语言学教程Chapter8.LanguageinUse
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– Utterance: units of language in use.
5
• Sentence meaning: What does X mean? • Utterance meaning: What do you mean
by X?
– Dog! – My bag is heavy. – “Janet! Donkeys!” (David Copperfield)
utterance meaning, & contextual meaning.
3
• Speaker’s meaning
(A father is trying to get his 3year-old daughter to stop lifting up her dress to display her new underwear to the assemble.)
• Performative verbs: name, bet, etc.
13
• I do. • I name this ship Queen
Elizabeth. • I bet you sixpence it will rain
tomorrow. • I give and bequeath my watch to
– Father: We don’t DO that.
– Daughter: I KNOW, Daddy.
dresses.
You don’t WEAR
4
• Utterance Meaning vs. Sentence Meaning
• Utterance vs. Sentence
– Sentence: abstract units of the language system.
Chapter Eight Language in Use
2
1. Definition of Pragmatics
• The study of language in use. • The study of meaning in context. • The study of speakers’ meaning,
– It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfinng: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
my brother. • I promise to finish it in time. • I apologize. • I declare the meeting open. • I warn you that the bull will
14
• Felicity conditions: A. (i) There must be a relevant
coffee? B: Coffee would keep me
awake. 3. A: 我带的钱不够，今天买不了。
B: 那就下次再买吧。
10
2. Speech Act Theory
• John Austin (1911-1960) • How to Do Things with
Words (1962) • speech acts: actions
conventional procedure. (ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate. B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely. C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
6
• It’s cold in here.
7
• Contextual Meaning: meaning in context
– The meaning of the sentence depends on who the speaker is , who the hearer is, when and where it is used.
15
• Problems with felicity conditions
– I go to the park every Sunday. – I teach English.
12
• Performatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false.
• Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
9
1. A: Are you going to the seminar?
B: It’s on linguistics. 2. A: Would you like some
performed via utterances
11
• Constatives vs. performatives • Constatives: utterances which roughly
serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg:
5
• Sentence meaning: What does X mean? • Utterance meaning: What do you mean
by X?
– Dog! – My bag is heavy. – “Janet! Donkeys!” (David Copperfield)
utterance meaning, & contextual meaning.
3
• Speaker’s meaning
(A father is trying to get his 3year-old daughter to stop lifting up her dress to display her new underwear to the assemble.)
• Performative verbs: name, bet, etc.
13
• I do. • I name this ship Queen
Elizabeth. • I bet you sixpence it will rain
tomorrow. • I give and bequeath my watch to
– Father: We don’t DO that.
– Daughter: I KNOW, Daddy.
dresses.
You don’t WEAR
4
• Utterance Meaning vs. Sentence Meaning
• Utterance vs. Sentence
– Sentence: abstract units of the language system.
Chapter Eight Language in Use
2
1. Definition of Pragmatics
• The study of language in use. • The study of meaning in context. • The study of speakers’ meaning,
– It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfinng: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
my brother. • I promise to finish it in time. • I apologize. • I declare the meeting open. • I warn you that the bull will
14
• Felicity conditions: A. (i) There must be a relevant
coffee? B: Coffee would keep me
awake. 3. A: 我带的钱不够，今天买不了。
B: 那就下次再买吧。
10
2. Speech Act Theory
• John Austin (1911-1960) • How to Do Things with
Words (1962) • speech acts: actions
conventional procedure. (ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate. B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely. C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
6
• It’s cold in here.
7
• Contextual Meaning: meaning in context
– The meaning of the sentence depends on who the speaker is , who the hearer is, when and where it is used.
15
• Problems with felicity conditions
– I go to the park every Sunday. – I teach English.
12
• Performatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false.
• Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
9
1. A: Are you going to the seminar?
B: It’s on linguistics. 2. A: Would you like some
performed via utterances
11
• Constatives vs. performatives • Constatives: utterances which roughly
serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg: