英语语音期末复习材料(下)

元音

发元音时声带震动, 元音都是浊音

元音影响气息(Strong forms and weak forms--have/hæv/ /hәv(f)/);

音影响词汇重读a`bove (word stress);

元音影响语调What? (Intonation);

元音影响节奏(音长）(Rhythm, length of vowels)

主元音(Cardinal vowels)

Cardinal vowels indicate the range of human vocal organs can make.They act as a kind of scale or measure, with which to locate all the vowel phonemes of a language.

Functions

1.Cardinal Vowels provides learners with a set of standards.With the reference to them, any

vowel can be described, classified and compared in any language.

2.Cardinal vowels can help the learners to compare the vowels inhis mothertongue with those of

the targetlanguage. Help the learner to recognize the delicatedifferences between these words.

Vowels: Monophthongs(12) Diphthongs (8)

Criterion:

1. The height of the raised part of the tongue:

Close,half-close, half-open, open

2. The part of tongue raised: front,central, back

3. The length of the vowel: long, short

4. The position of the lips: rounded, unrounded

5. The degree of tenseness: tense, lax

Diphthongs: Closing diphthongs（合口双元音）or Centring diphthongs（央元音）

每一个单元音的语音特征（前中后、合闭口，

圆唇，紧张松弛，长短）

[i:]: long, close, front, unrounded, tense

[i]: short, half-close, front, unrounded, lax

[e]: short, half-open, unrounded, front, lax

[æ]: short, open, unrounded, front, lax

[a:]: long, back, unrounded, tense, open

[ɔ]: short, open, rounded, back

[ɔ:]:long, half-open, rounded, back

[u]:short, half-close, rounded, lax, back

[u:]:long, close, rounded, tense, back

[ә]:short, half-open, unrounded, central，lax

[ә:]:long, half-close and half-open,unrounded, tense, central

[Λ]:short, half-open, unrounded, lax, central

●同化现象：定义分类规律

Assimilation: In connected speech, under the influence of the neighbors, sounds are replaced by another sound. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by athird sound which is different from both the original sounds. It is called assimilation.

-c f / c i–consonant(final)/consonant(initial)

only happens between consonants

if cf changes into ci ,ci effects cf–Regressive逆同化

used [d] [t] to used[t t] to

newspaper/z//p/ /sp/

if ci changes to cf , cf effects ci –Progressive顺同化

The two sounds influence each other, and then form a new one. coalescent, double, reciprocal相互同化

Rules

1. voiced—voiceless

Have to; has two; food for supper

v-f z-s d-t

2. alveolar—bilabial

Ten minutes; right place; good-bye

n-m t-p d-b

3. kiss you /s/+/j/–/∫/; where’s yours /z/+/j/–/ӡ/; want you/t/+/j/–/t∫/; told you/d/+/j/-/dӡ/

●省音现象：定义、分类、规律

Elision is the omission of sound or sounds.

In one word, a sound can be omitted. (factory)

At a junction(连接) of words under the influence of the context, some sounds will disappear. lots o(f) money

historical elision

Loss of vowels

A extraordinary

E every interest student

I medicine business

O victory button

U build