《英语国家概况》- Chapter 1 Land and People

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英语国家概况第一单元ppt--超级详细

College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
December 16, 2020
SCOTLAND
St Andrew’s Flag
most important river in Scotland: Clyde River
tallest mountain range: Grampian Mountains格兰扁山脉
John Bull 约翰牛
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
Why?
December 16, 2020
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries 3
Geographical Names
The United Kingdom
December 16, 2020
St George’s Flag
The River Themes泰晤士河
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries 8
ENGLAND 英格兰
Rose
The Pennines奔宁山脉: the ‘backbone’ of England
tallest one of the range Ben Nevis 本· 尼维斯
Capital, 2nd largest city in Scotland: Edinburgh
largest city in Scotland: Glasgow 格拉斯哥
Features: tourism (one of most important industries)
Beautiful scenery Scotch whisky Scottish kilts Bagpipe

英语国家概况课后题总结和答案

Chapter 1 land and people1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian.2.Describe the geographical position of Britian?Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.4.Does Britain have a favourable climate? why?Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature,too.5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three:1)The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2)the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3)the North Atlantic Drift,a warm current,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall,while the south-eastern corner is the driest. 6.Des cribe the distribution of Britain’s population.Britain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated, with an average of237people per square kilometre. It is also very unevenly distributed , with 90%of the population in urban areas,10% in rural areas. Geographically, most British people live in England. Of the total of 57 million people, 47 million live in England, 14 million live in London and Southeastern England.7.What are the three natural zones in Scotland?The three natural zones in Scotland are : the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands ,and the southern Uplands.8.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish? The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots,Welsh and rish are Celts.9.What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England? How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive?The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable ,generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls.Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.10.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland?Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group,while the latter are seeking moresocial,plitical and economic apportunities.The british Government and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.。

英语国家概况第一章

Chapter1Land and PeopleGreat Britain is the largest island in Europe. It is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern lreland. This is the full name of the country which constitutes all these places. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom, is “the UK" for short. However,most people call the UK ”Britain" or “Great Britain,” and some people simply say “England," which is incorrect and particularly annoys the Scots.According to the 2011 census, the total population of the UK was around 63 million. It is the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and France) and the 22nd-largest in the world.The UK is a developed country. According to 2013 statistics it has the sixth-largest national economy in the world (and third-largest in Europe) measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world (and second-largest in Europe) measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). It was the world's first industrialized country and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The UK remains a great power because it still has considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.The capital of the UK is London, which is among the world's leading commercial, financial,and cultural centers. Other major cities include Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England, Belfast and Londonderry in Northern Ireland, Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland, and Swansea and Cardiff in Wales.I.Geographical Features1. The UK's Geographical Location and Its SizeThe UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel. It is bordered on the east by the North Sea, and on the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The UK's only land border with another nation is between Northern Ireland and Ireland.The UK is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel. The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Suraits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. In 1985 the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. After eight years of hard work this channel tunnel, which is called"Chunnel,” was open to traffic in May 1994.The UK covers a total area of 244,110 sq km. lt runs 1,000 km from north to south and extends,at the widest part, about 500 km. So no part of the UK is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbors. Sea routes extend far inland, providing cheap transportation.England is the largest, most populous, and wealthiest division of the UK. It makes up 130,400 sq km of the UK's total area.The area of Scotland is 78,800 sq km, the area of Wales is20,800 sq km, and the area of Northern Ireland is 14,100 sq km.This means that England makes up 53.4% of the area of the UK, Scotland 32.3%, Wales 8.5%, and Northern Ireland 5.8%.2.Rivers and LakesSince the UK has a moist climate with much rainfall, it has many rivers and lakes.Rivers in central and eastern Britain tend to flow slowly and steadily all year long because they are fed by the frequent rain. Many have been navigable, and from the earliest times they have served peoples interested in either commerce or invasion. The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.Rivers and streams moving westward down from the Highlands tend to be swift and turbulent; rivers flowing eastward tend to be long and gentle, with slowly moving waters.The Thames and the Severn are the longest rivers in Britain and are almost equal in length. The Severn flows south out of the mountains of central Wales to the Bristol Channel at Bristol. It is 354 km long. The Thames,338 km long, flows eastward out of the Cotswold Hills and weaves through the metropolis of London. The Thames provides water to the city of London and is used to carry commercial freight. Other important rivers in England are the Mersey,which enters the Irish Sea at Liverpool; the River Humber on the east coast,into which the Trent River and several other rivers flow; and the Tyne River in northern England,which flows past Newcastle upon Tyne to the North Sea.In Scotland the important rivers are the Clyde and the Forth, which are joined by a canal. The River Clyde flows northwest, past Glasgow, and empties into the Atlantic at the Firth of Clyde. (Firth is the Scottish name for an arm of the sea that serves as the broad estuary of a river.) The River Forth flows eastward into the Firth of Forth, where Edinburgh rises on its south bank.The most important rivers in Northern Ireland are the Lagan, the Bann, and the Foyle.Most of the large lakes in the UK are located in the upland areas of Scotland and northern England,although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK. Loch Lomond, on the southwestern edge of the Highlands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain, measuring 37 km long and from 1.6 to 8 km ke Windermere is the largest of 15 major lakes in the famous Lake District of northwestern England.It is about 1.6 km wide and more than 16 km long.Ⅱ.Climate1.A Maritime ClimateWhen we say climate we mean the average weather conditions at a certain place over a period of years.We don’t mean the day-to-day weather conditions at a certain place. Though it seems that people are always complaining about the weather in the UK because it is rainy and so changeable and unpredictable,the climate in the UK is in fact a favorable one. The UK has a maritime climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature.The average temperature in winter in the north is 4—6℃and in summer in the south is 12—17℃.So even in winter one can still see stretches of green grass in the open country,in the parks and round the houses.2.Factors Which Influence the ClimateThe UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50°to 60°north. It lies farther north than even the northernmost par of Heilonjiang Province of China. Compared with other countries of the same latitudes it has a more moderate climate. This is influenced mainly by three factors:(1)The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer. As the sea heats up and cools off relativelyb slowly it brings warm air in winter and cool air in summer.(2)The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerlies (winds which come from the west) blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate.(3) The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.Since the UK's climate is of the maritime type, it is characterized by cool temperatures, frequent cloudy days and rainstorms. It changes from day to day, and this makes it difficult to forecast. It is so changeable that sometimes one can experience four seasons in the course of a single day. Day may break as a fine spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may really be wintery with the temperatures down to about 8 °C. Then in the Jater atfternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine again, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer. It has been said that the uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman's character. It tends to make him cautious, for example. You may laugh when you see an Englishman going out on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella. However, most frequently it comes in drizzles and you don't necessarily need an umbrella.3.RainfallThe UK has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The average annual rainfall in the UK is over 1,000 mm. It has 750 mm to 1,250 mm of rainfall along the coast in the east and south except a small area in the southeastern corner of the country which receives less than 750 mm. In the west there is as much as 1,250 mm to 2.000 mm of rainfall and in some areas in the northwest it is over 2,000 mm.The Westerlies blow over the UK all the year round, bringing warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean. They rise, climb the highlands and the mountains in the west, become colder and then cause heavy rainfall. There is not so much rainfall in the east because after climbing over the highlands and mountains the air gets warmer and drier when it descends and does not give so much rain.As a result of the rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. Reservoirs have therefore to be built in such highland areas as Central Wales,the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands, so that water can be stored here and then transferred to the more populated and industrial areas of lowland Britain.Generally speaking,the climate in the UK is favorable and equable (neither too hot nor too cold).Extremes of heat or cold, or of drought or prolonged rainfall are rarely experienced. It is estimated that on average about 3-6 cubic meters of rain per person per day fall over the UK. Thisis far more than is needed,but problems still remain. Sometimes there are several months of drought, and at other times too much rain causes flooding. Fog,smog, frost and severe gales are not uncommon and often cause great damage to crops and to people's life. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog,an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog, left 4,000 people dead or dying.Since then most cities in the UK have introduced “clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.Although the UK does not experience hurricanes, that is,storms with a strong fast wind such as typhoons or cyclones, many areas are subjected to severe gales, especially in winter.III.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant LifeThe mild climate,ample rain, and long growing season in the UK support a great variety of plants,which grow exceptionally well. Most of the UK was once covered with thick,deciduous forests in which oak trees predominated.(Deciduous trees are those that lose their leaves every year.)The impact of centuries of dense human polpulation has massively altered the flora of the UK, and only tiny remnants of these forests remain today.Before they were affected by centuries of clearing and human use, the great oak forests spread over the best soils in Britain. Forests were unable to establish themselves in the poorer soils of the mountains,wetlands,heath,and moorlands.The plants common to these wilder areas are heather,gorse and peat moss.These regions have been altered by heavy grazing of livestock and by controlled burning.Controlled burning creates environments suitable for game birds,which feed on the shoots of the new covered by towns and farmland.The marginal wetlands that remain continue to be threatened by reclamation for farms and homes,and some wetland plant species now grow only in conservation areas.2. Animal LifeBritain has many smaller mammals, and the larger ones tend to be gentle. The only surviving large mammals are red deer, which live in the Scottish Highlands and in Exmoor in southwestern England, and roe deer, foud in the woodlands of Scotland and southern England. At one time boars (wild pigs) and wolves roamed Britain, but they were hunted to extinction.Many smaller mammals inhabit Britain, including foxes,otters, red squirrels, and wildcats. Otters are found mainly in southwestern England and in the Shetland and Orkney islands.The red squirrel, driven out of most of its range by the imported gray squirrel, is now limited mainly to the Isle of Wight and Scotland. Wildcats are found only in parts of Scotland.Bird-watching is a popular national pastime. Britain is home to a large variety of birds, due in lange measure to its position as a focal point of a migratory network.Saltwater fish were once important to Britain's economy. Cod, herring and mackerel are still caught off the coasts of Britain, although quotas are now imposed. Lobster, crab,and other shellfish are caught along inshore waters.IV. People1.Ethnic GroupsFor centuries people have migrated to the British Isles from many parts of the world,some to avoid political or religious persecution, others to find a better way of life or to escape poverty. In historic times migrants from the European mainland joined the indigenous population of Britain during the Roman Empire and during the invasions of the Angles,Saxons,Jutes,Danes,and Normans. The Irish have long made homes in Great Britain.Many Jews arrived in Britain toward the end of the 19th century and in the 1930s. After 1945 large numbers of other European refugees settled in the country. The large immigrant communities from the West Indies and South Asia date from the 1950s and 1960s. There are also substantial groups of Americans, Australians, and Chinese, as well as various other Europeans, such as Greeks, Russians,Poles, Serbs, Estonians, Latvians, Armenians,Turkish Cypriots, Italians, and Spaniards. Beginning in the early 1970s, Ugandan Asians and immigrants from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Sri Lanka have sought refuge in Britain. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin account for more than half of the total ethnic minority population, and people of West Indian origin are the next largest group. The foreign-born element of the population is concentrated in inner-city areas, and more than half live in Greater London.nguagesOf the surviving languages the earliest to arrive in Britain were the two forms of Celtic: the Goidelic (from which Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic derive) and Brythonic (from which the old Cornish language and modern Welsh have developed). Among the contemporary Celtic languages Welsh is the strongest: about one-fifth of the total population of Wales are able to speak it. Scottish Gaelic is strongest among the inhabitants of the islands of the Outer Hebrides and Skye, although it is still heard in the nearby North West Highlands.In Northern Ireland very little Irish is spoken. The last native speakers of Cornish died in the 18th century.The second link with Indo-European is through the ancient Germanic language group, two branches of which, the North Germanic and the West Germanic, were destined to make contributions to the English language. Modern English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (who all arrived in Britain in the 5th century AD) and heavily influenced by the language of the Danes (Vikings), who began raiding the British Isles in about 790 and later colonized parts of northern and eastern England.Under the Norman and Angevin kings, England formed part of a continental empire,and the prolonged connection with France retained by its new rulers and landlords made a deep impression on the English language. Many additions to the English language have been made since the 14th century,but the Normans were the last important linguistic group to enter Britain.3.ReligionThe various Christian denominations in the UK have emerged from schisms that divided the church over the centuries.The greatest of these occurred in England in the 16th century, when Henry VIII rejected the supremacy of the Pope. This break with Rome facilitated the adoption of some Protestant tenets (a principle or belief held by a person) and the founding of the Church of England,still the state church in England,although Roman Catholicism has retained adherents (supporters).In Scotland the Reformation gave rise to the Church of Scotland,which was governed by presbyteries—local bodies composed of ministers and elders—rather than by bishops,as was the case in England.Roman Catholicism in Ireland as a whole was almost undisturbed by theseevents,but in what became Northern Ireland the Anglican and Scottish (Presbyterian) churches had many adherents.The British tradition of religious tolerance has been particularly important since the 1950s, when immigrants began to introduce a great variety of religious beliefs.There are large and growing communities that pactice Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism.The largest number of Muslims came from Pakistan and Bangladesh.,The lange Sikh and Hindu communities originated in India. There are also many Buddhist groups.4.UrbanizationBy any standard the UK is among the most urbanized of countries. The greatest overall change that accompanied Britain's early industrial development was, in fact, the large-scale urbanization. The increasing percentage of employees in offices and service industries ensures continued urban growth, Of every 10 people in the UK, nine live in towns and more than three of them in one of the country's 10 largest metropolitan areas. The Greater London metropolitan area—the greatest port, the largest center of industry, the most important center of office employment, and the capital city—is by far the largest of these. The need for accommodating business premises (offices) has displaced population from Inner London, and this outward movement, in part, has led to the development of new towns outside the 16-km-wide Green Belt that surrounds London's built-up area.Large metropolitan areas also formed in industrial areas during the 19th and early 20th centuries.Although coalfields or textile manufacture started the initial growth of many of these urban areas, coal mining had virtually ceased in all of them by the end of the 20th century, and heavy industry and textile production had given way to a more diverse form of manufacturing and service activities. Birmingham dominates the extensive built-up area of the West Midlands metropolitan area,but the industrial Black Country—named for its formerly polluted skies and grimy buildings—also has several large and flourishing towns.In Greater Manchester, with a similar number of inhabitants, urbanization accompanied the mechanization of the cotton textile industry. Across the Pennines similar mechanization of wool textiles created the West Yorkshire metropolitan area, with Leeds and Bradford as its twin centers. The metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear (centered on Newcastle upon Tyne) and the Greater Glasgow metropolitan area are also located on coalfields. Greater Glasgow has about one-third of Scotland's people. Merseyside (centered on Liverpool) has traditionally served as a seaport and distribution center for Greater Manchester and the rest of Lancashire.Other large metropolitan areas in Great Britain include South Yorkshire(centered on Sheffield),Nottingham,and Bristol.About one-fifth of Northern Ireland’s people live in Belfast.In addition to these large metropolitan areas,there are many other minor urban areas and large towns,several of which line the coast.With so much urban and suburban concentration, the problems of air,water,and noise pollution have caused much concern in the UK. Clean-air legislation has brought considerable progress in controlling air pollution.Smoke-control areas have been established in most cities and towns, and there has been a shift from coal to cieaner fuels.Pollution of the rivers remains a large problem, particularly in the highly industrialized parts of the UK, but vigilance,research, and control by the National River Authorities and general public concern for the environment are encouraging features of contemporary Britain.5. Population GrowthFrom the 18th century until well into the 19th century, Britain's population soared as the death rate dropped and the birth rate remained high. During this period the total population increased from about 6 million in the 1760s to 26 million in the 1870s. Toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century the birth rate stabilized and the death rate remained low. The population took on the characteristics of a modern, developed,and prosperous state. Family size decreased and the median age of the population pared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of younger people and a higher percentage of older people, with more than 20% over the age of 60; those under the age of 15 make up only 13% of the population. Britain's population has been growing slowly, slower than the average for countries in the European Union (EU).6. Migration PatternsBeginning in the 1950s, the immigration of nonwhite(“New Commonwealth") people from such developing nations as India, Pakistan, and the countries of the West Indies became significant, and from 1957 until 1962 there was a net migration gain. Since then restriction on the entry of New Commonwealth citizens has decreased the primary inflow,but dependents of immigrants already in the UK are still admitted. The reasons for restricting entry were in part economic but were also associated with the resistance of the existing population to the new arrivals. Nevertheless, thc UK continues to gain people from the New Commonwealth.Migration within the UK has at times been sizable. Until 1700 the relatively small population was sparsely distributed and largely rural and agricultural, much as it had been in medieval times. From the mid-18th century, scientific and technological innovations created the first modern industrial state.At the same time, agriculture underwent technical and tenurial changes that allowed increased production with a smaller workforce, and revolutionary improvements in transport made the movement of materials and people easier. As a result,by the late 19th century a mainly rural population had largely become a nation of industrial workers and town dwellers.Industry, as well as the urban centers that inevitably grew up around it, concentrated near the coalfields,while the railway network, which grew rapidly ather 1830,enhanced the commercial importance of many towns.The migration of people,especially young people, from the country to industrialized towns took place at an uprecedented rate in the early railway age, and such movements were relatively confined geographically.Migration from agricultural Ireland was an exception, for, when the disastrous potato disease of 1845-1849 led to widespread famine, large numbers moved to Great Britain to become urban workers in Lancashire,Clydeside (the Glasgow region), and London.The rural exodus (a lot of people leaving a place at the same time) went on, but on a greatly reduced scale after 1901.Soon after World War I, new interregional migration flows began when the formerly booming 19th-century industrial and mining districts lost much of their economic momentum. Declining heavy industry in Clydeside, northeastern England, South Wales, and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire caused a lot of people to lose jobs, and many migrated to the relatively more prosperous Midlands and southern England. This movement of people continued until it was checked by the relatively full employment conditions that occurred soon after the start of World War II.In the 1950s job opportunities in the UK improved with government sponsored diversification of industry, reducing the volume of migration to the south. The decline of certain northern industries—coal mining, shipbuilding, and cotton textiles in particular—had nevertheless reached a critical level by the late 1960s, and the emergence of new growth points in the West Midlands and southeastern England made the drift to the south a continuing feature of British economic life. During the 1960s and 1970s the areas of most rapid growth were East Anglia, the South West, and the East Midlands, partly because of limitations on growth in Greater London and the development of new towns in surrounding areas.During the 1980s the government largely abandoned subsidies for industry and adopted a program of rationalization and privatization. This resulted in the collapse of coal mining and heavy industry in the north and the West Midlands of England and in the Lowlands of Scotland and a similar loss of heavy industry in Northern Ireland, thus creating a wave of migration from these regions to the more prosperous south of England, especially East Anglia,the East Midlands,and the South West.As the economy became stable during the 1990s,migration from Scotland, Northern Ireland, and northern England decreased.While the South East (including Greater London) was the chief destination of external immigrants into Britain, this region, along with the West Midlands, produced a growing internal migration to surrounding regions of England during the 1990s. This pattern reflected a larger trend of migration out of older urban centers throughout Britain to surrounding rural areas and small towns at the end of the 20th century.。

余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)教材的配套题库(第十九章澳大利亚(Ⅰ) 国土和人民Land

第十九章澳大利亚(Ⅰ)国土和人民Land and PeopleI.Multiple choices1.In the north of the Australian continent are_____.A.tropical rainforestsB.plateau landscapes occupied by snowfieldsC.deserts or semi desertsD.hills and fertile plains【答案】A【解析】澳大利亚的北部为热带雨林。

选项A正确。

2.The first group of English were brought in Australia as_____in1788by the First Fleet.A.slavesB.workersC.convictsD.refugees【答案】C【解析】第一批英国罪犯在1788年乘坐第一舰队来到澳大利亚。

选项C正确。

3.Which is the oldest religion in Australia?A.ChristianityB.ProtestantismC.CatholicismD.the Dreaming【答案】D【解析】“梦创信仰”是澳大利亚这片土地上最古老的宗教。

选项D正确。

4.The following animals are unique to the Australian continent except_____.A.platypusB.kangarooC.sealD.koala【答案】C【解析】澳大利亚特有的动物包括：鸭嘴兽、袋鼠、树袋熊和毛鼻袋鼠，海豹不属于其特有动物。

选项C正确。

5.Australia was essentially unknown in the West until the_____century.A.15thB.16thC.17thD.18th【答案】C【解析】直到17世纪，澳大利亚才被西方人所知。

《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_1_Land_and_People

第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。

这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。

这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。

因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。

这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。

英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。

约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。

它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。

但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。

英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。

成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。

英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。

目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。

Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。

它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。

南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。

英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。

这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, Great Britain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are they different?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。

这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—the northern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There is another country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder of Ireland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

《英美国家概况》终极笔记中英文对照版

新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I.Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英语国家概况《加澳新爱篇》

CHAPTER1--CANADA(I)LAND AND PEOPLEOttawa,the capital city of Canada,is in the province of Ontario.解析：加拿大首都渥太华，位于安大略省。

Nowadays,the Canadian Indians and Inuit are the natives in Canada.解析：大多数加拿大人是英国血统和法国血统，本土人是爱斯基摩人，或称为因纽特人(Inuit)和印第安人(Indians)。

The Magic House and Other Poems described the harshness of nature as well as the crisis of Canada’s native peoples trapped by the white man’s world.解析：在《魔法屋》一书中，渥太华的邓肯·坎贝尔·史葛描述了大自然的严酷以及加拿大的土著人被白种人陷害的危机。

In Canada,it is difficult to do farming in Atlantic provinces because the growing season is short and the soil is poor.解析：在加拿大，由于生长季节短和土壤贫瘠的原因，很难在大西洋地区进行农业生产。

According to the textbook,wrence-Great Lakes provinces is the most highly developed region of Canada.解析：圣劳伦斯——大湖省是加拿大最发达的地区。

Toronto is the largest city in Canada.解析：安大略省的多伦多是加拿大最大的城市，其次是势均力敌的法语语言城市——魁北克省的蒙特利尔市，以及西部不列颠哥伦比亚的温哥华市。

主要英语国家概况(周宝娣编)--课文翻译

主要英语国家概况第一章国土与人民Ⅰ英国的不同名称及区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称：不列颠，大不列颠，英格兰，不列颠群岛，联合王国等。

这些名称一样吗？还是有所区别？严格地讲，不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠群岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部---北爱尔兰---构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但是一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK，这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949年开始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士。

英格兰面积最大，人口最多，一般说来也是最富裕。

因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。

这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是“英格兰人”，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。

英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。

约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。

它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲、和澳洲都有殖民地。

但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。

英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。

成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。

英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。

目前（1991年），英联邦有50个国家。

Ⅱ英国的地方特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。

它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。

南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。

英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。

英语国家概况ppt1

NORTHERN IRELAND

Northern Ireland takes up the northern fifth of Ireland and has an area of 14,147 square km. Its capital is Belfast.

SCOTLAND
Scotland is in the north of Great Britain with an area of 78,760 square km. Its capital is Edinburgh. Questions: 1: The three natural zones are____, _____, ______. 2: The highest mountain in Britain, _________, is located here. 3: The most important area of Scotland is_____, because it contains_________.
Ireland
is the smaller of these two islands. It is divided into two political units: Northern Ireland, which is the fourth division of the United Kingdom; and the Republic of Ireland (Eire), which is an independent country on the southern part of Ireland since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.

英语国家概况chapter1资料

English-Speaking Countries
Requirements:
1. Preview the text according to the questions after each chapter.
2. Your performance will be recorded and added to your final scores.
游人可登桥观看附近古城塔群景色，也可参观设在主塔内部
的博物馆和展览厅。原来旧桥的饰面石块拆下后运到美国亚利桑那州哈瓦苏湖城，砌在一座钢筋混凝土桥的外面
f. Lakes:
the largest: the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland
the Lake District: in the north-west England and North Wales; well-known for its wild and beautiful scenery and 15 lakes. It is the home of the Lake poets W. Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and R. Southey in the 19th century.
4. the calamities
Fog, smog, frost and severe gales often cause great damage to crops and people’s life. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog left 4000 people dead or dying.
Britain:
57 mil

新版英语国家概况精讲笔记

新版“英语国家概况"精讲笔记Chapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I。

Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names： the British Isles， Great Britain and England。

地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2。

Official name： the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland。

官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3。

The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain （the larger one）and Ireland， and hundreds of small ones。

不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4。

Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain： England， Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

（1） England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest， most populous section。

英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

（2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain。

It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north； the Central lowlands； the south Uplands) Capital： Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

主要英语国家概况(周宝娣编)--课文翻译

这些名称一样吗？还是有所区别？严格地讲，不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠群岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部---北爱尔兰---构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但是一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK，这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949年开始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士。

英格兰面积最大，人口最多，一般说来也是最富裕。

因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。

这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是“英格兰人”，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。

英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。

约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。

它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲、和澳洲都有殖民地。

但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。

英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。

成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。

英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。

目前（1991年），英联邦有50个国家。

Ⅱ英国的地方特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。

它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。

南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。

英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。

主要英语国家概况(周宝娣编)--课文翻译

这些名称一样吗？还是有所区别？严格地讲，不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠群岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部---北爱尔兰---构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但是一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK，这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949年开始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士。

英格兰面积最大，人口最多，一般说来也是最富裕。

因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。

这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是“英格兰人”，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。

英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。

约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。

它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲、和澳洲都有殖民地。

但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。

英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。

成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。

英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。

目前（1991年），英联邦有50个国家。

Ⅱ英国的地方特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。

它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。

南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。

英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况(汉英对照)Isles consist of two large islands and several hundred small islands。

The two large XXX larger and is the home of England。

Scotland。

XXX is also part of the United Kingdom and is locatedin the northern part of XXX。

the official name of the country isthe United Kingdom of Great XXX。

due to its length。

people often refer to it as Britain。

the United Kingdom。

or simply the UK。

The UK is a country located on the island of Great Britain。

with its capital in London。

Another country。

the Republic of Ireland or simply Ireland。

is also located on the island of Ireland。

It occupies the rest of the island。

in the south。

It gained independence in 1949 and its capital is Dublin.Ⅱ.英国的地理和气候2.Geography and Climate of the UK英国位于欧洲西北部，是一个由四个国家组成的岛国。

英格兰、苏格兰和XXX占据了大不列颠岛的大部分面积，而北爱尔兰则位于爱尔兰岛的东北部。

英国地形多样，有山地、丘陵、平原、海岸等。

英国的气候温和而多雨，因为受到暖流的影响，所以冬季不会太冷，夏季也不会太热。

英语国家概况英国部分Chapter1

Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge Tunnel
It is a landmark event in the century plus history of Qingdao, marking the beginning of the Greater Qingdao era; it completes the 1-hour economic circle among the downtown Qingdao and the districts and cities under its jurisdiction and the 4-hour economic circle among the central cities at Shandong Peninsula as well. 1-hour economic circle among Qingdao, Hongdao and Huangdao The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge links Qingdao, Huangdao and Xuejiadao, cuts the distance between Qingdao and Huangdao by 30 km
III Climate
Questions for discussion
1. Why is the climate in Great Britain so mild?p7 2.English people always strike up a conversation by talking about weather ,do you know why?
The weather in England is remarkably changeable.
“other countries have a climate, in England we have weather.” In England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme. Effect on the Englishman’s character. It tends to make them cautious and adaptable.

英语国籍概况一

英语国家概况一这是根据大纲整理出来的。

有的不考的章节就没做。

Chapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

英语国家概况第一章知识点

英语国家概况第⼀章知识点Chapter 1 Land and People第01讲Geographical Features & Climate Part I the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and PeopleNames【译⽂】第⼀编英国第⼀章国⼟与⼈民名称different names for 英国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandthe United Kingdomthe UKGreat Britain （GB）BritainEnglandthe total population: 63 million.the third-largest in the European Union （behind Germany and France） and the 22nd-largest in the world.【译⽂】“英国”不同的名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国联合王国⼤不列颠（GB）不列颠英格兰总⼈⼝：6300 0000英国是欧洲第三⼈⼝⼤国（排在德国和法国后⾯），是世界第⼆⼗⼆⼈⼝⼤国。

The UK is a developed country.the sixth-largest national economy in the world （and third-largest in Europe）measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world （and second-largest in Europe） measured by purchasing power parity （PPP）.It was the world’s first industrialized country and the world’s foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries.【译⽂】英国是⼀个发达国家。

英语国家概况复习资料

The United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and people1.Different names for Britain and its parts:·Location: an island country./ English Channel and Strait of Dover is between the UK and European continent. ·Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.·Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.·The British Isles are made up of two large islands---Great Britain(the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.·Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.2. The longest river in Britain: Severn River★The British Empire 英帝国About a hundred years ago, as result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.★The British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 54 members in the commonwealth. The official leader is the British Queen or King.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts (700 BC)1. the Iberians: the first known settlers of Britain (伊比利亚人)2. the Celts came to Britain in three main waves （凯尔特人）II. Roman Britain (55BC—AD410)·British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.·The Roman also brought the new religion,Christianity, to Britain.III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)--Basis of Modern English race1. three Teutonic tribes (Heptarchy七王国)·The Jutes : Kent·the Saxons : Essex, Sussex and Wessex·the Angles : East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria2.The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared.IV. Viking and Danish invasions1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878.2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions·Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”.V. The Norman Conquest (1066)—the best-known event in English history1.Reasons for William’s invasion of England after King Edward’s death.It was said that King Edward has promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy, but theWitan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In Oct. 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.2.SignificanceThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps ①the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror ② confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxonrule with ③a strong Norman government.④Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)I. England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce.②One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.③William replaced the Witan with the Great Council④William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book (a property record)⑤William’s policy towards the cherch was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to protect church’s power.II. Henry II’s measures to consolidate the monarchy① he strengthened the Great Council to help him rule the kingdom.② he strengthened th e king’s court and divided the whole country into six circuits.③ a common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons.④ this circuit court led to the founding of the jury system which replaced the old ordeal-based trial system.⑤ he reformed certain abuses in church courts by restricting the power of the archbishopIII. Conten t s and the significance of the Great Charter（Margna Carta）1.Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Great Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections, etc.2. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the ① foundation of English liberties, it was a ②statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, ③a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a ④ limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.IV. The origins of the English Parliament· The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型)/earliest of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice，not to make decisions. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament at that time was the House of Lords.·In order to collect tax, Edward I summoned the so-called “ Model Parliament” in 1295, which symbolized the real parliament came into being.V. The Hundred Y ears' War(1337—1453) and its consequences.1.The Hundred Y ears’ War refers to a series of wars between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453.2. Joan of Arc (1412-1431)Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encouraged the French in driving the English out of French in the Hundred Y ears’ War.3.Consequences of the war①The English lost the war. The English being driven out of French is regarded as a blessing for both countries.②It helped the separate development of English and French national identity. ③English language was reestablished as the official language.Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)I. The nature (性质) and consequences of the Wars of the Roses (1455—1485)·It refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of Y ork, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld (last battle) in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors.·Ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. No less than 80 nobles of royal blood were killed in the wars. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.II. Henry VIII and The English Reformation1. Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform of church had been growing for many years; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.2. The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine but the Pope refused.· purpose: Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England.(用国王的王权至尊取代教皇的神权至尊)· measures: He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings.· results: He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.·effects:①Henry VIII’s reform stressed the power of the monarch②English religion began to transform from Catholicism to Protestant ideology.III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)1. Elizabeth's religious reformElizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.2. significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 (西班牙无敌舰队)①showed England’s superiority as a naval power② meant a decisive check to the attempt of Catholism to recover the northern countries of Europe③It enabled England to become a great treading and colonizing country in the years to come.IV. The English RenaissanceIt was the revival of classical literature and artistic style in European history. Humanism was the mainstreamin literature and arts. The greatest Literary writer of the English Renaissance was William Shakespeare.V. The Civil Wars/Puritan Revolution (1642—1651) and their consequences1. Charles I---Cavaliers---Charles I was executed (January 30,1648)Parliament---Roundheads---Oliver Cromwell became the most powerful man in England2. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.VI. The Commonwealth (共和国) under Oliver Cromwell (1649—1660)Cromwell was leader of the first civil war against C harles I. His famous “Ironside” cavalry and New Model Army(新模范军) defeated the king. After the War he was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England (1653). After king Charles I’s exection in 1649, Oliver Cromwell and the “Rump”（残余国会）declared England a Commonwealth.There was no king, no House of Lords in England. The Commonwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II became king.VII. The Glorious Revolution of 1688· Charles II was succeeded by his brother James II, who was a Catholic and hoped to rule without giving up his religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange (hasband of Mary), to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.· William and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights (1689) which, ①excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, ②confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and ③guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.·In 1702, Mary’s sister, Anne, came to tbe throne. It was during Anne’s reign that the name Great Britain came into being when, in 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland.Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)I. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)1. definition: The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Or it means the invention and appliance of various machines in production and the changes that transformed Britain from a rural and agricultural country into an urban and manufacturing one.2. Britain was the first country to industrialize.3. Its effect/consequence on the development of Britain· Turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”· Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.· It simplified the class structure. The middle class became the capitalists, while the lower class became the working class, or the proletariat (无产阶级).II. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)1.definition: it was a mass movement of the working class to fight for equal political and social rights.4.Result and significance of the Chartist Movement①The Chartist Movement failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and less mature of working class.②The Chartist movement, however, was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems.III.Building of the British EmpireThe colonial expansion: began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.1. the growth of dominions: British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries.2. The Conquest of India: Queen Victoria became Empress of India.3. The Scramble for Africa: slave trade4. Aggression against China: Opium War/China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal countryBy 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”.VI. Britain and the First World War (1914---1918)·The Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs: “the Central power” and the “Allies”. The war ended by The Treaty of V ersailles (June, 1919), imposed on Germany, formalized the Allied victory.· During the war, the Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of 25. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society.VII. Britain and the Second World War (1939---1945)·The war fought from 1939-1945 mainly between the two power blocs: the Axis and the Allies. Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister, led his country to final victory in 1945.·result and influence ①She lost one-quarter of her national wealth and ②her sea supremacy. ③Britain entered upon a period of economic and social disruption.④The independent movement of her colonies hastened its decline of empire.⑤British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nation, a loosely organized community of former British colonies.Chapter 6 Government and PoliticsI. The Monarchy in Britain· the continuity of the monarchy has been broken only once, from 1649-1660 during the Civil War.· role and function: ①the official head and symbol of the whole nation. ②on the advice of the Prime Minister, she performs important acts of the government. ③the official head the Commonwealth.II. Parliament and its functions1. The main functions:(1) to pass laws (legislature); (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government(通过投票批准税收，为政府工作提供资金); (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure (检测政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议); and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.2. The House of Lords（judiciary）The House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellor（大法官）. It is the non-elected House that acts as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elected House.(非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而不是反对由选举产生的下议院)3. The House of Commons (the source of real political power)· The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs).· The Political Party System: the Conservative Party and the Labor Party· The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister, or the head of the government. He then chooses a Cabinet with key ministers.· The leader of the Opposition, who is the head of the largest defeated party, appoints a Shadow Cabinet with shadow minister.Chapter 7 Government and PoliticsI. The Justice 司法机构1. Criminal Courts刑事法庭local magistrates’ courts （治安法院）------the Crown Court (with a jury)------Court of Appeal------House of Lords2. Civil Courts 民事法庭County Courts (郡法庭90% civil cases are heard)------High Court------Court of Appeal------House of Lords II. The Judiciary 司法部门There is no ministry of justice in UK. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancello r or the Home Secretary.The United States of AmericaChapter 1 Geography and PeopleI. Geographical locationlocation: Canada to its north, Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its west and the Pacific Ocean toits west.II. National T erritory1. three parts: the mainland, Alaska and Hawaii.2. 50 states: Alaska is the largest in area, but Texas is the largest state on the mainland.3. America is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.4. the top three biggest city: New Y ork, Los Angeles, ChicagoIII. Geographical Regions1. The New England· birth place of America : Plymouth colony and Boston· Education: Harvard, Y ale and Massachusetts Institute of Technology2. The Middle Atlantic States· the nerve centre: capital city Washington D.C/financial centre New Y ork city/historical city Philadelphia3. The Midwest·agricultural area: lies almost entirely within the Interior Plain/the Mississippi River flows through thi s region (the largest river system in North America)· leading centre of heavy industry: Chicago is the largest industrial city in USA. Detroit is the automobile capital of the world.4. The South· Florida: leading vacation resort5. The America West (beautiful natural sites)· Rocky Mountain: backbone of the North America· The Y ellowstone National Park: the first national part in the world (1872)· The Grand Canyon· Las V egas: the biggest city in Nevada. It is internationally renowned resort city for gambling, shopping and fine dining.6. The Pacific Coast· Settle: lies in Washington. Landmarks: the Space Needle/the Pike Place Market· San Francisco: the Chinatown here is the largest Chinese settlement in the US.· Silicon V alley : the kingdom of electronic industry and computers.· Los Angeles: entertainment industry: Hollywood/the OscarIV. Population and Ethnic Group1. The U.S.A., with a population of 312 million in 2010, is the third most populous country in the world.2. America is a nation created by immigrants. The White makes up 78% of total population, while the minorities 22%.· “first Americans”: the Indians· European immigrants: mainly British, Irish, Germans and Jews· the Blacks from Africa· Asian immigrants: mainly Chinese and Japanese★Black people and the Civil Rights Movement (lead by Martin Luther King)1. Blacks are the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. The first blacks were brought to North American as slaves in 1619. The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s demanded desegregation and equal right.2. Two Acts·The Civil Rights Act of 1964---protect the right to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities. ·The voting Rights Act of 1965---guarantee the blacks and others the right to vote.Chapter 2 American HistoryI. The “discovery” of the New Worl dChristopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, started his first trip across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492. He reached some small islands in Middle America and called the local residents as the “Indians”. Ameriga V espucci proved that the land discovered by Columbus was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.II. Colonial Era1. The first English colony in the America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.2. In 1620, 201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony. The Puritans（清教徒）wanted to purify the Church of England and were threatened with religious persecution. The Puritan leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.III. The War of Independence (1775—1783)1. the causes: the British government wanted to bring the development of America under control and collectmore taxes to finance its army; the East Indian Company sold tea at a lower price, which took away tea business from American tea merchants.2. blasting fuse: The Boston T ea Party (1773)In 1773, several Boston residents secretly boarded the tea ships of the East India Company and threw the tea into the harbor.3. The First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in 1774. The 13 colonies united together and encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods4. The Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in 1775.①founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington; ②appointed a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson as chairman), which was adoptedby Congress on July 4, 1776.5. Result: In 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States.IV. T erritorial Expansion and Westward Movement (19the century)· In 1803, America purchased Louisiana from France and its territory was doubled.· 1845-1848: Through Mexican-American War, Mexico was forced to cede Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California.· Meanwhile, people from the east moved toward the west for more lands and better life, which developed the west massacred the Indians.V. The American Civil War (1861—1865)1. Northern States---Abraham Lincoln—maintain the Federal Union （北部联邦）Southern States---Confederate States of America （南部同盟）2. cause of the war: economic conflict between the capitalist economy in the North and the plantation in the South.3. Abraham LincolnSoon after Lincoln became the President, the War broke out in April, 1861. Lincoln realized that he coul d win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which transformed the war from a war to save the Union to a war to abolish slavery.3. Turning point---war at GettysburgThe Union troops defeated the Confederate troops at Gettysburg. Lincoln made his famous Gettysburg Address: that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.4. Significance of the Civil War: ①America became a single and indivisible nation. ②Slavery was completely abolished, which paved the way for the development of capitalism.VI. America during the 20th Century1. America during WWI (1914-1918)·Policy: neutrality (Wilson)→pro-Ally partiality: sold arms and military supplies to Britain and France. · be involved in war in 1917· after the war, America became one of the Big Four (the United States, Britain, France, Italy)2. the Roaring 1920s· a period of material success and spiritual frustration and confusion·Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway3. Great Depression (1929-1933)In October 1929, the Great Depression was started from the New Y ork Stock Exchange crash. The depression soon spread to the whole capitalist world. Thousands of banks and businesses went bankrupt. Many people lost their jobs. American economy was seriously weakened. It was due to Roosevelt’s New Deal started in 1933 that America finally recovered from the depression.4. America during the WWII (1937-1945)· America was involved in WWII in 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.·Two guiding principles: the first was to win the war, the second was to establish a postwar political structure in accord with American interest and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.· after WWII, America became the strongest power in the Western world.5. the Cold War (1945-1989)· Cause: conflicts between the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union about their separate concepts of postwar world order.·The Truman Doctrine: beginning of the Cold War./ its core was anti-communism.·The Marshall Plan: economic aid to the Western European countries in order to prevent them from possible socialist revolution and the over expansion of Soviet Union.· President Nixon was the first American president who visited the PRC in 1972.·Cold War was ended in 1989 when Soviet was collapsed.。

英语国家概况第一单元ppt 超级详细!

5 January 15, 2015
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
6
United Kingdom
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
18
Official Language: English
Other Languages:
Welsh威尔士语: about 20% of the population of Wales Scottish Gaelic苏格兰盖尔语: about 60,000 (1%) in Scotland Irish Gaelic爱尔兰盖尔语
Monaco 摩纳哥
16,905/ km2
1st
Singapore
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
6,814/ km2
2nd
January 15, 2015
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Shamrock三叶草

smallest Belfast: capital; biggest city in Northern Ireland Lough Neagh: largest freshwater lake in UK The Giants Causeway巨人堤道: World Heritage Site
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University

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