高中英语语法专项复习系列之介词和连词

高中英语语法专项复习系列之介词和连词

一、考点聚焦

1、介词的分类与语法功能

（1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：

简单介词，如at、in、for等；

合成介词，如within、inside、onto、throughout等；

短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。

双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。

分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。

①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.

②He quarreled with her yesterday.

③He succeeded in passing the final exam.

④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfill the task ahead of time.

⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.

（2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。

①This machine is in good condition.(表语)

②Where is the key to my bike?(定语)

③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)

④She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）

2、介词搭配

（1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。break away 摆脱，脱离/break away from … 脱离……，奋力挣脱……

break down 出故障，坏掉，中止，累垮，分解/break in 打断，插话，闯入，强行进入die from 因……而死/hear from 收到……来信/ differ from 与……不同

（2）介词+ the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词+ sb.’s + 部位，可换用）

strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)

catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，扯”意义与by连用)

hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用）

（3）from表“阻止,禁止，免于” prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.

save/protect sb. from doing sth

（4）say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb. sth.。

（6）“名词+ 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分

the absence of water缺水/the hope of success成功的希望

have a chance of (for) entering college上大学的机会/take pride in them为他们感到骄傲

the key to the question问题的答案/a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药

the ticket for tomorrow明天的票

二、核心介词用法归纳与辨析

（1）表示时间的介词in的用法如下。

表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。

还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。

但要注意：

①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜间）。

②in five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“在……以后”。

③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：

in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：

during the discussion / in discussing the problem

during her stay in Hubei / in playing basketball

during the course of / in digging the tunnel

（2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。

on Sunday(s) . / on Tuesday morning / on Christmas Day(但at Christmas)

on Christmas Eve, /on Children’s Day/ on March 8, / on a rainy night

on the morning (afternoon, evening) of Oct.1

(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。

at breakfast (supper, lunch) , at six at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)

at the age of 15

注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如：

next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years

one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day、one day、yesterday afternoon, the night before

（4）till、until、to的用法

①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).

但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。

Not until 9 a.m. did Mr. Smith come back to school.

②to表“终结”时常用和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意

from July to September, from six to(till)eight（从……到……为止），但from morning till night （从早到晚），不能用to。

from … to常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词：

（A）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义：

from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place（处处，到处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door（家家户户），from house to house（挨家挨户），from shop to shop（一个商店接一个商店）。

(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。

from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to th e end of…）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚), from top to bottom（整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至终，从头到尾）。（C）from one + 名词+ to another表示“依次”。

from one car to another（顺着车厢依次地）。

（D）名词+ by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地”，要与from … to短语区别开：

one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地; face to face面对面。

(1) 表方式，方法或手段：

①表示按…计算