材料科学与工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(1,2,3,10)
材料科学与工程专业英语第二版1.2.7.10.13.16课后习题_翻译答案_可编辑】
材料科学石器时代肉眼青铜器时代光学性质集成电路机械(力学)强度热导率1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。
相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2. 实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3. 除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4. 工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5. 只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
3. 汉译英Interdispline dielectric constantSolid materials heat capacityMechanical properties electro-magnetic radiationMaterials processing elasticity modulus1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
材料科学与工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(1,2,3,10)
United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。
如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。
渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。
在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。
也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
这个大约是过去的60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。
因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。
比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。
严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。
多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。
“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。
简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。
在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
材料科学与工程专业英语Unit2ClassificationofMaterials译文
Unit 2 Classification of MaterialsSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials —composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文：译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
这个分类是首先基于这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。
尽管有许多中间品。
除此之外，此之外， 有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。
材料科学专业英语正文课文翻译
材料科学专业英语正文课文翻译
材料科学是一门研究物质的性质和组成以及它们在不同条件下的行为的学科。
它涵盖了从原子和分子到大型结构的各种材料，包括金属、陶瓷、高分子材料和半导体等。
材料科学的发展为各个领域的技术和应用提供了基础和支持。
在材料科学中，有许多不同的性质和特征需要被研究和理解。
这些包括材料的力学性能、热性能、电性能、光学性能以及化学性能等。
通过对这些性能的探究，学者们可以确定材料的适用范围、使用条件和潜在的改进方向。
材料科学的研究还涉及到材料的制备和处理方法。
这些方法包括从原材料中提取纯净物质、合成新材料以及对已有材料进行改性等。
研究人员通过不断改进这些方法，可以制备出更加优良和具有特殊功能的材料，以满足各种需求。
材料科学的应用广泛存在于各个领域中。
在汽车工业中，材料科学帮助开发更轻量化、更强度的材料，提高汽车的燃油效率和安全性能。
在能源领域，材料科学有助于研究和开发更高效的太阳能
电池和电池材料。
在医疗领域，材料科学帮助设计和开发可生物降解的医用材料，用于组织工程和医疗器械等。
总而言之，材料科学在各个方面都起着重要的作用。
通过对材料的研究和理解，我们能够不断改进现有的材料，开发出更加先进和功能性的材料，推动科技的发展和社会的进步。
(完整word版)高分子材料工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(基本全了
A 高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT 1 What are Polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。
材料科学与工程专业英语课文翻译(1,2,3,10).
United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。
如交通、房子、衣物,通讯、娱乐和食物的生产,实际上,我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上,早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名,如石器时代,铜器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料,如石头、木材、粘土等。
渐渐地,他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料,这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地,人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。
在这点上,材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。
也就是说,在一系列非常有限的材料中,根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。
直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
这个大约是过去的60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。
因此,成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。
比如,没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代,复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。
严格地说,材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说,材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料,而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系,和/或发展材料加工新技术。
多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。
“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。
简单地说,材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。
在原子水平上,结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Uni...
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Uni...Unit 3 Structure-Property Relationships of MaterialsToday’s materials can be classified as metals and alloys, as polymers or plastics, as ceramics, or as composites; composites, most of which are man-made, actually are combinations of different materials.译文：当今的材料可以分为金属和合金，聚合物或者塑料，陶瓷或复合材料；复合材料，它们大多数是人造的，实际上是不同材料组合而成。
A pplica tion of these m ateria ls de pe nd on their pr ope rties; theref ore, w e ne ed to know w hat pr operties are re quired by the a pplica tion and to be a ble to re late those s pecifica tion to the m aterial.译文：这些材料的应用取决于它们的性质；因此，根据应用的场合，我们需要知道什么样的性质是必需的，我们需要能够把这些详细说明同材料联系起来。
For exam ple, a la dder m ust w ithsta nd a des ign loa d, the w eight of a pe rs on us ing the la dde r. H ow ever, the m ateria l property that ca n be m easured is s tre ngth, w hich is af f ecte d by the loa d a nd desig n dim ension. S tre ngth values m us t theref ore be applie d to dete rm ine d the la dde r dim ensions to e ns ure saf e us e. Therefore, in ge ne ral, the s truc tures of m etallic m aterials have ef fects on the ir prope rties.译文：比如，一个梯子必须能经受住设计的载荷，也就是使用这个梯子的人的重量。
材料科学与工程专业英语1-19单元课后翻译答案
1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。
3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。
4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。
5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。
因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constant Solid material(s) heat capacity Mechanical property electromagnetic radiation Material processing elastic modulus7.It was not until relativcal properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21. 金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属外表有金属光泽。
2. 陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。
3. 用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。
4. 压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之，当它们膨胀和收缩时，他们也能产生一个电场。
5. 随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现，操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能，因此，我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料。
6. advanced materials ceramic materials high-performance materials clay minerals alloy implant glass fibre carbon nanotube7. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8. Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9. Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators(viz. ceramics and polymers). 10. Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 31．金属的行为〔性质〕不同于陶瓷的行为〔性质〕，陶瓷的行为〔性质〕不同于聚合物的行为〔性质〕。
材料科学专业英语第二章翻译
ferrous alloys铁合金More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloy. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, those alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between wc=0.05% and wc=4.5%.超过90%的重量的金属材料使用的人类是铁合金。
这是一个巨大的工程材料的家庭与广泛的微观结构和相关的属性。
大部分的工程设计,需要结构性的负载支持或电力传输涉及铁合金。
作为一个实际问题,这些合金分为两大类基于碳在合金成分。
钢一般包含在wc = 0.05%和wc = 4.5%。
Within the steel category,we shall other than carbon is used.A compositon of 5% total noncarbon high alloy steels. Those alloy additions are chosen carefully becouse they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in improvements such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance在钢的类别,我们将使用碳。
材料科学与工程专业英语翻译
Unit1：交叉学科交叉学科 interdiscipline 介电常数介电常数 dielectric constant 固体性质固体性质 solid materials 热容热容 heat capacity 力学性质力学性质 mechanical property 电磁辐射电磁辐射 electro-magnetic radiation 材料加工材料加工 processing of materials 弹性模量（模数）elastic coefficient 1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times times that that scientists came to to understand understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties . 2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material Material engineering engineering mainly to solve the problem and create material application. 3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
Materials processing process is not only to de structure and decided that the material characteristic and performance. 4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。
Material Material mechanical mechanical properties with the extemal force or in de deformation of the load. Unit2：先进材料先进材料 advanced material 陶瓷材料陶瓷材料 ceramic material 粘土矿物粘土矿物 clay minerals 高性能材料高性能材料 high performance material 合金合金 metal alloys 移植移植 implant to 玻璃纤维玻璃纤维 glass fiber 碳纳米管碳纳米管 carbon nanotub 1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。
材料科学与工程专业英语第二版 翻译
Unit1：2.xx材料科学石器时代肉眼青铜器时代光学性质集成电路机械(力学)强度热导率1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。
相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2.实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3.除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
3.xxInterdispline dielectric constantSolid materials heat capacityMechanical properties electro-magnetic radiationMaterials processing elasticity modulus1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
高分子材料工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(基本全了
A 高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT 1 What are Polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。
材料科学与工程专业英语1-19单元课后翻译答案
材料科学与工程专业英语1-19单元课后翻译答案Unit 11.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。
3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。
4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。
5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。
因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constant Solid material(s)heat capacity Mechanical property electromagnetic radiationMaterial processing elastic modulus 7.It was not until relativcalproperties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21. 金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。
2. 陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。
3. 用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。
4.压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之，当它们膨胀和收缩时，他们也能产生一个电场。
5. 随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现，操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能，因此，我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料。
6. advanced materials ceramic materials high-performance materials clay mineralsalloy implant glass fibre carbon nanotube 7. Metallic materials have large numbers ofnonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directlyattributable to these electrons. 8. Many of polymeric materials areorganic compounds with very large molecular structures. 9. Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate betweenthe electrical conductors(viz. metals and metal alloys) andinsulators(viz. ceramics and polymers). 10. Biomaterials must notproduce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 31．金属的行为（性质）不同于陶瓷的行为（性质），陶瓷的行为（性质）不同于聚合物的行为（性质）。
材料科学与工程专业英语翻译(1)修改
Materials have always been important to the advance of civilization: entire eras(纪元，历史时期) are named for them. After evolving(进化，发展) from the Stone Age through the Bronze and Iron Ages, now in the modern era we have vast numbers of tailored materials to make use of. We are really living in the Materials Age.译:一直以来，材料对于文明的进步都很重要：时代用它们来划分。
经过石器时代、青铜器时代、铁器时代的发展，如今，我们可以利用大量的特种材料。
我们确实是生活在材料时代。
Work and study in the field of materials science and engineering is grounded in an understanding of why materials behave the way they do, and encompasses(包括，涉及) how materials are made and how new ones can be developed. For example, the way materials are processed is often important. People in the Iron Age discovered this when they learn that soft iron could be heated and then quickly cooled to make a material hard enough to plow the earth; and the same strategy is used today to make high-strength aluminum alloys for jet aircraft. Today we demand more from our materials than mechanical strength, of course─electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, for example, are crucial for many applications. As a result, modern materials science focuses on ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors, as well as on materials, such as metals and glasses, that have a long history of use.译：材料科学与工程领域的工作和研究是建立在对材料性能产生原因的理解之上的，包括材料的加工制造和新材料的研发。
高分子材料工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(基本全了
A 高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT 1 What are Polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。
材料科学与工程专业英语课文 自己整理的 可以打印 匡少平 王世颖 第二版 化学工业出版社
Unit 1Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production— virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).1The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGSometimes it is useful to subdivide the discipline of materials science and engineering into materials science and materials engineering sub disciplines. Strictly speaking, “materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.2 From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials. Most graduates in materials programs are trained to be both materials scientists and materials engineers.“Structure” is at this point a nebulous term that des erves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a materialusually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed “microscopic,” meaning that which is subject to direct o bservation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed “macroscopic.”The notion of “property” deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation, or a polished metal surface will reflect light. A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical reactivity of materials. The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials—namely, “processing” a nd “performance. “With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is as depicted in the schematic illustration shown in Figure 1.1. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships among these four components in terms of the design, production, and utilization of materialsWHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a materialpossess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments. Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.U n i t2CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALSSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup anatomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are the composites, combinations of two or more of the above three basic material classes. Another classification is advanced materials—those used in high-technology applications—viz. semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanoengineered materials;MetalsMaterials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.3 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner (as discussed in Chapter 3),and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense (Figure 1.3).With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff (Figure 1.4)and strong (Figure 1.5), yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture (Figure 1.6), which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms .Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity (Figure 1.7) and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic properties.CeramicsCeramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, some of the common ceramic materials include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (Sic), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and, in addition, what some refer to as the traditional ceramics—those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and glass. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the metals (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). In addition, ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture (Figure 1.6). These materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity (i.e., have low electrical conductivities, Figure 1.7), and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque (Figure1.2), and some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.PolymersPolymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (vision, N, and Si). Furthermore, they have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms. Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber. These materials typically have low densities (Figure 1.3), whereas their mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials—they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). However, on the basis of their low densities, many times their stiffness’s and strengths on a per mass basis are comparable to the metals and ceramics. In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily formed into complex shapes. In general, they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments. One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, which, in some instances, limits their use. Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities (Figure1.7) and are nonmagnetic.CompositesA composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from the categories discussed above—viz., metals, ceramics, and polymers. The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials. A large number of composite types exist that are represented by different combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers. Furthermore, some naturally-occurring materials are also considered to be composites—for example, wood and bone. However, most of those we consider in our discussions are synthetic (or man-made) composites.ADVANCED MATERIALSMaterials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles; examples include electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry. These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials. Furthermore, they may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally expensive. Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, and what we may term “materials of the future” (that is, smart materials and Nan engineered materials) SemiconductorsSemiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers)—Figure 1.7. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the past three decades.BiomaterialsBiomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions). All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials. For example, some of the biomaterials that are utilized in artificial hip replacementsMaterials of the FutureSmart MaterialsSmart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies. The adjective “smart” implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners—traits that are also found in living organisms. In addition, this “smart” concept is being extended to rather sophisticated systems that consist of both smart and traditional materials. Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of sensor (that detects an input signal), and an actuator (that performs a responsive and adaptive function). Actuators may be called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields, and/or magnetic fields. Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators: shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids. Shape memory alloys are metals that, after having been deformed, revert back to their original shapes when temperature is changed (see the Materials of Importance piece following Section 10.9). Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered (see Section18.25).The behavior of magnetostrictive materials is analogous to that of the piezoelectric, except that they are responsive to magnetic fields. Also, electro rheological and magnetorheological fluids are liquids that experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields, respectively.Materials/devices employed as sensors include optical fibers (Section 21.14), piezoelectric materials (including some polymers), and microelectromechanical devices (MEMS, Section 13.8).For example, one type of smart system is used in helicopters to reduce aerodynamic cockpit noise that is created by the rotating rotor blades. Piezoelectric sensors inserted into the blades monitor blade stresses and deformations; feedback signals from these sensors are fed into a computer-controlled adaptive device, which generates noise-canceling antinomies.Nanoengineered MaterialsUntil very recent times the general procedure utilized by scientists to understand the chemistry and physics of materials has been to begin by studying large and complex structures, and then to investigate the fundamental building blocks of these structures that are smaller and simpler. This approach is sometimes termed “top down “science. However, with the advent of scanning probe microscopes (Section4.10), which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents(i.e., “materials by design”). This ability to carefully arrange atoms provides opportunities to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties that are not otherwise possible. We call this the “bottom-up” approach, and the study of the properties of these materials is termed “nanotechnology”; the “nan” prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (10_9 m)—as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500atom diameters).5 One example of a material of this type is the carbon nanotube, discussed in Section 12.4. In the future we will undoubtedly find that increasingly more of our technological advances will utilize these nanengineered materials.Unit 4Physical properties are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are examples of physical properties. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. Flammability andcorrosion/oxidation resistance are examples of chemical properties.The difference between a physical and chemical property is straightforward until the phase of the material is considered. When a material changes from a solid to a liquid to a vapor it seems like them become a difference substance. However, when a material melts, solidifies, vaporizes, condenses or sublimes, only the state of the substance changes.Consider ice, liquid water, and water vapor, they are all simply H2O. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases – solid, liquid, gas and plasma.Some of the more important physical and chemical properties from an engineering material standpoint will be discussed in the following sections.•Phase Transformation Temperatures•Density•Specific Gravity•Thermal Conductivity•Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion•Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity•Magnetic Permeability•Corrosion ResistancePhase Transformation TemperaturesWhen temperature rises and pressure is held constant, a typical substance changes from solid to liquid and then to vapor. Transitions from solid to liquid, from liquid to vapor, from vapor to solid and visa versa are called phase transformations or transitions. Since some substances have several crystal forms, technically there can also be solid to another solid form phase transformation.Phase transitions from solid to liquid, and from liquid to vapor absorb heat. The phase transition temperature where a solid changes to a liquid is called the melting point. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm (101.3 kPa) is called the boiling point. Some materials, such as many polymers, do not go simply from a solid to a liquid with increasing temperature. Instead, at some temperature below the melting point, they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material. The temperature at which a solid, glassy material begins to soften and flow is called the glass transition temperature.DensityMass can be thinly distributed as in a pillow, or tightly packed as in a block of lead. The space the mass occupies is its volume, and the mass per unit of volume is its density.Mass (m) is a fundamental measure of the amount of matter. Weight (w) is a measure of the force exerted by a mass and this force is force is produced by the acceleration of gravity. Therefore, on the surface of the earth, the mass of an object is determined by dividing the weight of an object by 9.8 m/s2 (the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth). Since we are typically comparing things on the surface of the earth, the weight of an object is commonly used rather than calculating its mass.The density (r) of a material depends on the phase it is in and the temperature. (The density of liquids and gases is very temperature dependent.) Water in the liquid state has a density of 1 g/cm3 = 1000kg/m3 at 4o C. Ice has a density of 0.917 g/cm3 at 0o c, and it should be noted that this decrease in density for the solid phase is unusual. For almost all other substances, the density of the solid phase is greater than that of the liquid phase. Water vapor (vapor saturated air) has a density of 0.051 g/cm3.Some common units used for expressing density are grams/cubic centimeter, kilograms/cubic meter, grams/milliliter, grams/liter, pounds for cubic inch and pounds per cubic foot; but it should be obvious that any unit of mass per any unit of volume can be used.Substance Density(g/cm3)Air 0.0013Gasoline 0.7Wood 0.85Water (ice) 0.92Water (liquid) 1.0Aluminum 2.7Steel 7.8Silver 10.5Lead 11.3Mercury 13.5Gold 19.3Specific GravitySpecific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance compared to the density of fresh water at 4°C (39° F). At this temperature the density of water is at its greatest value and equal 1 g/mL. Since specific gravity is a ratio, so it has no units. An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater that that ofwater. Similarly, an object with specific gravity less than 1 will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink. Specific gravity values for a few common substances are: Au, 19.3; mercury, 13.6; alcohol, 0.7893; benzene, 0.8786. Note that since water has a density of 1 g/cm3, the specific gravity is the same as the density of the material measured in g/cm3.Magnetic PermeabilityMagnetic permeability or simply permeability is the ease with which a material can be magnetized. It is a constant of proportionality that exists between magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity. This constant is equal to approximately 1.257 x 10-6 Henry per meter (H/m) in free space (a vacuum). In other materials it can be much different, often substantially greater than the free-space value, which is symbolized µ0.Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic. The permeability factors of some substances change with rising or falling temperature, or with the intensity of the applied magnetic field.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms. If µ o represents the permeability of free space (that is, 4p X10-7H/m or 1.257 x 10-6 H/m) and µ represents the permeability of the substance in question (also specified in henrys per meter), then the relative permeability, µr, is given by:µr = µ / µ0For non-ferrous metals such as copper, brass, aluminum etc., the permeability is the same as that of "free space", i.e. the relative permeability is one. For ferrous metals however the value of µ r may be several hundred. Certain ferromagnetic materials, especially powdered or laminated iron, steel, or nickel alloys, have µr that can range up to about 1,000,000. Diamagnetic materials have µr less than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one. In addition, permeability can vary greatly within a metal part due to localized stresses, heating effects, etc.When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by µr compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core. This effect is useful in the design of transformers and eddy current probes.Unit 5The mechanical properties of a material are those properties that involve a reaction to an applied load. The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be expected. Mechanical properties are also used to help classify and identify material. The most common properties considered are strength, ductility, hardness, impact resistance, and fracture toughness.Most structural materials are anisotropic, which means that their material properties vary with orientation. The variation in properties can be due to directionality in the microstructure (texture) from forming or cold working operation, the controlled alignment of fiber reinforcement and a variety of other causes. Mechanical properties are generally specific to product form such as sheet, plate, extrusion, casting, forging, and etc. Additionally, it is common to see mechanical property listed by the directional grain structure of the material. In products such as sheet and plate, the rolling direction is called the longitudinal direction, the width of the product is called the transverse direction, and the thickness is called the short transverse direction. The grain orientations in standard wrought forms of metallic products are shown the image.The mechanical properties of a material are not constants and often change as a function of temperature, rate of loading, and other conditions. For example, temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease. Temperatures above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys. Ductility may increase or decrease with increasing temperature depending on the same variablesIt should also be noted that there is often significant variability in the values obtained when measuring mechanical properties. Seemingly identical test specimen from the same lot of material will often produce considerable different results. Therefore, multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value. Also, a range of values are sometimes reported in order to show variability.LoadingThe application of a force to an object is known as loading. Materials can be subjected to many different loading scenarios and a material’s performance is dependant on the loading conditions. There are five fundamental loadin g conditions; tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. Tension is the type of loading in which the two sections of material on either side of a plane tend to be pulled apart or elongated. Compression is the reverse of tensile loading and involves pressing the material together. Loading by bending involves applying a load in a manner that causes a material。
材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案
Unit 1 Translation.1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。
3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。
4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。
5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。
因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constantSolid material(s) heat capacityMechanical property electromagnetic radiationMaterial processing elastic modulus7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8. Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21.金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。
材料科学与工程专业英语第10章翻译
The word "ceramic" is derived from the Greek keramos, which means "potter's clay" or "pottery." Its origin is a Sanskrit term meaning "to burn." So the early Greeks used "keramous" when describing products obtained by heating clay-containing materials. The term has long included all products made from fired clay, for example, bricks, fireclay refractories, sanitaryware, and tableware.“陶瓷”这个词是来自希腊keramos，这意味着“陶土”或“陶”。
它的起源是梵文术语，意思是“燃烧”。
因此，早期的希腊人用“keramous”描述加热含粘土的物料获得的产品。
这个词早已包括所有陶土制成的产品，例如，砖，粘土质耐火材料，卫生洁具，餐具。
In 1822, refractory silica were first made. Although they contained no clay, the traditional ceramic process of shaping, drying, and firing was used to make them. So the term" ceramic," while retaining its original sense of a product made from clay, began to include other products made by the same manufacturing process. The field of ceramics (broader than the materials themselves) can be defined as the art and science of making and using solid articles that contain as their essential component a ceramic. This definition covers the purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components, and the study of structure, composition, and properties.1822年，耐火材料二氧化硅被首次提出。
材料科学与工程专业英语第二版_翻译答案(匡少平),单元：1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,22
Unit1：2.英译汉材料科学石器时代肉眼青铜器时代光学性质集成电路机械(力学)强度热导率1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。
相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2. 实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3. 除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4. 工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5. 只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
3. 汉译英Interdispline dielectric constantSolid materials heat capacityMechanical properties electro-magnetic radiationMaterials processing elasticity modulus1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties . 2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
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United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。
如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。
渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。
在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。
也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
这个大约是过去的60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。
因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。
比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。
严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。
多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。
“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。
简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。
在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
在更大的结构领域上，其包括大的原子团，这些原子团通常聚集在一起，称为“微观”结构，意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。
最后，结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。
“Property”一词的概念值得详细阐述。
在使用中，所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。
比如，材料受到力作用会引起形变，或者抛光金属表面会反射光。
材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。
通常，材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。
实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。
对于每一种性质，其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能力。
如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关，包括弹性和强度。
对于电性能，如电导性和介电系数，特定的刺激物是电场。
固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。
磁学性质表示一种材料对施加的电场的感应能力。
对于光学性质，刺激物是电磁或光照。
用折射和反射来表示光学性质。
最后，腐蚀性质表示材料的化学反应能力。
除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工和性能。
如果考虑这四个要素的关系，材料的结构取决于其如何加工。
另外，材料的性能是其性质的功能。
因此，材料的加工、结构、性质和功能的关系可以用以下线性关系来表示：加工——结构——性质——性能。
为什么研究材料科学与工程？为什么研究材料科学与工程？许多应用科学家或工程师，不管他们是机械的、民事的、化学的或电子的领域的，都将在某个时候面临材料的设计问题。
如用具的运输、建筑的超级结构、油的精炼成分、或集成电路芯片。
当然，材料科学家和工程师是从事材料研究和设计的专家。
很多时候，材料的问题就是从上千个材料中选择出一个合适的材料。
对材料的最终选择有几个原则。
首先，现场工作条件必须进行表征。
只有在少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
典型的例子是当考虑材料的强度和延展性时，而通常材料具有高强度但却具有低的延展性。
这时对这两种性质进行折中考虑很有必要。
其次，选择的原则是要考虑材料的性质在使用中的磨损问题。
如材料的机械性能在高温或腐蚀环境中会下降。
最后，也许是最重要的原则是经济问题。
最终产品的成本是多少？一种材料的可以有多种理想的优越性质，但不能太昂贵。
这里对材料的价格进行折中选择也是可以的。
产品的成本还包括组装中的费用。
工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、功能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的几个原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
Unit 2 Classification of Materials译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。
除此之外，有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。
关于材料类型和他们特殊的特征的一个简单的解释将在后面给出。
被约束于。
be attribute to 归属于。
归因于。
译文：金属材料通常由金属元素组成。
它们有大量无规则运动的电子。
也就是说，这些电子不是被约束于某个特定的原子。
金属的许多性质直接归属这些不规则运动的电子。
科技英语在讲述科学真理的时候通常用主动语态。
如：Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity Deformable ？译文：金属是十分好的电和热的导体，它们对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。
除此之外，金属是十分硬的，也是可变形的，这个性质解释了它们广泛使用在结构方面的应用。
that引导的定语从句译文：陶瓷是介于金属和非金属元素之间的化合物；它们通常是氧化物，氮化物和碳化物。
落在这个分类种类中的宽的材料范围包括陶瓷，它们由粘土矿物，水泥和玻璃组成。
译文：这些材料是典型的电和热的绝缘体，并且它们比金属和聚合物更加耐高温和耐苛刻的环境。
至于机械性能，陶瓷是硬的但是却很脆。
译文：聚合物包括常见的塑料和橡胶材料。
它们中的大多数是有机化合物，这些化合物是以化学的方法把碳、氢和其他非金属元素组合而成。
因此，它们有非常大的分子结构。
这些材料通常有低的密度并且可能十分柔软。
译文：许多复合材料被作用工程使用，它们由至少一种类型的材料组成。
玻璃丝是一个熟悉的例子，玻璃纤维被埋入聚合物材料中。
译文：为了联合显示每一种组分材料最好的特性，一种复合材料被设计出来。
玻璃丝从玻璃中获得强度并且从聚合物中获得柔软性。
最近发展中的绝大多数材料包含了复合材料。
be sensitive to 对…敏感的译文：半导体有电的性质，它们是介于电导体和绝缘体之间的中间物。
除此之外，这些材料的电学性质对微量杂质原子的存在十分敏感，杂质原子浓度可能只是在一个十分小的区域内可以控制。
译文：这些半导体使得集成电路的出现变得可能，在过去20多年间，这些集成电路革新了电子装置和计算机工业（更不用说我们的生活）。
译文：生物材料被应用于移植进入人类身体以取代病变的或者损坏的身体部件。
这些材料不能产生有毒物质而且必须同人身体器官要相容（比如，不能导致相反的生物反应）。
译文：所有以上材料－金属，陶瓷，聚合物，复合材料和半导体材料可能用作生物材料。
比如，如CF/C和CF/PS（聚砜）这些生物材料被用作人工肾的取代物。
译文：用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料。
借助于高科技，我们预定一个装置或者产品，这些产品用相对复杂和熟练的原理运转或者起作用；这些例子包括电子设备（VCRs, CD 播放器），计算机，光纤系统，宇宙飞船，航天飞机和军事火箭。
译文：这些高级材料或是典型的传统材料，它们的性质被提高，最近开发出来的，高性能材料。
除此之外，它们可能是所有材料类型（比如，金属、陶瓷和聚合物），通常相对较贵。
译文：在下面的章节将讨论众多先进材料的性质和应用－比如被用作激光，集成电路，磁信息存储，液晶显示器，光纤和空间舱轨道的热保护系统的材料。
译文：在过去几年内，不论材料科学与工程的规律取得了巨大的进步，仍然有一些技术挑战，包括开发更加熟练的专业化的材料，并且考虑材料生产对环境导致的影响。
针对这个问题，一些评论是十分相关的。
译文：核能还保持着一些承诺，但是解决许多仍然存在的问题，将有必要把材料包括在里，从燃料到保护结构以便方便处置这些放射性废料。
译文：相当数量的能源用在交通上。
减少交通工具（汽车，飞机，火车等）的重量，和提高引擎操作温度，将提高燃料的使用效率。
新的高强，低密度结构材料仍在发展，用作引擎部位能耐高温材料也在发展中。
译文：除此之外，寻找新的、经济的能源资源，并且更加有效的使用目前现存的资源是公认为必须的。
材料将毫无疑问的在这些发展过程中扮演重要的角色。
译文：除此之外，寻找新的、经济的能源资源，并且更加有效的使用目前现存的资源是公认为必须的。
材料将毫无疑问的在这些发展过程中扮演重要的角色。
译文：除此之外，环境质量取决于我们控制大气和水污染的能力。
污染控制技术使用了各种材料。
再者，材料加工和精制的方法需要改善以便它们产生很少的环境退化，也就是说，在生材料加工过程中，带来更少的污染和更少的对自然环境的破坏。
译文：也，在一些材料生产过程中，有毒物质产生了，并且它们的处置对生态产生的影响必须加以考虑。
我们使用的许多材料来源于不可再生的资源，不可再生也就是说不能再次生成的。
这些材料包括聚合物，最初的原生材料是油和一些金属。
这些不可再生的资源逐渐变得枯竭译文：下面是必须的：1）发现另外的储藏，2）开发拥有较少负环境影响的新材料，3)增加循环的努力并且开发新的循环技术。
译文：结果，不仅是生产，而且环境影响和生态因子，和材料整个生产过程紧密相关的材料“一生”的生命周期的考虑变得越来越重要。
Unit3 Atomic Structure of Materials1．众所周知所有的物质都是由原子组成的。
在下面周期表中我们可以知道仅仅大约有100成千上万的物种均是由一百多种原子组成的。
金属与陶瓷有不同表现行为，陶瓷又与聚合物有所差异。
物质的性能取决于组成他们的原子类型以及原子的结合方式。
材料的结构可以根据我们所认为的各种特性的的数量级来分类，三种最常见的主要结构上的分类通常按尺寸的增大列出它们是，原子的结构是指不可见的结构例如原子间的结合方式以及原子的排布。
微观结构是指不能同肉眼观察到而能用显微镜观察到的结构。
宏观结构是指可以用肉眼直接观察到的结构。
2．2．原子结构主要影响物质的化学性质、物理性质、耐热性、电性、磁性、光学性质。