英国文学—浪漫主义运动时代

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英国文学浪漫主义时期

Disparity was growing between the rich and the poor;
Ideologically
The principle of Ration was giving way to an individualized, free, liberal, imaginative attitude towards life;
Exoticism: Along with Nationalism, the Romantics even developed the love of the exotic. Hence, in many of the literary as well as artistic works of that period, the far off and mysterious locations were depicted. Though this was completely opposite from the ideal of Nationalism, they never clashed with each other. The reason for this is that just like the exotic locations, the people did not know about the folklore of their places before, and so they seemed to be as vague as the far away places. Exoticism is also one of the most prominent characteristics of Romanticism in art, along with sentimentality and spirituality.

英国文学史--最全总结中英

盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485莎士比亚时代1564—1636清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660古典主义时代 1660—1744约翰逊时代 1744—1785浪漫主义时代1786—1832维多利亚时代 1832—1900现代第一章Anglo-Saxon （426—1066）旧约：上帝创世纪新约：耶稣古英语诗歌分为的世俗的1.Beowulf 史诗（三千行的长诗，关于英雄战绩的故事）2.文字来源于日耳曼系3.基督教的文学：瑞特文的故事Caedmon第二章Angol-Norman（1066—1350）中世纪英语：基督教义，自我拯救1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances1）容：传奇好像现在的长篇，有诗，有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。

2）产生：传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的，骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系，且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。

3）分类：不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain法国的事迹罗马的事迹第三章：乔叟的时代（1350—1458）背景：百年战争（The Hundred’s War）1.Geoffrey Chaucer：文艺复兴以前，英国文学界最伟大的人物。

The Canterbury Tales1）三个阶段：第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期第三时期—在文学上成功的时期，为他自己以国文写作的时期2）．近代诗人英文作家中，第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人3）.特点：反对迫害，反对禁欲，文艺复兴的报春者a他在英语上发明音调b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改，以告成英文与英国文学。

c完美的音律，倾向于音乐化d 创设接近社会生活的作品；眼光思想都很广阔；音乐的眼光第四章：民间文学1．歌谣的来源：歌德Geothe说：民歌的价值，全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。

英国文学发展概述(3)

英国文学发展概述（3）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）18世纪末、19世纪初，英国诗风大变。

苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特·彭斯（Robert Burns, 1759-1796）给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。

他的抒情诗自然生动，感情真挚，讽刺诗尖锐锋利，妙趣横生。

威廉·布莱克（William Blake, 1757-1827）是版画家兼诗人，想象奇特，极富个性。

他的短诗意象鲜明，语言清新，后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。

他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩。

布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。

1798年，威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth, 1770-1850）与塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834）合作出版了一本小诗集《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads ），其中大部分诗歌出自华兹华斯之手，用简朴的语言描写简朴的生活。

《抒情歌谣集》的问世标志着英国浪漫主义文学的真正崛起。

华兹华斯在1802年诗集再版时写的序中对诗歌作出了著名定义：“好诗是强烈感情的自然流溢”。

浪漫主义是对新古典主义的反拨：诗歌内容不再是对现实的反映或道德说教，而是诗人内心涌出的真实感情；诗歌语言不是模仿经典作家去追求高雅精致，而是要贴近普通人的日常用语。

浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然，主张返朴归真。

浪漫主义是一个比较笼统的概念，每个诗人各有其特征。

同样是“湖畔派”诗人，华兹华斯将大自然视为灵感的源泉，自然美景能给人力量和愉悦，具有疗效作用，使人的心灵净化和升华，柯勒律治则赋予自然神奇色彩，擅长描绘瑰丽的超自然幻景。

乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron, 1788-1824）和波西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822）属于革命诗人，但拜伦自我表现意识强烈，而雪莱深受柏拉图哲学影响，憧憬美丽的理想和理念。

英国文学浪漫主义时期 ppt课件

Historical Background
Politically: the French Revolution
"Declaration of Rights of Man" (1791-2), Thomas Paine
"Inquiry concerning Political Justice" (1793), William Godwin
a tendency to turn or escape from the tumultuous嘈杂的动乱的and confusing society
Characteristics of Romanticism
•Love of Nature: The Romantics greatly emphasized on the importance of nature, and one of the main characteristics of Romanticism in poetry is the beauty of nature found in the country life. This was mainly because the industrial revolution had taken man from the peaceful country life towards the city life, transforming man's natural order. Nature was not only appreciated for its physical beauty by the Romantics, but also for its ability to help the urban man find his true identity.

英美文学史之英国文学浪漫主义

英美文学史5浪漫主义俩个时期的代表人物：第一代：布莱克、彭斯、华兹华斯第二代：拜伦、雪莱、济慈The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义----Romantic writing emphasizes emotionsand feelings instead of reason and logic . 浪漫主义强调的是情感和感觉而不是理性和逻辑。

The time begins with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(1798),ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832)浪漫主义开始的标志是华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》（他和S.T Coleridge联合发表的）发表，结束于斯科特的去世。

一．俩大派别：Lake poets湖畔派诗人（又称：Escapist poets逃避诗人Negativepoets消极诗人）: Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治Satanic poets魔鬼派(又称：Active poets积极诗人) ：Lord Byron拜伦、Shelley雪莱、Keats济慈二．William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯-----poet-laureate桂冠诗人Lake poets湖畔派诗人（又称：Escapist poets逃避诗人Negative poets消极诗人）:Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治作品：I wandered Lonely as a Cloud我孤独的漫游，像云朵一样（选自The Daffodils《黄水仙》）She Dwelt Among theUntrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方（mourning悲伤的、Dwelt居住）补充了解：1.其他作品Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺、The Prelude序曲（自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry）、The Excursion、the Lucy poems《露西诗》2.Symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.符号是用来代表抽象事物的概念His style：simplicity and purity of the language,love of nature,fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry.简单而纯洁的语言，反传统形式的18世纪诗歌。

试论英国文学浪漫主义运动及其对中国文学的影响

试论英国文学浪漫主义运动及其对中国文学的影响作者：张翼王加宁陈礼柏边冀昭来源：《神州·中旬刊》2017年第11期摘要：在世界文学艺术的宝藏里，浪漫主义文学是不可或缺的组成部分，一直以来备受文艺欣赏与学术研究界的关注，自五四新文化运动以来，新诞生的中国浪漫主义文学也受到了英国文学浪漫主义运动的影响。

在本文中首先论述了英国文学浪漫主义运动的发展起源及表现特征，进而阐述了对于中国浪漫主义文学的影响。

关键词：英国文学；浪漫主义运动；中国文学一、英国文学浪漫主义运动发展和起源英国的工业革命始于十八世纪六十年代，经济得到了高速的发展的同时带动了物质文明的发展。

英国在十九世纪三十年代成了世界工厂，产生了资产阶级。

由于经济的发展速度过快，人性与道德的光辉逐渐被掩盖，人们开始追逐金钱利益，催生了拜金主义，这时，一些觉醒了的浪漫主义先驱开始运用文学作品来对抗资产阶段金钱至上的价值观。

欧洲的启蒙运动始于十七世纪的下半叶，启蒙运动让人们的思想获得了自由，从天主教思想的禁锢之下解脱出来，不再处于被蒙蔽的状态，但是到了后期思想的发展又过于理性，对于人性与情感太过压抑。

这种状态一直持续到十八世纪末，人们无法忍受太过严苛的理性，开始崇尚感情的自然流露。

在这种社会背景之下，诗人们、作家们在为了逃避现实，沉浸在非理性的世界里寻找心灵的慰籍，有的在寻求美，有的在追求精神上的满足。

法国于一七八九年爆发资产阶级革命，并以自由、平等、博爱为目标。

法国革命对于英国民众产生了巨大的影响，当时在英国诗坛最活跃的一些诗人，写了大量的诗篇，来歌颂法国革命，宣扬进步的思想。

在英国文坛还有雪莱、拜伦等著名人物写下了恒久流传的巨作，表达了对于人权自由的向往、与封建思想的挑战。

在以上论述的三大背景之下，诞生了英国浪漫主义文学运动，这场运动持续时间非常长，从十八世纪末一直到十九世纪三十年代，诗歌作为主要的文学表现形式，具有独特的艺术魅力，充分抒发了内在细腻的情感。

(完整版)英国文学发展概述(3)

英国文学发展概述（3）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）18世纪末、19世纪初，英国诗风大变。

苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特·彭斯（Robert Burns, 1759-1796）给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。

他的抒情诗自然生动，感情真挚，讽刺诗尖锐锋利，妙趣横生。

威廉·布莱克（William Blake, 1757-1827）是版画家兼诗人，想象奇特，极富个性。

他的短诗意象鲜明，语言清新，后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。

他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩。

布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。

《抒情歌谣集》的问世标志着英国浪漫主义文学的真正崛起。

华兹华斯在1802年诗集再版时写的序中对诗歌作出了著名定义：“好诗是强烈感情的自然流溢”。

浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然，主张返朴归真。

浪漫主义是一个比较笼统的概念，每个诗人各有其特征。

浪漫主义时期英国文学

五．浪漫主义时期（1798年-1832年）托马斯·格雷（Thomas Gray）：“感伤主义”（Sentimentalism）诗人。

“墓园派诗人”(graveyard school)。

代表作《墓园挽诗》（An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）。

威廉·布莱克（William Blake）：诗人，代表作《天真之歌》（Songs of Innocence），《经验之歌》（Songs of Experience）。

罗伯特·彭斯（Robert Burns）：苏格兰杰出的农民诗人。

作品：《一朵红红的玫瑰》（A Red, Red Rose），《昔日的好时光》（Auld Lang Syne）。

威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）：“湖畔派”诗人（Lake poets），“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）。

代表作《独自云游》（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud），《孤寂的割麦女》（The Solitary Reaper），《丁登寺杂咏》（Lines Composed a Few Miles about Tintern Abbey），《序曲》（The Prelude）。

塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）：“湖畔派”诗人（Lake poets）。

代表作《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Marine），《忽必烈汗》（Kubla Khan），《克里斯塔贝尔》（Christabel）。

罗伯特·骚塞（Robert Southey）：最年轻的“湖畔派”诗人（Lake poets），“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）。

代表作短诗《布莱尼姆之战》（The Battle of Blenheim），《我与死者做伴的日子已经结束》（My Days among the Dead are Past），《撒拉巴》（Thalaba the Destroyer），长诗《克哈马的诅咒》（The Curse of Kehama）。

英国文学：浪漫主义时期(romanticsm)

英国文学：浪漫主义时期（romanticsm）18 世纪末和19 世纪出浪漫主义文学在全欧盛行。

浪漫主义作家反映了那一时期处在资产阶级革命和社会革命时期的社会情绪、意识形态及人生观。

他们注重人的本能和感情，以此表达对社会现实的不满。

浪漫主义文学与古典主义的灵感的想像，思想与情感，尤其主张以诗歌来抒发个人的情感，表达对理想的追求。

英国诗人威廉．布莱克和罗伯特．彭斯开创了浪漫主义诗歌的先河，到了19 世纪上半叶，英国的浪漫主义诗歌达到顶峰。

由于诗人的社会立场和作品的思想内涵不尽相同，19 世纪前期英国浪漫主义可分为消极和积极两个派别。

以威廉.华兹华斯、柯尔律治、骚塞等“湖畔诗人”为代表的消极浪漫主义诗人愤世嫉俗，忧郁失望，作品以诗吟湖光山色和田园风光为主。

以拜伦、雪莱、济慈等为代表的积极浪漫主义诗人则充满破除封建束缚的革命激情和向往新生活的崇高理想。

作品强调自由平等和个性解放，充满瑰丽的想像和奔放的激情。

威廉．布莱克的《天真之歌》展现了一个充满博爱、仁慈、怜悯和快乐的世界。

诗人用孩子般的眼光看世界，用空想欢乐主义来理解社会。

鲜明有力的诗句中处处渗透出诗人对生活与自然的孩子般率真而欣悦的感受以及对宇宙和谐的领悟。

在《经验之歌》创作与刻印期间，诗人的思想受到法国革命的巨大冲击，对革命寄予了深切的同情。

诗人清楚地理解了英国人民的苦难，不再天真，对社会有了深刻的经验。

布莱克的其他作品与以上诗集风格有所不同。

形式上，他放弃了惯用的格律而采用无韵的自由体诗，内容上，他以歌颂人性解放与精神自由、歌颂革命、反对传统的理性主义以及英国封建专制以及追求崇高而神圣的理想为主。

《耶路撒冷》一诗长四千多行，主要讲了人的堕落与重生。

布莱克诗中的人道主义与民主主义精神赋予了诗歌极大的生命力；艺术上打破了18 世纪古典主义的清规戒律。

他强调本能、感情、想像力，以清新奔放的无韵体诗抒发理想。

布莱克给诗坛带来的一股清新奇特的诗风对后浪漫主义的发展有着功不可没的贡献，是浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。

英国文学史(浪漫主义时期)

英国文学史（浪漫主义时期）浪漫主义时期，其实从18世纪中叶已经开始了，罗伯特·彭斯和威廉·布莱克，开了个先河，到19世纪，华兹华斯拉开序幕，再到司各特去世，浪漫主义时代结束，其中鼎盛时期不过30多年，这一时期要讲的主要是六个诗人湖畔派诗人那三个较为消极的还有拜伦雪莱那一伙积极的，再加上浪漫主义时期的小说简·奥斯丁，还有一个司各特。

多的可能会补充。

这块先看看背景，再说一下，浪漫主义为什么会在英国兴起。

一、历史背景政治上来讲，当时英国的情况，应该是工业革命，资本主义迅速发展，成为世界工厂。

文化上面，当时法国大革命，启蒙思想已经到了高潮，人民追求自由、平等之思想已经到了极致，可是呢，法国大革命一结束，启蒙思想家所谓革命之后的理想社会，并没有出现，这个时候，整个社会，都弥漫着一股失望的情绪，对于原来古典主义所谓追求理性的观点，产生了排斥，不少作家开始，追求自我精神世界，强调自由、自然、自我，注重主观精神世界的表现。

这个时候，经过感伤主义和前浪漫主义时期的铺垫，浪漫主义时期来临，诗歌上面得到极大发展，当然流行的都是抒情诗（lyrics），最先开始就是以华兹华斯为代表的湖畔派诗人（Lake poets），这一派因为隐居于英国西北部的湖区得名，又应诗歌题材大多写田园生活，远离尘世，显得十分消极，华兹华斯和柯勒律治合编的《抒情歌谣集》（The lyrical ballads）下面先来讲一下，华兹华斯。

二、代表人物诗歌：1、挚爱自然的华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）华兹华斯出生于一个律师家庭，读书的时候，除了学习拉丁语和古典文学就是流连于山水之间，培养对自然的爱好，后来他去了剑桥大学读书，期间，研究斯宾塞，乔叟等人的文学，随后，徒步旅行到法国，被法国革命提出的“自由”、“平等”的口号所吸引，在那里住了一年多，随后“九月大屠杀”和雅各宾派的恐怖统治，大大地浇灭了他对于革命地热情，在朋友的帮助下，在湖区的乡舍中住了两年，这个时期基本热心于创作，期间还认识了柯勒律治，两个人经常相互切磋诗艺，1798年，就联手出版了《抒情歌谣集》，开一代诗风，诗集没出版的时候，华兹华斯就在致力于写作他自己的《序曲》（The Prelude ），后面就是在他离世之前，分别迁过两次，都在湖区住了七八年。

英国浪漫主义文学

英国浪漫主义文学英国是最早出现浪漫主义文学的国家之一。

英国的浪漫主义作家不满于资本主义城市文明的发展，具有愤世嫉俗、归隐自然的倾向。

18世纪中后期的诗人罗伯特·彭斯（1759年－1796年）和威廉·布莱克（1757年－1827年）是浪漫主义文学的先驱，他们在英语诗歌文体和语言上做出了很多可贵的尝试。

彭斯从苏格兰民歌中吸取养料，其《苏格兰方言诗集》擅长抒情和讽刺，语言通俗；布莱克的《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》则具有象征意义和神秘色彩，在20世纪大放异彩，影响了整个现代英诗。

然而，英国浪漫主义第一批真正的大师则是被称为「湖畔派」的三位诗人。

威廉·华兹华斯（1770年－1850年）是湖畔派诗人中成就最高者，他与「湖畔派」另一诗人萨缪尔·柯勒律治（1772年－1834年）共同出版《抒情歌谣集》，成为英国浪漫主义文学的奠基之作。

诗集中收录的诗歌大部分为华兹华斯所做，而柯勒律治的名诗《古舟子咏》和《忽必烈汗》亦收入其中，充满幻觉和奇谲的意象。

然而华兹华斯这一时期最重要的作品则是长诗《序曲》。

骚塞的诗歌极富古之幽情，与世俗格格不入。

湖畔派三位诗人均蛰居于英国西北湖区，缅怀中世纪和宗法式的乡村生活，是浪漫主义文学中温婉清丽的代表。

乔治·拜伦（1788年－1824年）和雪莱（1792年－1822年）两位诗人将英国的浪漫主义文学推向高峰。

他们和湖畔派诗人的不同之处在于其作品更具战斗意识和政治倾向。

雪莱的代表作《解放了的普罗米修斯》通过神话描写被压迫的人民的苦难和暴君的必然下场，预言革命一定会到来。

他的短诗《西风颂》、《致云雀》等音韵铿锵，更有「冬天如果来了，春天还会远吗？」等名句传世。

拜伦是19世纪上半期最为著名的浪漫主义诗人，他一生游历各地，其诗作充满异域情调。

代表作《唐璜》是对资本主义制度的一场深入骨髓的检阅，发人深省。

在欧洲，拜伦成为一种文化现象。

人们把孤独、悲壮、崇尚个人式反抗的浪漫主义者形象称为「拜伦式英雄」。

对英国文学史上的浪漫主义时期分析

对英国文学史上的浪漫主义时期分析作者：张子晔来源：《青年时代》2017年第31期摘要：浪漫主义文学是英国文学史上至关重要的一个历史时期，它以其独特的时代特征与文学特征影响着英国文学史的发展，这一时期的诗歌创作一直流传至今，并出现了诸多伟大的作家。

基于此，本文就十九世纪英国文学史上的浪漫主义时期进行了研究，从其历史背景、文学流派到代表作家及作品特色进行了简要概述，以供参参考。

关键词：浪漫主义时期；英国；文学史一、前言实践证明，文学的发展与社会的发展存在密切的关联性，文学以其独特的意识形态记录了社会发展形态，而社会政治、经济等的发展在一定程度上推动这文学的发展。

漫主义时期作为英国文学史上的重要时期之一，对其的研究不仅对英国文学的创新发展具有重要影响作用，对该时期英国历史背景与社会形态的认知与理解同样具有重要现实意义。

二、浪漫主义时期的历史背景浪漫主义（Romanticism）是文艺领域中的中重要创作手法之一，它与显示主义文艺共形成文学艺术领域中的两大主要思潮。

在英国文学史中，浪漫主义时期主要是指十八世纪末至十九世纪初这一阶段[1]。

在这一时期中，英国浪漫主义诗歌得到创新发展并涌现出大量具有代表性的诗人、作家以及艺术家、思想家、政治家，如威廉·布莱克（William Black，1757——1827年）、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth，1770——1850年）、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron，1788——1824年）、波西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792——1822年）、约翰·济慈（John Keats，1795——1821年）、柯勒律治（Samual Coleridge，1772-1834年）等等[2]。

英国文学史中的浪漫主义深受历史中三大事件的影响，即1776年的“美国独立宣言（The Declaration of Independence）”，美国为独立国家；1789年的法国大革命（法文：La Révolution française，英文：The French Revolution），君主制崩溃，民主思想得到渗透；1832年的英国“议会制度改革”，“改革法令（the Reform Act）”得以实施。

英国文学简史浪漫主义（18-19世纪）

七、The Romantic Period1、Romanticism: At the turn of the 18th and 19th century, Romanticism came to be the new trend in English literature. It rose and grew under the imperus of Industria Revolution and the French Revolution. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticism was expressed almost entirely in Poetry. It was a reaction to neoclassicism. It stressed vitality, powerful emotion, limitles s and dreamlike thoughts, thus making the contrast with neoclassicism which was associated with order, common sense and controlled reason.Generally speaking, the Romanticits expressed the ideology and sentiment of those class of social status who were discontened with and opposed to the development of capitalism. But owing to the difference in political attitude, they split into two schools: the first and the second genetation of Romantic poets.The former was represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. They reflected on the classes who got ruined by the bourgeoisie. By way of protesting agai nst capitalist development, they turned to the past, ie. the “Marry Old England” as their ideal. The younger Rimanticists expressed the aspiration of the class created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from pression and exploitation. And they were represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.2、OdeOde is a long lyrical poem that is serious in subject and treatment, elevated in style, and elaborate in its stanzaic structure. The prototype was established by the Greek poet Petrarca whose odes were modeled on the songs by the chorus in Greek drama. In modern use, it is a rhymed lyric , often in a form of an address, generally dignigied or exalted in subject, feeling and style, but sometimes symple and familiar. The masterpieces in English ode include, “Ode to the West Wind”, “Ode to a Nightingale” and “Ode on a Grecian Urn”.1William W ordsworth(1770-1850)作品：The Prelude(his greatest work) ; Lyrical Ballads(with Coleridge); Tintern Abbey;We Are Seven; My Heart Leaps Up.2)His poetic outlook:①Wordsworth is regarded as a " worshipper of nature." To Wordsworth, nature embodies, human beings in their diverse circumstances. It is nature that gives him "strength & knowledge full of peace."②Common life is Wordsworth's only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor, especially poor children.3)Achievement①The most important contribution he has made is that he has started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self.②He also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language & by advocating a return to nature.Lake poets: Samuel T aylor Coleridge(1772-1834), Robert Southey(1774-1843), William Wordsworth(1770-1850)2W alter Scott(1771-1832)作品：①ballad: Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border②Poetry:The Lay of the Last Minstrel; Lady of the Lake③Novels: Wavery; Rob Roy; Ivanhoe3Jane Austen(1775-1817)）作品：①②Sense & Sensibility ③Northanger Abbey ④Mansfield Park⑤Emma ⑥Persuasion.2）写作特色：Jane Austen first gave the novel its modern character through the treatment of everyday life.1）Austen's novels describe a narrow range of society & events：a quiet，prosperous，middle class circle in provincial surroundings，which she knew well from her own experience2）Her subject matter is also limited，for most of her novels deal with the subject of getting married，which was in fact the central problem for the young leisure-class lady of that age，who had no other choice in her life but to find a good husband.3）Austen's interest was in human nature；in her depiction of human nature，instead of being fascinated by great waves of elevated emotion，by passion or heroic experience，she focused on the trivial & petty details of everyday living，which became very interesting through her truthful & lively description.4）Austen's novels are brightened by their witty conversation & omnipresent humor. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness，elegant & refined，but never showy.4Charles Lamb(1775-1834)作品：①the Essays of Elia,②Tales from Shakespeare,③Dream Children, ④Poor Relations,⑤Speciments ofEnglish Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare.5George Gordon, Lord Byron(1788-1824)1) 作品Children Harold’s Pilgrimage; Oriental Tales; Manfred; Cain; Don Juan②Short lyricsWhen We Two Parted; She Walks in Beauty2) Artistic AchievementByronic HeroAs a leading Romanticist, Byron's chief contribution is his creation of the " Byronic hero," a proud & mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions & powers, the Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in an evil society, & would fight single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills & inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems & convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, & then further developed in later works such as Oriented Tales, Manfred, & Don Juan in different guises. The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life & personality of Byron himself, & makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.6Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)作品：Prose:Defence of PoetryPoem: A Song: “Men of England”;"To a Skylark" ；"Ode to the West Wind";Queen Mab; The Revolt of Islam; The Maspue of Anarchy.7John Keats(1795-1821)”墓志铭：Here lies one whose name was writ in water.1）作品：Endymion; Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on an Grecian Urn; Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St.Agnes,& Other Poems.2)济慈四大颂歌:①Ode to a Nightingale;②Ode on a Grecian Urn ③To Autumn;④To Melncholy。

英美文学选读(英国)浪漫主义时期笔记

Chapter 3 The Romantic Period1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.Social background:a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market.3.The Romantic Movement: it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules.Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development.Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads.4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of those classes which had been ruined by the bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic poets represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.5. Lake Poets:Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England6. Byronic Hero a proud, mysterious rebelling figure of noble origin rights all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and is against any kind of tyrannical rules; It appeared first in Childe H arold’s Pilgrimage and then further developed in later works as the Oriental Tales, Manfred and Don Juan; the figure is somewhat modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.7. Main Writers:A. William Blake(1757-1827):1. Literarily, Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a comtempt for the rule of reason, opposing the calssical tradition of the 18th century,and treasuring the individual’s imagination.2. His first printed work, Poetic Skelches, is a collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.3. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The wretched child described in “The Chimney Sweeper,”orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. Blake experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.4. The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a malancholy tone. The little chinmney sweeper sings “notes of woe” while his parents go to the church and praise “God & his Priest & King”—the very intrument of their repression. A number of poems in the Songs of Experience also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The 2 books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.5. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the 2 books a strong social and historical reference. The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic ciecumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect “illusionary happiness;”the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.6. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. The poem plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. Blake explores the relationship of the contrries. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence. The “Marriage”means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.Main works: Poetical SketchesSongs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poemsHoly Thursday reminds us terribly of a world of loss and institutional cruelty.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.Marriage of Heaven and HellThe book of UrizenThe Book of LosThe Four ZoasMilton7. Language Character: he writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.B. William Wordsworth(1770-1850) In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.Lyrical Ballads:But the Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.Short poems:According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be calssified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.Wordsworth is regarde as a “worshipper of nature.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”is perhaps the most anthologized poem in english literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic beliefs. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.”Wordswoth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. “The Solitary Reaper” and “To a Highland Girl” use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty. In its daring use of subject matter and sense of the authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence ” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.Wordsworth deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profoud poetry which no othr poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.Main Works:Descriptive Sketches, and Evening WalkLyrical Ballads.The PreludePoems in Two VolumesOde: Intimations of ImmortalityResolution and Independence.The ExcursionPoets: The Sparrow’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud( is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.), An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up, Tintern AbbeyThe ThornThe sailor’s motherMichael,The Affliction of MargaretThe Old Cumberland BeggarLucy PoemsThe Idiot BoyMan, the heart of man, and human life.The Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlThe Ruined CottageThe PreludeLanguage character: he can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. And he thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.He is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to natureC. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas, so he held a lifelong aversion to crulty, injusticce, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemming war, tyranny and exploitation. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind. Even after a revolution, that is after the restoration of human morality and creativity, the evil deep in man’s heart might again be loosed. So he predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions couls benevolence be universally established and none of the evils would survive in this “genuin society,”where people could live together happily, freely and peacefully.Shelley expressed his love of freedom and his hatredtoward tyranny in several of his lyrics. One of the greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.” It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to risse up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Comuunist Party.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becoms an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality. The whole poem had a logic of feeling,a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: if winter comes, can spring be far behind?Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”Main works:The Necessity of Atheism, Queen Mab: a Philosophical Poem, Alastor, or The Spirit of SolitudePoem: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Mont BlancJulian and Maddalo, The Revolt of Islam, the Cenci, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hellas,Prose: Defence of PoetryLyrics:genuine society,“Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”, The Cloud, To a Shylark, Ode to the West WindPolitical lyrics: Men of EnglandElegy: Adonais is a elegy for John Keats’s early deathTerza rimaPersonal Characters: he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume and Godwin, so he held a life long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion andthe formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation. He expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics such as “Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, and intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel. Or express what passionately moves us.D: Jane Austen(1755-1817): born in a country clergyman’s family:Main Works:Novel: Sense and SensibilityPride and Prejudice(the most popular)Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionThe WatsonsFragment of a NovelPlan of a NovelPersonal Characters: she holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear—sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Her Works’ Characters: his works’s concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. It is her c onviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. Her thought is that if one wants to know about a man’s talents, one should see him at work, but if one wan ts to know about his nature and temper, one should see him at home. Austen shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. She write within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England. Concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Her novels’ structure is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the hig hest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. Her works’ at one delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous details, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.G: Questions and answers:1. what are the characteristics of the Romantic literature? Please discuss the above question in relation to one or two examples.a. in poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.b. the romanticists not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.c. they regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.d. romantics also tend to be nationalistic.2.Make a contrast between the two generations of Romantic poets during the Romantic AgeThe poetic ideals announced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.3.what are Austen’s writing features?Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Aust en’s work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels showa wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.4. what is the historical and cultural background of English Romanticism?a. Historically, it was provoked by the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution.b. Culturally, the publication of French philosopher Rousseau’s two books provided necessary guiding principles for the French Revolution which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm in England;c. England experienced profound economic and social changes: the enclosure movement and the agricultural mechanization; the capitalist class grasped the political power and came to dominate the English society.H. topic discussion:1. Discuss the artistic features of Shelley’s poems.A. Percy Bysshe Shelly is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.B. His poems are full of classical and mythological allusions.C. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speechD. He describes vividly what we see and feel, or expresses what passionately moves us.2. What does Wordsworth mean when he said “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility”?This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth’s poetry c reation which was set forth in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth appealed directly on individual sensations, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.3. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significance of her works?Jane Austen is a writer of the 18th century through she lived mainly in the 19th century. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion, and moral principles. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Austen defined her stories within a very narrow sphere.。

自考英美文学选读第三章浪漫主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)

英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第三章浪漫主义时期西方文学史上的浪漫主义运动是不易用一言以蔽之的,尤其是它的确切时间与特点,因为这是一场席卷全欧及美国的浩大文学变革。

而英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年,标志为华滋华斯与柯勒治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版,终于1832年,标志为沃特·斯哥特的去世及议会第一个改革提案的通过。

但上述这些标志也并非精确而权威,因为作为一股文学潮流,浪漫主义早在《抒情歌谣集》之前就开始了。

在前一章提到的感伤主义作家中,我们就可以发现他们对古希腊罗马的作品风范已失去兴趣,取而代之的是对文学与传奇的重新思考。

这一切都是自蒲柏至约翰逊时期的新古典主义理性文学的叛逆。

而英国文学史上最伟大的浪漫主义作品有不少都产生于激进与传统相冲撞的18世纪末,这时英国又面临着新的发展动力,一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。

法国哲学家让·亚克·卢梭是18世纪后半叶的主导思想家。

1762年,他出版了两部作品震惊欧洲,《社会契约论》与《爱弥尔》。

在这两部作品中,他探索了有关自然、社会与教育的新思想。

卢梭的这些思想为法国大革命做了必要的意识形态准备,因为它激起了人们对封建暴君的愤恨及对美好未来的希望。

法国革命的消息,尤其是《人权宣言》的发表及攻打巴士底狱也点燃了英国自由主义与激进主义者同情的火花。

英国遍地都成立了各种爱国者俱乐部或协会,宣传自由、平等与博爱。

1790年10月,埃德蒙·伯克出版了《法国大革命写照》。

他的这本政论小册子以笔墨诛伐了激进的革命以及对君主制与宗教特权摒弃,他对狂热的革命暴动及未来的暴民统治与军事独裁大泼冷水。

伯克的文章激起了要求打倒暴君、废除压迫政府的邀进派作家的反驳。

其中托马斯·潘因的《人权宣言》(1791-1792)最有力度。

潘因对欧洲的情势深为了解:大革命期间他本人就在法国,并在文章中下出结论,1789年以前的法国一片黑暗,处处都是压迫与不幸,除了革命,没有一条通向自由的路,此外,威廉·戈德温在他的《有关政治正义的研究》(1793)中强烈谴责了不合理的经济制度与政治压迫。

译文11-21浪漫主义时期英国文学

第五部分浪漫主义时期的英国文学一、历史背景法国大革命与工业革命二、导言浪漫主义时代始于1798年，1832年结束。

1798年，威廉·华兹华斯和他的朋友塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治出版了他们的合著《抒情歌谣》。

抒情歌谣的出版标志着与古典主义的决裂和浪漫主义时代的开始。

1832年，最后一位浪漫主义作家沃尔特·斯科特去世，于是在那一年，浪漫主义时代结束了。

浪漫主义者对人的精神生活和情感生活给予了极大的关注，因为浪漫主义的时代实质上是一个情感强烈的时代，充满了对人的进步的热情。

他们常常沉溺于在他们的作品中使用自然的拟人化。

三、时代的文学特征这个时代是一个充满浪漫热情的时代。

这主要是一个诗歌的时代。

华兹华斯、柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱和济慈的诗歌体现了这个时代的辉煌。

女性作为小说家出现在这个时代。

正是在这一时期，女性首次在英国文学中占据了重要地位。

是夸张浪漫派最成功的作家之一。

简·奥斯汀在她经久不衰的作品中向我们展示了她对日常生活的迷人描述。

他们的作品使妇女在文学上获得了崇高的地位，她一直保持着这种地位。

最伟大的历史小说家沃尔特·斯科特也出现在这一时期，他的历史小说将浪漫主义的气氛与现实主义的历史背景和平民生活结合起来。

斯科特标志着从浪漫主义到现实主义的过渡。

这一时期的浪漫主义散文以兰姆、哈兹利特、德昆西和休谟为代表。

兰姆是最好的散文家，他的随笔很有名。

四、文学代表一。

威廉华兹华斯（1770-1850）1）生活威廉华兹沃斯漫长而平静的一生分为四个时期：一是1770年至1787年在坎伯兰山度过的童年和青春；二是风雨交加的时期（18世纪发生在德国的一场运动，在那里作家们奋起反抗古典主义者）；这一时期包括他在剑桥的大学生活，他的他在国外旅行，1787-1797年的革命经历；c）在1797-1799年短暂而重要的一段时间内发现自己和他的作品；d）在北湖地区长期退休，在那里整整半个世纪，他生活在如此接近自然的地方，她的影响反映在他的所有诗歌中。

英美Chapter 4 浪漫主义时期

Chapter 4: The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期part 1 Historical Background➢Time Span (para.1, p123)1798-1832, English Romanticism, the publication of Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth & Coleridge)《抒情歌谣集》的出版the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first Reform Bill沃尔特.斯各特去世& 议会通过第一个改革方案➢The romantic era is an age of crisis.浪漫的时代是一个危机的时代。

1．French Revolution (1789) 法国大革命It affected the feudal order of the whole Europe，It aroused great sympathy & enthusiasm in the English liberals & radicals.它影响了整个欧洲的封建秩序，引起了英国自由主义者和激进派的极大同情和热情。

“liberty, equality and fraternity”自由平等博爱two influential books: Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man，William Godwin’s Inquiry Concerning Political Justice两个有影响力的书:托马斯·潘恩的人权，威廉·戈德温《论政治公平》2．“the full swing of English Industrial Revolution” 英国工业革命的蓬勃The capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market. 资产阶级不仅主宰了生产资料，而且主宰了贸易和世界市场。

英国浪漫主义文学

英国浪漫主义文学英国浪漫主义文学（Romanticism in English Literature）时代背景：英国文学史的浪漫主义时期是指十八世纪末至十九世纪三十年代这一段历史。

经过工业革命，英国由手工业劳动为主的国家逐渐转化为工业大国。

1775年爆发美国独立战争强调个人的平等权利和自立自强原则。

1789年法国大革命是对漠视平民的旧有社会秩序的一种反抗，随之发展成为更大规模的革命运动。

“自由、平等、博爱”这一口号很快传遍了欧洲，宣告了君主专制统治的彻底结束。

浪漫主义时期的文学特点：卢梭是法国哲学家，被公认为浪漫主义之父。

1761年出版了《新爱洛伊斯》1762年出版《爱弥尔》。

播下了浪漫主义萌发的种子。

浪漫主义运动的本质就是对人类的本能和感情的宣扬，对自然的敬仰和对于再造新世界的极大憧憬和理想。

浪漫主义是对权威和传统的反叛，面对各种社会矛盾，浪漫主义作家在他们的作品里表达对现实的不满和对任何政治独裁、经济剥削、以及封建资本主义的仇恨。

George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦：拜伦世袭了父母的贵族血统，父亲挥霍无度，花光了家里的积蓄，又将拜伦的母亲抛弃。

由于拜伦天生跛足，导致他的母亲在一连串的家庭变故后称他为“小瘸子”，所以拜伦的童年一直不幸福。

后来拜伦先后就读于哈罗公学和剑桥。

在大学期间便出版了抒情诗Hours of Idleness《闲散时光》。

She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》：选自Hebrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》，在一次舞会上，拜伦第一次遇到了他的表姐Wilmot Horton夫人，这位夫人穿着黑色丧服。

拜伦为她的美丽所打动，回家之后便做出此诗。

Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治：与他的朋友华兹华斯一样，早年时期曾是一位激进的作家。

十九岁进入牛津度过了三年时光，后于1793年肄业。

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