The Analysis of Tess's Tragedy苔丝悲剧分析
An Analysis of the Cause of Tess’s Tragedy From Her Character in Tess of the d’Urbervilles
An Analysis of the Cause of Tess’s Tragedy From Her Character in Tess of the d’Urbervilles从苔丝性格角度浅析苔丝悲剧的成因摘要伟大的小说家托马斯• 哈代的著作《德伯家的苔丝》被认为是全世界最成功的悲剧之一。
在哈代的笔下，女主人公苔丝是一个漂亮、善良、纯洁以及具有忍耐力和自我牺牲精神的女人。
在英国文学史上，苔丝一直被当作一个最特殊的女性角色之一。
然而，这个纯洁女人的生活却极其悲惨和不幸。
为了帮助读者更好地欣赏这部著作，本文从苔丝的性格入手，探讨苔丝悲剧的成因，并认为苔丝的责任心、自尊心、天真和冲动导致了她的毁灭。
关键词：苔丝；悲剧；性格AbstractTess of the D’Urbervilles(hereafter Tess), written by the great novelist Thomas Hardy, is regarded as one of the most successful tragedies around the world. Under Hardy's pen, the heroine Tess is depicted as an attractive, kind-hearted, and pure woman, who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. Tess has long been taken as the most exceptional woman character in English literary history. However, the life of this pure woman is rather tragic and miserable. This paper aims to explore the causes of Tess's tragedy in Tess of the D'Urbervilles through Tess's character，which will help the reader get a better appreciation of this famous masterpiece. It is argued that Tess’s responsibility, pride, innocence, and impulsiveness lead to her downfall.Keywords: Tess; tragedy; characterTable of Contents摘要 (I)Abstract ........................................................................................................................ I I 1Introduction (1)1.1 A Brief Introduction to Thomas Hardy (1)1.2 A General Introduction to the Novel (1)1.3 Plot (1)1.4 Thesis Statement of This Paper (2)2Literature Review (3)3Responsibility (4)3.1 Responsibility Obliges Tess to Claim Kin (4)3.2Responsibility Forces Tess to Cohabitate with Alec (5)4Pride (5)4.1 Pride Deters Her From Urging Angel to Stay (6)4.2 Pride Deters Her From Asking for Help (6)5Innocence (7)5.1Tess Is So Simple as to Believe Angel will Forgive her (7)5.2 Tess Is So Innocent as to Be Defrauded by Alec Twice (8)6Impulsiveness (8)7Conclusion (9)Works Cited (10)1Introduction1.1 A Brief Introduction to Thomas HardyHardy was a great critical realist in the late 19th century. (Wu 312) As an excellent English novelist and poet, he helped forge a link between the 19th and 20th century literary traditions. Hardy's works reflect his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.1.2 A General Introduction to the NovelTess, published in 1891, is one of the Hardy's most significant and famous works in his classified group, "Novels of Character and Environment". After the publication of this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist.1.3 PlotIn this novel, Hardy molds an image of a misfortunate female by telling a story of a peasant girl of decayed aristocratic stock who is betrayed by two men: one is Alec, rich and sensuous, the seducer of her body; the other Angel, is the son of a clergyman whom she loves, and who abandons her when she confess her earlier violation in their wedding night. Subsequently Angel forgives her and comes back to search for her, only to find that she has been driven back to Alec by poverty. Finally, she kills Alec due to her strong love to Angel and her disgust at Alec, for which sheloses her life.1.4 Thesis Statement of This PaperThe fate of Tess is filled with misery. Her inevitable tragic ending is related with various factors, among which personal factors can never be neglected. Thus this paper discusses Tess's tragedy from the perspective of her character and argues that her responsibility, pride, innocence, and impulsiveness contribute to her destruction.2Literature ReviewTess is one of the most well-known and fantastic works of Thomas Hardy, which has never lost its appeal to the literary critics and ordinary readers as well. After World War II, with the development of modern literary criticism, different reviewers interpret Tess from various perspectives.There are different schools of thought about the causes of Tess's tragedy. Some try to explain the tragedy through social factors, which is chiefly represented by English critics Douglas Brown and Arnold Kettle. They see Tess as a victim of a social disintegration that has been caused by the coming of industrialization to the countryside. Besides, some Chinese scholars also belong to this group. For instance, Professor Jin Yuanpu holds the view that “this tragedy condemned severely Victorian society.” (255). Some attribute Tess's undoing to her fate. According to John Macy, “Tess was the victim of destiny”. (282) Some propose that Tess's downfall also stems from human factors. One of the critics belonging to this school is Professor Webster. In his opinion, Tess is a contribution to Hardy's war against man's inhumanity.3ResponsibilityIt is Tess's high sense of responsibility to her family and her self-sacrifice pushes her to fall into Alec's trap twice. For the first time, she is sent to a family falsely connected to her family by name, where she is seduced by Alec. Although she is reluctant to receive Alec's “help”, she is later forced back to him for the sake of her homeless family.3.1 Responsibility Obliges Tess to Claim KinAt the very beginning of the story, Tess's father, John Durbeyfield, is severely drunk because he is stunned to hear the news from a parson that he is the descendent of an ancient noble family,the d'Urbervilles. So Tess, together with her younger brother Abraham, has to take the place of John to deliver beehives though she did not truly know how to drive a horse. Unfortunately the horse Prince, the only means that the whole family uses to make the pot boil, was killed by a local mail cart. Tess blames herself for the death of Prince and feels it is her responsibility to make matters right. She tries to seek for some light occupation in the neighborhood to collect enough money during the summer to purchase another horse, but the plan falls through. It is at this point that “her mother broached the scheme” (Hardy 39) for Tess to claim kin with the d'urbervilles, a false representative of the old d'urberville family. “Well, as I killed the horse, mother,” she said mournfully, “I suppose I ought to do something. I don't mind going and seeing her.…” (Hardy 40)Out of her sense of duty to resolve the Durbeyfields' economic difficulties, Tess accepts Alec's “help” and takes employment to look after poultry. At this time, “she is in the special position of a woman laborer, that as well as a worker she is exposed tothe market, with its range of possibilities in seduction, marriage, desertion, kept mistress.” (Norman 35)3.2Responsibility Forces Tess to Cohabitate with AlecAfter Tess is abandoned by her husband, Angel, Tess becomes a wage earner in Flintcomb-Ash, where she works in an extremely hard working condition because she gives her family half the money Alec has given to her.Though she undergoes various hardships, Tess can endure them and wait patiently for Angel's returning to her. But misfortune comes upon Tess and her family once again. Her father's passing away constitutes a lethal attack on Tess. “The news meant even more than it sounded. Her father's life had a value apart from his personal achievements…” (Hardy 338)Consequently, the Durbeyfields loses the life tenure of their cottage after John's death and becomes homeless. Tess, bearing a burden to find a shelter for her family, finally yields to Alec's persistent pursuit. Thus, although Tess is unwilling to be Alec's mistress and even feel disgusted with Alec, she has to do so because she is responsible for the livelihood of her mother and siblings.4PrideTess's pride and strong self-esteem is shown repeatedly throughout the story: in her unwillingness to tell her parents the truth about her marriage or to ask help from Angel's parents. It is also her pride that prevents her trying to win her husband back.4.1 Pride Deters Her From Urging Angel to StayAfter she confesses her past to Angel in their wedding night, she is despised and deserted by him. When Angel suggests that they shouldn't live together until he accepts her past, she shows no disagreement and makes no efforts to beg him to stay not only because of her submissiveness but also because of her pride and self-esteem. Hardy made his comments a few words after depicting the scene of their departure:If Tess had bee artful; had she made a scene, fainted, wepthysterically…he would probably not have withstood her. But hermood of long-suffering made his way easy for him…pride, too,entered into her submission－which perhaps was a symptom of thatreckless acquiescence in chance too apparent in the wholed’Urberville family－and the many effective chords which she couldhave stirred by an appeal were left untouched. (248)4.2 Pride Deters Her From Asking for HelpSubsequent to their departure, Tess meets great difficulties, economically and spiritually. But she would rather work in a “starve acre”farm and endure Alec's incessant harassment than seek help from Angel's parents or whoever has the ability to assist her.She tries to make her in-laws know her plight a year after her marriage to Angel, but she can not screw up courage to meet Angel's families when she reaches thevicarage. Hardy analyzes her behavior as follows:The same delicacy, pride, false shame…hindered her in owning tohim that she was in want…They probably despised her already; howmuch more they would despise her in the character of a mendicant!The consequence was that by no effort could the parson'sdaughter-in-law bring herself to let him know her state. (291)5InnocenceTess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl, is at odds with the world which invents trains and machines as well as the nouveau riche like Alec. Finally she becomes a victim of the modern society.5.1Tess Is So Simple as to Believe Angel will Forgive herIn their wedding night, Tess becomes almost glad rightly after Alec's confession about his dissipation with a stranger, taking it for granted that Angel would also forgive her faults. “O Angel－I am almost glad－because now you can forgive me!”(Hardy 221)But the problem is that there are double standards in sexual matters in a patriarchal world and she knows nothing about it. In other words, she is not aware that men needn’t be responsible for their misdeeds, while women must pay for it under the same situation.5.2 Tess Is So Innocent as to Be Defrauded by Alec TwiceTess is so simple and innocent that she is inclined to trust others. The first time she is seduced by Alec and loses her chastity is because as a child, she does not know “there is danger in men-folk” (Hardy 87) But a fall in pit does not enable her to gain a wit, because she is deceived by Alec again and make herself his mistress. Her simple mind can be revealed through the following dialogue between her and Angel: “I hate him now, because he told me a lie－that you would not come again; and you have come!”(Hardy 366)6ImpulsivenessHer impulsiveness is the last straw that leads her directly to the gallows. After Angel visits her at a luxurious lodging in Sandbourne, where she is now cohabitating with Alec as his mistress, Tess recovers her love and loyalty to Angel again. Her shame and grief cause her violent side hidden in her personality to explode. Therefore, overwhelmed with impulsiveness, she stabs Alec to death with a dinner knife mercilessly. Intentionally or not, Tess has fulfilled Angel's proclamation that they cannot be together as long as Alec is alive.“He heard me crying about you, and he bitterly taunted me; and called you by a foul name; and then I did it; my heart could not bear it: he had nagged me about you before…”(Hardy 372) From what she says, we can learn the direct motive for her murder is that she can not bear Alec's mockery. Thus, although we may sympathize with her, we deem that she is too impetuous. She could always live through bitter experience in the past, why does she give up in such a critical moment?7ConclusionTess is one of most significant tragic novels of Thomas Hardy. In this novel, the combination of internal and external factors leads to the inevitability of Tess's tragedy. Among those factors Tess's character is the subjective contributor to her destruction. She is the victim of her responsibility, pride, innocence and impulsiveness.Actually, the duality of Tess's ambivalent character, such as humility and pride, ignorance and education, obedience and rebellion and so on, also causes her downfall. Perhaps those scholars who are interested in English literature study will have a good discussion about this subject in the upcoming years.Works CitedHardy, Thomas. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1994.Jin Yuanpu. Foreign Literature Reading and Aappreciation.Hubei: Central China Normal University Press, 2000.Macy, John. The Story of the World Literature. Jiangsu: People's Publishing House, 1998.Norman, Page, ed. Thomas Hardy: The Writer and His Background. London: Bell & Hyman, 1980.Wu Weiren. History and Anthology of English Literature. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1988.。
The tragedy of Tess 苔丝的悲剧
The tragedy of TessIntroduction of the novel and its influenceTess of the D’Urbervilles, published in 1891,was Thomas Hardy’s last and most significant work. In this novel, Hardy reached the height of his achievement as a novelist. Readers are attracted not only by the innate beauty, but the tragic fate of Tess, the heroine.Tess of the D’urbervills, is about the tragedy of Tess Durbeyfield, who was born in a poor peasant family. When their horse was killed by an accident, the family lost the only me ans to make a living. As Tess’s father got a piece of news from a parson that he was the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles, Tess’s mother persuaded her to visit the d’Urbervilles clan at Tranreidge. Tess worked t here and was seduced by Alec d’Uberville. Tess gave birth to a child, but it was unlucky, it died very soon. A long time later, Tess worked at the dairy farm at Talbothays, where she met Angel Clare again, he was a pastor’s son, and wanted to study farming. After a short time, they loved each other. On their wedding night Angel told Tess about an evening of debauchery in his won past. Tess forgiven him andtold her affair with Alec, thinking that he would forgive her as she did for him. But Clare disappointed Tess and did not forgive her when she told him her past story with Alec. Clare left her for Brazil. With the great poverty of her family, Tess had to work under the hardest condition at Flintcomb-ash. Then her father died and the family was expelled from their cottage. In order to support her family, Tess was driven to go back to Alec d’Urberville. One year later, Angel Clare returned from Brazil, being chastened and repented of his cruel treatment of Tess, but the relationship of Tess and Alec, Angel cannot live with Tess. She hated Alec and killed him. After a short happy life with Angel, Tess was arrested at dawn.She was a woman of integrity, and pure in heart, yet she was driven to the hell by the society. Tess lost her virginity, which was caused by Alec. At that time, she only was a 17- year –old- girl. So the main responsibility should be blamed on Alec. At the second time, Tess had to live with Alec, this was caused by her parents and Angel. At last, she killed Alec, this was the weakling’s resi stance.From the character of Tess, I can see the hardship of her life. In herheart, she was a pure girl. At the end of the novel, Thomas Hardy described it full of meaning that “Justice” was done, and President of the Immortals in Aeschy lean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess (Thomas Hardy 2004). From this part, I understand that was Hardy’s strong accusing of British social system.Analysis of the cause of Tess’s tragedyThe social environment made Tess’s tragedy inevitable. At the end of 19th century, capitalism prevailed in the whole England that made broad masses of peasant went bankrupt and then they had to live in poverty and grave situation. The destruction of English peasant caused by capitalism. It was the decisive force that had driven “Tess” to tragedy doom. In the novel, there are many descriptions of Tess working in the field. Though, she was exhausted with manual labor, she could hardly support her family. The self-supporting peasants were displaced and impoverished.Both Alec a nd Angel violated and made fun of Tess. Tess’s physically was injured by Alec d’Urberville, and mentally was affected by Angel Clare. Alec and Angel by different way made Tess’s tragedy from bad toworse.Alec was a lecher, also was a man to do wrong to others to benefit for himself. From this point, it both reflected the landlord class’s nature characteristics in countryside, and emerging capitalist’s feature. But Angel’s circumstance was more complex and volatile. On one hand, he was capitalist with a freedom of mind. He look down upon the material distinction of rank and wealth, and scorned the class’s prejudice and with other concepts. He disliked the life of busy section of the city, and went to the countryside to study the agricultural skills. In the nature life, he got acquainted with Tess who was pure as the nature .I can say it affirmatively that Angel loved Tess at first, because he gave up his parents’ arrangement to marry Mercy Chat, even that was a marriage between the families that were of equal social rank. On other hand, Angel had an idea of egoism, even though, himself was not a pure man, and he could not to accept Tess who was not a really pure bride. He considered her as a “fallen woman”. He still judged “purity” with the conventional value and moral standard that were implanted in him when he was a boy. He was the slave to the custom and conventionality. Obviously, what he loved was not Tess, but another in her shape (Thomas Hardy 2004). He abandoned his wife for Brazil, which was adeathblow to innocent woman Tess.Tess’s father only was a ped-lar, but he with full of vanity and ignorant, he also was a drinker. After Tess’s father Jack Durbeyfild learned that he was descended from the famous d’Urberville family, He felt very proud, and from then on, there might add “sir” before his name, it was glory for him. And then he became indolent and sluggish. He had never done more work than was necessary to keep his family supplied with meager food and himself with beer but from that day on he ceased doing even that small amount of work. Durbeyfild won’t be able to take the journey with the beehives in the early morning, but somebody must go. In his family, no other fit for the job only himself. Tess was obliged to do the difficult job. There happened an accident, and killed their poor horse Prince. The death of the horse destroyed the family’s livelihood and finished the family’s hauling business. From then on, Tess thought that she had dragged her parents into quagmire.Tesss’s mother Joan Du rbeyfield was an unenlightened happy woman, as her husband full of vanity. She had a beautiful and lovely daughter, and felt that was glorious for her family. She tried Tess’s fatein the Fortune-teller, and it brought out that every thing, and Tess’s skin was as sleek as a duchess’s, so she was sure that Tess likely enough to marry a noble gentleman (Thomas Hardy 2004). The unrealistic thought led she to persuade her oldest daughter, Tess, to visit the Stoke-d”Urbervilles which was the claim kin .The first time of Tess left home for work at Alec’s family, as a mother, she did not tell her anything about a man maybe danger for a woman, at that time she only was 17 years old girl, but her full of vanity mind did not think over it much, her only hope was that Tess would make a good impression on the rich d’Ubervilles and perhaps a good marriage with one of the son.Tess’s tragedy was not only caused by external reason, but also the internal reason. Tess herself was pure in heart and had a kind heart, and without experience. It just unlucky that Tess met Alec, who was a man of easy virtue, so she could not escape from entice into unlawful sexual intercourse of Alec. After the dishonorable thing, Tess left Alec. During the following times, Tess met Angel Clare at the dairy farm. He loved Tess and treated Tess “equally”, which made Tess trust him and fell in love with him. Tess loved Angel deeply, with the result that she acted on impulse. And besides, she was affected deeply by the society and belonged to conservative, so she was thinking about it all the time thatshe was not a virgin girl. So that she didn’t want to marry Angel and refused many times of the offer of marriage by Angel. But she was unable to bear the enticement of emotion and agreed to marry him at last. Because of his “noble virtue”, Tess opened her mind to him and told him all her past story with Alec on their wedding night, thinking that Angel would forgive her as she did for him. From then on a series of graver tragedy took place in her future life.Tess’s tragedy was the tragedy of character. On one side, struggled bravely against her destiny and the conventional morality. She desired for happiness and true love. On the other side, she could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards of the day, which made her believe that she had to pay for what she had sinned. In chapter 37of Tess of the D’Urberilles, Hardy described that Angel occasionally walk in his sleep:Angel had instinctively manifested a fondness for her of which his common-sense did not approve, Angel might have a faint recollection of his tender vagary, and was disinclined to allude to it from a conviction that she would take amatory advantage of opportunity it gave her ofappealing to him anew not to go (Thomas Hardy 2004).From this point, I think that Tess was very obstinate. She yielded to the arrangement of the fate .The later was the weak point in her character.Summarize the process of the tragedy.Tess Durbeyfeild’s misfortune started from the sudden death of the only horse. At that time, Tess’s father learned that his family belonged to the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urberilles. Also there had a rich family of Stoke d’Urbervilles. In fact, Alec was the son of a rich merchant who added the name of d’Urberille to his own name, stoke, because it had historical association and the d’Urbervilles were supposed to be extinct. So Tess was sent to visit the claim kin of Alec d’Uberville.At the end of chapter 5, Alec said: “well, I’m damned! What a funny thing! Ha-ha-ha! And what a crumby girl!”(Thomas Hardy2004). From this point, I learned that Alec was a lecher. Of course Tess could not leada very easy life at Alec’s family. Alec was shrewd and crafty wrote a letter by his mother’s tone ask ed Tess to look after a litter fowl-farm, which was her hobby. It just was a trap for Tess. Even though, Tess’s mother knew it just an artful way of getting Tess went to there, but she didn’t know it just Alec’s wish.On the way to Alec’s family, Alec be gan to take liberties with Tess, and kissed her. Tess worked there for four months and was seduced by Alec. Then Tess gave birth a child, but it died very soon.At the dairy farm Tess was liked and well treated, at that time, that was Tess’s happy life i n her experience. At the dairy farm Tess met Angel. At first Tess seemed to regard Angel Clare as an intelligencer rather than as a man. By this way, Tess fell in love with Angel, but she cannot get rid of her sense of guilt. Her love for him acted to blot out the memories of the past, but she was always aware that her forgetfulness was only temporary, that the doubts, fears, and sham were only waiting like wolves just outside the light. Although Tess was in love with Angel by this time, the memory of her night with Alec caused her to refuse Angel again and again. At last she could not bear any more, and agreed to marry him.On the night before the wedding, Tess wrote a letter to Angel for telling everything about herself and Alee, She shipped the letter under his door, but Angel did not discover the letter, because she had put the letter under the carpet. When she realized that Angel had not found the letter. She attempted to tell him about her past. But Angel did not discover the letter,because she had put the letter the carpet. When she realized that Angel had not found the letter. She attempted to tell him about her past. But Angel did not think it was important, thinking that such a pure girl could have no black sins in her history.On their wedding night, Tess made a final decision to tell him all her past, but it was easy, Angel said at first that he wanted to make a confession to her. It was easy for her to forgive him, so she began to tell him all her past. It was difficult for Angel to forgive Tess, he could not accept this fact. Form then on Tess’s tragedy form bad to worse. For several days later, Angel left Tess for Brazil.Angel had left Tess some money and some jewels, but her family went hungry once more, for her father still thought himself too high-born to work for a living. After her father died, her family was expelled from their cottage, and her family’s homelessness made Tess found no was out, Tess had to again go from farm to farm. At that time, Tess’s tragedy reached the climax.While Tess was working in the field, She met Alec again. Alec began to pursue her once more. Frightened, Tess wrote to Angel told him that she loved him and needed him, and begged him to forgive her and to return to her. For long time she did not receive an answer from Angel. In order to support the family, Tess had no other means to choose, only to accept Alec’s “help” for the second time. Angel was late just for a few days, although he should have reunited with Tess a few days earlier. These series of chance happening seems to decide Tess’s tragedy, and each of them put Tess further into the mysterious entrapment until her. Throughout the whole story, Tess was constantly involved in the mysterious fate, which led to the tragedy step by step.ConclusionHardy created Tess as an attractive and warm-hearted pure woman who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. Thus result Tess has become the victim of her family and the society in which she exists. Through the above analysis and the summarizat ion of Tess’s tragedy, it is obvious that the poverty, Alec’s wickedness, Angel’s conventional ideas, Tess’s character as well as Hardy’s fatalism are the direct causes of Tess’s tragedy. But the direct causes are deeply rooted in the cruel social environment: the impoverished peasant, the unjust law and cruel convention. Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that the society is the real and deeply rooted cause of Tess’s tragedy.。
苔丝悲剧的原因
The Causes of Tess's Tragedy1.social environmentAt the middle of the 19th century, Britain's flourishing capitalism deeply affected the country civilization. The individual farmers had trouble in losing jobs and poverty. Tess's family was one of these farmers. At that time, it was a male-dominated society, women had no right to get good education and work. Tess just did the low income and hard work. Also, women's rights had not been protected well. It's unfair of society to treat on Tess.2.family reasonHer father was excessive drinking all day. The only source of finance the old horse had been dead. And she had lots of little brothers and sisters to feed up. Life was so tough, she had no choice but to work for D'Urbervilles to make money. After her father's death, the landlord took the house back, in order to her family not become homeless, she chose to become Alec's mistress.3.personalityTess is a pure and beautiful country girl. She didn't have good education and read about novels. So she didn't know beau's libertine behavior. She was raped by Alec. She is responsible for the whole family to devote herself. However, she was obedient to these sufferings. The only once revolting behavior was to kill Alec.4.AlecAlec was the chief culprit of Tess's whole tragic life. At first, he raped her in the forest to bring about that she was pregnant. Tess chose to leave him and give birth to the baby, but the baby was dead when it was born. Because of tough life, Tess had to return back to him and become his mistress with the humiliation of him.5.Angel ClareWhen he fell in love with Tess, she became happy again and found the real meaning of life. When he gave up her, Tess lost the spirit life, she faced the reality without mental reaction. It's Clare's fault to return she back to Alec to suffer distress again. Sadly, Clare's back didn't make up for Tess's happiness, it deepened Tess's sufferings. Finally, she killed Alec to revenge..。
关于“德伯家的苔丝”—悲剧的分析 精品
本科生毕业论文On Tess of D’Urbervilles —Analysis of theTragedy关于“德伯家的苔丝”—悲剧的分析院系：外国语系专业：英语学生姓名：学号：指导教师：2008年6月本科毕业论文ContentsAcknowledgements (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)摘要 (Ⅲ)1 Introduction (1)1.1 Introduction to the Author and the Novel (1)1.2 Previous Study of Tess’s Tragedy and the Problems (2)2 The Author’s Concept on Fate and the Heroine’s Tragedy (4)3 Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy (6)3.1 Analysis of Tess’s Family (6)3.2 Analysis of the Social Background (8)3.3 Analysis of Tess’s Character (12)3.4 Analysis of the Male Factors in Tess’s Tragedy (14)4 Conclusion (16)References (18)AcknowledgementsThe accomplishment of this thesis results from the help of many: Hereby I would like to express recognition and gratitude to those who made this thesis possible.First of all, I am particularly indebted to my superviso r—Zhou Changjun, whose valuable and constructive suggestion, comments, and encouragements were given to me throughout the duration of writing this thesis. It is a great honor for me to study under his guidance, for not only have I benefited from his profound knowledge, but also from his modest personality and his attitudes towards academic study.Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to other professors and teachers, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their unconditional love and support all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who encouraged and helped me in the past four years.It is just because of the contributions of these people, whether mentioned or not, that this thesis is able to be completed. To every one of them, I give my most sincere thanks.AbstractThomas Hardy was once called “Shakespeare in British no vel.” He looked at the life in the vision of tragedy; He experienced and described people’s suffering under the fierce impact of two civilizations in a tragic method and unique male way; He described the poor Tess’s short and unfortunate life in an epic way. Tess, a daughter of a poor villager who discovers that he is the descendent of an ancient family D’Urbervilles is persuaded by her parents to claim kindred with a more prosperous D’Urbervilles and is seduced by the master, Alec. And then she has to return home in disgrace. After giving birth to a child who dies in infancy, she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman, and she fails in love with him and marries him. On their wedding night Tess and Angel tell each other about their past. Angel who gets the hypocritical morality deserts her because of her seduction by Alec; then poverty makes her come back to Alec again and tragedy happens. The tragedy of Tess is both the social tragedy and simultaneously also the disposition tragedy. Her tragedy’s origin is no t only objective, moreover is also subjective. This paper tells us that Tess is the victim of the bourgeois society and capitalist invasion into the English peasantry. By analyzing the family’s poverty, the social background, her own character, injustice and hypocrisy, the male chauvinism factors, the author’s concept on fate, etc, this paper presents the main causes of Tess’s tragedy.Key words: Tess; tragedy; social background; character; victim; law; morality关于“德伯家的苔丝”—悲剧的分析摘要托马斯·哈代曾一度被评论家誉为“英国小说中的莎士比亚”。
An_Analysis_of_the_Causes_of_Tess’s_Tragedy论文
ContentsAbstract in English……………………………………………………………Abstract in Chinese……………………………………………………………I. Introduction (1)II. Analyse the causes of Tess's tragedy (1)2. 1 The Victorian society is the main cause of Tess's tragedy (2)2. 2 The inevitability of Tess's tragedy produced by internal causes (4)2. 3 Tess’s parents, Alec and Angel all contribute to Tess’s tragedy (6)2. 4 Tess’s tragedy is inevitable and doomed from the many coincidenceswhich Hardy creates to express his viewpoint of fatalism and pessimism (8)III. Conclusion (10)Bibliography…………………………………………………..……………..……AbstractTess of the D’urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy in 1891, is a tragic story of a beautiful country girl , Tess Durbeyfield, it is the truthful portrayal of a pure woman ruined by the bourgeois society. This paper analyses the causes of Tess’s tragedy from four aspects. The first one is the main cause of this tragedy, that is the Victorian society in which Tess lives, because of the distorted social customs, moral principles and unjust social laws, Tess’s tragedy is inevitable in that environment. The second aspect is about Tess’s own internal characteristics, Tess’s weakness of indulging in fantacy accelerates her tragedy. The third aspect is about her parents, Alec and Angel, they all contribute to her tragedy. The last one talks about Tess’s tragic fate, since the world is hostile to human beings, there are many unfortunate coincidences in Tess’s life, so her tragedy is doomed. Through the analysis of the causes of Tess’s tragedy, I hope more people would appreciate this novel and learn to be more humanistic and sympathetic, and our society would become more harmonious and just.Key words:Tess; tragedy; causes; inevitable中文摘要由托马斯.哈代于1891年完成的《德伯家的苔丝》是一部描写一位美丽善良的乡村姑娘─苔丝的悲剧人生的小说。
最新解析苔丝悲剧苔丝简介2篇
解析苔丝悲剧苔丝简介2篇解析苔丝悲剧苔丝简介2篇解析苔丝悲剧苔丝简介(1)The tragedy of Tess（苔丝的悲剧）“Tess of the d"Urbervilles ” is generally regarded as Hardy"s finest novel. A brilliant tale of seduction, love, betrayal, and murder, Tess of the d"Ubervilles yields to narrative convention by punishing Tess"s sin, but boldly exposes this standard denouement of unforgiving morality as cruelly unjust. Throughout, Hardy characterizes Tess as a daughter of nature who endures the brutality of industrialism through the people and circumstances in her life. Using specific language, character depiction, and story development, Hardy provides a strong argument against the urban movement by showing the reader its harsh effects on the agrarian lifestyle. The novel centers around a young woman who struggles to find her place in society.Tess is a beautiful,intelligent and distinguished woman.But those advantages do not take her happiness or good lucky. It didn"t like Jane Eyrea good ending the satisfaction of all with the help of oversea colony"s money. In her life is full of Suffering and Unfortunate.Who and what couse the tragedy of Tess? I think there are four factors.At first of all, Tess is the tragedy of the times. Tess was living in the late nineteenth century .At that time, British capitalism begin invading rural. This Phenomenon sets conflicting betweeting country and city. In part, Tess represents the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late nineteenth century. Hardy shows that life as a maiden begins in the natural country and ends in the brutal city. Tess"s life begins in the rural secluded town of Marlott where the country atmosphere allows her to grow into a virtuous caring young girl. In contrast, Tess"s downfall occurs in the city. Towards the end of the tale, when Tessis once again in Alec"s possession, negative consequences ensue. She murders Alec in the city of Sandbourne that was like a "fairy place suddenly created by the stroke of a wand." (Pg. 296) The suddenness with which the city is created parallels the quick actions of Tess in murdering Alec d"Urberville. In both scenarios it seems like there was no thought before the action was orchestrated. Once Tess is put to death in the city, the harsh realities of justice and punishment remind the reader of Hardy"s pessimistic view of industrialism. Hardy purposely begins and ends Tess"s life in such a manner to show her as a sacrifice of rural landscape to the urban movement. Through his portrayal of Tess, Hardy is able to use her entire being to make his negative attitude towards urbanity known.Many people in England were forced to make sacrifices during the industrial revolution. Through language, character depiction, and specific scenes in the novel, Hardy illustrates the harsh effects of industrialism on certain agrarian lifestyles. He shows the reader that the commercialism and emphasis on modernistic ways of life did not fall well with all the people in the land. The substitute of machinery to manual labor came at a heavy price for the beautiful English land and the families who inhabited it. Hardy allows his readers to see that progress may not always be a positive occurrence and good intentions may cause dire consequences.At the beginning of stoy,Tess is a naive country girl. She is primarily a daughter of nature upon whom urbanity will leave its lasting marks. but one day , When her fathe discovere that the low-class Durbeyfield family is in reality the d"Urbervilles,he want Tess to recognizes the relative. Because the family circumstances are poor.tess complies by unvoluntary,even if she feels very ashamed.In there she meets master’s son Alec d’Urberville,who plays a character as chief criminal in her tragic life.An insouciant twenty-four-year-old man, heir to a fortune, and bearerof a name that his father purchased, Alec is the nemesis and downfall of Tess’s life. His first name, Alexander, suggests the conqueror—as in Alexander the GreatZ，who seizes what he wants regardless of moral propriety. His full last name, Stoke-d’Urberville, symbolizes the split character of his family, whose origins are simpler than their pretensions to grandeur. After all, Stokes is a blunt and inelegant name.At the very end of the novel,he becomes a reverent Christian On surface.But when he remeeting Tess, he quickly abandons his newfound Christian faith. It is hard to believe Alec holds his religion, or anything else, sincerely. His supposed conversion may only be a new role he is playing. Indeed Alec is diabolical. Alec creeps up on Tess in the darkness of the Chase and lies with her without her knowing it.He deconstructed the tess’s chastity and pure.At last,he forces tess to be his lover.Not aslo he really love tess,but only regards tess as his toy. It can be said,he is the immediate cause of tess’s tragedy.Angel Clare is also one of the important factors, caused more serious and terrible harm on tess psychological. Angel Clare is a complex art image. On the one hand,he is Bourgeois intellectuals , having Open minds and independent thinking.He hope depend on his own labor to survive and do not want to inherit his father"s mantle..He is a secularist who yearns to work for the “honor and glory of man,” as he tells his father in Chapter XVIII, rather than for the honor and glory of God in a more distant world. A typical young nineteenth-century progressive, Angel sees human society as a thing to be remolded and improved, and he fervently believes in the nobility of man. He rejects the values handed to him, and sets off in search of his own. Indeed Angel Clare is a fascinating and good-hearted man. When he was working on the Pasture,a lot of girls admired him. But his love for Tess, a mere milkmaid and his social inferior, is one expression of his disdain for tradition. This independent spirit contributes to his aura of charisma and general attractiveness that makes him the love object of all themilkmaids with whom he works at Talbothays.But on the other hand, Angel Clare aslo is one of the male chauvinist supporters. In his heart, he is still difficult to get rid of controling by feudal morals.His love for Tess may be abstract, as we guess when he calls her “Daughter of Nature” or “Demeter.”. Tess may be more an archetype or ideal to him than a flesh and blood woman with a complicated life. So Angel deserts Tess when he finds the innocent country girl he fell in love with is not so pure.On their wedding night, tess confesses that she is not a virgin and explains what happened with Alec d"Urberville. Even though he himself has also had an affair out of wedlock, he becomes upset and is unable to reconcile his real affection for Tess, his wounded pride, and his image of Tess as a pure and virginal figure. He can’t forgive her for having another man’s child even though she forgives him everything. Angel abandons Tess and tells her she cannot contact him; he will contact her. But he has not divorced with tess, because of Men"s dignity.At last, after his failure in Brazil, and only then Angel realizes he has been unfair to Tess. His moral system is readjusted as he is brought down to Earth. But to his sorrow, when returning to England to find Tess, he discovers tess living in a hotel with Alec d"Urberville.Everthing is too late.In addition, Tess’s character is also an important reason for the tragedy.Although Tess has great courage to against social injustice,she can’t get rid of astrology from her own moral traditions. She understood herself is a victim of the social violence and ethics morals victim. But in while receives which the native place person’s censures, she also consider herselves guilty. To forget the past ,she is Far away her family and home to Tabou Lei. Falls in love with Angel Clare makes her happiness,howere,her heart still fell suffered.Facing Angel Clare’s abandon,she think that is her own crime. Thus she silently endures theunjust fate.In her thingking, strong moral consciousness and religious sense is very obvious. The intense moral sensitivity and psychological atonement causes her to fall into the mire of suffering and tragedy.Tess has a lot of advantages, for instance saidindustriously, selfless, simple. Among them, her most Prominent advantages is pure, as the author described in subheading-“A pure woman”.But the such commendable moral excellence makes her go to the Abyss of tragedy. She is unable to live with Alec for the matter to enjoy ,while she can’t deceive Angel for Own happiness. If Tess is willing, she can request Alec to marry with her,when she was pregnant with his child, and does not have to endure other people"s criticism.On wedding night, Listening to the advice of her mother,she can chooses to Hide her busband the matter happened with Alec d"Urberville,like any other women who have suffered simila matter as her.but her pure don’t allow her to do such “simple” matter.Tess thus represents what is known in Christian theology as original sin, the degraded state in which all humans live, even when—like Tess herself after killing Prince or succumbing to Alec—they are not wholly or directly responsible for the sins for which they are punished. This torment represents the most universal side of Tess: she is the myth of the human who suffers for crimes that are not her own and lives a life more degraded than she deserves.In a word, Tess is a really pure woman. She has many valuable advantages.But because of Personal reasons, social reasons and time reasons,she didn’t have a good end. Her tragedy is inevitable.摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学的瑰宝。
英语论文 《德伯家的苔丝》苔丝的悲剧成因分析
contentsAbstract (I)内容摘要 (II)1. Introduction (1)1.1 About tragedy and Tess of D’urbervilles (1)1.2 About Thomas Hardy (2)1.3 Background of the Novel (3)2. Two Deep Stratification of the Tess’ tragedy in the ovel (4)2.1 Family and Society Caused Tess’s Tragedy (4)2.2 Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System (5)2.3 Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers (6)3. Characters Analysis in the Novel (6)3.1 Tess’s Character (7)3.2 Alec’s Characters (9)3.3 Clare’s Characters (10)Conclusion (13)Bibliography (14)AbstractLiterature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars have begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. The British famous writer Thomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. His novel reflected the real society. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Hardy succeeded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic. This paper will discuss the causes of Tess tragedy in terms of environment and characters that Tess involved.Key Words：Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character内容摘要文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。
The tragedy of Tess 苔丝的悲剧
The tragedy of TessIntroduction of the novel and its influenceTess of the D’Urbervilles, published in 1891,was Thomas Hardy’s last and most significant work. In this novel, Hardy reached the height of his achievement as a novelist. Readers are attracted not only by the innate beauty, but the tragic fate of Tess, the heroine.Tess of the D’urbervills, is about the tragedy of Tess Durbeyfield, who was born in a poor peasant family. When their horse was killed by an accident, the family lost the only me ans to make a living. As Tess’s father got a piece of news from a parson that he was the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles, Tess’s mother persuaded her to visit the d’Urbervilles clan at Tranreidge. Tess worked t here and was seduced by Alec d’Uberville. Tess gave birth to a child, but it was unlucky, it died very soon. A long time later, Tess worked at the dairy farm at Talbothays, where she met Angel Clare again, he was a pastor’s son, and wanted to study farming. After a short time, they loved each other. On their wedding night Angel told Tess about an evening of debauchery in his won past. Tess forgiven him andtold her affair with Alec, thinking that he would forgive her as she did for him. But Clare disappointed Tess and did not forgive her when she told him her past story with Alec. Clare left her for Brazil. With the great poverty of her family, Tess had to work under the hardest condition at Flintcomb-ash. Then her father died and the family was expelled from their cottage. In order to support her family, Tess was driven to go back to Alec d’Urberville. One year later, Angel Clare returned from Brazil, being chastened and repented of his cruel treatment of Tess, but the relationship of Tess and Alec, Angel cannot live with Tess. She hated Alec and killed him. After a short happy life with Angel, Tess was arrested at dawn.She was a woman of integrity, and pure in heart, yet she was driven to the hell by the society. Tess lost her virginity, which was caused by Alec. At that time, she only was a 17- year –old- girl. So the main responsibility should be blamed on Alec. At the second time, Tess had to live with Alec, this was caused by her parents and Angel. At last, she killed Alec, this was the weakling’s resi stance.From the character of Tess, I can see the hardship of her life. In herheart, she was a pure girl. At the end of the novel, Thomas Hardy described it full of meaning that “Justice” was done, and President of the Immortals in Aeschy lean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess (Thomas Hardy 2004). From this part, I understand that was Hardy’s strong accusing of British social system.Analysis of the cause of Tess’s tragedyThe social environment made Tess’s tragedy inevitable. At the end of 19th century, capitalism prevailed in the whole England that made broad masses of peasant went bankrupt and then they had to live in poverty and grave situation. The destruction of English peasant caused by capitalism. It was the decisive force that had driven “Tess” to tragedy doom. In the novel, there are many descriptions of Tess working in the field. Though, she was exhausted with manual labor, she could hardly support her family. The self-supporting peasants were displaced and impoverished.Both Alec a nd Angel violated and made fun of Tess. Tess’s physically was injured by Alec d’Urberville, and mentally was affected by Angel Clare. Alec and Angel by different way made Tess’s tragedy from bad toworse.Alec was a lecher, also was a man to do wrong to others to benefit for himself. From this point, it both reflected the landlord class’s nature characteristics in countryside, and emerging capitalist’s feature. But Angel’s circumstance was more complex and volatile. On one hand, he was capitalist with a freedom of mind. He look down upon the material distinction of rank and wealth, and scorned the class’s prejudice and with other concepts. He disliked the life of busy section of the city, and went to the countryside to study the agricultural skills. In the nature life, he got acquainted with Tess who was pure as the nature .I can say it affirmatively that Angel loved Tess at first, because he gave up his parents’ arrangement to marry Mercy Chat, even that was a marriage between the families that were of equal social rank. On other hand, Angel had an idea of egoism, even though, himself was not a pure man, and he could not to accept Tess who was not a really pure bride. He considered her as a “fallen woman”. He still judged “purity” with the conventional value and moral standard that were implanted in him when he was a boy. He was the slave to the custom and conventionality. Obviously, what he loved was not Tess, but another in her shape (Thomas Hardy 2004). He abandoned his wife for Brazil, which was adeathblow to innocent woman Tess.Tess’s father only was a ped-lar, but he with full of vanity and ignorant, he also was a drinker. After Tess’s father Jack Durbeyfild learned that he was descended from the famous d’Urberville family, He felt very proud, and from then on, there might add “sir” before his name, it was glory for him. And then he became indolent and sluggish. He had never done more work than was necessary to keep his family supplied with meager food and himself with beer but from that day on he ceased doing even that small amount of work. Durbeyfild won’t be able to take the journey with the beehives in the early morning, but somebody must go. In his family, no other fit for the job only himself. Tess was obliged to do the difficult job. There happened an accident, and killed their poor horse Prince. The death of the horse destroyed the family’s livelihood and finished the family’s hauling business. From then on, Tess thought that she had dragged her parents into quagmire.Tesss’s mother Joan Du rbeyfield was an unenlightened happy woman, as her husband full of vanity. She had a beautiful and lovely daughter, and felt that was glorious for her family. She tried Tess’s fatein the Fortune-teller, and it brought out that every thing, and Tess’s skin was as sleek as a duchess’s, so she was sure that Tess likely enough to marry a noble gentleman (Thomas Hardy 2004). The unrealistic thought led she to persuade her oldest daughter, Tess, to visit the Stoke-d”Urbervilles which was the claim kin .The first time of Tess left home for work at Alec’s family, as a mother, she did not tell her anything about a man maybe danger for a woman, at that time she only was 17 years old girl, but her full of vanity mind did not think over it much, her only hope was that Tess would make a good impression on the rich d’Ubervilles and perhaps a good marriage with one of the son.Tess’s tragedy was not only caused by external reason, but also the internal reason. Tess herself was pure in heart and had a kind heart, and without experience. It just unlucky that Tess met Alec, who was a man of easy virtue, so she could not escape from entice into unlawful sexual intercourse of Alec. After the dishonorable thing, Tess left Alec. During the following times, Tess met Angel Clare at the dairy farm. He loved Tess and treated Tess “equally”, which made Tess trust him and fell in love with him. Tess loved Angel deeply, with the result that she acted on impulse. And besides, she was affected deeply by the society and belonged to conservative, so she was thinking about it all the time thatshe was not a virgin girl. So that she didn’t want to marry Angel and refused many times of the offer of marriage by Angel. But she was unable to bear the enticement of emotion and agreed to marry him at last. Because of his “noble virtue”, Tess opened her mind to him and told him all her past story with Alec on their wedding night, thinking that Angel would forgive her as she did for him. From then on a series of graver tragedy took place in her future life.Tess’s tragedy was the tragedy of character. On one side, struggled bravely against her destiny and the conventional morality. She desired for happiness and true love. On the other side, she could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards of the day, which made her believe that she had to pay for what she had sinned. In chapter 37of Tess of the D’Urberilles, Hardy described that Angel occasionally walk in his sleep:Angel had instinctively manifested a fondness for her of which his common-sense did not approve, Angel might have a faint recollection of his tender vagary, and was disinclined to allude to it from a conviction that she would take amatory advantage of opportunity it gave her ofappealing to him anew not to go (Thomas Hardy 2004).From this point, I think that Tess was very obstinate. She yielded to the arrangement of the fate .The later was the weak point in her character.Summarize the process of the tragedy.Tess Durbeyfeild’s misfortune started from the sudden death of the only horse. At that time, Tess’s father learned that his family belonged to the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urberilles. Also there had a rich family of Stoke d’Urbervilles. In fact, Alec was the son of a rich merchant who added the name of d’Urberille to his own name, stoke, because it had historical association and the d’Urbervilles were supposed to be extinct. So Tess was sent to visit the claim kin of Alec d’Uberville.At the end of chapter 5, Alec said: “well, I’m damned! What a funny thing! Ha-ha-ha! And what a crumby girl!”(Thomas Hardy2004). From this point, I learned that Alec was a lecher. Of course Tess could not leada very easy life at Alec’s family. Alec was shrewd and crafty wrote a letter by his mother’s tone ask ed Tess to look after a litter fowl-farm, which was her hobby. It just was a trap for Tess. Even though, Tess’s mother knew it just an artful way of getting Tess went to there, but she didn’t know it just Alec’s wish.On the way to Alec’s family, Alec be gan to take liberties with Tess, and kissed her. Tess worked there for four months and was seduced by Alec. Then Tess gave birth a child, but it died very soon.At the dairy farm Tess was liked and well treated, at that time, that was Tess’s happy life i n her experience. At the dairy farm Tess met Angel. At first Tess seemed to regard Angel Clare as an intelligencer rather than as a man. By this way, Tess fell in love with Angel, but she cannot get rid of her sense of guilt. Her love for him acted to blot out the memories of the past, but she was always aware that her forgetfulness was only temporary, that the doubts, fears, and sham were only waiting like wolves just outside the light. Although Tess was in love with Angel by this time, the memory of her night with Alec caused her to refuse Angel again and again. At last she could not bear any more, and agreed to marry him.On the night before the wedding, Tess wrote a letter to Angel for telling everything about herself and Alee, She shipped the letter under his door, but Angel did not discover the letter, because she had put the letter under the carpet. When she realized that Angel had not found the letter. She attempted to tell him about her past. But Angel did not discover the letter,because she had put the letter the carpet. When she realized that Angel had not found the letter. She attempted to tell him about her past. But Angel did not think it was important, thinking that such a pure girl could have no black sins in her history.On their wedding night, Tess made a final decision to tell him all her past, but it was easy, Angel said at first that he wanted to make a confession to her. It was easy for her to forgive him, so she began to tell him all her past. It was difficult for Angel to forgive Tess, he could not accept this fact. Form then on Tess’s tragedy form bad to worse. For several days later, Angel left Tess for Brazil.Angel had left Tess some money and some jewels, but her family went hungry once more, for her father still thought himself too high-born to work for a living. After her father died, her family was expelled from their cottage, and her family’s homelessness made Tess found no was out, Tess had to again go from farm to farm. At that time, Tess’s tragedy reached the climax.While Tess was working in the field, She met Alec again. Alec began to pursue her once more. Frightened, Tess wrote to Angel told him that she loved him and needed him, and begged him to forgive her and to return to her. For long time she did not receive an answer from Angel. In order to support the family, Tess had no other means to choose, only to accept Alec’s “help” for the second time. Angel was late just for a few days, although he should have reunited with Tess a few days earlier. These series of chance happening seems to decide Tess’s tragedy, and each of them put Tess further into the mysterious entrapment until her. Throughout the whole story, Tess was constantly involved in the mysterious fate, which led to the tragedy step by step.ConclusionHardy created Tess as an attractive and warm-hearted pure woman who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. Thus result Tess has become the victim of her family and the society in which she exists. Through the above analysis and the summarizat ion of Tess’s tragedy, it is obvious that the poverty, Alec’s wickedness, Angel’s conventional ideas, Tess’s character as well as Hardy’s fatalism are the direct causes of Tess’s tragedy. But the direct causes are deeply rooted in the cruel social environment: the impoverished peasant, the unjust law and cruel convention. Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that the society is the real and deeply rooted cause of Tess’s tragedy.。
tess悲剧的原因 苔丝
Chapter Three: The cause of Tess’s tragedy genera ted.Ⅰ. Social reason1.1 PovertyT he past century, Tess’s tragedy had move thousands of hund reds of people all over the world. T ess was beguiled and viola ted by a young landlord, Alec, then pregnancy, so that she w as deprived of receiving the authentic love so as to be discar ded by her husband, Angel, during the wedding night. Extrem ely having no alternative, she regained the Alec’s, but titular h usband was coming back from Brazil unawares and looking fo r her. For her authentic love, Tess killed Alec who devastated her life. After Tess just spending her last three-day-and-night’s happy time in her poor life with Angel, the gods had tinished their sport with Tess. The social background of this story was changing society at the turning point of feudalism to capitalis m when thousands of decayed peasants suffering. And the hu man factors here mainly concern two men—Alec and Angel. T hough the first two causes played an important role in Tess’s tragedy, Take root reason was the sex discrimination. The solution was to achieve the real equality of male and female, no matter in social status or financial situations. Surely this requir es the advancing of the society and human civilization.First, Tess’s tragedy was from society. The poor family backgr ound foreshadows tragedy. She was a victim under the interior circumstances. Necessarily, Desting of Tess was miserable in the collision between human and environment. Tess lived at t he era of victory the village was invaded and drugged by Eng lish capitalism. As a humble worker, Tess got all kinds of oppr essions and insults. Along with invasion of the capitalism, thos e farmers who were self-reliant for food and occupied few lan d, all had to ruin. The haggling business, which had mainly d epended on the horse, became disorganized forth with. Distres s, if not penury, loomed in the distance. In face of back again st wall, Tess had to cast herself on Alec for sustain her paren ts and kid-sister.1.2 Partial rolesNext, the partial role was an important reason of Tess’s trage dy. In the society of capitalism, the precondition of laws was t hat took care of the convenience of bloodsuckers and admitte d the power of bloodsuckers oppressed people, it served for the governor. As the plutocratic duck, Alec was preserved by t he law, but Tess was killed. It just explained the counteraction of the rules of capitalism, the under classes such as Tess ca n’t obtain just treatments.1.3Hypocritical religionAgain, the element that causes Tess’s tragedy was the hypocr itical religions, especially the hypocritical character was Alec. He was a capitalist and mushroom applied the business, and he was “a person of flesh”, he trapped Tess and used the Bi ble to bring the duty to push the body of Tess, but finally, he was a pastor that expostulated to show merge. About Alec, it struggled that very elevation was a misapplication, that to rase seemed to falsity.It was visible that the religions were only a instrument was used to anesthetize, deceive and fool workers by reactionary such as Marx said “Christianity brings illusine brand”, religions offered the theoretical gist for bourgeoisie ins ulted and disgraced women.1.4Deceptive moralityThe last one, Tess was a victim of the deceptive morality, Angel Clare, symbolizing spirit, though intelligent, are sensitive, “E arly association with country solitudes had bred in Clare an u nconquerable, and almost unreasonable, aversion to modern lif e, and shut him out from such success as he might have asp ired to by following a mundane calling in the impracticability of the spiritual one. But something had to be done, he had was ted many years, and having an acquaintance was starting on a thriving life as a colonial farmer, it occurred to Angel that th is might be a lead in the right direction. Farming either in the Colonies, America or at home---farming, at any rate, after be coming well qualified for the business by a careful apprentices hip---that was a vacation which would probably afford an indep endence without the sacrifice of what he valued even more th an a competency---intellectual liberty”. It was such as Marlene Springer Hardy’s used the author Thomas Hardy, he was not in an intellectual of Allusion sense, but in so far as instincts and emotions ruled. Although he was a enlightened intelligents ia, when he know the past of Tess, with all his attempted ind ependence of judge this advanced and well meaning young m an, a sample product of the last five-and -twenty years, was g et the slave to custom and conventionality when surprised bac k into his early teachings. There was one kind of deep-set ethics in his soul, he thought the positions are different, and the mores was different. He regarded whether she was pity in ligh t of conventional idea of virtue, he had no pity for Tess, it bro ught more distress and let Tess to return to Alec. The decepti ve morality with Angle pushed Tess to gulf.Ⅱ.Tess’s temperament2.1 Traditional ethics and hypocritical religion Second, according to the analysis, Tess’s weak pointed and e ven her noble qualities bring. Her disaster, she had dual temp erament. Firstly, she dared to against traditional ethics and hy pocritical religions, and the secondly, she couldn’t get rid of th e fetter of ethics for herself.Tess’s innocence and care for her family lead to the strange, her inexperience was one reason that she was seduced by Al ec and her spirit made her became Alec’s victim again, and T ess’s devotion to Angel deepened her tragedy, she felt too hu miliated to match Angel and she was too obsessed by Angel to see his defects.2.2 The ethicsTess was born in a boorish family, there was weakness when she against traditional ethics, because she had some old ethic s and the views of fate. She suffered persecutions from social public opinions, and she scaled herself in light of this ethic. This encompassment of her own characterization, based on sh reds of convention, peopled by phantoms and voices antipathe tic to her, was a sorry and mistaken creation of Tess’s fancy---a cloud of moral hobgoblins by which she was terrified witho ut reason. It was they that were out of harmony with the actu al world, not she. Walking among the sleeping birds in the he dges watching the skipping rabbits on a moonlit warren or sta nding under a pheasant---laden bough, she looked upon herse lf as a figure of Guilt intruding into the haunts of innocence. But all the while she was making a distinction where there wa s no difference. Feeling herself in antagonism she was quite i n accord. She had been made to break an accepted social la w, but no law known to the environment in which she shed h erself such an anomaly. She always used this moral toil to re strain herself, she didn’t forget her disgrace, she though she was a incarnation villainously, her opinion had historic basic, it was incorporation of the whole society. As character a term o f history，The main and action of Tess must be limited by era.。
苔丝悲剧分析论文
Analysis of Causes for T ess’s TragedyAbstract: Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the representative work of Thomas Hardy. The novel tells a beautiful, pure, kind girl Tess’s miserable life. Tess should have enjoyed sweet love and happiness of marriage, but her road of life is full of rough and bumpy. From Hardy's philosophy, Tess's tragedy result from super natural force, the fate. Indeed，destiny leads to Tess’s tragedy to some extent, but some other factors directly or indirectly give rise to Tess’s miserable lives.This article will describe the causes of Tess’s tragedy from historical materialism view. Her tragic life is caused by that society. Except for this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise.Key words: Tess; fate; causes; tragedy苔丝悲剧原因的分析摘要：徳伯家的苔丝是托马斯•哈代的代表作。
苔丝悲剧命运简析A Female On Altar
A Female On Altar：Brief Analysis of the Origin of Tess’s T ragedy in Tess of theD’UrbervillesTess of the D’Urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy is a tragic novel. The heroine Tess not only has been one of the most touching characters in world literature, but also is a classic tragic character we sigh with regret. In the following paragraphs, I will briefly analyze the origin of Tess’s tragedy mainly from three asp ects: the writing background and ideology of author, the personality, social and family background of Tess, and the tragic coincidences of the story.First, this novel is based on the Victorian era. During that period, British capitalist economy widely intruded countryside and the new agricultural machinery aggravated the burden of laboring people. We can get details from the text which describes the scene of using wheat scourers: “Those, too, on the corn-rick talked a little; but the perspiring ones at the machine, including Tess, could not lighten their duties by the exchange of many words. It was the ceaselessness of the work which tried her so severely, and began to make her wish that she had never some to Flintcomb-Ash”. Because of the limit in times, H ardy could not find a suitable solution for laboring people who were trapped into capitalism plight. In addition, affected by Darwin’s Evolutionism and Schopenhauer's life pessimistic philosophy, Hardy produced his own ideology called fatalism which meant Tess’s tragedy was predestinate. We can acquire evidence from the text in the plot in which Tess was raped by Alec:” one may, indeed, admit the possibility of a retribution lurking in the present catastrophe.”The retribution referred to maybe Tess’s ancestor had also raped peasant girls of their time. Therefore, as an epitome of millions of suffering working people, and because of her predestinate fate, Tess is destined to die.Secondly, what pays much contribution to her tragedy is her personality. As Hardy’s subheading described, she is” a pure woman”. But according to Darwin’s Evolutionism, she is too naïve to survive in this complicated world. In novel, we can see her naivety made her lured by sophisticated womanizer Alec. And we can see herfrankness to Angel (even her mother had warned her did not told her past to he) resulted in his discard, which led to her second tragedy. We can also see her high self-esteem. When she heard some severe comment from Angel’s two brothers accidently, she left and was not acquainted with them, therefore, after her father’s death, she had to give in to Alec. She is also obedient and full of spirit of dedication to her lover. All of these are good qualities; however, because of such society and such people she met, she still had a bad ending. For instances, the first man she met was Alec who lured her, and because she did not love him and out of self-esteem she did not turn to he when she gave birth to a baby. The second man she met was Angel who she loved very much and got many pains as well as happiness. Angel is a thoughtful young person who has advanced thoughts, but because affected by the traditional thinking from his family, he used different moral standards to evaluate men and women. He held back when he heard the past of Tess, even he also had the same experience. Comparing with Alec, he hurt Tess much more. Tess also had weakness, as Hardy had written in the the text: “the greatest misfortune of her life was this feminine loss of courage at the last and critical moment” Although Tess is tough and self-dependent, she was also easy to compromise, especially to Angel. On one hand, she dared to struggle, but on the other hand she still cannot get away from traditional thinking.The society and Tess’s family are also responsible for her tragedy. Tess is a pure woman spiritually, but in her society, because of her experience, people regarded her as a bimbo, therefore, after the death of her father, the family was driven away by the villagers. In the novel, Tess was the downfallen descendant of nobility; however, this fact did not bring her any fortune but misery. About her aristocratic name, Hardy wrote: “So much for Norman blood unaided by Victorian”. As for her family, it is her parent’s vanity that causes the origin of Tess’s tragedy. To some degree, they a re irresponsible and ignorant. After Tess was raped, her mother said she should be more careful, and then Tess cried to her mother: “I was a child when I left this house four months ago. Why didn't you tell me there was danger in men-folk? Why didn't you warn me? Ladies know what to fend hands against, because they read novels that tellthem of these tricks; but I never had the chance o' learn-ing in that way, and you did not help me!”. Hearing these words, her mother fell into silence.Thirdly, there were many tragic coincidences which happened to Tess. At first, Tess’s father discovered that he was the last descendent of the D’Urbervilles, an ancient noble family. Then, because of the death of horse which was family’s mainstay, Tess had to ask help for their rich kindred who actually was not descendent of D’Urbervilles. Then she met with womanizer Alec, not his mother. When Tess worked at Alec’s farm, one day on their way back from town, she had troubled with a peasant woman, and to get rid of the plight, she mount Alec’s horse who brought her to a remote forest deliberately and lured her. In order to get rid of her past, Tess worked on another farm and fell in love with Angel. Before marriage, suffering Tess wrote a letter to confess which unfortunately was plugged under the carpet. Everyone was busy with arranging their marriage, so Tess had no chance to confess. After marriage; however, Angel thought he was tricked then fled away to Brazil. In order to get some information about Angel from his family, Tess went to his home, but unfortunately, she heard some severe comment from his brothers accidently, then she left and did not turn to Ange l’s family anymore. In the text, Hardy also wrote: ” it was somewhat unfortunate that she had encountered the sons and not the father, who, despite his narrowness, was far less starched and ironed than they, and had to the full the gift of charity“. On her way back, unfortunately she met with Alec again who now became preacher but at last abandoned his enthusiasm for preach and harassed Tess again after he heard the principle Tess told him that she heard from Angel. In pain, Tess wrote a letter full of love to Angel, before that Angel had brought back his love to her, so it was very likely to accelerate his return, but he lived deep in the interior so did not receive the letter in time. So, after her father’s death, Tess had to be Alec’s lover again to support her family. Now, to some degree, Tess lived a smooth life, but Angel’s return changed everything. In the quarrel, she killed Alec and fled away with Angel. On their way, Tess’s bright-colored clothes caught people’s eyes, and made her caught easily.Throughout these series of coincidence, there are also many opportunities thatcan change her fate, the fatal elements are her personality and temporal social background. Because of these inevitable aspects, Tess was destined to be a woman on altar who was sacrificed to temporal traditional thinking and capitalist society.Until now, there are still many people keen to discuss the origin of Tess’s tragedy, as a girl, in practical term; I think I should consider how to prevent my personality from bringing me to the altar.。
苔丝形象的分析与悲剧命运的解读
苔丝形象的分析与悲剧命运的解读苔丝（Tess）是英国作家托马斯·哈代的长篇小说《苔丝·达布维尔的命运》中的女主角，她的形象是该小说中的核心。
苔丝的命运揭示了一种无法逃避的悲剧，她的经历和性格展示了社会与命运的残酷真相。
通过对苔丝形象的深入分析，我们可以更好地理解和解读她的悲剧命运。
首先，苔丝是一个美丽而智慧的少女。
她从小生活在一个贫穷的农村家庭中，却有着非凡的美貌和聪明才智。
她的美貌与灵性使她成为时代的象征，吸引了许多男人的注意。
然而，正是这种美丽和智慧最终导致了苔丝的悲剧命运。
她的容貌成为了她的负累，社会对于外貌的偏见和对女性的歧视阻碍了她的发展和幸福。
其次，苔丝的个性特点也为她带来了悲剧。
她是一个善良纯洁，忠诚坚强的女性。
她对待感情真挚而执着，对待自己奋发向上，但却经常受到他人的伤害和背叛。
她的善良和纯洁让她成为了社会道德和观念的牺牲品，她所面对的是一个以男性为中心、价值观触碰的社会。
苔丝的悲剧命运还与她的家庭背景和社会环境有关。
她出生在一个卑贱的家庭，贫穷和社会地位使她缺乏基本的社会保障和资源。
她在成长过程中遭遇了许多困难和不公正待遇，这进一步削弱了她的信心和勇气。
最重要的是，苔丝的命运受到了性别歧视和社会规范的限制。
在当时的社会，女性的地位被严重压抑，他们缺乏独立和自由的权利。
这使得苔丝在情感和家庭选择上受到了强烈的束缚和控制。
她的痛苦和命运最终来自于对传统观念的局限，以及对女性价值的不公正评判。
通过对苔丝形象的深入分析，我们可以看到她的命运是社会的产物，她的遭遇是时代背景和社会制度的必然结果。
哈代通过苔丝的故事向读者展示了社会不公和性别歧视的严重性，揭示了个体与社会力量的悲剧冲突。
正是这种冲突和压迫最终导致了苔丝的悲剧命运。
通过这个悲剧命运的解读，我们可以更好地理解和思考自身所处的社会环境和命运。
苔丝的故事是一个警钟，提醒着我们对于社会不公和个体权利的关注。
我们应该努力争取平等和自由，不被社会压迫和规范束缚。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝性格的分析
THE ANALYSIS OF TESS’S CHARACTERS IN TESS OF THE D’URBERVILLESAcademic Writing学号: 09004110411姓名: 柳雨青2012.12.10THE ANALYSIS OF TESS’S CHARACTERS IN TESS OF THE D’URBERVILLESAbstractTess of the D’urbervill es is a masterpiece of Thamos Hardy.Tess’s natural instincts —pure, innocent and faithful and loyal to love.Analysis character of Tess abstract from two aspects we can see analysis character of Tess. First, she has all the innocence and purity that the nature has endowed with. We can see this point from her kind, selfless to her parents and her friends, and her loyalty to love. The second, after her unfortunate encounter, she becomes a complicated woman; she no longer endures all things silently. She struggles against Alec and unjust treatment, contempt and criticizes hypocritical religion. It seems that Tess is unyielding to evils. At last, the conclusion is that the real cause of Tess’s tragedy lies in the wicked nature and hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society. And her tragedy deserves us to sympathize with.Key Words: Tess, natural, unyielding, tragedy, character摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯.哈代的代表作。
The Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy in Tess of the D’Urbervilles
The Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy in Tess of the D’UrbervillesAbstractTess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all Thomas Hardy’s works. The novel tells a tragic life about a beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. This thesis analyzes the personal character and society tragedy open out at that time. The author, Hardy, revealed a common girl, Tess, fought with the society helplessly. Finally, Tess’s tragic life can not be separated from her own weakness in character. Key Words:Tess; Tragic Life; Victim of Society摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代最为有影响力的一部巨著。
该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。
论文通过对小说中社会环境的描写，从分析人物性格和社会悲剧着手。
苔丝的悲剧生活于其自身的弱点是分不开的。
作者哈代揭示了一个普通女孩，苔丝无助地与当时社会抗争，最终苔丝成为社会的牺牲品。
关键词：苔丝；悲惨的命运；社会的牺牲品ContentsAbstract (i)摘要................................................................................................................................ i i I. Introduction . (1)II. Reasons of Family for Tess’s tragedy (3)A. Family Background (3)B. Her Parents for Tess’s Tragedy (3)1. Her Father to Tess’s Tragedy (3)2. Her Mother for Tess’s Tragedy (3)III. Reasons of Her Own for Tess’s Tragedy (5)A. Her Sacrifice for the family (5)B. Her sacrifice for love (5)IV. Character and Social Elements for Tess’s Tragedy (7)A. Character Element for Her Tragedy (7)1. Facing Alec (7)2. Her Nature Character—Industrious and Brave (7)B. Dual Nature of Character for Her Tragedy (7)1. Resistance (8)2. Uncompromise (8)C. Social Element for Her Tragedy (8)1. Capitalism of social background (8)2. Male Consciousness Leading to Tess’s Tragedy (9)V. Conclusion (10)Acknowledgements (11)Bibliography (12)I. IntroductionTess was born in a poor family. One day, her father was told that he was the lineal descendants of ancient family of the D’Urbervilles, then he turned his head up. He and his vain and vulgar wife decided to sent Tess to a rich family also called D’Urbervilles’s descendant. In order to get support their society status, Tess went to the rich family, after that being raped and pregnant. The child was born, then died soon. Several years later, she left home to a milk factory to work. There did she meet her true love Angel Clare. They fell in love and engaged. She greatly admired Angel Clare and loved him. But Angel did not learn of her previous relationship with Alec until their wedding night.On the wedding night, Tess told all about it to his husband, but she did not get his understanding. After that Angel abandoned her then he went to Brazil to develop his business alone. When Tess and Alec met again, because of the hard life, she lived with Alec again. Several years later, Angel returned from abroad. He was very sorry for what he did. And he told Tess his thought. For Tess loved him so addicted, she wanted to back to Angel. So Tess murdered Alec.After she spent a few days of happiness with Angel, Tess was arrested and then died.Thomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages, an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are.Victorian literature in general truthfully represents the reality and spirit of this age long—realistic, thickly plotted, and crowded with characters. Hard y’s expression of the truth of this age which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being also had a high place in Western literature.The tragic idea in Hardy’s novels spring and develop in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragicpath of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.When he was young, he derived a love of music from his father and a devotion to literature from his mother. He grew up in the Dorset shire, of which the environment there became the main backdrop of his writings. Thomas Hardy was afamous critical realistic wreter at the turn of the 19th century in England, His writings often reflected the change after capitalism intruded the countries in England and the people’s hard life. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s.In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this period could not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village.Tess of the D’Urbervilles was published in the year of 1891, which was one of his most famous novels. This novel explosed women’s tragic life in that time.The thesis discribs two reasons, one is Tess’s personality character, another one is so ci ety reasonsII. Reasons of Family for Tess’s tragedyA. Family BackgroundAt the beginning of the novel, Tess was a daughter of poverty descent which had once magnificent .She was a dairymaid, who lived in the country, as a daisy on the village roadside, beautiful but humble, and being with her family was broken up and decimated sixty years ago before the story began. And as the writer express emotion, “Norman's descent, not for the support of Victoria 1800, the wealth, a very inconsequential!” Distinguished background doesn’t bring any benefits to Tess, but her tragic life was begun..B. Her Parents for Tess’s Tragedy1. Her Father to Tess’s TragedyTess’s father, a carter in Marlott, who is a lazy alcoholic. He hated to work hard when he learned that his family is descended from nobility. In order to get some porfits When pastor said “D’Urbeyfield, that you are the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly”He became excited and walked in a profound reverie. He began to make his noble dream: “tell them to send a horse and carriage to me immediately, tocarry me home” Even more, D’Urbeyfield put his hand in his pocket, and produced a shilling, one of the chronically few that he possessed. He sent it to the lad with the lavish expression.As if a pedigree can change his poverty, he became complacent and full of the unlimited dream. The unrealistic illusion changed Tess’s tragedy fate.2. Her Mother for Tess’s TragedyTess’s mother, whose ambitions were much simpler. She wanted Tess to rise in the world by making a successful marriage. Tess returned to home after having been raped by Alec, and she told her mother what had happpened in the forest with Alec. Her mother told her “You ought to be more careful if you did not mean to get him to make you his wife”. Tess answered, “Oh, mother, my mother! How could I be expected to know? I was a child, when I left this house for months ago. Why did you tell me there was danger in man folk?” Tess did not have the knowlwdge about men,because of her lower education. Tess’s mother was frustrated with the reasons why Tess did not marry Alec. Her mother believed that if Tess married Alec, her family’s situation would be changed greatly.The attitudes of her parents determined Tess’s tragic end in a large property. If Tess was not born in this poor family or her family was also a noble one. If she was not so responsible for her duty, and she was not so kind, her life would not end up in this way.III. Reasons of Her Own for Tess’s TragedyA. Her Sacrifice for the familyTess sacrificed herself for her family. As a rural girl from a peasant family, she maintained the simple innocent qualities of peasant. Her family was very poor. All they lived on was a weak horse，Furthermore, Tess’s parents would not work to support themselves. The family lived a hard life, because there were seven younger sisters and brothers. Poverty forced Tess at the age of 17 to take her parents’ duty of financial burden of the whole family. Tess was too young! At that age most people are still in school!Tess’s father, John Durbeyfield is a plain haggler in the village of Marlott, when he learned that he is the lineal representatives of ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles. He is very proud of his aristocratic ancestry and celebrates in a tavern. There, he decides to send Tess to claim kinship with the d’Urbervilles. He is hypocritical and ignorant. He thinks Tess should marry a rich man, through which will give his family we alth and fame. Besides, Tess’s mother is also a selfish and hypocritical rural woman; she is attracted by her husband’s noble blood. When she learns that old lady d’Urbervilles is blind and his son, Alec is still unmarried, she should and could realize the risk sending Tess there, for her chastity. And she can’t accept and understand Tess’s refuse to Alec’s proposal. Her parents even can’t meet their ends meet. Then, we come to Tess’s seven younger brothers and sisters. They are all very young, and can’t sh are the burden of the family. Thus, the heavy burden of supporting the family falls on Tess’s family. She is willing to work hard and share the burden, and sacrifice her own happiness. It’s all out of her responsibility for the family. Alec to him is a devil, a destroyer, she never loves him, but she still subjects to him for his material aid to her family. That is a great spirit and love for the family.B. Her sacrifice for loveIn Tess’s life, she encountered with two men, namely, Alec and Angel. Hercredulity to Alec and infatuation to Angel.How uncompromising she was in life. But she was not a successor in love. She was a slavery of love. Tess’s physically was injured by Alec, and mentally was affected by Angel. Alec is portrayed as a spoiled; almost evil person and a high class snob. From the first time, she met Alec, Tess can not escape from his palm. While, working on the dairy farm, Tess met Angel. They fell in love. Tess was very admire Angel Clare, and loved him. Unfortunately, when Tess told him what happened to her past, Angel abandoned her. Because he had an idea of egoism, which is deeply affected by the traditional society morals and conventions. Even though he , himself, was not a pure man, he could not accept Tess who was not a really pure bride. Tess’s love made her to death. After Angel left, due to the pressure of life, Tess had to return to Alec.After that, Angel came back from Brazil, he told Tess that he forgave her past. By the reason of her love to him, Tess murdered Alec. “To her su blime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be… knew all that a guide, philosopher, and friend should know she thought every line in the contour of his person the perfection of masculine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his intellect that of a seer. The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her life up her heart to him in devotion.” Her love was so cheap that Tess lost herself, and her own dignity. This blind and unequal love made Tess lose some rights of a true wife who could seek happiness. This directly led to Tess’s tragic.IV. Character and Social Elements for Tess’s TragedyA. Character Element for Her TragedyTess’s personal characteristics were also the cause of her tragedy. Towards life, Tess is never surrendered. No matter life is difficult, she tried her best to overcome the hardships.1. Facing AlecFacing Alec, she always resisted the temptation. She gave up enjoying the comfort of life, raised children alone. She was not knocked downed by the discrimination around, and she kept silently, endured the injustice of life. Although her life was full of combat and disaster, but she endured, and never made excessive demands of life. When she met Alec again, which were also the most difficult times of her life, however she was unmoved upon temptation. As it is said in the book 〝Passionately swung the love by the gauntlet directly in his face…A scarlet oozing appeared where her blow and alighted, and in a moment the blood began dropping from his mouth upon the straw〞2. Her Nature Character—Industrious and BraveTess was a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer. Her nature character concentrated reflection human nature industrious and brave, is refracting the quality of human nature’s brave benevolence. Tess’s beauty and temperament was harmony with the nature, she was “the nature’s daughter”, and her mind which is contaminated after the common custom has not been good and the rich sympathy, she never even a fly, worms were not cruel enough to injury and a little bird in a cage could make she cry. Tess this own character decided she had no ability to protect herself, and the efforts required to pay in excess of her endurance. The tragedy of her fate set the tone early, and the tragedy’s happen ed only the problem of time or might different in form.B. Dual Nature of Character for Her TragedyTess experienced major changes in human relationships. She obviously has the dual nature of the social character---- resistance and compromise.1. ResistanceTess was in a difficult position, but she never spiritless. Tess was only her parents’ tool, and this field confirmed blood relation's transaction has ruined her pure and chaste, and also made Tess doubt her own nature. From then on, “Almost at a leap Te ss thus changed from simple girl to complex woman.” Marries the tentative plan wa s disillusioned; Tess’s inner asked “Woman's chastity, really time has lost, forever has lost? All organisms have the ability to restore the source, why shouldn't the sole mai den's chastity have this kind of ability?” (Thomas Hardy,)“why the sun do shine on the just and the unjust alike？”Treat with the bad young man Alec. Tess revolts constantly (Thomas Hardy, 145, 164, 184).2. UncompromisedAlthough she became a disgraceful woman, she always held an inviolable attitude to Alec. She fostered the child lonely, although without it she might have enjoy easy and comfortable life,. Periphery discriminated the judgment had not certainly frightened her; she silently endured the unfair in the life. Although life gave her only attack and disaster，she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life. The second time, Tess meet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time. Faced every enticement of Alec, she basic remained unmoved, Tess was not willing to compromise.C. Social Element for Her Tragedy1. Capitalism of social backgroundThis story happened in the late of Britain's Victorian era，in this time, Capitalist class controlled all right, and the law were serviced for them. Farmers were at the bottle of the society, they had never equal right as the capitalist class. Tess as a woman in the Victorian era，she cannot avoided the “Hegemony”father right consciousness to “woman”nature understanding and severe social etiquette。
苔丝悲剧原因分析
An Analysis of Tess‟s tragedy in Tess of the d‟Urberville sAbstractTess of the D‟Urbervilles is one of the great works by Thomas Hardy. It is a great tragedy，which was published in 1891.This tragedy centers on Tess, a peasant girlborn in a po or family. Everything happening has its causes. Tess‟s tragedy is also not accidental. There are several aspects about the causes. In this paper,I try to explore thecauses for Tess‟s tragedy in three aspects: (1) the influence of fatalism; (2) the socialfactors concerned; and (3) Tess‟s dual personality.Key words: Tess of the D’Urbervilles;Thomas Hardy;tragedy; the causes摘要德伯家的苔丝是哈代的巨著之一，1891年出版的一部悲剧。
这部悲剧围绕着出生在贫苦农民家庭的少女苔丝展开。
一切万物皆有因果，苔丝的悲剧也不例外。
苔丝的悲剧结局并不是意外，有各个方面的原因所在。
在这里，我将从以下三个方面，即：哈代的宿命论，社会因素，和苔丝的性格来分析苔丝悲剧命运的原因。
关键字：德伯家的苔丝，哈代，悲剧，原因Table of ContentsAcknowledgements .................................................................................................................. (i)Abstract (ii)摘要................................................................................................................................................ i ii Table of Contents .......................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
苔丝的文献综述
武汉工业学院毕业论文文献综述2011届毕业论文题目浅论苔丝的悲剧院（系）经济管理学院专业名称英语（双学位）学生姓名赵丹学生学号070808411指导教师李鹏Literature ReviewThe Analysis of Tess’s TragedyByZhao DanUndergraduate ProgramDepartment of English language and LiteratureWuhan Polytechnic UniversitySupervisor Li PengAcademic Title LecturerApprovedMarch 14，2011Published in 1850, Tess of the D’Urbervilles is considered Thomas Hardy's most famous novel and the first quintessentially English novel in style，theme, and language。
Hardy’s novel offered a uniquely English style, language，set of characters，and most importantly，a uniquely American central dilemma。
So many foreign and domestic scholars pay a lot of attention on analyzing it。
The opinions of the scholars are diverse on the novel, especially on the discussion of the theme of the novel。
The novel has been studied，analyzed，and discussed from different aspects. Therefore, the novel has to be done in—depth investigation and research and the study will always be endless. A nd what’s more，the previous studies have developed a lot of valuable views for reference, all those have served as a starting point and thus have made enormous contribution to providing multitudinal academic foundation for a further study on the novel. 1．The domestic situation of the researchThe studies on Tess of the D’Urbervilles have been gathered which are published in the past years in China。
《徳伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧分析 Analysis of Tess's Tragedy in Tess of D'Urbervilles
摘要托马斯·哈代曾一度被评论家誉为“英国小说中的莎士比亚”。
他用史诗般的文字描绘了贫穷的农家女子苔丝短促而不幸的一生。
苔丝是一个贫穷农民的女儿，她的父亲获悉自己本是骑士世家徳伯家的嫡系子孙，于是便派苔丝去附近一个富户徳伯家认本家，从而遭遇到亚力克的引诱，而失身。
苔丝回家后生下一个孩子，不久后夭折。
在农场做工的时候，他遇到了安吉尔——一个牧师的儿子，两个人很快坠入爱河并且订了婚，新婚之夜，苔丝向安吉尔坦白了自己的遭遇，可是，安吉尔却未能原谅她，反而离开了她。
后来，贫穷再一次迫使苔丝回到亚力克身边。
于是悲剧发生了。
苔丝的悲剧不仅是社会的悲剧，同时也是性格的悲剧，她的悲剧不仅是客观的，更是主观的。
苔丝是资产阶级社会和资本主义入侵农村的受害者。
导致主人公苔丝悲惨命运的原因是多方面的，如家庭、社会、宗教、不公平的法律、传统的伦理道德及自身弱点。
关键词:《徳伯家的苔丝》；悲剧；原因；性格AbstractThomas Hardy was once called ―Shakespeare in British novel.‖He described poor Tess short and unfortunate life in an epic way. Tess, a daughter of villager who discovered that he was the descendant of an ancient family D‘Urbervilles, was persuaded by her parents to claim kindred with a more prosperous D‘Urbervilles and was seduced by the master Alec. Then she had to return home in disgrace. After back home, she delieved a child who died soon after born. Then she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman, and she falls in love with him and married him. On their wedding night Tess and Angel tell each other about their own past. Angel who gets the hypocritical morality deserts her seduction by Alec; then poverty makes her come back to Alec again and the tragedy happens. The tragedy of Tess is an individual one as well as a social one. Tess is the victim of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the English peasantry.Key W ords:Tess of D’Urbervilles; tragedy; cause; characterContents摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)Contents (iii)1 Introduction (1)2 Analysis of the Character Causes of Tess‘s Tragedy (2)2.1 Analysis of Self-factor in Tess‘s Tragedy (3)2.1.1 Analysis of Tess‘s Family (4)2.1.2 Analysis of Tess‘s Resistance (7)2.1.3 Analysis of Tess‘s Com promise (7)2.2 Analysis of Alec and Clare‘s Character Causes of Tess‘s Tragedy (8)2.2.1 Analysis of Alec‘s Character (8)2.2.2 Analysis of Clare‘s Character (9)3 Analysis of the Social and Environmental Causes in Tess‘s Tragedy (11)3.1 Hypocritical Capitalism Moral‘s View and Unequal Legal System (11)3.2 Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers (11)3.3 The Male Factor in Tess‘s Tragedy (12)4 Conclusion (14)References (15)Acknowledgements (16)1 IntroductionTess of the D’Urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) describes the misfortunate life of a poor peasant girl Tess.Hardy is famous for novels of character and environment. His birthplace was in a country which named Egdon in the Westland; this natural environment formed the main environment in the Hardy‘s writes. His father was a stonecutter, but like music. His parents paid more attention on Hardy‘s education. In his childhood, he received the education for theology but when he grew up, he turned to learn the literature. Hardy left school became an architect apprentice in 1856. And then he went to London and became a post of the building draftsman in 1862, also in this time he took advanced courses for language in London University and began literature creation. His literature career began with poetry. His first long novel was published in 1871, the celebrated work was his fourth novel Farm from Madding Crowd in the 1874. From then on and he dropped construction industry and devoted to the novel creation.From the late nineteen century, Thomas Hardy and his works have always been the important topics of the criticism for a long time. After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Thomas Hardy‘s other novels from various perspectives. For instance, Professor Webster begins wit h a discussion of Hardy‘s intentions in writing Tess. According to his views, Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy‘s war against man‘s inhumanit y, While Amold Kettle takes a different point of view. For him, the subject of Tess of the D’Urb ervilles is not the tragedy of a ―pure woman‖ but rather the destruction of the English peasantry. Mr. Kettle considers it as a complete as a social novel.Tess of D’Urbervilles describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. Tess was a poor peasant girl. At the beginning of the works we know Tess replaces her father to take the load of beehives herself to the retailers in Casterbridge for the Saturday market. On the way, a mail cart runs into her wagon and kills the horse. The encounter gets her family into the trap. For the benefit to her family, Tess tries to struggle with the bitter fate,Feeling guilty of indulgence in the outside pleasure without helping her mother. After May-Day dance, Tess hurries home to deal with the homework. Though Tess does things for her family and makes sacrifices. She still can‘t escape the tie of fate. Sent by her mother to claim kindred with a more prosperous branch of the D‘Urbervilles family, she was seduced by the young master of the house, Alec and had to return home in disgrace. After giving birth to a child who died in infancy, she went to work as wage-laborer at a daisy farm Talbothays. There she met Angel Clare, a son of clergyman and he felled in love with her and married her.On the wedding night, Tess and Clare told each other about their pasts, and Clare, after hearing Tess‘s confession left her abruptly for Brazil. Poverty forced Tess to seek for work for a long time at a capitalist farm at Flint comb-Ash where she was insulted and oppressed by the master. Then the news of her father‘s death and the expulsion of her family from their cottage drive her to seek for assistance from Alec, and the latter, now a preacher, soon resumes his former illicit relation with her. In the end, when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She hated Alec because one again he had been the cause of her husband‘s reputation of her, Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead, in addition, Alec said many bad words to satirize her. She stabbed him as he slept. Then she ran out of the houses and followed Angel. They had a few happy days together. Living with the husband she truly loved, she was ready for her punishment.In this novel, we can see that Tess resisted her unjust fate again and again, yet still to be destroyed. We cannot help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear. At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable. The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of the Victoria times, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In the paper, I try to show the various causes of Tess‘s tra gedy on the base of some early researches and to prove the inevitability of Tess‘s tragedy.2 Analysis of the Character Causes of T ess’s T ragedyThis story describes the miserable experience of a rural girl. But too unfortunate to overthrow this girl who calls Tess, she relies on her own hands to work, moving people with her own sincerity. She is ―a pure woman‖. Finally she winds up with the tragedy, which is why people often discuss her as the source of the tragedy. She was fighting against the society, the hypocritical religion. She has shown in front of common people her own practical action that she is insulted, which indicates a resisting powerful woman‘s images.2.1 Analysis of Self-factor in T ess’s TragedyTess‘s tragedy not only results from t he external causes but also from the internal ones. And only through the internal causes, the external causes become operative. The tragedy that results from the conflict between man and her self is the tragedy of character. Tess‘s tragedy is the tragedy of character. On one hand, Tess struggles bravely against her destiny and the conventional morality. She desires for happiness and true love. On the other hand, she cannot completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards of the day, which makes her believe that she has to pay for what she has sinned. She yields to the arrangement of the fate (Ackerman, 1996: 49). The latter is the weakness in her character.When Tess falls in love with angel Clare, she still cannot get rid of her sense of guilt. ―Her love for him acts to blot out the memories of the past in her, but she is always aware that her forgetfulness is only temporary, that the doubts, fears, and shame were only waiting like wolves just outside the light. One night, when the two of them were sitting indoor, she suddenly exclaims that she is not worthy of him.‖ (Hardy, 1993: 189) After their wedding ceremony, Tess is sad by the time they come back to the farm. She is tortured by guilt. She asks herself, if she has any right to be Mrs. Angel C lare. Tess‘s deep sense of guilt makes her submit to Angel‘s maltreatment without resistance, thinking she deserves it. Undoubtedly, this kind of character helps to make external causes operative (Xu, 2007: 80).This is the first point about her character. The second is her purity which can be reflected in two aspects.First, there is not any trace of vanity in her behavior. Although her parents are benighted and her family is poor, Tess still keeps the working people‘s virtue. She detects her parent‘commonplace words and deeds, despises noble origin and considers herself the daughter of villager, she says:“Pooh-I have much of mother as father in! All my prettiness comes and I was only a dairymaid .‖ (Chapter , 103)The second aspect is Tess‘s honesty. Al though she is seduced by Alec, she is not willing to become his plaything and leaves him resolutely. When Alec lures her with money, Tess is describe like that:Her lips lifted slightly, though there was little scorn as a rule in her large and impulsive na ture. ―I have said I will not take anything more from you, and I will not-I can not! I should be your creature to go on doing that: and I won‘t!‖ (chapter12. 78)Although in the bourgeois society, the moral standard for man and woman is very different; Tes s‘s faithful love to Angel and her honesty still make her confess her relation with Alec to Angel:“Tess, say it is not true? No, it is not true!‖“It‘s true..“Every word ?‖“Every word‖(chapter36, 239)In the novel, Tess is portrayed as a brave girl, hard –working and sweet- natured and innocent, yet she is free from the influence of social conventions and moral standards of the day. Her purity obviously is not welcomed by the bourgeois society.2.1.1 Analysis of Tess’s FamilyTess is the daughter of a very poor villager. Her parents are very benighted. When her father finds he is the descendent of an ancient aristocratic family, D‘Urbervilles, he is immensely proud of himself although there is nothing valuable left in his hand. He even goes to hotel and drinks very much until Tess and her mother come to look for him. When Tess and her mother support his arms to go back home, there is such description:On reaching the fresh air he was sufficiently unsteady to incline the row if three at one moment as if they were marching to London and at another as if they were marching to Bath-with produced a comical effect, frequent enough in families on nocturnal home goings;and, like most comical effects, not quite so comic after all. The two women valiantly disguised there forced excursions and countermarches as well as they could from themselves: and so they approached by degrees their own door the head of the family bursting suddenly into his former refrain as he drew near; as if to fortify his soul at sight of the smallness of his present residence: (Liu, 2007: 103)“I‘ve got a family vault at Kings beer!‖ (chapter4,23)“Hush-don‘t be so silly, Jack,‖ Said his wife, ―Yours is not the only family that was of count in world days. Look at the Anktells, and Horseys, and the Thringhams themselves gone to seed almost as much as you-though you was bigger folks than they, that‘s true. Thank God, I was never of no family, and have nothing to be ashamed of in that way!‖“Don‘t you be so sure of that. From your father ‗tis my belief you‘ve disgraced yourselves more than any of us, and week kings and queens outright at one time.‖Tess turned the subject by saying what was far more prominent in her own mind at the moment than thoughts of her ancestry-“I‘m afraid father won‘t be a ble to take the journey with the beehives tomorrow so early.‖“I? I shall be all right in an hour or two.‖ said Durbeyfield (chapter4, 24).From their conversation and the description of Durbeyfield‘s drunkenness, we can see the foolishness of Tess‘s paren ts, and of course, which is mainly caused by poverty. The author Hardy takes some very humorous words to describe their bitterness caused by poverty.All these young souls were passengers in the Durbeyfield ship-entirely dependent on the judgment of the Durbeyfield adults for their pleasures, their necessities, their health, their existence. If the heads of the Durbeyfield‘s household chose to sail into difficulty, disaster, starvation, disease, degradation, death, thither were these half dozen little captives under hatches compelled to sail with them-six helpless creatures who had never been asked if they wished for life on any terms, much less if they wished for it on such hard conditions as were involved being of the shiftless house of Durbeyfield (Chapter3, 18)Under the great poverty, Tess‘s parents become more and more apathetic and vulgar. When they have a more prosperous relative, what they have in mind is to ask Tess to claim kindred with Alec. Tess isn‘t willing to go, but she has no idea about her family‘s poverty. Onthe day when she is going to visit Alec there‘s such a conversation in her family;Her mother expostulated, ―Y ou will never set out to; see your folks without dressing up more than dand that?‖ (chapter7,44)“But, I am going to work!‖ s aid Tess.“Well, yes,‖ said Mrs. Durbeyfield, and in a private tone, ―at first there mid be a little pretence, but I think it will be wiser of‘ee to put your best side outward,‖ she added.“V ery well; I suppose you know best,‖ replied Tess with calm abando nment.And to please her parents the girl put herself quite in Joan hands, saying serenely ―Do what you like with me, mother.‖ (chapter7, 44)Along these lines, we can see a very apathetic father and a vulgar mother, and also a pure girl who is weak and in competent. Why Tess‘s family, but also in many families, especially peasants.Her family, started early in the story broken broken up by six or seven years ago. As writers and issued by emotion in the book as ―Norman‘s blood, not Victoria-dynasty‘s wealth as an aid, and what of it!‖ dignitaries of origin did not bring any benefits to Tess, her tragedy is Thus began. They are farmers and the general difficulties of life Bitter. Her father is a lazy hearts softened, and he not only own, ignoring the others, and too alcoholic. Her mother is just a superficial of the laity, not so much a mother as she said she is a bog boy. However, the parents of these two incompetent but has seven children. Therefore, the heavy burden of the family will keep pressure on the shoulders of Tess. Tess is so in love with her sisters and brothers that she could not bear to see them live in destitution among. As a result, her has been decided that-sooner or later tragedy, but it may be in a different way. In order to show off their so-called ―elite‖status and to meet the humble vanity, delusion by Tess‘s parents, ―claiming kin,‖―marriage‖approach to enhance their own status. Although Tess hate the hypocrisy of their parents, despised noble origin, insisting that they are women and farmers. She is to live on their own work, but she is the boss at home, Her parents can make a heavy family burden without premature drop on shoulder. Tess reluctantly ordered the mother to comply with the counterfeit money to defect to his family. Vices o f the victim and the ritual became a sinner. Later ,she uprooted from their homes for their families, everywhere scoop Park, suffered a lot, when in the dead end. Or for the family, go back to Alec side.2.1.2 Analysis of Tess’s ResistanceTreat with the bad young man Alec. Tess revolts constantly. Although she became a disgrace woman, she always holds an inviolable attitude to Alec. She dropped originally may enjoy easy and comfortable life, fostered the child lonely. Periphery discriminates the judgment has not certainly frightened her; she silently endured the unfair in the life. Although life gave her only attack and disaster, she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life. The second time Tess meet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time. Faced every enticement of Alec, she basic remains unmoved, Tess was not willing to compromise.However, disaster arrived. Tess‘s father died and her family was expelled from the village. Tess entrusted the body once again to Alec in order to get her mother and little brother and sisters a place to live, but anti-makes in light of this had not ended, submits is only temporary. In the end, when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She now hated Alec because once again he had been the cause of her husband‘s repudiation of her. Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead, in addition, Alec said many bad words to satirize her. She used a knife killed Alec; this is inevitable result of her innermost feelings revolt. Tess had the ending of violent resistance to evil just her character to a higher level.2.1.3 Analysis of Tess’s CompromiseThe other side of Tess‘s social character is resigned to bad conditions. Tess adopts completely another kind of manner to treat Clare. The relationship between lovers should be equal, but Tess constantly disparages herself and raises Clare. At the beginning of love ―she loves he e xtremely, she looks he as the god.‖ (Thomas Hard, 261)“To her sublime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be – knew all that a guide, philosopher, and friend should know. She thought every line in the contour of his person the perfection of mascul ine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his intellect that of a seer……The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her lift up her heart to him in devotion.‖ (Thomas Hardy, 276)This is a love which how strong is blazing actually acts sterilely. In front of love, Tesshas lost herself, has lost the dignity. Just this kind of blind, unequal love make Tess dropped the happy right as a wife, deepened her tragedy.Tess write a confession letter to Clare before married, and then tell her ―crime‖, bu t Clare is the traditional morals defender of traditional moral principles, his ―new mind‖ demand Tess gives forgiveness and tolerant for his profligate behavior in the past. Tess has done, but the tragic past of Tess, actually cannot obtain Clare repays-like the intolerance. Tess has not done revolts slightly face Clare heartless abandonment. Oppositely, she said: ―I certainly like a low pitiful slave of yours, absolute obeys you. If you ask me not to be able to fall to the ground, suicide killed, and I do not violate you.‖ (Thomas Hardy,352) Clare cruel-heartedly leaves; Tess never reduces her love to Clare. A passionate letter actually cannot call Clare‘s ice-cold heart. In the end, when Clare finally came to her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She now hated Alec because once again he had been the cause of her husband‘s repudiation of her.2.2 Analysis of Alec and Clare’s Character Causes of T ess’s TragedyIn this novel to male leading character‘s description ha s reflected at that time the capitalist society darkness and false capitalism morals view. People‘s character also takes a very important part. In this novel, the writer though the environment to describe Tess‘s tragic fate, but the other reasons caused th is result is people‘s character, Alec and Clare are very closely to Tess fate.2.2.1 Analysis of Alec’s CharacterAlec is the emerging bourgeoisie‘s representatives; he is representing the bourgeois society‘s authority, the wealth and the evil, Tess‘s tra gic life reason to him. His father is a rich merchant, but after crown by aristocrat D‘Urbervilles surname. This young man lay on his father‘s money and power dominates the native place. When he meets Tess, the dissolute lascivious countenance is completely unmasked; he supposes the snare that destroyed young girl‘s pure and chaste and the life happiness. Harmed others to benefit him, resorts to all means to satisfy own absurd fleshly desires, and not only displayed the countryside landlord class‘s essentia l characteristic, but also manifested the property realistic characteristic.Although afterwards he changed in old pastor Clare help next evilly reforms, however, several dozens years abuse eradicates by no means. When he meets Tess‘s family is in has no h ome. It can be said, Tess‘s life is the might and the violence victim which the Alec thunder represents.2.2.2 Analysis of Clare’s CharacterIf someone says Alec representative‘s evil force is the direct reason to cause Tess‘s tragedy, then the traditional ethics morality survives on Angel Clare devastates to Tess is one kind invisible, the more fearful spirit injures. Angel Clare is a complex artistic image. On his body, not only has the certain enlightened thought, but also is retaining the traditional moral prejudice. Although he born in a pastor family, not willing to be a pastor ―serves for God‖, he is willing to work at farming, ―serves for the metropolis lively life, he wants to go the country to do the arduous physical labor as those farmers, tries hard to grasp each kind of class the agricultural technology. In nature bosom, he feels the village life is simple and in the love question, he mild-mannered and cultivate, serious and earnest, pay more attention on emotion, all of these are different with Alec. This explanations he was the Bourgeois intellectuals who has the free thought at that time, but he departs from to this social class also is extremely limited, He will be engaged in the agricultural production the goal is for later to be a large landed estate. He not only as soon as starts to recognize Tess could be a good steward in the future, the most important is he love Tess not like her to love his such selfless and sincere. In his eyes, Tess is ―nature ‗s new born daughter‖, however, once she confessed the insult to him which receive, then on his body preserves the inherent morals have strangled in his heart the real sentiment. Although he also have had the profligate behavior, and obtained Tess ‗s forgiving, but actually is not willing to for give originally innocent Tess. This indicated his heart‘s core traditional morals ethics idea ingrained , he regards a woman from traditional chastity view to be chaste or not, this has given Tess by devastating attack. If we say because the Alec thunder ferocious adversary caused the desire and the future hope of her live.Then, Clare to her abandonment, said in some kind of degree, then has destroyed her spiritual prop (because Tess really loves him).Thus, his return caused her to feel the humiliation which own received, thus caused its pain, the lamentation; to despair has achievedthe apex. Her finally killed Alec, not only must prove own helpless, simultaneously also are must to the person which loves prove own innocent.From this, I may say that, is pr ecisely by Alec representative‘s evil force and Clare himself preserves the traditional ethics morality, together pushed Tess to the tragic abyss.3Analysis of the Social and Environmental Causes inTess’s TragedyIn this novel, Hardy emphasizes the real istic cause of Tess‘s tragedy, including the disintergration of English peasantry and the hypocritical morality of bourgeois society. Throughout the novel, we get the impression that the tragedy of Tess is made by the imposed fate, including the hypocritical morality of that time, rather than Fate and Chance. Tess cannot escape her tragic fate unless she escapes from the society. In fact, Tess‘s tragedy is shared by most of the poor peasants.3.1 Hypocritical Capitalism Moral View and Unequal Legal SystemTess was lived in the Victorian era when capitalism invaded the rural England. She was a hardworking, kind-hearted, intelligent and beautiful girl; but regarded as a laborer, a man of poor agricultural workers, she has low social status that naturally will received oppression and humiliation in the capitalist society. By analyzing this novel we can know that in Victoria time, Tess‘s tragedy was due to social morals root. In the capitalist society, legal regime and moral outlook all maintains the exploiting class oppresses people‘s authority as the township, did all kinds of evil things, but they was protected by the law. Tess actually is condemned the death penalty. This just was explaining bourgeoisie politics system reactionary and indicated the unimportant persons in the lower level social class were impossible to obtain the fair treatment in the society. We may see in the novel, such as Alec this thunder actually receives the bourgeoisie state apparatus and the religious morals protection.3.2 Impoverishment and Decay of Small FarmersThis story has happened in the southern countries of England. Small famer‘s impoverishment and the decay which the writer really describes these which to be hired the farmers and seeks the work. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.Let us see the economic crisis took place in bourgeois world and led to the social change. The change made many peasants lose their lands and became peasant workers. Large quantities of peasant were bankrupt. It is the s ame with the D‘Urbervilles. Their narrow minds and stupidity make them puzzled. The society is so cruel that it does not give them a chance to live and makes them discard their children. Tests was born into the family of a poor rural tradesman. Her father drinks a lot and doesn‘t work hard. Her mother herself is like a child and never thinks about the future. There are many children in their family. Her mother sends her to claim kin with a distant relative of noble D‘Urbervilles family in the hope of her fa mily was worse, that means the bankrupt of the family. Her disjoint from the country leads to her later tragedy; the young master Alec seduces her and the following pregnancy compels Tess to return home in dis grace. Her tragic life was begun.3.3 The Male F actor in T ess’s TragedyThis section mainly refers to Alec and Angel.Alec is an upstart on behalf of the bourgeoisie, a typical playboy. His image is a symbol of Western civilization hiding under the cloak of barbaric cruelty of sex desire. He also bel ieves that the beauty of Tess is negative, because a woman‘s beauty is the bait to lure men‘s desire. From his view of male point, this seems to imply that his possession of Tess is due to the temptation of her beauty. The first time that Tess went to claim kindred is very reluctant to Tess. With the feelings of shyness and shame, Tess went to D‘Urbervilles and starts her acquaintance with Alec. Later Alec threatened to Tess in every possible way, but Tess would prefer to remain in the poor cave, to endure the cruel exploitation and oppressed, to bear the heavy manual work overload, but unwilling to yield to Alec, or accepts his help. However, her father dies, her mother is ill, her brothers and sisters are out of school, their house lease is expired, the fa mily have no place to shelter. For the whole family‘s life, Tess had to refer to Alec, becomes his mistress and accepts his help (Jiang, 2007:96). Since then, she completely ruined her happiness of life. The whole life of Tess is the victim of Alec‘s power and violence.As to Angel, he is the incarnation of traditional ethical concepts. Angel and Alec are completely different. He is an intellectual and has liberal thinking; He despises class prejudice and hierarchy; He dislikes bustling city life and is longing to the countryside farming; He is。
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When her parents found that Tess had not got any benefits, instead of giving her a little comfort and help, they felt ashamed and blamed her.
Cause of family — Tess’s ignorantasants
an agricultural base an industrial base
under the process of industrialism and the disintegration of peasantry（农民阶级解体） The self-supporting peasants are displaced and impoverished(贫困的) and live a extremely poor life.
The Accessory — Angel Clare
Angel is fascinated with Tess‟s beauty and purity but he never treats Tess as equals.
On their wedding night, when Angel tells her his past evening of debauchery（放荡）, Tess forgives him. But when Tess tells her matter, he can‟t accept it. He destroys Tess spiritually.
The Direct Murder — Alec D’Urberville
Alec doesn‟t respect females and regards females as his play things.
He is so selfish that he always considers satisfying his own evil lust no matter how much misery others would suffer.
Compromise(妥协)
deep guilty feelings Tess thinks that she is a disgraced girl and she doesn’t set herself free in spirit.
Tess’s Ignorant Parents
Tess’s father: a poor countryside hawker（小贩） and he is lazy and has constantly excessive drinking. Tess’s mother: a simple-minded dairymaid(挤奶女工) and her mind is besotted with superstition（迷信）.
Unequal Morality for Female
Public notions on sexual morals are that a woman must remain virgin before marriage, but a man can have his fling. When either man or woman engaged in sexual lapses, the former would be forgiven, but the later would be condemned. Tess is so innocent that she is just a girl when she first meets the terrible man, Alec, and knows nothing of men. But people do not condemn Alec, only reject Tess as a fallen woman. Then, with the same sexual experience, Angel is pardoned（宽恕） but Tess is abused.
“„ Alec, representative of capitalist power and violence 死刑the ‟执行了 ,用埃斯库罗斯的话说 ,那个众神之 dares to do what he desires, not only”。 because he has money 王对苔丝的戏弄也就结束了 and power, but also because his evil behavior is protected by the capitalist law and rules. In the eyes of Victorian people, the young upstart is noble （高贵的）, while Tess is considered to lure Alec in order to acquire his money.Tess bears all that injustice silently all along, however, when she defends herself for the first time, she is hanged(绞死) for paying for that.
“Justice was done, and the Tess lives in the Victorian era which capitalism invade the President the Immortals, inserved for the rural region. In the of capitalist society, law is capitalist class. phrase, had ended his Aeschylean sport with Tess”.
Good qualities of Tess
kind , brave , pure and hard-working
“the nature’s daughter”
rebellion(反抗)
Bad personalities affecting her fate
simplicity and innocence
英语1111 FYD
Hard life for peasants Social causes
Unequal morality for female
Unequal legal system Alec D’Urberville
The Causes
Causes of major characters
Angel Clare Tess herself