跨文化交际期末复习资料全

Components of large C Culture :

Social institutions and organizations.

Language and other communication systems.

Customs, habits and behavioral patterns.

Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns. Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development.

Culture Onion

Dutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers:

a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols of a deeper level of culture.

b) The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factors

c) The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense "culture is anything but nature ."

Characteristics of Culture

1. Culture is transmissible

2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture.

3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.

Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from one’s social environment, not

from one’s genes.

4.Culture is symbolic.

5. Culture is integrated. T o keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated.

6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation （创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）.

7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）.

8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions.

Key terms

Enculturation（社会文化适应）：Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。

Acculturation（文化适应）：

Acculturation, or cultural adaptation, refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture. （文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程）。

Separation and segregation（分离和隔离）：the maintaining one’s original culture and not participating in the new culture. （指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化）。

Integration (文化整合): It takes place when individuals become an integral part of the

new culture while maintaining their culture integrity. (文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。

Assimilation (文化同化)：It is the degree to which an individual relinguishes an original culture for another. When individuals are assimilated into the mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture. (文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度。一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化)。

Marginalization（边缘化）：Marginalization or deculturation refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. (边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系)。

Culture shock（文化冲击，文化休克）It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. （文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历）。

Key terms

Intercultural competences：refer to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture; in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e. the ability to behave in an appropriate way and to adapt to one’s communication and interaction according to the context.(跨文化能力指的是理解和适应目标文化的能力，换句话说，它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。例如，根据具体的交际环境，恰当的得体的行为和对于交际与交往的适应)。

Communicative competence is part of social competence, which is an individual ability, i.e. behavior and skills, to control his or her social environment. (交际能力是社会能力的