2020年11月29日托福写作答案解析

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TPO 29 托福综合写作+独立写作范文

TPO 29综合写作：阅读：ed会向南迁徙，因为恶略的天气环境阅读1：去南方找食物，NS比较寒冷，没法生存听力1：NS much warmer than today.夏天能提供足够的食物，24消失的阳光共植物生长冬天也有食物，dead plants 也能能够提供足够的营养阅读2：发现恐龙是群居的，有助于迁徙听力2：群居并不意味着迁徙，有其他的好处：可以保护自己免受捕食者的侵略例子：elk 群居，但是他们不迁徙阅读3：身体条件上有能力迁徙比较长的距离，寒冷的地方到温暖的地方听力3：青年恐龙身体条件上无法迁徙，跟不上群体，成年的也不会把他们落下，不能自给自足，群体都会呆在NS，不迁徙In the reading passage, the writer claim that edmontosaurus had to migrate to hospitable places in the south, if they want to survive in the cold weather. The speaker, however, contradicts this view for the following three reasons.First of all, the reading materials points out that it is difficult that edmontosaurus to find food in cold winter because of they were fed on plants exclusively. But the speaker reputes that warm weather in summer supplied perfect condition for plants to grow. So edmontosaurus might found lots of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter, which made migration unnecessary.Second, unearthed skeletons from the same site indicated that edmontosaurus lived in herds. Living in herds made migration much easy. But the lecture gave an example of Roosevelt elks to prove that group living might have various types of reasons. So edmontosaurus may live in herds in order to seek for extra protection. So living in herds could not provide evidence for migration claim.Lastly, edmontosaurus, in view of the writer, had the ability of long-distance movement. Although the lecturer admitted the locomotive capability of edmontosaurus, he points out that juvenile edmontosaurus were lack of such ability. So the herd would not leave juveniles behind in the North Slope, which strongly reputes the author’s claim.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.With the rapid development of society, more and more elites are required for advance science and technology. So how to improve the quality of higher education becomes an emergency problem for universities. Improve the facilities and equipments, design attracting courses, introducing famous professors, elevate salaries for professors or provide more resources for students like holding international communicating meetings, all these strategies will solve the problem. So I think universities should prefer to taking multiple methods to improve the quality of education rather than just spending money on professors.As a boost enrollment in universities nowadays, there are so many students attend college that will require more funding and resource. Universities should employ more faculties, purchase more facilities to cope with the increase population in campus. Only that happens that every student will get equal chance to gain knowledge and share the colorful campus life. For instance, when I was a fresh student in my college, owing to so many students want to study in library that I need get up early and rush the way to get a seat. Limited seats in the library influences students' study passion which leads to the decline of the quality of education in the end. So I think the most important thing to improve quality of education is to make the facilities prefect.What's more, universities should hold some international communicating meetings andintroduce professors who are talented, knowledgeable and prestigious. So students can have more opportunities to share the advanced achievements directly and communicate with the professors who are famous in their interested field. I think that will inspire students' creativity, intelligence and imagination which need in the college study, then they will contribute more to the university and the society.Admittedly, universities should increase the salaries for professors. A college teacher is more responsible for the quality of education because college life maybe the last stage of students' study period before taking a job. What can a student do depend on what knowledge and skills they gained from school and from professors. So professors will be more dedicated to their work with high pay which lead to more useful people graduate from school.All in all, if universities have enough money they should take variety ways to improve the quality of education, especially what I mentioned above.。

11月28日-11月29日托福写作机经—环球教育

♍♎1关于机经，浅尝辄止，非正道也！你的文笔和流畅度，都不会因为仅知道这个话题而改变。

2 机经仅解决破题问题，看过不准备，中了也没用——准备好答案，背熟，实属正道也!3最后，奉劝各位托福小主，温馨提示不要把机经当投机，否则，too young too simple,sometimes naive.♌♋目录独立写作 (2)综合写作 (64)独立写作1.What is the most important action for the government to take for the protection ofenvironment problems?(1)Fund researches on new energy sources such as solar and wind power;(2)Protect forests and natural wildlife species;(3)Pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollutionScore 5:Nowadays, human beings are facing more challenges and environmental issues, such as the scarcity of traditional energy sources, global warming, and pollution as well. Some people believe that the primary task for the government is to invest more on researching new energy sources, such as solar and wind power; whereas others argue that protecting forests and natural wildlife species should be the government’s top priority. To my understanding, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Indeed, in order to protect the environment, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. However, scientific research usually takes years or even decades. It will be too late to make use of those scientific achievements if the problem of pollution continues to become too severe to solve. Similarly, protecting forests and natural wildlife species cannot solve the most urgent problem of pollution either. Though the government should spend money and effort on forests and wildlife preserves as a long-term practice to protect the earth, this action cannot handle the most serious pollution problem immediately.In fact, the main cause of the pollution problem’s threatening our life is that there lacks strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. According to a recent survey, the haze is mainly caused by the waste gas emission from vehicles and large-scale industries in areas surrounding the city. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.Based on the above discussion, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Score 4:Nowadays, human beings are facing more challenges and environmental issues, such as the scarcity of traditional resource, global warming, and pollution as well. Some people believe that the most urgent problems for the government to solve is to invest more on researching new energy sources, such as solar and wind power; whereas others argue that protecting forests and natural wildlife species should be the government’s primary task. To my understanding, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Indeed, in order to protect the environment, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. However, scientific research usually takes years or even decades. It will be too late to make use of those scientific achievements if the problem of pollution continues to become too severe to solve. Similarly, protecting forests and natural wildlife species cannot solve the most urgent problem of pollution either. Though the government should spend money and effort on forests and wildlife preserves as a long-term practice to protect the earth, this action cannot handle the most serious pollution problem immediately.In fact, the main cause of the pollution problem’s threatening our life is that there lacks strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.Based on the above discussion, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people should not spend a lot oftime on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages.Score 5:With the development of modern technologies, people today are enjoying communicating through social media and text messages, which is convenient compared to scheduling face-to-face meetings. However, some people argue that people should not spend too much time on communication using technological devices. I totally agree with this viewpoint for the following reasons.To begin with, communicating through social media reduces the time people meet in real life.Convenient it might seem, in fact, this type of communication could isolate people from each other. To illustrate, while chatting through social media, we usually choose to type and send text messages, which lacks tones, intonations, and facial expressions to show our feelings.Even if we could use emoji, the emoji still fails to express our true feelings because those symbols and pictures are identical in everyone’s computer screens or cellphones. Gradually, people will not consider seriously the feelings conveyed by texts and emoji and thus the communications become less effective. For example, some people only “like” others’ picturesand sharing on Facebook without any comments. It is inevitable that people feel more and more isolated from each other by simply “liking” each other’s postings online without meeting in person.Moreover, always sticking to our cellphones or sitting in front of computers is harmful to our physical health. For instance, many people have found themselves suffering from muscle pain because of a sedentary lifestyle. On the contrary, if people meet in person, they might hang out and take a walk while taking to each other. Though different from doing exercises in gyms, this in person meeting at least enables people to relax and even sweat a little bit.In addition, during spare time, people could choose to schedule a short trip, do some exercises, or simply read some books that they are interested in. The above types of activities are beneficial for our physical health, and could help broaden our horizons. In order not to become addicted to social media, it is necessary for us to limit the time we spending on our cell phones as well as the Internet.Based on the above discussion, people should not spend a lot of time on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages. On the contrary, we could meet in person, which could help us maintain social relationship with others. Besides, we should make use of our leisure time to do some beneficial activities instead of staring at the screen of our cellphones or computers all the time.Score 4:With the development of modern technologies, people today are enjoying communicating through social media and text messages, which is convenient compared to scheduling face-to-face meetings. However, some people argue that people should not spend too much time on communication using technological devices. I totally agree with this viewpoint for the following reasons.To begin with, communicating through social media reduces the time people meet in real life. Convenient it might seem, in fact, this type of communication could isolate people from each other. To illustrate, while chatting through social media, we usually choose to type and send text messages, which lacks tones, intonations, and facial expressions to show our feelings. Even if we could use emoji, the emoji still fails to express our true feelings because those symbols and pictures are identical in everyone’s computer screens or cellphones. Gradually, people will not consider the feelings conveyed by texts and emoji seriously and thus the communications become less effective.Moreover, always sticking to our cellphones or sitting in front of computers is harmful to our physical health. For instance, many people have found themselves suffering from muscle pain because of a sedentary lifestyle. On the contrary, if people meet in person, they might hang out and take a walk while taking to each other. Though different from doing exercises in gyms, this in person meeting at least enables people to relax and even sweat a little bit.In addition, during spare time, people could choose to schedule a short trip, do some exercises, or simply read some books that they are interested in. The above types of activities are beneficial for our physical health, and could help broaden our horizons. In order not to become addicted to social media, it is necessary for us to limit the time we spending on our cell phones as well as the Internet.Based on the above discussion, people should not spend a lot of time on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages. On the contrary, we couldmeet in person, which could help us maintain social relationship with others.3.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology designed to makeour life simpler actually makes our life more complicated.Score 5:It cannot be denied that technology enables people to live a better and more convenient life today. People have been enjoying high-tech products such as smart phones, car navigation system, and laptops, to name a few. However, it does not mean that those high-tech tools make our life easier now than in the past. In fact, technology makes our life far more complicated today as illustrated in the following parts.High-tech tools can save lots of labor work, but sometimes they are not as “smart” as we expect. I would like to use car navigation system as an example. In the past, people could only refer to printed maps to find ways to their destinations. Nowadays, car navigation system can automatically find the right path for us. It seems that car navigation system is far more convenient than printed maps. However, in order to install the system, we need to download the digital maps before ahead and make sure that our destinations are recognizable.If the system fails to recognize the destination, it sometimes does not stop navigating, but lead us to somewhere else. Once I was driving from California to a Native American Reservation in Arizona, the car navigation failed to find the right path and led me to a small town that I had never heard of. Fortunately, I found a gas station and the employees there showed me the correct way. My own experience shows that high-tech products might not be always as reliable as we expect.Another example of how technology has made our life more complicated is online shopping.Nowadays, more and more people choose to shop clothes online, so to save time and efforts.Admittedly, shopping online is convenient to some extent compared with going to a shopping mall, because we could stay at home and check out with several clicks. All we need to do then is to wait until our new clothes are delivered to us. However, many people had terrible shopping experience in that the colors and designs of those clothes are not exactly the same as they are described online. Moreover, the size might not fit us, which is not expected either.In this case, we need to follow a complicated returning process, completing forms needed for returning and going to the local express service to send the clothes back. The process of returning is extremely daunting, which usually takes a long time for us to get our money back.Based on the above discussion, it could be concluded that sometimes technology is not as convenient as we expect. Should we just refuse to use high-tech products? I do not think so. I believe that modern technology is still developing, and it will definitely make our life more and more comfortable and convenient in the future.Score 4:It cannot be denied that technology enables people to live a better and more convenient lifetoday. However, it does not mean that those high-tech tools make our life easier now than in the past. In fact, technology makes our life far more complicated for the following reasons.High-tech tools can save lots of labor work, but sometimes they are not as “smart” as we expected. I would like to use car navigation system as an example. In the past, people could only refer to printed maps to find ways to their destinations. Nowadays, car navigation system can automatically find the right path for us. However, in order to use the navigation system, we need to download the digital maps before ahead and to make sure that our destinations are recognizable. Once when I was driving from California to a Native American Reservation in Arizona, the car navigation failed to find the right path. Luckily, I found a gas station and the employees there showed me the way. My own experience shows that high-tech products might not be always as reliable as we expect.Another example of how technology has made our life more complicated is online shopping.Nowadays, more and more people choose to shop clothes online, so to save time and efforts.Admittedly, shopping online is convenient to some extent compared with going to a shopping mall because we could stay at home and check out with a several clicks. All we need to do then is to wait until our new clothes are delivered to us. However, many people had terrible shopping experience in that the colors and designs of those clothes are not exactly the same as they are described online. Moreover, the size might not fit us, which is not expected either.In this case, we need to follow a complicate returning process, completing forms needed for returning and going to the local express service to send the clothes back. The process of returning is extremely daunting and sometimes it takes a long time for us to get our money back.Based on the above discussion, it could be concluded that sometimes technology is not as convenient as it should be. Should we just refuse to use high-tech products? I do not think so.I believe that technology is still developing, and it will definitely make our life more andmore comfortable and convenient in the future.4.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people now are more interestedin improving the neighborhood (the area that they live) than in the past.Score 5:There is an old saying in Chinese that our neighbors could offer us greater help than our relatives when we are in trouble. This saying shows that neighbors have been playing an indispensible part of people’s life in China. Nowadays, some people still beli eve that the majority of us are interested in improving the neighborhood. However, in my opinion, people today neither have the time nor the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.To begin with, people today have intensive schedule of study or work, thus they have little time to spend on improving the neighborhood. For workers who need to financially support their families, they need to complete demanding assignments during workdays; sometimes they even need to work overload and overtime. Therefore, workers will be exhausted after five days of working, and might simply relax at home during the weekends. In terms ofstudents, they usually do not hang out with friends as students in the past did, because they need to write numerous papers in order to earn credits and prepare for the college entrance exam. This phenomenon is especially true in Asian where students’ academic performance is referred to as the standard of good students or bad students. In this sense, students do not have time to play with their peers, let alone maintain relationship with neighbors.Moreover, even if people have the spare time to do something, they prefer to develop their own interests or travel with friends rather than improving the neighborhood. With the development of the society and modern technology, people could enjoy different types of entertainments, such as playing online games, traveling, shopping, to name a few. Those activities occupy most of people’s leisure time today; on the contrary, entertainment activities were very limited in the past, and people then did not have too many choices to kill time except for visiting their neighbors. Based on the above discussion, it could be seen that people today are less interested in improving the neighborhood.To sum up, because of the busy life and the pervasion of various types of entertainment activities, people today lack the time and the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.Score 4:There is an old saying in Chinese that our neighbors could offer us greater help than our relatives when we are in trouble. This saying shows that neighbors have been playing an indispensible part of people’s life in China. Nowadays, some people still believe that the majority of us are interested in improving the neighborhood. However, in my opinion, people today neither have the time nor the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.To begin with, people today have intensive schedule of study or work, thus they have little time to spend on improving the neighborhood. For workers who need to financially support their families, they need to complete demanding assignments during workdays; sometimes they even need to work overload and overtime. Therefore, workers will be exhausted after five days of working, and might simply relax at home during the weekends. In terms of students, they usually do not hang out with friends as students in the past did, because they need to write numerous papers in order to earn credits and prepare for the college entrance exam. In this sense, students do not have time to play with their peers, let alone maintain relationship with neighbors.Moreover, even if people have the spare time to do something, they prefer to develop their own interests or travel with friends rather than improving the neighborhood. With the development of the society and modern technology, people could enjoy different types of entertainments. Those activities occupy most of people’s leisure time today; on the contrary, entertainment activities were very limited in the past, and people then did not have too many choices to kill time except for visiting their neighbors. Based on the above discussion, it could be seen that people today are less interested in improving the neighborhood.To sum up, because of the busy life and the pervasion of various types of entertainment activities, people today lack the time and the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.5.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order for a business tosucceed, it must put more money in advertising.Score 5:In order to gain profits and occupy a larger portion of market, companies have developed many ways to increase their market share, including spending money on advertising. Some people believe that a company cannot achieve success unless they invest more money on advertising. However, the effectiveness and influence of an advertisement does not solely depend on how much money was put in it; also, there are several circumstances that a business should cut down its budgets on advertising and invest more on other projects.To begin with, low-cost advertisements could be attractive enough for customers and help companies to occupy a large portion of the market. For instance, there are advertisements of Coca-Cola everywhere around the world, and Coca-Cola seems to be the most competitive brand among companies selling beverages. Coca-Cola’s advertisements are perceived as more interesting and attractive than the ones of Pepsi and other companies of the same kind. It is the idea and content of Coca-Cola’s advertisem ent matter instead of how much money being put into the advertisement. A simple cartoon with fancy ideas which come from ordinary people instead of a celebrity designer may have greater influence than scenes that got shot on famous spots with post-processing.Moreover, some small companies in lack of the money to create widespread advertisements need to invest on other things first such as the quality of their products and marketing. When it comes to shops that sell cookies, for example, they should improve the flavors of their products first. Then, letting customers taste their free samples may be a better strategy than those posters on walls for advertising. In addition, sometimes companies suffering from crisis should put more money on human resources and adjusting the configuration of different departments within the companies. Unless they have solved the crisis, they have no reason to emphasize too much on advertising.Based on the above discussions, a company has many choices other than investing more on advertising to make a business to be successful. Admittedly, advertising investment is so important that it is often a decisive factor to the success of a company; however, it is not always the predominant factor.Score 4:In order to achieve profits, companies have developed many ways to increase their market share, including spending money on advertising. Some people believe that a company must put more money into advertising in order to achieve success. However, there are several circumstances that a business should cut down its budgets on advertising and invest more on other projects.To begin with, low-cost advertisements could be attractive enough for customers and help companies to occupy a large portion of the market. For instance, there are advertisements of Coca-Cola everywhere around the world, which seem to be the most competitive brand among companies selling beverages. Coca-Cola’s advertisements are perceived as more interesting and attractive than the ones of Pepsi and other companies of thesame kind. It is the idea and content of the advertisement matter instead of how much money being put into the advertisement. A simple cartoon with fancy ideas which come from ordinary people instead of a celebrated designer may have greater influence than scenes that got shot on famous spots with all kinds of post-processing.Moreover, some small companies in lack of the money to create widespread advertisements need to invest on other things first such as the quality of their products and marketing. When it comes to shops that sell cookies, for example, they should improve the flavors of their products first. Then, letting customers taste their free yummy cookies may bea better strategy than those posters on walls printed with yummy samples. In addition,sometimes companies suffering from crisis should put more money on human resources and adjusting the configuration of different departments within the companies. Unless they have solved the crisis, they have no reason to focus their attention and pay more on advertising.Based on the above discussions, a company has many choices other than investing more on advertising to make a business to be successful. Admittedly, advertising investment is so important that it is often a decisive factor to the success of a company; however, it is not always the predominant factor.6.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Workers would be muchhappier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task.Score 5：In today’s workplace, employees are assigned with more demanding tasks than in the past. It is common that workers sometimes need to complete multiple types of task rather than to repeat the same type of task. Despite the fact that doing repeated works is easier for most employees, I believe that employees would be happier if different types of tasks are distributed to them.Working on different types of tasks could help workers develop a sense of belonging in the company, which will make workers become more self-motivated to do their assignments, and thus become much happier. While working on multiple types of tasks, workers could develop varied skills, meet with colleagues from different departments, and learn about the company’s cu ltures and values as well. During this process, it is very likely that workers find themselves an indispensible part in the company, and then develop a sense of belonging. As a result, workers become more self-motivated and more willing to devote themselves to their work. In this sense, workers will definitely feel much happier because they are self-driven when doing their assignments.Furthermore, working on various types of tasks, workers have more opportunities to get promoted and therefore earn higher salaries, which will undoubtedly lead to happiness. As it is mentioned in the previous paragraph, employees’ skills related to differe nt types of tasks could be improved if they continue working on those tasks. Once employees become professionals in multiple fields, the company will offer them more promotion opportunities,compared with those who are simply skillful in a single field. In this sense, employees could earn higher salaries and become much happier.Admittedly, it is easier for one to repeat one type of task all the time. However, if workers keep repeating the same task everyday, they will feel bored and less motivated soon. It seems that workers have to meet with the same group of people and follow the same procedure.There is little hope to receive more training and develop new skills, let alone to get promoted.It is not difficult to imagine that workers will become unhappy in this situation.To sum up, working on different types of tasks could enable workers to become more motivated and to earn higher salaries in the future. Therefore, workers would be much happier while doing those tasks, compared with repeating the same task all the time.Score 4：Nowadays, employees are assigned with more difficult tasks than in the past. Sometimes, workers need to complete multiple types of task rather than repeat the same type of task.Although doing repeated works is easier for most employees, I believe that employees would be happier if different types of tasks are assigned to them.Working on different types of tasks could help workers develop a sense of belonging in the company, which will make workers become more self-motivated to do their assignments.While working on those tasks, workers could develop varied skills, meet with different colleagues, and learn about the company’s cultures and values as well. During this process, workers will find themselves an indispensible part in the company, and develop a sense of belonging. Thus, workers become more self-motivated and will definitely feel happy.Furthermore, doing various types of tasks, workers have more opportunities to get promoted and therefore earn higher salaries. As it is m entioned in the previous paragraph, employees’ skills of different types of tasks could be improved if they keep working on those tasks. Once they become professionals in completing those tasks, the company will offer them more promotion opportunities, compared with those who are simply skillful in a single field. In this sense, employees could earn higher salaries and become much happier.Admittedly, it is easier for one to repeat one type of task all the time. However, if workers keep repeating the same task everyday, they will feel bored and less motivated soon. It seems that workers have to meet with the same group of people and follow the same procedure everyday. There is little hope to receive more training and develop new skills, let alone to get promoted. It is not difficult to imagine that workers will become unhappy in this situation.To sum up, working on different types of tasks could enable workers to become more motivated and to earn higher salaries in the future. Therefore, workers would be much happier while doing those tasks, compared with doing the same task all the time.7.The opinions of celebrities, such as entertainers and athletes, are more important to theyounger people than they are to the older people.Score 5:Today’s celebrities, suc h as entertainers and athletes, usually show up on TV or post their。

11月29日托福写作考试真题

11月29日托福写作考试真题【独立写作题目】:Do you agree or disagree that leaders should have the ability to make decisions quickly.【综合写作回顾】：加拿大北部一种local语言说得人越来越少。

阅读：1.孩子很少说这种语言2.英语更利于business和与外国人交流，因此也不说这种语言3. TV等媒体很少用这种local language听力反驳：1.survey的数据不准确，深入调查后发现其实说的是modern survey2.会两种语言可以和多种人交流，更有利于卖鱼3. 人们在网上多用local语言【独立写作回顾】：Do you agree or disagree that leaders should have the ability to make decisions quickly.这次的作文并不难，再次重复了机经旧题，由此也再次提示各位机经在备考过程中的重要性。

本次题目为一道利弊分析类型的题目，切入点很多，以下为笔者给出的参考思路：Agree:1. 无法做出及时的决定(make immediate decisions)会浪费时间(a waste of time)并且错失一些更好的`机会(miss some better chances);相反，及时做出决定会把握住(grasp)很多竞争对手(opponents)未发现的机会。

2. 快速做决定可以让人感受到这个leader是有主见的(independent)，人们往往更乐于去跟随这样的领导，这种性格更受下属的欢迎。

相反，如果思前想后去仔细权衡(go back and forth)，反而让下属觉得你这个人优柔寡断(indecisive)。

3. 虽然有时快速做决定会造成一定的错误，但快速做决定可以保证一个公司的正常运行(operate)，决策中的错误今后可以修改(polish)，但如果迟迟不拿出一个决定，公司将陷入瘫痪(end in paralysis)。

2020年11月8日托福考试真题回顾

2020年11月8日托福考试真题回顾（独立口语&写作+综合写作全是旧题）托福线下2020年11月8日的考场已结束，本次考试中的独立口语、独立写作以及综合写作部分出现旧题，对此很多小伙伴考的还是不错的，具体题目如何呢？我们一起回顾下：2020年11月8日托福写作真题独立写作：Young students have a lot of free time during the evenings after school or on days off school. Which of the following three activities do you think is the MOST beneficial option for young students (age 14-18) to do in their spare time?1.Gaining work experience by doing a part-time job or volunteering incommunities2. Learn a sport3. Learn a music instrument综合写作：城市举办大型竞技活动对城市好不好？阅读赞同：1、促进旅游等行业发展，会有更多钱流入2、免费为城市打广告3、新建设施还可以被本地人再利用。

听力反驳：1、由于主办方很多都是大型公司，举办完赚了钱也不会流进本地，另外旅客人数并没有变多，只是很多原本的旅客换成了看比赛的人。

2、城市广告效应有风险3、电费高昂，没有钱的话设备无法开启，只能闲置2020年11月8日托福口语真题T1家长应该阻止孩子去做那些几乎不可能成功的工作吗T2学校要安装太阳能板节约能源。

1、安装的位置在屋顶上,因为面积大吸收的能量多。

2、为了空出位置,要拆掉一些seat,因为平时也没人坐。

学生的观点是使用混合能源。

1、安装的位置确实不错,因为学校所在的地方阳光充足。

2020年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷十)

2020年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷十）大学应加强设施建设还是招聘好老师托福写作题目为：Do you agree or disagree: the universities should spend more money in improving facilities (libraries, computer labs) than hiring famous teachers。

下面大家一起来看看托福写作真题的分析及范文。

Do you agree or disagree: the universities should spend more money in improving facilities (libraries, computer labs) than hiring famous teachers.托福写作范文参考一:Cradles of cultivating talents, universities are supposed to provide most high-caliber education. Responding to the expectation, universities have to think the issue over. Compared with hiring more teachers, from my own perspective, keeping facilities and resources in the universities most advanced and updated is more essential not only for students but also for renowned professors.First of all, students are able to enjoy a better study environment if their schools utilize advanced equipment. With the assistance of exquisite inventions such as electronic screen and projectors, as well as laboratory equipment, like microscopes and chemical reactors, studying would no longer be a tedious and repetitious information engrafting process, but a way everyone would like to get involved in. Similarly,definitions and formulas of physics and chemistry will graven in students’minds deeply if they are aided by the equipment when experimenting. However, hardly can professors crystalize abstract concepts into definite ideas without advanced teaching devices.What is more, as for famous teachers themselves, a university that does not invest in its facilities would be appealing. To be constantly enthusiastic on researching their respective academic fields, teachers have a great demand for exquisite facilities to maintain progressing on their own fields. The most sophisticated technological devices offered in universities enable these teachers to conduct successful researches and remain at the top, which is really attractive to those renowned professors. By contrast, old and obsolete teaching and studying facilities will certainly not inspire teachers to keep further academic researching. Also, practically impossible will teachers have interest in making progress.Granted, it is conceded that hiring more teachers in universities means guaranteeing education quality in some sense because every student will be concerned and cared about. Even slightest and most subtle academic performance changes of students will be noticed; therefore, teachers can encourage and guide frustrated and upsetting students in time. However, while weighing the benefits brought by investing in facilities and hiring more teachers, we can conclude thatfacilities are more worthwhile.In conclusion, I should reiterate that universities should update their facilities, making a top priority. Without advanced facilities, a university will not be helped further improved.托福写作写作参考二:7月16日托福独立写作范文Advanced facilities, like libraries, research center, university hospital are indispensible parts of a good university while famous teachers are also a big component of a prestigious higher institution. Personally, I think it is better for universities to spend more money in hiring famous professors.Admittedly, research centers can be a place where advanced technology is incubated, a library that incorporates state-of-the-art technology can also be conducive to students' study, however, I still believe that famous professors play a more significant role in assessing the reputation of a university.First off, well-respected professors in a specific field can bring lots of benefits not only to the whole community but also to the university. To more specific, prestigious professors can come up with theories and solutions to the most intriguing problems faced by human beings, like treatment of cancers, diabetes and even heart attack. Economists can use data and economic models in their empirical study to predict theeconomy, and it can provide lots of information for the authority to make timely adjustment to their policies. Electronic engineers can design some micro-chips that can sustain large-scale computation. The benefits that professors bring to the school can be also enormous. For instance, a Novel Prize laureate can attract countless research foundations and donations from both the private and public sectors, with this large sum of money, the university can in turn renovate labs, research centers and even libraries.Additionally, well-established professors and researchers can educate and enlighten brilliant young students and cultivate future scientists. Famous professors are usually expert in education, they might have been teaching and researching in their field for more than a few decades, thus have accumulated lots of rich teaching experience and developed the most effective teaching approach. Together with their superb charisma, lots of bright young adults will be motivated and inspired and therefore embark on the road of scientific endeavor and exploration. Such inspirations and motivations cannot be brought by improved facilities. Indeed, it is the expertise and charisma of these famous professors that attract thousands of brilliant young students to enroll in a college.To conclude, hiring more famous professors are more advisable than renovating facilities since the scientific discoveries brought byprofessors can bring colossal benefits to both the community and the university, and also the expertise and charisma of well-established professors can attract, enlighten and cultivate future scientists.想要高薪但是工作时间长的工作吗托福写作题目为：Would you prefer a higher pay job with longer work time or an average pay job with normal work time。

托福TPO29口语答案分析之Task1&Task2

今天，环球托福为大家特意搜集整理了托福TPO29口语答案分析之Task1&Task2。

我们会从托福TPO口语题目题、答案、分析，三点反复介绍托福TPO口语的Task1&Task2的回答思路。

托福TPO口语题目Task 1:Which of the following jobs or careers do you think would be most rewarding?-University professor-Environmental scientist-Newspaper journalist1) University professorl Impart knowledgel Have holidaysl Stay with young people2) Environmental scientistl Help reduce environmental pollutionl Can be an exemplary role3) Newspaper journalist l Reveal social evilsCan meet more people and news托福TPO口语答案Personally speaking, I think the university professor is the most rewarding job. And I have a couple of reasons for this. First, I think the duty of university is to impart knowledge. University professors cultivate talents for our country and can enjoy the accomplishment of educating, and at the same time, the university professor can enlarge his own scope of knowledge. Secondly, being a university professor can always keep young mentality. Because university professor always stays with young people and can be benefited by young spirits. Besides, university professors have fixed holidays compared with other jobs, which allow them to have a good rest and an adjustment of life. So that’s why I think the university professor is the most rewarding job.托福TPO口语题目Task 2:Some people like to study in public places where there are other people around. Others prefer to study in places where there are few or no people around. Which kind of place do you prefer? Explain why.A: Study in places where there are other people around.J 1)可以和其他人共享资料，交流想法(share information or study material with other people)2)有困难可以得到其他人的帮助(can ask other people for help when meeting some difficult problems)L 可能收到打扰，降低学习效率(can be distracted by other people and reduce efficiency)B: study in places where there are few or no people around.J1) 安静，不受打扰(learning in quiet atmosphere and can focus on study)2)能够更好的锻炼自己的自主学习能力和思考能力L 可能会遇到自己无法解决的难题，学习受阻(meet some problems but no one can help)托福TPO口语答案Personally speaking, I prefer to study in public places where there are other people around. First, I think people can share some study materials or resources with each other freely in public places, and they don’t have to worry aboutdisturbing other people. Besides, they also can exchange their thoughts or ideas to expand their sight of view. Secondly, I think studying in public places can increase efficiency. Because when you meet some difficult problems which you cannot solve on your own, you can get other people’s help when you study with others together. But if you study alone, you just get stuck when you meet problems, and can’t move on. So that’s why I prefer to study in public places.托福TPO口语答案分析通知：remove old bicycle from racks1. 已经被主人遗弃了2. 可以腾出更多的地方让真正使用自行车的人停车女-----同意1. 这些自行车很破旧，丢失零件，生锈;或者可以在车上贴通知提醒车主，限时取车，否则就被学校收走。

2020年11月29日托福口语真题

2020年11月29日托福口语真题Task 1Which one of the following qualities do you think a good school should have? Students who like to help each other, knowledgeable teachers or strict rules?Task 2Which one do you think is more important? The process of doing something or the result at the end?Task 3The university is planning to provide three seminars for freshmen due to two reasons. The first reason is that this can prepare the freshmen for academic challenges and living independently. And the second reason is because the get-together after the seminar can offer a great platform for students to meet and get to know each other. In the conversation, the man agrees with the plan. His first reason is that students will be better prepared academically since unlike high school teachers, college professors don’t usually tell students what to do with their time, they expect students to manage their own time. A seminar like this can teach students what to do and help them plan ahead. As for the second reason, the man points out that this can also help students socially. Students get to hang out together, and they get to make new friends with people who have somethingin common with them.。

2020年11月29日托福口语机经

2020年11月29日托福口语机经Task 1Which one of the following qualities do you think a good school should have? Students who like to help each other, knowledgeable teachers or strict rules?Task 2Which one do you think is more important? The process of doing something or the result at the end?Task 3The university is planning to provide three seminars for freshmen due to two reasons. The first reason is that this can prepare the freshmen for academic challenges and living independently. And the second reason is because the get-together after the seminar can offer a great platform for students to meet and get to know each other. In the conversation, the man agrees with the plan. His first reason is that students will be better prepared academically since unlike high school teachers, college professors don’t usually tell students what to do with their time, they expect students to manage their own time. A seminar like this can teach students what to do and help them plan ahead. As for the second reason, the man points out that this can also help students socially. Students get to hang out together, and they get to make new friends with people who have somethingin common with them.。

2020年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷七)

2020年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷七）改变家乡的环境托福考试作文题目：If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.参考分析：改变其环境，因为一个好的环境会使人们更加快乐、更加健康、更加有效率。

托福考试作文范文参考：If I could change one important thing about my hometown, it would be air pollution problem, and I will give the following reasons to explain why I want to solve the problem.The first and most important reason is that I hope that my hometown can become a beautiful city. As an old industrial city, my hometown has made a great deal of contribution or the country’s economic development. At a result，the natural environment of the city has been badly damaged. The forest has disappeared; the mountains have become bald, and the most awful thing is that the air quality becomes more and more worsen. People seldom see the blue sky during most time of year.Another reason why I want to change my hometown's air pollutionsituation is that the city's development needs clean and tidy environment to attract investors. nowadays people have come to know that the city's environment, which is so called “software facility of the city”，plays an important role in the city's future. For example, due to the fact that the environment of the city is very poor, many local students who pursue their study out of the city would rather find the job in other cities than coming back to their hometown after they graduated. In addition, nowadays people have paid more and more attention to their health. If the air pollution problem cannot be solved as quickly as possible, people's requirement for a healthy body will never be realized.In my mind, changing air pollution will apparently be my first choice if I can change one important thing about my hometown. Fortunately people in my hometown are gradually aware of the serious problem and start doing something about it.电影电视如何影响人们行为托福考试作文题目：How do movies or television influence people's behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.参考分析：通过改变人们的价值观、世界观、审美观而改变人们行为。

托福24套TPO综合写作解析word版

托福24套TPO综合写作解析资料来源：/muyu0924综合写作TPO解析一 (2)综合写作TPO解析二 (6)综合写作TPO解析三 (11)综合写作TPO解析四 (15)综合写作TPO解析五 (19)综合写作TPO解析六 (22)综合写作TPO解析七 (25)综合写作TPO解析八 (28)综合写作TPO解析九 (31)综合写作TPO解析十 (34)综合写作TPO解析十一 (37)综合写作TPO解析十二 (40)综合写作TPO解析十三 (43)综合写作TPO解析十四 (46)综合写作TPO解析十五 (49)综合写作TPO解析十六 (52)综合写作TPO解析十七 (55)综合写作TPO解析十八 (58)综合写作TPO解析十九 (61)综合写作TPO解析二十 (64)综合写作TPO解析二十一 (67)综合写作TPO解析二十二 (70)综合写作TPO解析二十三 (73)综合写作TPO解析二十四 (76)综合写作TPO解析一【阅读材料】In the United States,employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day.However,many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so.A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths(80percent)of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。

2020年11月29日大陆托福考试口语真题回顾(范文版)

2020年11月29日大陆托福考试口语真题回顾(范文版)Task 1题目：Which one of the following qualities do you think a good school should have? Students who like to help each other, knowledgeable teachers or strict rules?范文：I think a good school should definitely have strict rules for the following reasons. My first reason is that strictrules can motivate all kinds of students to work harder because most of the times, students, especially teenagersneed a little push in life. For example, when I was in high school, all students in my school were required to arrive at school at 7am to memorize English vocabulary. The schoolforced everyone to make wise use of the time before the first class of the day officially started. I hated it back then.But when I look back now, I realize that I couldn’t have possibly gotten such a good grade in English if my school didn’t push me. I probably would have spent my morning sleeping in or procrastinating if my school didn’t have such a strict rule. Plus, strict rules can teach students about discipline. Sometimes it’s not exactly about the rules themselves, it’s the concept of obeying the rules when asked to that matters.Task 2题目：Which one do you think is more important? The process of doing something or the result at the end?范文：I personally believe the result at the end is important but not as important as the process of doing something. The process of doing something simply is the part that gives us all the fun and all the good memories. Take my second-grade assignment as an example, we were all asked to make a report about Thanksgiving. So I teamed up with my dad and little by little, we started this magnificent research of Thanksgiving. I remember I went online and searched for as much related information as possible, how the tradition of Thanksgiving started, how the pilgrims arrived to America and how they celebrated the first Thanksgiving with the native Americans. And my dad helped me make a list of the differences between American and Canadian Thanksgiving. We went to the supermarket together to take pictures of the ingredients people needed to make a traditional Thanksgiving meal. My dad even printed out the recipe of my grandma’s cranberry sauce for me to include in my report. I really can’t recall if I got a good grade that time, but I still remember all the fun I had with my dad and the funny pictures we took in the supermarket, until today I still keep that report because it reminds me of all the fun I had during the process of making it. Plus, through the process of doing something, there’s always something for us to learn, and there’s always something to inspire new ideas.Task 3题目回忆：学校要给新生办seminar，协助新手更好的面对大学生活以及帮新生交朋友。

2020年11月28日大陆托福考试口语真题解析

2020年11月28日大陆托福考试口语真题解析Task 1 Your friend is going to a new school to study, what suggestion would you give him to help him blend in.If my friend is going to a new school to stud. I’d have two suggestions for him. First of all, I'd suggest him to learn more about the school. For instance, he can try getting some information on the website of the school, like when it was founded, what kind of facility they offer to students, where everything is and what kind of courses are availablefor him to take, this will help him get familiar with the school in no time. My second suggestion for him would be to socialize. Go out there and make some new friends. Joining a club would be ideal since he would be surrounded with people who share the same interest with him and it would offer him a perfect platform to meet new interesting people. Building a social circle is definitely a priority when you're new to a place.Task 2 Do you think scientists should be required tostudy certain fields or to study whatever that interests them?I think scientists should be given the right to study whatever that interests them for the following reasons. Firstly, they would probably be much more efficient when they get to study the topics that truly interest them. Take myself as an example, I interned in the science lab in my university last summer and my supervisor allowed me to conduct experiments that I found interesting. So I spent everyday there from 8am to almost 9pm doing experiments, taking down results and analyzing them. I was actually able to come upwith some pretty amazing analyses in the end of my internship and I believe I owe it to my supervisor. I probably wouldn't have had so much done if I was forced to study something I had absolutely no passion about. Plus, scientists themselves know more about science than anybody else, they probably have the best ideas about what to study to make a difference in the world.Task 3The university is planning to make two changes to the summer course. The first change is to shorten the course from 8 weeks to 4 weeks. The second one is to reduce on-campus housing fee for students. In the lecture, the man thinks it's a great idea. He mentions in his first reason that a lot of students didn't want to take the course because they wanted to spend time with their family or go traveling. Now that the course is shorter they can enjoy their vacation while not missing out on the course. The man took the summer course and he had a whole week before the course started to enjoy his vacation. As for the second reason, he points out that this way students get to save some money which is definitely a good thing for those with a limited budget.Task 4In the lecture, the professor talks about vertical migration which means sometimes marine animals move up and down the ocean to protect themselves from predators and look for food supply. He offers us an example to illustrate it. There's this kind of fish. They swim to the surface of the ocean at night to feed on a type of organism. They choose to swim to the surface of the ocean at this time of day becauseit's dark at night and it's almost impossible for thepredators to locate them. But during the day, this kind offish swim back to the bottom of the ocean to avoid predators. This means they have to travel between the bottom and the surface of the sea, but this way they get to survive.Task 5The man's problem is that he accidentally left his guitar back home but he's got a concert in a couple of days he hasto practice for. There are two possible solutions. The first one is to go back home and retrieve the guitar. And thesecond solution is to borrow his roommate's guitar. If I were in his shoes, I'd go for the second solution because I'mpretty sure his roommate would be glad to help him out, plushe still has some time to get familiar with his roommate's guitar. I personally don't recommend the other solution because it's way too far and it mean he has to use the timehe's supposed to spend studying on the road. That's why inthis case I think the second solution is a much better option.Task 6In the lecture, the professor talks about two production costs that will affect the price of the products. The first one is delivery fee. For instance, if a car company has to delivery the cars to a location which is much closer to where the consumers are, that means they'll have to spend money on delivery, and that eventually will raise the price of the car. The second one is advertising fee. Companies need to spend money on publicity to make their products known to the public. For example, they advertise in magazine and on TV. And of。

托福阅读tpo29R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

托福阅读tpo29R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)竞争 (4)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)原文Competition①When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource,a situation may arise that is referred to as competition.The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists;its effects were described by Darwin in considerable petition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition),one of the major mechanisms of natural selection,is the concern of evolutionary petition among the individuals of different species(interspecies competition)is a major concern of ecology.It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations,and extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species.This was described by Darwin forindigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants,which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.②No serious competition exists when the major needed resource is in superabundant supply,as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters).Furthermore,most species do not depend entirely on a single resource,if the major resource for a species becomes scarce,the species can usually shift to alternative resources.If more than one species is competing for a scarce resource,the competing species usually switch to different alternative petition is usually most severe among close relatives with similar demands on the environment. But it may also occur among totally unrelated forms that compete for the same resource,such as seed-eating rodents and ants.The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition,as happened2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene,when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama.North and South American species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other.The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals,which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species----although added predation was also an important factor.③To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy.The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species.The Russian biologist G.F.Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory,in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available.On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated,according to which no two species can occupy the same niche.Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found,but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species,even though competing for a major joint resource,did not really occupy exactly the same niche.④Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance.The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow them to occupy different peting species also tend to change their ranges so that their territories no longer overlap.The evolutionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as“species selection”;however,this description is potentially misleading.Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressures of natural selection.The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species.Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.⑤Competition may occur for any needed resource.In the case of animals it is usually food;in the case of forest plants it may be light;in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space,as in many shallow-water bottom-dwelling marine organisms.Indeed,it may be for any of the factors,physical as well as biotic,that are essential for petition is usually the more severe the denser the population.Together with predation,it is the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.译文竞争①当同一物种的不同个体或不同的物种都依靠同一有限资源时，这种情况往往会引发成所谓的竞争。

tpo29三篇托福阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识

tpo29三篇托福阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (21)原文 (21)译文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (36)背景知识 (37)阅读-3 (40)原文 (40)译文 (44)题目 (46)答案 (56)背景知识 (57)阅读-1原文Characteristics of Roman Pottery①The pottery of ancient Romans is remarkable in several ways. The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae (the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawing. Most Roman pottery is light and smooth to touch and very tough, although, like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. With handmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differences between individual vessels of the same design and occasional minor blemishes (flaws). But what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Roman pottery is its consistent high quality.②This is not just an aesthetic consideration but also a practical one.These vessels are solid (brittle, but not fragile), they are pleasant and easy to handle (being light and smooth), and, with their hard and sometimes glossy (smooth and shiny) surfaces, they hold liquids well and are easy to wash. Furthermore, their regular and standardized shapes would have made them simple to stack and store. When people today are shown a very ordinary Roman pot and, in particular, are allowed to handle it, they often comment on how modern it looks and feels, and they need to be convinced of its true age.③As impressive as the quality of Roman pottery is its sheer massive quantity. When considering quantities, we would ideally like to have some estimates for overall production from particular sites of pottery manufacture and for overall consumption at specific settlements. Unfortunately, it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence, which is almost invariable only a sample of what once existed, that such figures will always be elusive. However, no one who has ever worked in the field would question the abundance of Roman pottery, particularly in the Mediterranean region. This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.④Only rarely can we derive any “real” quantities from deposits of broken pots. However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. It is made up entirely of broken oil amphorae, mainly of the second and third centuries A.D. It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae, in which around 6,000million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas, imports into imperial Rome were supported by the full might of the state and were therefore quite exceptional----but the size of the operations at Monte Testaccio, and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them, nonetheless cannot fail to impress. This was a society with similarities to modern one----moving goods on a gigantic scale, manufacturing high-quality containers to do so, and occasionally, as here, even discarding them on delivery.⑤Roman pottery was transported not only in large quantities but also over substantial distances. Many Roman pots, in particular amphorae and the fine wares designed for use at tables, could travel hundreds of miles----all over the Mediterranean and also further afield. But maps that show the various spots where Roman pottery of a particular typehas been found tell only part of the story. What is more significant than any geographical spread is the access that different levels of society had to good-quality products. In all but the remotest regions of the empire, Roman pottery of a high standard is common at the sites of humble villages and isolated farmsteads.译文罗马的陶器特征①古罗马的陶器在诸多方面成就惊人。