微生物介导的碳氮循环过程对全球气候变化的响应
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31 （ 11 ） ：2957 —2967 生 态 学 报 2011 ， Acta Ecologica Sinica
微生物介导的碳氮循环过程对全球气候变化的响应
沈菊培，贺纪正
* （ 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 ， 中国科学院生态环境研究中心， 北京 100085 ）
摘要：土壤是地球表层最为重要的碳库也是温室气体的源或汇 。自工业革命以来， 对土壤温室气体的容量 、 收支平衡和通量等 但对关键过程及其源 / 汇的研究却十分有限。微生物是土壤碳氮转化的主要驱动者 ，在生态系统碳氮循 已有较多研究和估算， 环过程中扮演重要的角色 ， 对全球气候变化有着响应的响应 、 适应及反馈， 然而其个体数量， 群落结构和多样性如何与气候扰动 进而怎样影响生态系统过程的问题仍有待进一步探索 。从微生物介导的碳氮循环过程入手 ， 重点讨论微生物对气候 相互关联、 CH4 ， N2 O） 增加、 变化包括温室气体（ CO2 ， 全球变暖、 大气氮沉降等的响应和反馈 ， 并由此提出削减温室气体排放的可能途径和 今后发展的方向。 关键词：碳氮循环； 全球气候变化； 温室气体； 微生物； 响应和反馈
http： / / www． ecologica． cn
2958
生
态
学
报
31 卷
matter decomposition and microbial respiration，because it provides greater access to both substrate and oxygen． As the complex of soil properties and different microbial community physiology， the multifactor， molecular and biochemical tools were combined and suggested in studying microbial response to climate change． At the ecosystem level ， stable isotope probing technique has shown its powerful role in linking the microbial diversity and abundance to the estimation and attribution of gas emission． The possibility in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through managing terrestrial microbial processes is also addressed in order to provide potential suggestions for future microbial studies in the scope of global climate change． There have been some achievement in mitigation of greenhouse gas，such as the application of nitrification inhibitor （ dicyandiamide，DCD ） to nitrogenrich pasture soil ，which can significantly reduce the direct emission of N2 O from urine patches through inhibiting the activity of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms． Further studies are urgently needed on microbial mechanisms in adaptation to climate change and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions． Key Words： carbon and nitrogen cycles； global climate change； greenhouse gas； microbe； feedback response
Abstract： As a significant global carbon and nitrogen sink，soils are also acting as the source or net sink of greenhouse gases． Many investigations and assessments on carbon pools，fluxes and net carbon balance have been carried out on soil ， while little knowledge is available about the related key processes and mechanisms． Soil microbes are the main drivers in carbon and nitrogen cycles，which lead to a positive or negative feedback for global climate change． Though it has already known that microbes play an important role in the process of soil ecosystems，it is still unclear whether the relationship between global change and microbial dynamics （ such as diversity and abundance） and the mechanisms in regulating the soil biogeochemical processes that they underpin． In this review，we discussed the direct and indirect impact of global climate change ，such as greenhouse gas emissions （ CO2 ，CH4 and N2 O） ，warming and nitrogen deposition，on microbialmediated carbon and nitrogen cycles． The effects of increased CO2 levels on microbial communities are often indirect through altering the release of labile sugars，organic acids and amino acids from plants，which can affect microbial growth and activity． The main direct influence of global climate change on microbial activity and function are likely to be caused by changes in temperature and moisture content ，which will cause variation of physiology or community structure of the microbes． We also demonstrated the microbial feedback and interaction with global climate change． It is generally accepted that changes in the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities will have little effect on CO2 emission at the terrestrial level ，because the CO2 production results from numerous microbial processes． Unlike CO2 emission，the CH4 emission is more directly influenced by methanogenesis process，which is carried out by a group of anaerobic archaea． The production of N2 O from natural and anthropogenic source is dominated by microbial nitrification and denitrification， although the relative contribution of these processes to net N2 O flux is still less known． The disturbance caused by land manipulation （ like land use type） and land management practices （ such as fertilization） may stimulate the rate of organic
自工业革命以来， 随着人类活动干扰的加剧， 全球气候变化及其生态效应日益成为人们关注的焦点。 温 室气体排放、 全球变暖、 大气沉降等对生态系统特别是土壤微生物的影响 ， 以及土壤微生物对气候异常的响应 和反馈已成为国际全球变化和微生物生态学领域的研究热点 。气候变化对生态系统的直接作用包括对土壤 微生物、 温室气体排放、 大气沉降和极端性气候的影响以及植物群落初级生产力和多样性的气候性变化 ， 而植 间接地影响微生物活性、 结构和矿化速率 （ 图 物的气候变化特征又改变了土壤碳的供给和土壤理化特性 ， 1 ） ［1］。土壤则通过生成或消耗温室气体 （ CO2 ， CH4 ， N2 O 等 ） 对全球气候变化产生响应， 这也是研究生态系 统反馈过程的重要内容 意义
［3 ］ ［2 ］
。因此， 了解气候变化对土壤微生物的影响， 探索微生物的响应、 适应和反馈机制，
对研究全球气候变化趋势和全面真实地评价土壤微生物在削减气候变化中的作用具有重要理论和现实 。 微生物在调节土壤生态系统功能如养分循环 、 有机质分解、 土壤结构维持、 温室气体产生和环境污染物净 化起着重要作用， 是地球生物化学循环、 特别是碳氮循环过程的主要驱动者。 陆地生态系统碳循环在全球碳 而由于人类活动的干扰， 自 20 世纪 90 年代开始， 氮的有效性已经成为调控碳与气候变化 收支中占主导地位， 反馈机制的重要因子。Grdens 等
YWJC401 ） ； 国家自然科学基金项目（ 41020114001 ， 40901121 ） 基金项目：中国科学院知识创新工程 （ KZCX2收稿日期：2011-02-18 ； 修订日期：2011-04-21
* 通讯作者 Corresponding author． Email： jzhe@ rcees． ac． cn
Responses of microbesmediated carbon and nitrogen cycles to global climate change
SHEN Jupei，HE JiБайду номын сангаасheng *
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology，Research Center for Ecoenvironmental Sciences，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100085 ，China
微生物介导的碳氮循环过程对全球气候变化的响应
沈菊培，贺纪正
* （ 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 ， 中国科学院生态环境研究中心， 北京 100085 ）
摘要：土壤是地球表层最为重要的碳库也是温室气体的源或汇 。自工业革命以来， 对土壤温室气体的容量 、 收支平衡和通量等 但对关键过程及其源 / 汇的研究却十分有限。微生物是土壤碳氮转化的主要驱动者 ，在生态系统碳氮循 已有较多研究和估算， 环过程中扮演重要的角色 ， 对全球气候变化有着响应的响应 、 适应及反馈， 然而其个体数量， 群落结构和多样性如何与气候扰动 进而怎样影响生态系统过程的问题仍有待进一步探索 。从微生物介导的碳氮循环过程入手 ， 重点讨论微生物对气候 相互关联、 CH4 ， N2 O） 增加、 变化包括温室气体（ CO2 ， 全球变暖、 大气氮沉降等的响应和反馈 ， 并由此提出削减温室气体排放的可能途径和 今后发展的方向。 关键词：碳氮循环； 全球气候变化； 温室气体； 微生物； 响应和反馈
http： / / www． ecologica． cn
2958
生
态
学
报
31 卷
matter decomposition and microbial respiration，because it provides greater access to both substrate and oxygen． As the complex of soil properties and different microbial community physiology， the multifactor， molecular and biochemical tools were combined and suggested in studying microbial response to climate change． At the ecosystem level ， stable isotope probing technique has shown its powerful role in linking the microbial diversity and abundance to the estimation and attribution of gas emission． The possibility in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through managing terrestrial microbial processes is also addressed in order to provide potential suggestions for future microbial studies in the scope of global climate change． There have been some achievement in mitigation of greenhouse gas，such as the application of nitrification inhibitor （ dicyandiamide，DCD ） to nitrogenrich pasture soil ，which can significantly reduce the direct emission of N2 O from urine patches through inhibiting the activity of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms． Further studies are urgently needed on microbial mechanisms in adaptation to climate change and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions． Key Words： carbon and nitrogen cycles； global climate change； greenhouse gas； microbe； feedback response
Abstract： As a significant global carbon and nitrogen sink，soils are also acting as the source or net sink of greenhouse gases． Many investigations and assessments on carbon pools，fluxes and net carbon balance have been carried out on soil ， while little knowledge is available about the related key processes and mechanisms． Soil microbes are the main drivers in carbon and nitrogen cycles，which lead to a positive or negative feedback for global climate change． Though it has already known that microbes play an important role in the process of soil ecosystems，it is still unclear whether the relationship between global change and microbial dynamics （ such as diversity and abundance） and the mechanisms in regulating the soil biogeochemical processes that they underpin． In this review，we discussed the direct and indirect impact of global climate change ，such as greenhouse gas emissions （ CO2 ，CH4 and N2 O） ，warming and nitrogen deposition，on microbialmediated carbon and nitrogen cycles． The effects of increased CO2 levels on microbial communities are often indirect through altering the release of labile sugars，organic acids and amino acids from plants，which can affect microbial growth and activity． The main direct influence of global climate change on microbial activity and function are likely to be caused by changes in temperature and moisture content ，which will cause variation of physiology or community structure of the microbes． We also demonstrated the microbial feedback and interaction with global climate change． It is generally accepted that changes in the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities will have little effect on CO2 emission at the terrestrial level ，because the CO2 production results from numerous microbial processes． Unlike CO2 emission，the CH4 emission is more directly influenced by methanogenesis process，which is carried out by a group of anaerobic archaea． The production of N2 O from natural and anthropogenic source is dominated by microbial nitrification and denitrification， although the relative contribution of these processes to net N2 O flux is still less known． The disturbance caused by land manipulation （ like land use type） and land management practices （ such as fertilization） may stimulate the rate of organic
自工业革命以来， 随着人类活动干扰的加剧， 全球气候变化及其生态效应日益成为人们关注的焦点。 温 室气体排放、 全球变暖、 大气沉降等对生态系统特别是土壤微生物的影响 ， 以及土壤微生物对气候异常的响应 和反馈已成为国际全球变化和微生物生态学领域的研究热点 。气候变化对生态系统的直接作用包括对土壤 微生物、 温室气体排放、 大气沉降和极端性气候的影响以及植物群落初级生产力和多样性的气候性变化 ， 而植 间接地影响微生物活性、 结构和矿化速率 （ 图 物的气候变化特征又改变了土壤碳的供给和土壤理化特性 ， 1 ） ［1］。土壤则通过生成或消耗温室气体 （ CO2 ， CH4 ， N2 O 等 ） 对全球气候变化产生响应， 这也是研究生态系 统反馈过程的重要内容 意义
［3 ］ ［2 ］
。因此， 了解气候变化对土壤微生物的影响， 探索微生物的响应、 适应和反馈机制，
对研究全球气候变化趋势和全面真实地评价土壤微生物在削减气候变化中的作用具有重要理论和现实 。 微生物在调节土壤生态系统功能如养分循环 、 有机质分解、 土壤结构维持、 温室气体产生和环境污染物净 化起着重要作用， 是地球生物化学循环、 特别是碳氮循环过程的主要驱动者。 陆地生态系统碳循环在全球碳 而由于人类活动的干扰， 自 20 世纪 90 年代开始， 氮的有效性已经成为调控碳与气候变化 收支中占主导地位， 反馈机制的重要因子。Grdens 等
YWJC401 ） ； 国家自然科学基金项目（ 41020114001 ， 40901121 ） 基金项目：中国科学院知识创新工程 （ KZCX2收稿日期：2011-02-18 ； 修订日期：2011-04-21
* 通讯作者 Corresponding author． Email： jzhe@ rcees． ac． cn
Responses of microbesmediated carbon and nitrogen cycles to global climate change
SHEN Jupei，HE JiБайду номын сангаасheng *
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology，Research Center for Ecoenvironmental Sciences，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100085 ，China