第1章 美国历史上的殖民地时期
美国历史知识点梳理
美国历史知识点梳理美国历史是世界历史中的重要组成部分，涵盖了从殖民地时期到现代的丰富内容。
本文将对美国历史的一些重要知识点进行梳理，以帮助读者更好地了解和掌握这段历史。
一、殖民地时期（Colonial Period）1. 罗斯托克定居点（Roanoke Colony）：是英国在1587年在北美建立的第一个永久性殖民地，但最终失踪成为“失落的殖民地”。
2. 普利茅斯殖民地（Plymouth Colony）：由清教徒建立于1620年，被认为是美国最早的永久性英国殖民地之一。
3. 马萨诸塞湾殖民地（Massachusetts Bay Colony）：由清教徒建立于1630年，成为新英格兰地区的中心，对美国的政治、宗教和文化发展产生了深远影响。
二、独立战争与建国初期（Revolutionary War and Early Republic）1. 波士顿倾茶事件（Boston Tea Party）：1773年，美国殖民地居民抗议英国的茶叶税法，把大量茶叶倾入波士顿港口，成为独立运动的重要事件之一。
2. 独立宣言（Declaration of Independence）：1776年7月4日，美国大陆会议通过的宣言，宣布美国独立，成为美国历史上的重要里程碑。
3. 美国宪法（United States Constitution）：1787年制定，成为美国的最高法律，确立了联邦制度和三权分立的原则，为美国政治体系奠定了基础。
三、南北战争与重建时期（Civil War and Reconstruction）1. 南北战争（American Civil War）：1861年至1865年，是美国历史上的一场内战，以南方联盟（Confederate States of America）与北方联邦（Union）之间的冲突为主，结束了奴隶制度，巩固了联邦政府的权威。
2. 解放宣言（Emancipation Proclamation）：1862年颁布，林肯总统宣布解放南方奴隶，成为南北战争中的重要政治举措。
美国历史简介
美国历史（一）殖民地时期前后殖民地时期以前（Before the Colonial Period）(1607年以前)1492年，意大利航海家克里斯托夫.哥伦布（Christopher Columbus）发现新大陆（the New World）；当时居住在美洲大陆的印第安人（Indians），被称为“最早的美国人”（the first American）殖民时期（Colonial Period）（1607-1753）1607年，英国在北美建立第一永久性个殖民地（first English Colony）—詹姆士镇（Jamestown）；18世纪中叶，英国在新大陆（the New World）建成13个殖民地（the Thirteen Colonies）（二）独立战争时期独立战争（War of Independence）及美国独立1773.12.16，波士顿倾茶事件（the Boston Tea Party)是美国独立战争的导火线1774年，来自12个州的代表聚集在费城（Philadelphia）1775年4月19日清晨，波士顿人民在莱克星顿（Lexington）上空打响了独立战争（the War of Independence）的第一枪，莱克星顿的枪声拉开了美国独立战争的序幕；1776年7月4日，第二次大陆会议（the Second Continental Congress）通过了托马斯.杰弗逊（Thomas Jefferson）起草的独立宣言（The Declaration of Independence），成立了美利坚合众国（the United States of America）；1776年7月4日，美国独立，7月4日被确定为美国的国庆日（National Day）1783年，美英签订《巴黎条约》（Treaty of Pairs），结束了独立战争制宪会议（The Constitutional Convention）1787年，制宪会议在费城召开，华盛顿被推为总统，会议还制定了宪法（Constitution）草案，1791年增加了宪法的头十条修改案，即“权利法案”（The Bill of Rights）（三）19世纪的美国1812年战争（War of 1812）（1812-1815）这是美国独立战争后的第一次对外战争西进运动（WestWord Movement）门罗主义（Monore Doctrine）内容大致可归纳为三个原则：“反对欧洲国家再在美洲夺取殖民地”原则“不干涉”原则“美洲体系”原则（European powers were no longer to colonize or interfer with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas）美墨战争（Mexican-American War）（1846-1848）南北战争（Civil War）（1861.4——1865.4）1860年共和党人林肯（Abraham Linkon）当选为总统，民主党（the Democratic Party）惨败，这成为南方奴隶主脱离联邦、发动叛乱的导火线（四）20世纪的美国20世纪初期的美国（The United States in the Early 20th Century）这一时期的美国总统西奥多.罗斯福（Theodore Roosevelt）扮演了重要角色，他通过反托拉斯法（Anti-Trust Law）有力打击了垄断集团，并制定法律以保护环境、保障劳工利益，使得美国得以迅速发展美国与一战（The United States and World War Ⅰ）一战中，美国伤亡巨大，于是在20世纪年代开始奉行孤立主义（Isolation）大萧条与新政（The Great Depression and the New Deal）大萧条，指1929-1933年之间的全球性经济大衰退罗斯福实行新政（3R）：复兴（Recover）、救济（Relief）、改革（Reform）美国与二战（The United States and World War Ⅱ）冷战时期（Cold War）美国民权运动（The Civil Rights Movement）越南战争（Vietnam War）中美关系（Sino-American Relations）水门事件（Watergate Scandal）。
美国发展史之殖民时代[权威资料]
![美国发展史之殖民时代[权威资料]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/26a7a41dba68a98271fe910ef12d2af90242a822.png)
美国发展史之殖民时代“罗马非一日建成”这句名言正好可以用来形容美国的发展。
美国从一个殖民地到现在的超级大国，这一过程是十分不易的。
首先的困境就是如何摆脱殖民地这一身份。
大约在两万多年前，有一批来自亚洲的流浪者，经由北美到中南美洲，这些人就是印第安人美洲原住民画像的祖先。
当1492年哥伦布发现新大陆时，居住在美洲的印第安人，约有2，000万，其中有大约100万人住在现在的加拿大和美国中北部，其余绝大部分住在现在的墨西哥和美国南部。
大约1万年前，又有另一批亚洲人，移居到北美北部，这是后来的爱斯基摩人。
而最早到美洲的白种人大概是维京人，他们是一群喜好冒险的捕鱼人，有人认为他们在1，000年前，曾到过北美东海岸. 殖民时期（1607～1753） 1607年，大约一百人的殖民团体来到了詹姆斯敦，并在此居住。
于是这成了英国在北美所建的第一个永久性殖民地。
十七世纪初，英国开始向北美殖民。
最初的北美移民主要是一些失去土地的农民，生活艰苦的工人以及受宗教迫害的清教徒。
1620年，他们乘“五月花号（Mayflower）”到北美并在船上制定《五月花号公约》。
该条约是美国历史上第一份政治性契约。
在11月21日于普利茅斯上岸，清教徒与41名自由的成年男人签署共同遵守《五月花号公约》。
内容为组织公民团体；拟订法规等。
奠定自治政府的基础。
在此以后陆续涌来了许多的殖民者，定居于沿岸地区，其中大部分来自英国，也有一部分来自法国、德国、荷兰、爱尔兰和其他国家.于是从1607年到1733年，英国殖民者先后在北美洲东岸（大西洋沿岸）建立了十三个殖民地。
由于一、英国移民移民北美是为了追求自由和财富，如被迫害的清教徒和贫农。
二、地方政府享受自治权。
三、殖民地居民有比英人更广泛参与政治的机会和权利，培养了自治的意识和能力，所以他们相信社会契约中，政府是人民需要保护而得人民支持才组成的。
在十八世纪中期，北美殖民地在经济上也开始寻求独立，减少对英国的依赖。
美国历史简介 精选1篇
美国历史简介美国，全名美利坚合众国(United States of America),位于北美洲，是一个联邦制国家。
美国的历史可以追溯到17世纪初，当时欧洲的探险家开始在北美大陆建立殖民地。
经过几百年的发展，美国逐渐成为一个世界强国，其政治、经济和文化影响力在全球范围内不断扩大。
1. 殖民地时期(1607-1775)美国的建国始于1607年，英国在北美洲建立了第一个永久性殖民地——弗吉尼亚公司。
此后，英国在北美大陆上陆续建立了13个英属殖民地。
这些殖民地的居民主要是英国移民及其后裔。
殖民地时期的美国社会以英国文化为主导，但也保留了当地印第安人和其他欧洲移民的文化特色。
17世纪中叶，随着英国对北美的扩张，殖民地之间的矛盾逐渐加剧。
其中最著名的冲突是英国与法国、西班牙和荷兰的战争。
这些战争导致了《航海条例》的颁布，旨在规范英国与其他欧洲国家的贸易。
然而，这一政策引起了美国殖民地的反对，因为它被认为是对美国贸易的限制。
1773年，波士顿茶党事件爆发，美国殖民地的抗议活动升级为武装反抗。
次年，第二届大陆会议通过了《独立宣言》，正式宣布13个英属殖民地脱离英国独立，成立美利坚合众国。
同年，美国第一任总统乔治·华盛顿被任命为军队总司令，领导美国人民进行独立战争。
独立战争持续了8年，最终在1783年英国承认美国独立。
战争结束后，美国开始着手制定联邦宪法，以确立国家的政治制度。
2. 联邦制时期(1783-1945)1787年，美国国会通过了联邦宪法，规定了一个统一的中央政府和一个各州组成的联邦体制。
根据宪法，美国设立了一个三权分立的政治体系：立法、行政和司法三个部门相互制衡，以防止权力过度集中。
此外，宪法还保障了公民的基本权利和自由。
在美国独立后的几十年里，国家经历了一系列的政治、经济和社会变革。
南北战争(1861-1865)是美国历史上最具破坏性的战争之一，它导致了约60万人死亡，并使国家分裂为南北两个经济、政治和文化上截然不同的地区。
美国史——第一章殖民地时期
美国史——第一章殖民地时期本书业经马里兰大学美国历史教授基思﹒奥尔森作最新修订；原文在编写过程中曾得到乔治﹒华盛顿大学美国历史教授伍德﹒格雷博士和已故哥伦比亚大学历史教授理查德德﹒霍夫施塔特博士的协助，并由加利福尼亚州伯克利的D﹒史蒂文﹒恩兹利增补了最新内容.第一章殖民地时期天时地利，已造成一个最好的地方，给人居住。
约翰．史密斯弗吉尼亚殖民地创建人，一六O七年十七世纪初期，移民的大潮流，开始从欧洲流到北美。
在三个多世纪里，最初为数仅几百名的英格兰移民迁徙，逐渐变为干百万人势如潮水的大迁移。
他们在各种强大的动机的推动下，终于在这片一度荒芜的大陆上，建立了新的文明。
西班牙人在墨西哥、西印度群岛和南美洲建立了兴旺的殖民地后很久，第一批英格兰移民才越过大西洋到达现在叫做美国的地方。
和早期涌到这个新世界的旅客一样，他们搭乘狭小拥挤的船只而来。
在六至十二个星期的旅程里，他们只能吃到很少的食物。
许多旅客在半路上就病死了；船只因经常遭受暴风雨的袭击而破烂不堪，有的竟沉没在茫茫的大海里。
那些疲乏的旅客，看到美洲海岸，真有如秆重负之感。
一个历史学家写道：「百里之外传来的气息，有如满园花木那样馥郁芳香。
」移民最初看到的新大陆是一片苍翠的密林。
当时，印第安人都住在林中，他们大多敌视外人，因此，移民一方面要应付艰苦的日常生活，另一方面又要提防印第安人的袭击。
但是，那一望无际的、沿着东海岸、从北向南延伸两千一百公里的原始大森林，将是座巨大的宝库，能提供充裕的粮食和燃料，还有盖房子、制家具、造船以及赚钱的出口货物的丰富原料。
英格兰人在美洲的第一个永久定居点是一六O七年在弗吉尼亚所建立起来的通商要塞詹姆斯敦。
这个地方盛产烟叶，可以源源不断地供应英格兰市场，所以，不久之后，经济就很繁荣」。
到了一六二O 年，英格兰妇女被招引前往弗吉尼亚结婚成家的时候，詹姆斯河一带，已建立起许多大种植园，人口也有上千人之多。
定居大西洋沿岸新大陆虽然得天独厚，资源丰富，但是，为了取得当时移民还不能制造的物品，与欧洲的贸易非常重要。
《美国文学简史》考研常耀信版考研复习笔记和考研真题
《美国文学简史》考研常耀信版考研复习笔记和考研真题第1章殖民地时期的美国1.1 复习笔记I. American Puritanism（美国清教主义）The settlement of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature.英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。
英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。
1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。
很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。
他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。
第一章 从殖民地到“超级大国”：美国的发展历程
第一章从殖民地到“超级大国”：美国的发展历程一、美国的奠基时代（1607－1775年）1、北美印第安人和美国近代文明的兴起2、英属北美13个殖民地的建立16、17世纪欧洲列强在北美的探险和殖民1607到1733年，英国在北美陆续建立了13个殖民地1621年普利茅斯印第安人和移民们共同庆祝为期三天的第一个感恩节Thanksgiving Day（每年11月的第四个星期四）英属北美13个殖民地（1607－1733）弗吉尼亚Virginia 1607马萨诸塞Massachusetts 1620马里兰Maryland 1634康涅狄格Connecticut 1636罗德岛Rhode Island 1644卡罗来纳Carolina 1663（1711年分为南北两个）纽约New York 1664新泽西New Jersey 1664新罕布什尔New Hampshire 1679宾夕法尼亚Pennsylvania 1681特拉华Delaware 1703佐治亚Georgia 1733北美殖民地的社会结构：上层是以总督为首的大商人、大土地所有者或种植园奴隶主；中间是小土地所有者、小工厂主、技师和自耕农等；底层是白人契约奴和黑人奴隶各设总督和议会：总督代表宗主国利益；议会有颁布法律、征税和分配经费的权利，主要代表殖民地居民的利益。
3、利坚民族的形成殖民地间经济的差异性促进了彼此商品的流通，逐渐形成了统一的市场。
经济的交往也促进了文化的交流，如哈佛学院。
最早具有民族意识的知识分子，如托马斯·杰斐逊、詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿等；英语逐渐成为他们的共同语言；4、英国与北美殖民地矛盾的激化1764年食糖法Sugar Act1765年印花税法Stamp Act1773年茶叶税法，波士顿倾茶事件♦ 1774年3月始，英国政府接连颁布了5项高压法令(“不可容忍的法令Intolerable Acts”)。
殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学
第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学I.知识结构：见笔记II. 知识点精讲1.时代背景1)The Native American and their culture---Indians. Before Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent, there was no real literature.2)Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.3)Captain Christopher Newport reached Virginia in 1607.4)Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower（五月花号）in 1620. (In 1629, the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.（马萨诸塞湾）Puritans came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution—and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. They regarded themselves as God's chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden.)5)The puritan migration began. (The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.)6)The British Industrial revolution (1750-1830) spurred the economy in American colonies; in American, there was War of Independence (1776-1783); the spiritual life of the colonies----Enlightenment began toappear. Thus, this period was the literature of reason and revolution (1781-1815).2. 名词解释1）Puritans（清教徒）: They are one division of English Protestant. They regarded the reformation of the church under Elizabeth as incomplete, and called for further purification.The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group. Their religious doctrines are original sin, total depravity, predestination and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. They regardedthemselves as chosen people of God. They were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. They are opposed to mysticism and pantheism because these tended to destroy the transcendence of God.They embraced hardships, industry and frugality. They favored a disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. Their attitudes toward work: work itself is good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work. Pushing the frontiers with them as they moved further and further westward, they became more practical, as indeed they had to be. "A doctrinaire opportunist" came perhaps closest to the American Puritan ideal for man.2) American Puritanism(美国清教主义): It is a religious and political movement.Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature. American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.3) American Dream(美国梦):The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. (These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness.)4) Great Awakening(宗教大觉醒): Great Awakening is a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political thought. In New England it was started (1734) by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards.3.作家作品1）Captain John Smith(1580-1631)（约翰·史密斯）---first American writer Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. Anotherthing he wrote about that became historically important is his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England. His narrative reveals the early settlers' vision of the new land as something capable of being built into a new Garden of Eden.His contributions: There was the famous John Smith's description of New England as a promising virgin land, which came to the attention of many people in England and Europe and drew many of them over to the New World.His description of American was filled with themes, myths, images,scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He lured the Pilgrims into fleeing here and creating a new land.2) William Bradford (1590-1657)（威廉·布拉德福德）---- the first governor of the PlymouthWilliam Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation that he established with his group of Pilgrim Fathers. His Of Plymouth Plantation（《普利茅斯殖民史》）records, along with other things of a historic nature, the deliberations that the first settlers of North America had regarding their colonizing undertaking. In chapter IV, "Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal," Bradford states the fourth reason for their departure for the new world when he saysthat his people had "a great hope and inward zeal" to do the spadework for disseminating "the gospel of the kingdom of Christ" in the new world and they were even willing to be stepping-stones for others in doing this great work. The religious and idealistic nature of their adventure into the unknown world is self-evident.The characteristics of the Of Plymouth Plantation （《普利茅斯殖民史》）are simplicity, full of earnestness, direct reporting. It is readable and moving.3) John Winthrop 温斯罗普(1588-1649) ---- The first governor of theMassachusetts Bay ColonyJohn Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, states in this speech of his that there was the cause between God and his people who entered into a covenant with God for this work of building a new garden of Eden in the new worldJohn Wi nthrop’s works are A Model of Christian Charity（《基督教仁爱的典范》）, which is a speech, and The History of New England（《新英格兰的历史》）.4) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)（安妮·布雷兹特里特）----- a Puritan poet The American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style ofestablished European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) was one such poet.The argument of most of Anne Bradstreet’s poems is essentially about the justice of God’s ways with His Puritan floc k. Her works search for a sense of man’s nature and destiny and his mission in the new world. One more thing to note about Anne Bradstreet is her description of the early settlers’ life in the new world. For example, “As Weary Pilgrim,”（《疲倦的朝圣者》）one devoted to God as much as any of her other poems, offers some hints of the hardships that they suffered in their first days there.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet who wrote “ponderous Verses ofinterminable, inter-locking poems” on the four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America. Most of other verses (have fallen into the obscurity of time, but her gentle “Contemplations”（《沉思》）are still read today.The ninth offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritans pioneering in a new world. When the poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, she thought of this as their praising their Creator and searched her own soul accordingly. It is evident that she saw somethingmetaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception that was singularly Puritan.Her other poems such as “To My Dear and Loving Husband” （《致我亲爱的丈夫》）and “In Reference to Her Children,” however, denote the human side of her being clearly. Take “To My Dear and Loving Husband” for instance:Coming from a devout Puritan, these lines are surprising because they reveal the inner “soul-scape” of the “Puritans” so graphically. Read Anne Bradstreet’s poems on her children and grandchildren, and it will be clear that the love, the care, and the happiness that comes from family life are all the important to her indeed.“The Flesh and the Spirit”（《灵魂和肉体》）: The struggle between the two impulses (spiritual and material) is perennial and constitutes the basic texture of the Puritan mind. Her poem, “The Flesh and the Spirit,” depicting as it does two sisters arguing about their values, is a good illustration. The Flesh, one of the twin sisters, is forthright with her assertion of her views about the importance of this world while the Spirit, the other, tries to convince her of the greatness of the Kingdom of God. The Spirit seems to be winning as she has a much longer and more final argument to offer. The twin sisters are evidently the integral parts of one Puritan mind.5）Edward Taylor (1642-1729)（爱德华·泰勒）Edward Taylor (1642-1729) was a meditative poet. In his splendid, exotic images, Taylor came nearest to the English baroque poets. For all his indulgence in his “un-Puritan” imagery, however, he was, first and last, a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for God.A good example is his poem, “Huswifery,” (《家务》)which indicates that he saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning：The spinning wheel, the distaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn have all acquired a metaphysical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes of Edward Taylor.In his interesting poem “Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”（《蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想》）, Taylor sees the spider as a symbol of Hell with its traps.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring, or possibly sinful, humankind from the evil designs of Hell.6) Roger Williams (1603-1683) （罗杰·威廉斯）Roger Williams was one of the greatest Puritan dissenters in the early days of Puritan theocracy in New England. He came to America in 1630 and began to preach for civil and religious liberty and against the Puritanoligarchy of Boston. His call for democratic government and his opposition to the eviction of the Indians from their ancestral properties incurred the wrath and hatred of such “orthodox” Puritans as John Cotton (1584-1652), who banished him from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635. He lived for a while with the Indians before immigrating to Rhode Island, where he established the “Rhode Island Way” to encourage religious toleration, and protect Indian rights.Williams published his “The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause o f Conscience”（《血腥的迫害教义》）(1644), furiously attacking the “soul-killing” requirement of religious conformity and vigorously upholding the spiritual freedom of the individual.7) John Woolman (1720-1772)（约翰·伍尔曼）Born into a pious Quaker family in New Jersey, John Woolman was early convinced that true religion consisted in an inward life in which the heart loved and respected God and learned to exercise true justice and goodness toward men and brutes alike.His Journal (1774) veritably notes down his experience and feeling during witnessing the slave trade, revealing the cruel truth of black slave selling. Besides he has the courage to criticize himself and pursue self-perfection, which is consequently consideration as a “Quaker classic of the inner Light,”and countless non-Quaker readers have been touched by its “exquisite purity and grace.”His essays are "Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes" and "A Plea for the Poor," in which he tried to plead for the rights of all men and for the abolition of the slavery system. He also kept a Journal for the most part of his life, recording his spiritual experiences of inward communication with God.8) Thomas Paine (1737-1809)(托马斯·潘恩)The life of Thomas Paine was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He was a propagandist and a major influence in the American Revolution. He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character that it is no exaggeration to state that he helped to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions that his age witnessed.His main works were a series of pamphlets. His Common Sense（《常识》）, declaring as it did that "Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; In its worst state an intolerable one," attacked British monarchy and added fuel to the fire which was soon to bring the colossusof its colonial rule down in flames. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as anencouragement to the painfully fighting people. Paine became a major influence in the American Revolution.His American Crisis （《美国危机》）series of pamphlets came out at one of the darkest moments of the revolution when Washington's troops had just suffered one of the worst defeats in the war and were in the process of retreating. "These are the times that try men's souls," it declared. "The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph." Here the word “try” was in a sense of “test to the limit” and “subject to great hardships”.Later he participated in the French Revolution, and wrote The Rights of Man（《人权》）and The Age of Reason《(理性的时代》), spreading the ideals of the French Revolution among the people.9) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)（托马斯·杰弗逊）Thomas Jefferson was a resourceful and intelligent man. He played different roles in his life. He was an enlightener, an aristocrat, a lawyer, scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and a writer.He was one of the men who drafted The Declaration of Independence （《独立宣言》）. It was adopted on July 4, 1776, announcing the birth of a new nation and a philosophy of human freedom. It was a statement of American principles and a review of the Causes of thequarrel with Britain. In The Declaration of Independence, people instilled a sense of their ownimportance and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self government and a dignified place in society.10) Philip Freneau (1752-1832) （菲利普·弗瑞诺）---- “poet of the revolution” and “Father of American Poetry”Philip Freneau was important in American literary history in a number of ways.a.He used his poetic talents in the service of a nation struggling for independence, writing verses for the righteous cause of his people and exposing British colonial savageries.b. He was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature.c. Almost alone of his generation, Freneau managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, see life around directly, and appreciate the natural scenes on the new continent and the native Indian civilization.His main works were "The Rising Glory of America," (《美国荣誉的崛起》1772)"The Wild Honey Suckle,"（《野忍冬花》1786）"The Indian Burying Ground"（《印第安墓地》1788）and "The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi". Take "The Wild Honey Suckle," for instance.Stanza 1: the flowers hidden in the retreat;SStanza 3&4: reinforce the message.The lyric beauty, the heartfelt pathos, and the multiple emotional responses and echoes that, the sight described can awaken in the bosoms of the readers —all these are simply amazing. Through the poetic image, the poet describes the beauty of nature."The Indian Burying Ground"In this poem, Philip Freneau gave recognition to the Native American culture as a potential indigenous subject for American writers---- another potential subject for them; he revealed not only his tolerance of a different way of life, but also his admiration for it.11) Charles Brockden Brown（查尔斯·布洛克登·布朗）Charles Brockden Brown is one of the most prominent among these writers.a. His first novel, Wieland(《威兰》); or, The Transformation: An American Tale (1798) has been regarded as the first American novel.b. Basically, Brown was an imitator. The Gothic features of his works are a good illustration.c. He awared that his inspiration was rooted in his own land, its new life and energy which, he felt, offered the writers with areas of exploration different from European subjects. Brown believed that his novels were all about his country and histanza 2: Nature makes their beauty;people and that he employed new narrative techniques hitherto unheeded by his predecessors.d. Another thing of historic significance that Brown did was his description of his characters' inner world.e. His four major novels—Edgar huntly (1799), Ormond (1799), Arthur Mervyn (1800), as well as Weland—are all solid evidence of his literary beliefs put into practice.f. Brown began to explore the emotional world of his characters and found that man is not always controlled by reason and that sensual experiences, passion and illusion could all impact human thinking and emotional responses. He became aware that the subconscious is mystic and unfathomable and that art is a necessary medium to externalize the deeper impulses of the human psyche. In a manner of speaking, Brown's works can be read as psychological novels. His protagonists—Wieland or Huntly or Ormond—all exhibit the essential characteristics of a neurotic.12）Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)（乔纳森·爱德华兹）Edwards was born into a very religious New England family. He preached with horrific vividness in order to make religious ideas felt along the senses. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man and man's need to communicate with the Holy Spirit to receive God's grace. What he was trying to do was to reinstate these Calvinist ideas in ways acceptable to an audience already becoming susceptible to the ideas of Enlightenment. Jonathan Edwards was probably the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.His greatest works that have made people remember him even today. These include The Freedom of the Will (1754)（《论意志自由》）, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)（《论原罪》）, and The Nature of True Virtue (1765)（《论真实德行的本源》）；His sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"（《愤怒的上帝手中之罪人》）.He was the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. In his works, he represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did his best but failed torevitalize. He discovered, beneath the dogmas of the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God. Edwards believes in the regeneration of man. He urges his people toenjoy the sweetness of "conversion," the change of heart with the help of the grace of God. When Edwards saw the sun rise out of darkness and from under the earth, raising the whole world with it, raising mankind out of their beds and brightening up everything, he thought of Jesus Christ rising from His grave and from a state of death and bringing happiness, life and light to the world of man. His Images or Shadows of Divine Things （《圣灵的影像》）contains a great many instances of this kind which were part of the Puritan typological tradition and, in the way that Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, the work anticipated the nature symbolism of nineteenth-century Transcendentalism. In his doctrines of inward communication of God and man, and of the immanence of God in nature, and in his literary expression of all these ideas, Edwards was, in the words of F. I. Carpenter, a good deal of a transcendentalist.13）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(本杰明·富兰克林)Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Born in 1706 into a candle-maker's family—"poor and obscure" as he says of himself in his Autobiography（《自传》）, he had very little formal education. When still very young he was apprenticed to his olderhalf-brother, a printer, and began at 16, to publish essays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston. At 17 he ran away toPhiladelphia to make his own fortune. His entrance into the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind. He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, founded the Junto Club (a society meeting regularly for informal discussions of good books, business ethics etc.) and a subscription library, issued the immensely popular Poor Richard's Almanac（《穷理查年鉴》）and retired around forty-two years of age, soon after he became financially independent. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. Among the things which he started and for which he is still remembered today were volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, and efficient heating devices. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line, the experiment that won Immanuel Kant's admiration when the German philosopher called him "the new Prometheus who had stolen fire[electricity in this case] from heaven," his lightning-rod, the recognition he won from the Royal Society of London—all these made him one of the preeminent scientists of his day.His major works: Poor Richard's Almanac and Autobiography.In Poor Richard's Almanac, sayings like "Lost time is never found again,""A penny saved is a penny earned,""God help them that helpthemselves,""Fish and visitors stink in three days" and "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise"—these and many other similar statements filled the almanac, and taught as much as amused. The practical wisdom of Franklin shone forth rays of grandeur from its pages.AutobiographyThe book consists of four parts, written at different times. Franklin was 65 when he first wrote it.It is an inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to a high position. It is a how-to-do-it book, one on the art of self-improvement. It covered Franklin’s life only until 1757 when he was 51 years old. It described his life as a shrewd and industrious businessman. He narrated how he owned the constant felicity of his life, his long-continued health and acquisition of fortune.The whole book is an impressive record of a man trying to be of value to mankind: Franklin spent his whole life doing all kinds of things for the welfare of the world, as indeed we have noted a moment earlier. Creating as it does the image of a boy's rise from rags to riches, the book demonstrates Franklin's confident belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work andwisemanagement, and that "one man of tolerable abilities will work great changes and accomplish great affairs among mankind." Thus through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.（14）Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (克雷福科)Crevecoeur was a French settler. He wrote letters back to Europe, explaining the meaning of America to the outside world. The first eight of Crevecoeur's twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American, the "new man," planted in a new world, who left behind him the old world with its oppression and servility, working and getting "rewards of his industry" and acquiring the dignity and self-confidence of a true human being in what he called "the most perfect society now existing in the world." In his letters we hear the note of pride in democratic equality and abundance of opportunity, a note we are to hear over and again in the writings of later American authors.The note of pessimism began to vibrate in Letters from an American Farmer (1775)（《美国农民的来信》）. In his lifetime, Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. In fact, starting from his ninth letter, he began to speak with a different voice, the voice of a definitely disillusioned man. There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of evilthat hethought the American had left behind with his migration to this side of the Atlantic.4. 重点难点Puritanism’s influence on American literature 清教主义对美国的影响（1）American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest.(2) The American Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. To the pious Puritan the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Physical life was simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, en-meshed in the vast context of God's plan, possessed a delegated meaning. The world was, in a word, one of multiple significance.(3) Style: With regard to technique one naturally thinks of the simplicity, which characterizes the Puritan style of writing. With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the structure is tight and logic; it adopts a lot of homely imagery; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.(4) A dominant factor in American life, American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing. Thus American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans. General features of Colonial American literature殖民时期美国文学特征(1) American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.(2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. Most of them were practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; there were highly theoretical discussions of religious questions.(3) In form, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.(4) The purpose of these writings was pragmatic.。
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第一章美国历史上的殖民地时期一、印第安人文明与美国历史1、奇特的印第安人文明美洲的土著居民——印第安人印第安人是南、北美洲的土著居民。
当15世纪末欧洲探险家越过大西洋、声称“发现”美洲“新大陆”时，印第安人实际上已在这里生息、繁衍了逾万年，并且创造了一种独特的古代文明。
“发现”：当代学者认为：“发现”美洲新大陆的提法，带有欧洲中心史观的偏见，应予摈弃。
美国历史学家帕瑞说：哥伦布并未发现一个新世界；他只不过是在两个都很古老的世界之间建立了联系。
越来越多的学者如今倾向于采纳"两个世界（或两种文明）的'相遇'"这一提法。
印第安文明的多样性和复杂性15世纪末欧洲人抵达美洲时，美洲究竟生活着多少印第安人，由于缺乏统计数字迄今尚无定论。
“统计数字”：据估计，整个西半球的土著居民约为1400－4000万，语言和方言在500种以上，分别属于20多个互不关联的语族。
有学者估计整个西半球印第安人有2500万左右，其中中美洲、墨西哥和墨西哥以北地区500万，今美国境内（阿拉斯加除外）85万，位于北美13州及其周围地区22万。
印第安人仅仅是一个统称，他们当中存在很多分支。
“分支”：北美洲有爱斯基摩人、阿留申人、易洛魁人、克里克人等；墨西哥和中美有阿兹特克人、玛雅人等；西印度群岛有加勒比人；南美大陆有智布查人、印加人、瓜拉尼人、恰努亚人等。
在今天美国这片土地上，土著印第安人也并不是一个统一的共同体：分成600多个不同的部族；讲着200多种不同的语言；其身材、外形、肤色、语言、信仰各异；文明的发展程度参差不齐。
2、北美印第安人的社会制度和生活方式母权制氏族社会发展阶段美国著名人类学家路易斯·摩尔根对印第安人的历史和社会风俗进行了长达半个世纪的考察和研究。
根据他的研究和实地考察，北美印第安人的社会组织属于古代氏族制度。
主要处在母权制氏族社会发展阶段，个别部落中间依照父权制组成。
基本组织形式为：氏族、胞族、部落、部落联盟。
“路易斯·摩尔根”：摩尔根（1818-1881）生于纽约，1840年大学毕业，1847年被易洛魁人一氏族收养，1851年发表《易洛魁联盟》，1862年出版《人类家族的亲属制度》，1877年出版《古代社会》，1881年出版《美洲土著的房屋和家庭生活》。
后两本书有中译本。
恩格斯高度评价摩尔根的研究成果。
恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》（见《马、恩选集》第4卷）就是根据摩尔根的研究成果而作。
摩尔根论印第安人社会在美洲发现的时候，“这里既没有任何一种政治社会，也没有任何一个国民，没有任何一个国家，没有任何文明。
就‘文明’一词的本义而言，当时最先进的美洲印第安部落距离文明的开端还隔着整整一个文化期。
”（摩尔根：《古代社会》，上册，第65页）部落联盟已经出现美洲被发现时，已经产生一些部落联盟，其中易洛魁联盟最先进。
“易洛魁联盟”：易洛魁联盟由5个独立部落组成，势力最盛的1675年前后，领土范围包括今纽约州、宾夕法尼亚州和俄亥俄州的大部分地区以及安大略湖北岸加拿大部分地区。
既务农，又捕鱼和狩猎。
其他著名的部落联盟有：6个部落组成的克里克联盟、3个部落组成的渥太华联盟、"七会议篝火"组成的达科他联盟、新墨西哥七村组成的摩基联盟。
易洛魁联盟以南是势均力敌的阿尔贡金诸部落。
今新墨西哥、亚利桑那、科罗拉多一带，是半定居的普韦布洛部落，以采集为主，从事狩猎，种植玉米、豆类和南瓜。
3、印第安人文明与美国历史的关联印第安人文明不能简单地等同于美国的“古代史”◆ 两种观点关于印第安人文明与美国历史的关系，学术界存在两种不同看法。
一种观点认为，印第安人的历史是美国史的重要组成部分，构成美国史的古代部分；另一种观点针锋相对，认为印第安人文明与美国历史没有直接的关联，不能简单地等同于美国的“古代史”。
◆第一种观点的主要根据（1）印第安人文化是世界古代文明之一，对世界经济、文化发展有过重要贡献和影响；（2）美国是一个多民族国家，印第安人也是其中一个民族，且是美国土地上最早的居民。
◆ 第二种观点的主要根据（1）印第安人虽对世界经济、文化发展有过一定影响，但对近代美国社会政治、经济、思想、文化及宗教的发展，并没有产生直接的、决定性的影响；（2）美国文明是建立在欧洲科学技术、思想文化及宗教的基础之上的，美利坚民族是欧洲民族融合的产物。
美国历史不是在印第安人历史的基础上发展起来的。
二者没有必然的联系。
（3）即便以印第安人文明作为美国历史的开端，仍然缺少奴隶社会和封建社会阶段，中间仍然存在很长一段空白。
北美印第安人对于近代美国文明的兴起作出巨大贡献◆ 印第安人是开发北美的先驱、近代农业的奠基人。
当今美国有20多种农作物源于印第安人的种植，如玉米、烟草、白薯、马铃薯、红薯、花生等。
近代农业与印第安人栽培玉米的主要方法比较起来没有多少变化。
烟草的栽种方法、用阳光或者火熏烤法来自印第安人。
马铃薯后来传到欧洲。
印第安人懂得怎样控制野生植物和选种，懂得施肥和土壤改良，懂得用糖水或蜂蜜保存果类，用人工或太阳干燥法保存水果、蔬菜和肉类。
◆ 印第安人是欧洲探险者和移民始祖的指路人。
早期北美大陆的开发与印第安人的热情帮助分不开。
哥伦布到达圣萨尔瓦多岛时，受到岛上土著印第安人的热烈欢迎，称其为"天上来的人"，并充当其向导。
欧洲移民进入北美大陆初期也受到印第安人的友好对待。
印第安人教他们种植农作物、在树草丛生的情况下开垦种地、以野草制药，以枫叶制糖浆；教他们设置陷阱捕捉野兽；教他们捕鱼方法；教他们以烟柱、火把为号，探路传讯；教他们制作独木舟以便在河湾行驶。
即使独立战争时期采用的散兵队形作战术，也是来自印第安人。
沿袭至今的全国性节日—“感恩节”也与印第安人相关。
“感恩节”：1620年冬英国清教徒移民抵达北美马萨诸塞湾普利茅斯殖民地时，一贫如洗，饥寒交迫。
友好的印第安人伸出援助之手，教白人如何捕鱼，如何种植玉米、番茄、可可、烟草等作物，帮助他们度过难熬的严冬。
第二年秋，移民们种植的作物获得大丰收。
为感谢上苍的眷顾，同时也为感谢印第安人的慷慨相助，移民们在10月份举行聚会庆贺丰收。
当地的印第安人酋长应邀率近百人参加庆祝活动。
庆贺丰收的纪念日沿袭至今，成为美国人重要的全国性节日之一。
◆ 印第安人文明为美利坚民族文明增添了光彩。
当今美国印第安人人数不到总人口的1%，只有140万。
美国有20多个（有人说26个，有人说34个）州，1000多条河流，200多个湖泊，以及无数城镇、山丘、河谷、森林、公园，用的是印第安人名称。
例如Iowa、Massachusetts、Arkansas、Dakota、Illinois、Oklahoma、Utah、Alabama、Arizona等源于印第安人的部落名称。
此外还有Ohio、Missouri、Conneticut、Potomac River、Michigan Lake等。
俄克拉何马意为"红种人土地"；康涅狄格意为"长河"；印第安纳是肖尼、迈阿密印第安人的故乡。
密西西比河也取自印第安人"大江"的意思。
阿巴拉契亚山脉意为"另一边人们"。
落基山意为"石头山"。
密尔沃基意为"欢乐之乡"。
美语中借用的印第安人语言单词（包括直接借用和派生的）大约有1700个。
◆ 白人种族主义者的自我"辩解"不足为据。
历史上，北美印第安人不公正地遭到欧洲殖民者的杀戮和驱赶。
对于欧洲白人驱赶、屠杀印第安人的原因，白人学者提出各种各样解释，如：印第安人部落间的不团结论、印第安人对欧洲白人的不合作论、印第安人地方疾病摧残论等等。
然而大量事实表明，初期印第安人并非"大多敌视外人"。
如独立派教士罗杰·威廉斯因教派分歧被逐出海湾殖民地，友好的印第安人允其在纳拉甘西特湾建立殖民区，1644年组成罗得艾兰和Providence殖民地。
《美利坚共和国的成长》一书作者指出："美洲印第安人是一个伟大高尚的种族，我们这些欧洲裔或非洲裔的人是以认他们为祖先而自豪的。
他们并不是野蛮人，我们曾将他们当做野蛮人来对待，我们为此而感到羞愧。
"二、美洲的发现和欧洲人的探险、殖民活动1、谁先到达美洲：几种不同观点◆ 哥伦布。
1492年热那亚航海家哥伦布在西班牙国王支持下，率领船队自西班牙的帕洛斯港启航，计划前往中国和印度，航行中偶然发现了美洲（10月12日凌晨登上巴哈马群岛中的圣萨尔瓦多岛，1493年3月回到出发地。
）其后1493-1504年间又3次赴美洲探险。
1501年，意大利人亚美利哥沿南美海岸航行后，用拉丁语报道“我们发现了一个新世界”。
1507年德国地理学家瓦德西·穆勒提出用亚美利哥的名字命名新大陆为亚美利加洲，后来逐渐为人们所接受。
◆ 公元7世纪，爱尔兰的僧侣圣·布伦丹曾经横渡大西洋。
◆ 公元1000年，冰岛人雷夫·埃里克森发现今纽芬兰岛地区。
1982年联合国大会上就谁最先发现美洲新大陆发生争论。
西班牙等36国的决议案要求在1992年10月纪念哥伦布发现美洲500周年，冰岛代表则要求在公元2000年时纪念发现美洲1000周年。
◆ 中国人先于哥伦布到达美洲。
1761年法国学者德·歧尼根据《梁书·诸夷传》提出此说。
《梁书》称慧深和尚于公元5世纪到过扶桑。
“扶桑国者，齐永元元年（公元499年），其国有沙门慧深来至于、荆州，说云：‘扶桑在大汉国东二万余里，地在中国之东。
其土多扶桑木，故以为名。
扶桑叶似桐，初生如笋，国人食之。
实如梨而赤，绩其皮为布，以为衣，亦以为锦。
作板屋，无城郭。
有文字，以扶桑皮为纸。
无兵甲。
不攻战’。
”1953年，美国学者默茨将慧深对扶桑国的描述同中南美洲地区古代印第安人的宗教、传说、风俗、历法、建筑、雕像以及当时的物产、鸟畜相对照，论证扶桑就是今天的墨西哥。
但大多数学者认为扶桑乃指日本。
1979年，美国圣地亚哥大学考古学家莫里亚蒂致函我国考古学家，认为加利福尼亚州海岸发现的古代石制船只石锚，是中国人横渡太平洋航海的证据。
此外，还有所谓的“殷人东渡说”，理由是墨西哥文化和商代文化有很多相似之处，据此推论说公元前1400年已有中国人到过美洲1492年之前对美洲的探险活动学者们一般能够接受“在哥伦布航抵美洲之前已有人到达美洲”的说法。
至于中国人是否在哥伦布之前到达过，则值得作进一步的研究。
无论如何，哥伦布之前的美洲航海活动没有延续性，之后才揭开了美洲殖民、开发、发展的新篇章。
2、“旧世界”的发展导致了两种文明的“相遇”15世纪后期，西欧处于一个新时代的门坎之上，其特点是：海外探险和殖民；世界贸易的扩展；主要贸易航线由地中海向大西洋偏移。