Give a brief history of the company, fullmailing address and relevant web links.5.2.What is the type of ownership of the company/institution? State the main shareholders andtheir shares.5.3.What is the sector that the company/institution operates in? Specify the products and servicesproduced and offered to its customers.5.4.Who are regarded as the customers of your internship company/institution(consider the endusers, retailers, other manufacturers, employees, etc.)?5.5.Provide an organization chart of the company, along with information on the number ofemployees.5.6.Provide a list of functions performed by the mechanical engineers in the internshiporganization.6.Internship activitiesThis is the main body of your report.You should present the activities performed during the internship period.Please refer to “” document for the types of analysis and inquiries that you should be perfo rming during “Production”, and “Design and Development” internship.7.An assessment of the internship In this section you should answer the following questions7.1.What skills and qualifications you think that you havegained from the internship?7.2.What kind of responsibilities you have undertaken during the internship period?7.3.How do you think the internship will influence your future career plans?7.4.How do you think the internship activities that you carried out are correlated with yourclassroom knowledge?8.Conclusions of the reportThis section should include:• A summary of key conclusions derived from the internship experience.• General observations about the sector in which your internship company/institution operates9.Appendices and supplementary material(charts, graphs, pictures, computer codes, etc.)10.ReferencesRules for writing the internship report:••••••You do not have to provide a day-to-day diary of the internship activities.Do not write theoretical excerpts from textbooks!Describe what you exactly did there and what experiences you have gained throughout your training.The internship report should be between 15-20 pages and written to “Training Program Diary” which can be provided from the university bookstore.The internship report should be written in handwriting, and each page should contain about 25 lines.The internship report should be original, no photocopies areaccepted.You can include graphs, pictures, data, drawings, or design calculations in your report;however they should not cover more than 1/3 of the rger graphs, pictures, data, drawings, or design calculations should be given as an Appendix.第三篇：Outline 4Social Movements of the 1960sI.Background---Greensboro Sit-in(格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina(北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee.When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state.The next day, more students joined them.Thus began the civil rights movement(黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the ter, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.*The civil rights movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women’s liberation movements had long roots in United States history.（黑人民权运动、青年反战运动以及后来的妇女解放运动都深深地植根于美国历史之中）II.Definition---One professor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.”---Two basic characteristics of all social movements: “structure”(有组织)and “spontaneity”（自发性）---Other necessary parts of a social movement are:1.a social base of people 人这一社会基础2.a “message” or ideology 思想体系3.the ability to spread the message and get more supporter 传播思想和得到更多支持者的能力III.The Civil Rights Movement---One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S.history.Rosa Park’s(罗莎•帕克斯)spontaneous action(自发行为)in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off(触发，激起)the nationwide civil rights movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee学生非暴力统一行动委员会), CORE(the Congress of Racial Equality争取种族平等大会), and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference南部基督教领导联合会)struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people.In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.---Montgomery Bus Boycott蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1995, Rosa Parks, a NAACP（National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(美国)全国有色人种协进会）member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up herseat to a white man on a public bus.Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites.Mrs.Parks was arrested.Local black leadersdecided to boycott the city’s bus system.Black people in th e city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses.In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work.With the bus company near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed.In fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.---Direct Action Tactics直接行动策略When the civil rights movement began, non-violent direct action tactics like “sit-ins” and “freedom rides”(自由乘车运动), voter registration(投票者登记).Later, anti-war activists added “teach-ins” on college campuses,（(大学师生举行的）时事宣讲会，讨论会，辩论会)to educate people about the war in Vietnam as well as protest marches and rallies and etc.---Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, incl uding the March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination（种族歧视）0and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯)in April 1968.---Contrary to King’s nonviolent tactics, Malcom X(马尔科姆•艾克斯)spoke in favour of black separatism(分离主义)and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination.---Some of SNCC(学生非暴力统一行动委员会)members thought they needed a strong leader rather than collective leadership.In 1965, theyelected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael(斯托克利•卡迈克尔)who spoke about Black Power.*The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku Klux Klan三K党*Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders, black and white young people, and some professionals and some housewives.IV.The Youth Movement *Many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960 because they resented traditional white male values in U.S.society.---Free Speech MovementMario Savio(马里奥•萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car.He demandedthat the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed.The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.Other students “sat-in” at the administration buildings and organized “Free University” classes.The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus.800 students were arrested.Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university.The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments.The young people’s “Free Speech Movement” began with success.---“counter culture”(反主流文化)In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”.The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.Among the most famous were the hippies(嬉皮士).They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs.But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.---The Anti-War Movement(against the war in Vietnam) V.Women’s Liberation MovementThe women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident.---1.a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women(妇女地位委员会)by President Kennedy in 1961.---2.white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s(贝蒂•弗里丹)book, The Feminine Mystique《女性之迷》, published in 1963.---3.young activists(激进主义分子, 行动主义分子)in the civil rights and anti-war movements.NOW((美国)全国妇女组织) ---With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963, Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book, she compared the American family, or the American society as a whole, to a “comfortable concentration camp”, where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1966, she helped to found the National Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization, NOW battle d for “equal rights in partnership with men.”Canada: The Country and its PeopleI.A brief introduction of Canada(the geography, population, culture, economy, languages etc.)1)the 2nd largest country in size with a small population,2)has spectacular scenery of mountains, oceans, forests and prairies3)has a lively and rich culture4)one of the Big Seven(US, UK.Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada)in economy;has the best standards of living5)most Canadians live in the south of the country, along the 49th parallels(纬度)6)two official languages: English and French7)first become a political entity(政治实体)in 1867 and did not assume its present shape until 1949(直到1949年才具有目前的规模)(National Day: July 1st)II.The Canadian identity---It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian, which is different from other countries, and which is the very reason for making Canada so special.For example, two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.III.The regions of Canada---Motto: Canada stretches “from sea to sea” with the Pacific Ocean along the west coast and the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast---share with the U.S.the longest undefended national border in the world(加拿大和美国共享着世界上最长的不设防国界), a symbol of their good relations---consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories1.The north region of Canada---Canada extends up north into the Arctic Circle(北极圈)to the North pole.The north is a scarcely populated area of ice and oceans，which is sometimes called “the Land of the M idnight Sun”（午夜太阳之地）.This region is currently divided into three administrative territories—the Yukon(育空地区), the Northwest Territories and Nunavat（努勒维特地区a territory carved from eastern part of the original Northwest Territories in 1999）.And most of the inhabitants are Aboriginal people.The traditionaleconomy in this region was based on hunting and trapping animals for food and pelts, but now oil and gas deposits are also being developed.2.the west（西部1省）---the western-most province is British Columbia(布列颠哥伦比亚省)with 3 major mountain ranges running through it, among which the largest in ke Louise(路易斯湖), located in the Rockies, is the most famous image of the Canadian landscape （加拿大风景最突出的代表）.BC is Canada’s 2nd largest producer of hydroelectric power.However, its main economic mainstay(支柱)is its forests.It has the most valuable forestry industry.3.The Prairies(草原3省)---The prairie provinces of Alberta(阿尔伯塔省), Saskatchewan(萨斯喀彻温省)and Manitoba(马尼托巴省）lie east of the Rockies(落基山脉).The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket(胃, 腹）of Canada because the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The prairies are also rich in energy resources.4.Central Canada(2省)---Central Canada, Ontario(安大略省)and Quebec（魁北克省）, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Tor onto in Ontario, and the country’s 2nd largest city Montreal(蒙特利尔)in Quebec.The capital of the country Ottawa is also in Ontario.5.The Maritimes（滨海诸省：4个省）(the Atlantic regions)---The Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick(新不伦瑞克省), Nova Scotia（新斯科省the first part of Canada to be settled in 1604）, Prince Edward Island（爱德华太子岛省）andNewfoundland（纽芬兰省the last province to join Canada in 1949）are also known as the Maritimes.They are small in population and largely rely on the fishing industry for their economic wealth.They are rich in farming and forestry products and are quite popular tourist attractions.IV.The history1.the First Nations(the Aboriginal people)---the native Indians with rich cultures and highly developed societies.2.European settlement in Canada---Settlement by European began in the 17th century.French colonists first settled Canada.The earliest major settlements were established in Nova Scotia in 1604 and Quebec in 1608.During earlier settlements, the French set the Company of New France and Britai n founded the Hudson’s Bay Company to facilitate trade.3.In 1867 Canada was born when Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia all join together into a confederation.The Government and Politics of CanadaI.Canada’s political system1.Canada’s politic al system was greatly influenced by the two major foreign forces: Britain and America.2.American ideas influenced the Canadian system to some degree.For example, freedom of speech and freedom of information are much valued in contemporary Canada.So, Canadian society appears to be similar to American society, but they are different.While the US was founded on the idea of individualism---Americans aspire to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”---Canadians chose to found a nation based on “peace, order and good government”.In other words, for Canadians, the well-being and liberty of individuals must sometimes be sacrificed for the greater good of the community.3.Canadian society allows a highdegree of tolerance of different values and customs.4.To find a workable balance between community and individual rights has been the central concern of Canadian policy-makers.5.It attempts to reconcile the two communities of English-speaking Canada and French-speaking Canada.II.Canada’s system of government1.based on the British system of parliamentary democracy, referred to as “Westminster-style” democracy英格兰东南部大伦敦的一个市区，位于泰晤士河岸。
怎么写英语文章的Outline即提纲归纳.ppt
Example Outline
I.
Introduction- Thesis Statement: A job
interview can often make or break your
chances of getting your dream job. There
The Process
Supporting Details
Under the topic sentence for each paragraph, list some of the supporting details, examples, or ideas you want to include in each paragraph.
C. Don’t carry too many things into the interview. A notebook, pens, and/or laptop computer should be carried in a briefcase.
D. Hair and nails should be clean and neat.
Body Paragraph #2- Topic Sentence: ____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
Body Paragraph #3- Topic Sentence: ____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
IV. Body Paragraph #3- Topic Sentence: _________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
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英语专业八级语言学总结一、语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language任意性arbitrariness指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性duality指语言由两层结构组成创造性creativity指语言可以被创造移位性displacement指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能（不是很重要）信息功能informative人际功能interpersonal施为功能performative感情功能emotive function寒暄功能phatic communication娱乐功能recreational function元语言功能metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学phonetics研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学phonology研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学morphology研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学syntax研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学semantics不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。
如语素和句子的意义语用学pragmatics在语境中研究意义4、宏观语言学macrolingustics心理语言学psycholinguistics社会语言学sociolinguistics人类语言学anthropological lingui stics计算机语言学computational linguistics5语言学中的重要区别规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic研究某个特定时期语言历时：diachronic研究语言发展规律语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备运用：performance真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生声学语言学acoustic phonetics研究语音的物理属性听觉语音学auditory phonetics研究语言怎样被感知2IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的三、音位学1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位phoneme3音位变体allophones4互补分布complementary distribution5自由变体free variation6区别特征distinctive features7超音段特征suprasegmental feature音节syllable重音stress语调tone声调intonation四形态学1词的构成语素morpheme自由语素free morpheme粘着语素bound morphemeRoot词根词缀affix词干stem屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper新创词语invention混拼词blending缩写词abbreviation首字母缩写词acronym逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit类推构词analogiacal creation例：work-worked,,slay-slayed外来词borrowing五句法学1范畴category数number性gender格case时tense体aspect一致关系concord支配关系govenrment2结构主义学派the structure approach组合关系syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起聚合关系paradigmatic具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构和成分construction and constituents:句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure(句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)3直接成分分析法immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man,中心为man离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。
例：on the shelf5生成学派the generative approach深层结构deep structure指机构关系中的潜在层面underlying level表层结构surface structure指结构形成的最后结果阶段final stage6功能学派the functional approach主位与述位theme and rheme主位：谈话中已知的信息,说话者从它谈起known，述位：与说话者内容有关的内容what the speaker states about7交际力communicative and dynamism简称CD指句子成分对交际发展所作的贡献的程度六、语义学1利奇的意义七分法Leech and his7types of meaning概念意义conceptual meaning字面意义内涵意义connotative meaning实际交往过程中所指的事物社会意义情感意义affective meaning反射意义reflective meaning由一个词语联想起来的另外一种意义搭配意义collocative meaning主位意义thematic meaning通过调整信息的顺序和强调内容所表达的意义2指称论referential theory指将词的意义和他所指的食物联系起来的意义理论3语义三角semantic triangle奥格登和理查兹提出Symbol或form指语言要素（如词和语素），the linguistic elements能指thought指概念concept所指reference指经验世界中的物体the object in the word of experience涵义sense语言形式的意义4主要涵义关系○同义关系synonymy地域同义词dialectal synonymy风格同义词stylistic synonyms感情同义词synonymys that differ in connotation意义相同，但内涵不同，有褒有贬○反义关系antonymy等级反义关系gradable antonymy例cool-warm;hot-cold互补反义关系complementary antonymy,肯定A就否定B，否定B就肯定A，例dead -alive反向反义关系converse antonymy.reversal of a relationship between2enti ties.例husband-wife;teacher-student○上下义关系hyponymy意义包含关系。
例：花－水仙、玫瑰、百合补充：同音同形异义关系homonymy一词多义polysemy七、语用学1言语行为理论speech act theory奥斯汀提出John Langshaw Austin 认为人在说话的同时也在进行一定的行为动作○施为句和叙事句performative and constative施为句：实施某种行为。
叙事句：描述说话人在说话时所作的动作。
○行事行为理论a theory of the illocutionary act言内行为：locutionnary act表述字面意思言外行为：illoutionary act因为言语本身的习惯力量随之产生的其他一些行为言后行为：perlocutionnary act话语在听者身上产生的效果2会话含义理论the theory of conversational implicature格赖斯提出Herbert Paul Grice○合作原则:说话人和听话人为达一定的交际目的，都有一种默契，一种都遵循的原则○四个准则four categories of maxims数量、质量、关系、方式(manner)准则3后格赖斯时期的发展○关联理论：relevance theory:交际应被看做一种表明自身说话意图的行为every ac t of ostensive(直接表明的)communication communicates the presumption of it s own optimal relevance○数量关系和关系原则the Q-and R-principles由霍恩Laurence Horn提出八现代语言学理论和流派1索绪尔Saussure瑞士语言学家，“现代语言学之父”或者“使语言学科走向现代的大师”2布拉格学派Prague School贡献:共时语言学研究，从“功能”角度看待语言，强调语言的系统性，把语言看做一种功能突出贡献：语音学说，及其划分语音学和音位学突出：Trubetzkoy特鲁别茨柯依：提出语音学属于言语，音位学属于语言，提出音位概念4伦敦学派the Lundon School:系统语言学和功能语言学创始人：弗斯Firth.人物：弗斯受马林诺夫斯基影响。
韩礼德为新弗斯派领袖三人都强调语言环境和语言系统的重要性韩礼德和系统功能语法：由系统语法和功能语法构成。
把实际使用的语言现象作为研究对象5美国结构主义American Structuralism共时语言学分支，由博厄斯提出F.Bos.○撒皮尔-沃尔夫假说Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis语言相对论-语言决定论○布隆菲尔德Bloomfield《语言论》－20世纪被大西洋两岸同时奉为科学的方法论典范和语言学领域的杰出代表。
描述语言学的代表人物6转换生成语法transformational–generative grammar乔姆斯基提出Chomsky.认为语言是某种天赋，语言习得机制Language Acquisition device。