跨文化交际期末复习资料全

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新编跨文化交际期末复习资料

1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--<The silence of language>标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty2.Stereotype:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.4.Culture:Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world.8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do.10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理（1）.context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context.（2）.The participants: in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.（3）. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.（4）. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.（5）. noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. External noise: sight, sound…Internal noise: thoughts, feeling…Semantic noise: unintended meaning aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding.（6）.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the massage has been heard, seen, or understood.11.Abraham Mslow (亚伯拉罕•马斯洛) –five basic needs五个需求1. physiological needs—food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life2. safety needs—physically safe, psychologically secure3. belongingness needs—accepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups.4. esteem needs—recognition, respect, reputation5. self-actualization needs-the highest need of a person12.Culture Dimensions 文化维度13.A High-context: 内向型communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American. self-effacement隐匿自我A Low-context:外向型communication is just the opposite, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role. Eg. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American, French, English self-enhancement凸显自我Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”. High-context interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.Eg: In Scene 1 and spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interactionexchange is direct,to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represents one possible low-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.In Scene 2, has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with because she wants to preserve face and her relationship with . Rather, only uses indirect hints and nonverbal signals to get her point across. However, correctly “reads between the lines” of verbal message and apologizes appropriately and effectively before a real conflict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represents one possible high-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles self-enhancement and self-effacement凸显自我，隐匿自我In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the indi rect verbal style, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker’s actual intentions and are carried out with more nuanced tone of voice.14.Colors: Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, masculine; Green-envy, greed, money; Pink: feminine, shy, softness, sweet; Red: anger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: caution, happy, sunshine, warm15.Functions of Nonverbal Communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating contradicting16.Confucian teaching key principles: 1.Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people. 2. The family is the prototype for all social relationships. 3. Proper social behavior consist of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , educated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering.Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian <论语>, Mencius <孟子>，Great Learning <大学>，The Doctrines of Mean <中庸> / Classic of poetry <诗经>，Book of documents <尚书>, Book of kites <礼记>, Classic of changes <周易>, Spring and Autumn Annals <春秋>. 仁义礼智信：merciful, justified, polite, intelligent, honest17.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simple our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speakerInfluence: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reve als a people’s view of its total environment. Language directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experience. Such perceptions are unconscious and outside the control of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differences and similarities among people.18.The way people speakHigh involvement高度卷入: 1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly at times 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, AfricanHigh considerateness高度体谅: 1, speak one at a time 2. use polite listening sounds, 3. refrain from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mainstream American19.文化维度Orientation—Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and Behaviors20.Chinese VS English-----Chinese: open, visual, old. English: close, changing, modern21.Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication跨文化交际中的绊脚石(1) Assumption of similarities假定相似(2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations不用言语表达的误解(4) Preconception先入为主的概念的固定形式(5) Tendency to evaluate评价意图(6) High anxiety焦虑(7) Conclusion22. Essentials of Human Communication(1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic.(4) Communication involves making inferences. (5) Communication has a consequence23. How is language related to cultureCulture and language are intertwined and shape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implications of these choices. All languages have social questions and information questions. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context the cultural usage. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values.24.More words/expression→important role in cultureIn Chinese we have many kinship terms, some of which seem to have no equivalents in English. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. The difference is not just linguistic; it is infundamentally cultural.25.A culture’s conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives: 1. informal time;2. perceptions of past, present, and future;3. monochromic and polychromic.26.Monochronic(M-time) 单维时间and polychromic(P-time)多维时间Monochronic people:美国人Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships.Polychromic people: 中国人Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them(family, friend, close business associates) than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.27.Adapting to a New Cultureculture shock.: Any number of symptoms征兆can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be (1)physiological (2)emotionally (3)communicationPredeparture stage:Stage one: everything is beautiful. Stage two: everything is awful. Stage three: everything is OK.Adaptation and reentry再进入Methods: 1. patience. 2. meet new people. 3. try new things. 4. give yourself periods of rest and thought. 5. work on your self-concept. 6. write. 7. observe body language. 8. learn the verbal language.。

跨文化交际复习资料(最新版)

1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching fromthe past into the future.2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. Inthese culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and oftenbreak them.3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication betweenpeople from different cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms inrelation to the host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the hostculture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnicdiversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication betweenreprentatives of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily containedin words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and evensilence.10.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vestedin the explicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”theprocess by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli fromthe external world” In other words, perception is an internal process wherebywe convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal comeinto play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture weadopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent towhich we touch and the distance we stand from each other.. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or oughtto be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes orother shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。

跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)

跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。

2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。

观念的整合性和动态的可变性。

3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。

4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。

5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。

主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。

8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。

10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。

第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。

跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.3.verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli i n a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.6. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.7. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed groupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy：It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化水平intercultural competence：refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍水准。

跨文化交际复习资料

1、文化：cultureIt is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.The Characteristics of Culture:Learned、transmitted、Subject to change、unconscious、integrated、symbolic、adaptive.2、跨文化交际：intercultural communicationIntercultural communication means the communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.3、高语境文化：High-Context Cultures①Infer information from message context, rather than from content.②Prefer indirectness, politeness and ambiguity.③Convey little information explicitly.④Rely heavily on nonverbal signs.4、价值观：ValuesA standard by which members of culture define what is desirable or undesirable、good or bad、beautiful or ugly、acceptable or unacceptable. V alues are standards set by the members of a society.V alues are often highly contexted. V alues can change significantly over time. V alues can differ within one society and around the world.5、言语交际：verbal communication:It refers to any form of communication that is directly dependent on the use of language.非言语交际：Nonverbal communicationIt will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.6、本地化：LocalizationThe process of adapting a product or service to a particular language, culture, and desired local “look-and-feel.”Aspects to be considered in localization: Language、Time zones、Money、National holidays、Local color sensitivities、Product or service names、Gender roles、Geographic examples 、Advertisements7、刻板印象：StereotypesA fixed general image, characteristic, etc. that a lot of people believe to represent a particular type of person or thing.Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. It is found in nearly every intercultural situation. The reason forthe pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.8、文化休克：Cultural shockIt is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.9、符号：SymbolA person，an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation.1、猫头鹰的故事：①This is because Chinese and English native speakers assign different associative meanings to the same bird—owl.②Owl in China is the sign of bad luck. The mere sight of an owl or the sound of the creature’s hooting is enough to cause people to draw back in fear.But in English it is associated with wisdom. In children’s books and cartoons, whenever there is a dispute among birds or beasts, it is the owl that acts as judge.③The term dog elicits different feelings in these two cultures. In China gou(dog) often has derogative meanings, such as 狼心狗肺. But in West is considered the best friend of man, which is well established in their cultures. So the feel disgusted at eating dog meat.④Long(龙) is a symbol of the emperor in ancient China. It has been almighty to us Chinese. Today long is often identified with China or Chinese. But to the English—speaking people, the Chinese long has been rendered in English as “dragon”. Dragon is a fire—spitting monster, cruel and fierce that destroys and therefore must be destroyed.⑤In Chinese ,松、柏、鹤、桃stand for longevity. In English, they are just plants.2、气泡空间：①This is because each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studies show that people from South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries have a smaller personal territory than do North Americans, British and Germans. In Mexican and Arab cultures, physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is very close. In order to feel comfortable while talking, what the Mexican does is to move closer, while what the North American does is to step back a little.②In Western counties, personal territory is highly valued. Each one has his/her own space at home or in office which should not be invaded. In public places, they have “temporary territory”, not be intruded upon either.③As is in the case of human behavior, the use of space is directly linked to the value system of different cultures. The Americans whose culture stresses individualism generally demand more space than do people from collectivistic cultures and tend to take an active, aggressive stance when their space is violated.3、家庭第一：①One of the reason that Annie could not understand Rosa is this:：in American culture, the nuclear family is much more important to the individual than the extended family. Most Americans feel little responsibility toward their second cousins, and may never even have met them. Therefore, Annie was confused because Rosa put so much effort into helping “just” a second cousin.②But in Rosa’s culture there is not such a big difference between nuclear and extended family responsibilities. In some countries, the extended family is the main financial and emotional support for people in times of crisis. However, this is not so far most Americans, who rely more on friends, institutions, and professionals.③Another reason is their possession of different cultural values. Rosa felt that “family comes first”, which means that her own needs come second. Annie had a hard time understanding that point of view because in her culture the individual usually comes first. In the United States the person who can “make it on his own”without help from family is respected, although of course many people do get help from their families.④Because of these differences, it is sometimes difficult for people to understand and accept the way family members in other cultures seem to treat each other. It is important, however, to remember that families show their love in different ways. These differences sometimes make it hard to see the reality of family love in every culture in the world.4、男女之间的约会：①Blanca thought that Kevin was going to pay for her because he had invited her to go out, this was the American custom. But things are changing. One reason is that many more American women work today. Therefore, many men and women think it is unfair for men to always pay for everything when they go out.②Another reason is that some women say that if a man pays for them, they feel like they own him something. And some American women prefer to pay because they like to feel like an equal partner on a date. They don’t feel equal if they are taken places and paid for.③Blanca’s understanding that Kevin was going to pay for her is an example of a cultural assumption. Our cultural assumptions are so much a part of us that many times we cannot believe that the whole world does not see things as we do. Trying to understand cultural assumptions that other people make can help to explain their way of thinking and acting.④Most Hispanic parents assume the worst will happen if they let their daughters go out alone with a man. And the Hispanic assumption about women is that they will not be able to stop a man.。

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy：It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individualinitiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化水平intercultural competence：refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍水准。

《跨文化交际》复习材料

《跨文化交际》复习材料跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力和技巧。

随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。

下面是一些跨文化交际的复习材料，供参考。

一、了解跨文化交际的基本概念1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性-跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交往的过程。

-跨文化交际能力是现代社会中不可或缺的一项重要能力，对于成功开展国际业务、扩大国际影响力等都具有很大的意义。

2.跨文化交际的特点和挑战-文化差异：不同国家、地区的文化差异会影响人们的行为习惯、价值观念等方面。

-语言障碍：不同语言的存在会给跨文化交际带来困难。

-礼仪和习俗：不同国家有各自的礼仪和习俗，不同的行为方式可能会因为文化差异而引起误解。

二、了解不同文化的差异和特点1.文化的定义和特点-文化是指一定时期和地区内人们的集体创造的一种总体性且复杂的社会文明现象。

-文化具有包括价值观念、思维方式、行为习惯等在内的多个方面。

2.不同文化的差异和特点-价值观念：不同文化对价值观念的看法和重视程度存在差异。

-社会习俗：不同文化在社会交往、庆祝活动等方面的习俗也存在较大差异。

-沟通方式：不同文化在沟通方式、语言使用等方面也会出现差异。

-时间观念：不同文化对时间观念的重视程度存在较大差异。

三、学习有效的跨文化交际技巧1.尊重对方文化-学习关于对方文化的基本知识，尊重对方的价值观念和习俗。

-避免对对方文化的偏见和刻板印象，保持开放的心态。

2.提升跨文化沟通能力-学习对方语言，尽量使用对方语言进行交流。

-学习不同文化的非语言沟通方式，如手势、面部表情等。

-长辈尊重：在跨文化交际中，尊重长辈是一种常见的礼节。

3.进行有效的文化调适-了解对方文化的特点，根据对方的文化习俗和行为准则进行调适。

-注意语言和行为的表达方式，避免因文化差异造成的误解。

4.增加跨文化交际的意识-了解跨文化交际的重要性，积极寻求跨文化交流的机会。

-提高自身的文化敏感度，增加对不同文化的了解和尊重。

跨文化交际期末复习资料

Final examPart 1 prehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习APart 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习CPart 4 Term-matching（10*1）Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。

Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming munities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space pression–All the different parts of the world form one munity linked together by electronic munications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural munication: refer to munication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their munication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. munication: mean to share with or to make mon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. ponents of munication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to municate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your munication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to municate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face munication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the munication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final ponent of munication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the munication takes place and which helps define the munication.13. Pragmatics语用学:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal munication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative munication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…Non-verbal munication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6 An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All munications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of munication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual munication is dynamic.munication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you municate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. munication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.munication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the munication process because they represent the shared meanings that are municated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be municated to another person.munication is systematicmunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.munication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that municators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. munication is contextual. (P8)All munication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24 In Chinese the surname es first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother mon Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series ofsubdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time mitments seriouslyAre mitted to the jobAdhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at onceConsider time mitments an objective to be achieved, if possibleAre mitted to people and human relationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity? Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?P What is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-orienteda non-developmental model of society/ petitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-being is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family municationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193 Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in munication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective munication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.谚语：Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁More haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋to fish in the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 牛饮as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人tonsorial artist 理发师sanitation engineer 清洁工shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head 发疯的reckless disregard for truth 撒谎to take things without permission 偷窃industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手golden saying 金玉良言fat office 肥缺You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰。

跨文化交际期末试题及答案

跨文化交际期末试题及答案试题一：1. 跨文化交际的概念是什么？2. 跨文化交际中可能遇到的困难有哪些？如何应对？3. 请列举两个不同文化背景下的沟通误解，并说明产生误解的原因。

4. 如何加强跨文化交际的能力？5. 请描述一次成功的跨文化交际经历，并谈谈你从中学到了什么。

答案如下：1. 跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的个体之间进行信息传递和相互理解的过程。

它涉及到语言、行为、价值观等方面的差异，需要在尊重和理解对方文化的基础上进行有效交流。

2. 在跨文化交际中，可能遇到语言障碍、文化差异导致的误解、价值观冲突等困难。

要应对这些困难，首先需要学习对方的语言，尽量减少语言障碍。

其次，要了解对方文化的特点，避免由于文化差异而引起的误解。

最后，要保持开放心态，尊重不同的价值观，通过倾听和理解来解决潜在的冲突。

3. （1）例子一：在西方国家，直接表达意见被视为开放和直率的表现，但在东方文化中，过于直接的表达会被视为冒犯和不尊重他人。

这种差异可能导致沟通中的误解和冲突。

原因：西方文化注重个人主义和直接表达，而东方文化注重集体主义和含蓄表达。

双方的价值观和文化习惯差异导致了沟通误解。

（2）例子二：在某些非洲国家，左手被视为不洁之手，不可用于触摸或传递物品；而在西方国家，左手并没有特殊的意义。

如果一个西方人无意中用左手递给非洲人物品，可能会被视为不尊重对方的文化。

原因：非洲文化中，左手被认为是不洁的，使用左手被视为不尊重和不礼貌的行为。

而在西方文化中，没有类似的禁忌。

4. 加强跨文化交际的能力需要多方面的努力。

首先，要增加对不同文化背景的了解，包括语言、历史、价值观等方面。

其次，要培养跨文化沟通的敏感性和意识，学会观察和尊重不同文化之间的差异。

此外，多与来自不同文化的人交流，积累经验和技巧，不断提升自己的跨文化交际水平。

5. 描述一次成功的跨文化交际经历，得以学习到很多。

我在一次国际研讨会上结识了一位来自日本的研究者。

跨文化交际期末复习资料

跨文化交际期末复习资料Components of large C Culture :Social institutions and organizations.Language and other communication systems.Customs, habits and behavioral patterns.Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns.Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development.Culture OnionDutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers:a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols ofa deeper level of culture.b) The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factorsc) The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense "culture is anything but nature ." Characteristics of Culture1. Culture is transmissible2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture.3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes.4.Culture is symbolic.5. Culture is integrated. To keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated.6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation（创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）.7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）.8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions.Key termsEnculturation（社会文化适应）：Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。

跨文化交际期末考试题及答案

跨文化交际期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是有效的沟通技巧？A. 保持开放态度B. 避免使用肢体语言C. 尊重文化差异D. 积极倾听答案：B2. 在不同文化背景下，以下哪种行为可能被误解？A. 直视对方眼睛B. 点头表示同意C. 用食指指人D. 握手答案：C3. 在跨文化交流中，以下哪种方式可以增进相互理解？A. 坚持自己的文化观点B. 避免讨论敏感话题C. 主动分享自己的文化背景D. 只关注自己的文化答案：C4. 以下哪个概念与跨文化交际密切相关？A. 文化适应B. 个人主义C. 集体主义D. 所有选项答案：D5. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个因素可能导致误解？A. 语言障碍B. 非语言信号C. 文化价值观差异D. 所有选项答案：D...二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述跨文化交际中“文化休克”的现象及其应对策略。

答案：文化休克是指个体在进入一个与自己文化背景不同的新环境时，由于文化差异而产生的困惑、焦虑和不适应感。

应对策略包括：提前了解目标文化，保持开放和灵活的心态，寻找支持系统，以及采取积极的适应措施。

2. 描述跨文化交际中的“高语境文化”与“低语境文化”的特点。

答案：高语境文化（High-context culture）指的是在交流中，信息的传递依赖于非语言因素，如肢体语言、面部表情和情境背景。

低语境文化（Low-context culture）则强调语言的直接性和明确性，信息主要通过语言来传递。

三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 假设你是一名国际商务谈判代表，你被派往一个与你文化背景截然不同的国家进行商务谈判。

请描述你将如何准备这次谈判，并在谈判中如何运用跨文化交际技巧。

答案：在准备谈判时，我会首先研究目标国家的文化、商业习惯和谈判风格。

我会学习基本的语言词汇，了解当地的礼仪和非语言交流习惯。

在谈判中，我会保持尊重和耐心，避免使用可能引起误解的肢体语言，积极倾听对方的观点，并在适当的时候表达自己的立场。

跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细

Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。

跨文化交际期末考问题及答案课件

跨文化交际期末考问题及答案课件
目录
• 跨文化交际概述 • 跨文化交际中的文化差异 • 跨文化交际中的语言交际 • 跨文化交际中的非语言交际 • 跨文化交际案例分析与实践
01
跨文化交际概述
跨文化交际的定义和意义
定义意义
跨文化交际的重要性和应用领域
重要性
应用领域
跨文化交际的基本概念和理论
基本概念
反思与总结
D
C
B A 增强跨文化意识
实践交际技巧
04
跨文化交际中的非语言交际
非语言交际的定义和表现形式
定义
表现形式
例如，微笑、皱眉、耸肩、握手、姿势、身体接触、眼神交流等。
非语言交际在跨文化交际中的作用
传递信息
强化语言信息
代替语言交际
不同文化间的非语言交际差异与应对策略
差异
应对策略
05
跨文化交际案例分析与实践
文化、交际、语境、语言、符号等。
理论
跨文化交际涉及多种理论，其中包括文化差异理论、文化适应理论、交际行为理论等。这些理论为跨文化交际的研究和实践提供了重要的指导和支持。在实际应用中，我们需要充分理解和应用这些理论，以更好地进行跨文化交际。
02
跨文化交际中的文化差异
文化差异的定义和表现形式
文化差异对跨文化交际的影响
案例一：商务场合中的跨文化交际
文化差异的认识和尊重语言沟通的技巧礼仪和习俗的把握
案例二：旅游场合中的的重要性
案例三：教育场合中的跨文化交际
教育理念的差异跨文化教育方法的运用语言障碍的克服
THANKS
感谢观看
01
02
沟通障碍
冲突增加
03 交际兴趣降低

(完整版)跨文化交际复习题和答案解析

判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。

然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。

F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a perso n’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。

T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。

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