2015秋-8章我国蛋鸡育种中几个问题的讨论(中英)

（2）信息技术 information technology 地理信息系统与流行病的预测预报 GIS and infectious diseases forecast 家禽遗传资源基因库、信息库的建立 to establish gene bank of poultry genetic resources and information system 蛋鸡生产性能计算机联网测定 egg performance test on line 网络服务体系 the internet service system

to enhance the capability of disease control

to improve the level of technical service

to increase the competition ability with foreign companies
Question 3 蛋鸡还需要再进口吗? Is it still necessary to import chicken breeds?

高校或科研单位
universities or research institutes


蛋鸡场、父母代场 C.S. farms, PS farms
祖代场、曾祖代场 G.P. farms, G.G.P. farms 原种场 pedigree farms 育种公司 breeding companies
62 17.40
2.2 2.5:1 22
60 15.60
1.8 2.1:1 33
58 15.70
1.6 2.0:1 33
1.normal brown egg layers; 2.miniature brown egg layers; 3. miniature light brown egg layers;
改进措施
measures for improving the disadvantages

育种上 延长产蛋率在85%的次高峰期
on breeding: to keep longer time of 85% sub-peak period
营养上 在不增加饲养成本的基础上，尽量用小型蛋 鸡专用料
on nutrition: to change feed composition special for miniature layers but keeping the feed cost constantly

小型蛋鸡的优点：
advantages of miniature layers





体重小，采食量少，90克/天 lower body weight, less feed in take, each layer takes about 90g feed per day 饲料转化效率高，料蛋比2.0-2.1:1 higher feed efficiency, ratio of feed to egg weight is 2.0-2.1:1 合格种蛋率高 more hatchable eggs 可增加饲养密度 higher density of rearing 炎热天气死亡率低 lower mortality in hot summer
结 论
conclusion
一只小型蛋鸡比普通蛋鸡少产1.5 kg蛋，但可节省 8 ～ 10
Question 6 什么是节粮小型蛋鸡，它有哪些优缺点?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of miniature layers?
中国农业大学将“明星”肉鸡中的dw基因导入“农 大褐”蛋鸡 Breeding miniature layer with dwarf gene from “bright star” meat-type chicken in BAU dw基因存在于Z染色体上 Dwarf gene exists in the sex chromosom Z 导致生长激素受体的缺陷，使长骨变短，体型变小 Which leads long bones short and small body type 伴性遗传，但不能用于初生雏自别雌雄 Sex linkage gene, but can not be used in autosexing in day old chickens


市场需要 the needs of market
育种需要 the needs of breeding material 科研需要 the needs of scientific research 要避免大量的重复的引进 but we should avoid to import chickens in large amounts frequently

饲养技术上 体重不能太小
on feeding techniques: to keep proper (not too small) body weight
饲养设备上 改进笼具、饮水器
on rearing equipment: to change cage size and drinking place
Question 4
我国人均鸡蛋生产量已达17kg，今后蛋鸡发展的方向是什么? Now we have 17 kg chicken eggs per capita in China already, what is the way out for developing China’s egg production?
Question 7 为什么饲养小型蛋鸡会有更高的经济效益? Why rearing miniature layers can get more benefits? 小型蛋鸡和普通型蛋鸡生产性能比较* The comparison between miniature layers and ordinary commercial layers (as following table)

营养、环境和疾病控制
The higher egg production level in test station because of the better breeds, nutrition, environment and disease control.
3. 蛋鸡育种的几个问题与对策 the way to deal with some problems in layer breeding Question 1 买种还是育种?
To buy breeds from foreign companies or to improve chicken breeds by ourselves?


引种 退化 再引种 再退化 importation →deterioration → importation again → deterioration again 蛋鸡育种的理论与技术
2. 蛋鸡在测定站中的生产水平 the performance of egg mass in test station 我国蛋鸡性能测定：18kg in China 国外测定站水平： 19kg in North American and developed European countries

遗传育种
普及良种，提高单产 to popularize better layer breeds for raising egg yield 推广节粮小型蛋鸡 to extend miniature layers with high feed efficiency 控制主要传染病 to control main infectious diseases 开发新产品 to open new type of egg products 发展蛋品加工业 to develop egg processing industry
小型蛋鸡的缺点： disadvantages of miniature layers 90%以上的产蛋高峰期短 shorter 90% peak of laying period 65周龄后的产蛋率低 lower laying rate after 65 weeks old 淘汰鸡体重小 smaller body weight at culling 72周龄产蛋量比一般配套系商品鸡少1.5kg 1.5kg egg mass less than commercial layers from line cross
1.普通型 褐壳蛋鸡
280
2.矮小型 褐壳蛋鸡
260
3.矮小型 浅褐壳蛋鸡
270
平均蛋重（g） average egg weight 72周龄总蛋重（kg） egg mass at 72 weeks old
72周龄体重（kg） body weight at 72 weeks old 料蛋比 ratio of feed to egg weight 饲养密度（只/m2）（立体笼养） rearing density(head/m2)
第八章 我国蛋鸡育种中几个问题的讨论
Chapter 8 Some questions and discussion of layer breeding in China
一、我国禽蛋生产水平（根据近年资料统计）
Level of egg production in China 1. 我国蛋鸡和禽蛋产量 the general situation 蛋鸡数量 : 20亿只 the number of layers: 2000 million head 总禽蛋产量: 2800万吨（85%为鸡蛋） the total amount of egg production: 28.0 million ton （among them 85% are chicken eggs） 每只蛋鸡平均产量: 14kg the average egg mass per layer: 14kg 人均鸡蛋生产量: 17kg egg yield from chicken per capita: 17kg
成立全国性蛋鸡育种集团公司的意义 The importance of founding a nation wide chicken breeding company

提高育种水平
提高疾病控制能力 提高技术服务水平 提高与外国公司的竞争力
to raise the level of chicken breeding
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
*根据一般蛋鸡场和农村养鸡专业户调查综合结果
According to the investigation data from commercial farms and peasant’s farms
经济性状 Economic traits
72周龄产蛋数（H.H.） egg number at 72 weeks old
theory and technology of layer breeding
家禽遗传资源
poultry genetic resources
多样化的市场需要
to meet the various needs of market
Question 2 由谁来育种? Who should be the breeder?

Question 5 蛋鸡育种中有哪些新技术可以应用? What kind of new techniques can be used in chicken breeding?
（1）生物技术 biotechnology 产蛋性能的分子遗传标记 DNA markers 产蛋性能的主效基因选择或全基因组选择 QTL selection or genomic selection 抗病基因的选择 selection for disease resistance genes 抗逆基因的选择 selection for anti-stress genes