假设(1)计算机软件行业表现出外部规模经济

CHAPTER 6

Review Questions

1. A downward sloping average cost curve reflects economies of scale since increased

output of the firm lowers it's unit costs.

a. Given that the firm's fixed costs are $20 and the marginal cost of production

is $2 per unit, how do average costs change as production increases from 5 to 10 to 20 to 40 units?

b. Discuss the intuition behind your response to part a.

c. In the figure below, graph the relationship between output, and average and

marginal costs.

d. As output gets extremely large, what happens to average cost? Why?

e. What is the relationship between average cost and the number of firms in an

industry?

2. Consider the production decision of a high-end producer of DVD players who

behaves as a monopolistic competitor facing a demand curve with parameter b=l/1000.

Fixed costs are $500,000 and the marginal cost of producing a DVD player is $100.

Suppose Home has annual DVD player sales of 50,000 units.

a. Graph the PP and CC curves for the Home DVD player industry.

b. Discuss the significance of the PP and CC curves.

c. In the absence of trade, how many firms will produce DVD players?

d. What will be the profit of each of these firms?

e. What is the economic significance of points to the left of the PP/CC intersection?

3.a. What conditions give rise to economies of scale in production?

b. What is the justification for trade based on economies of scale in production?

c. Does your response depend on the form of economies of scale in production (i.e.internal or external)?

4. 假设（1）计算机软件行业表现出外部规模经济，（2）与美国相比，印度在生产计算机软件上有比较优势，（3）印度软件市场的规模是美国市场的十分之一，（4）美国在该行业处于领先而且同时为美国和印度市场生产。如果印度保护它的软件市场，将发生什么情况？为什么？

5.你认为对于哪种类型的国家和哪种类型的商品，基于比较优势的贸易比基于规模经济的贸易更重要？对于哪种类型的国家和哪种类型的商品，基于规模经济的贸易比基于比较优势的贸易更重要？请做出解释。

6.为什么我们会认为基于规模经济而生的产业内贸易相对于基于比较优势而生的产业间贸易来讲会产生更小的政治争论？