英文合同阅读指南
【最新2018】英文合同阅读指南-易修改word版 (42页)
【最新2018】英文合同阅读指南-易修改word版本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将予以删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可随意编辑修改！ ==英文合同阅读指南英文合同解读技巧第一章英文合同概述(General Introduction)In view of all this, we are making a binding agreement, putting it in writing, and our leaders, our Levites and our priests are affixing their seals to it.(Nehemiah BIBLE NIV) 因这一切的事，我们立确实的约，写在册上。
我们的首领，利未人，和祭司都签了名。
【尼西米】《圣经》新国际版合同，古称契约(港台现仍多用此语)，“契”者即证券，证明买卖、抵押、租赁等关系的文书，如契据、房契等。
古代典籍中常见此语，《易•系辞》就有“后时圣人易之以书契。
”“约”者即共同商定的事,共同议定要遵守的条文，如和约、条约等。
《三国演义》中就有“昔高祖约法三章,黎民皆感其德。
”而西方在早在〈〈圣经〉〉中就有关于上帝在西乃山与以色列人立约的记载。
挪亚方舟就是籍着上帝与挪亚的契约而建造的：But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee. (但我要与你立约，你以及你的儿子、妻子和儿媳，要与你一同进入方舟。
)第一节合同与协议(Contract and Agreement)而在现代英语合同中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。
英文合同权利与义务英文条款
英文合同权利与义务英文条款当涉及到英文合同的权利与义务的条款时，通常会包括以下内容：1. Parties to the Contract: This section identifies the parties entering into the contract and specifies theirlegal names and addresses.2. Rights and Obligations: This section outlines the specific rights and obligations of each party. For example, it may detail the responsibilities of the seller in delivering goods or services, and the obligations of the buyer in making payment.3. Performance Standards: The contract may specify the standards to which the goods or services must conform, as well as the timeline for delivery or completion.4. Payment Terms: This section outlines the terms of payment, including the amount, currency, and timing ofpayments.5. Termination Clause: The contract may include provisions for termination, outlining the conditions under which either party may terminate the agreement.6. Dispute Resolution: This section may specify the procedures for resolving disputes, including whether the parties agree to arbitration or mediation.7. Governing Law: The contract may specify the jurisdiction whose laws will govern the interpretation and enforcement of the agreement.8. Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure: If applicable, the contract may include provisions regarding the protection of confidential information.9. Indemnification: This section may outline the responsibilities of each party to indemnify the other against certain liabilities or losses.10. Force Majeure: The contract may include a force majeure clause, which outlines the parties' rights and obligations in the event of unforeseen circumstances such as natural disasters or political unrest.It's important to note that the specific terms and conditions of a contract will vary depending on the nature of the agreement and the parties involved. Additionally,it's crucial for all parties to fully understand the terms of the contract before signing, and to seek legal advice if necessary.。
成套设备采购合同(中英文)
成套设备采购合同(中英文)Equipment Procurement ContractThis contract is made on [date] een Shanxi XXXX Group nal Development Co。
Ltd。
(hereinafter referred to as the "Buyer") on the one hand。
and XXXX (hereinafter referred to as the "Seller") on the other hand.Whereas。
XXX that the Gas Power Plant of XXX project。
known as the Du'erping Mine Gas Power n Project Phase II。
shall be executed by the Seller。
and has XXX。
procurement。
testing。
and remedying of XXX.XXX:1.The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as part of this Contract:a。
The Contract ns;b。
The Technical n;c。
XXX.设计时间：卖方应在收到买方提供的所有必要资料后，45天内完成所有设计工作。
.供货时间：卖方应在交货时间前3个月完成所有进口设备的供货工作。
.保修服务：卖方应提供为期18个月的保修服务，自设备交付之日起计算。
.5.本合同的付款方式如下：5.1买方应在签署本合同后的30天内支付首笔分期付款，该款项为合同总价款的30%。
5.2卖方应在交付第一套设备之前，收到合同总价款的70%。
5.3卖方应在交付第一套设备后的7个工作日内，收到合同总价款的剩余部分。
英文合同书写规范
英文合同书写规范Contract Specification for English DocumentsIn the realm of legal documentation, the crafting of contracts in English demands utmost precision and clarity. This document serves as a guide to the essential elements and formatting standards that should be adhered to when drafting contracts in English.首先，英文合同应使用正式、专业的语言风格，避免使用口语化或俚语表达。
合同语言应准确、明确，不得有歧义，以确保各方对合同内容有清晰一致的理解。
Firstly, English contracts should utilize a formal and professional language style, avoiding colloquial or slang expressions. The language must be precise and unambiguous, ensuring that all parties have a clear and consistent understanding of the contract's contents.其次，合同应明确列出各方的基本信息，包括名称、地址、联系方式等。
这些信息应准确无误，以便在需要时进行联系或法律追责。
Secondly, the contract should clearly list the basic information of all parties involved, including names, addresses, contact details, and more. This information must be accurate and without error to facilitate communication or legal recourse when necessary.此外，合同应详细阐述交易的具体内容、条款和条件。
GoogleAdSense在线服务合同条款英文版
GoogleAdSense在线服务合同条款英文版Google AdSense在线服务条款1. 欢迎使用AdSense！感谢您对我们的搜索和广告服务（以下简称“服务”）的关注！使用我们的服务，即表示您同意（1）这些服务条款，（2）AdSense计划政策，包括但不限于内容政策，网站站长质量准则，广告实施政策和欧盟用户同意政策（统称“ AdSense政策”）和（3）Google品牌指南（统称“ Adsense条款”）。
如果发生冲突，这些服务条款将优先于上述数字（2）和（3）列举的政策和指南中的任何其他条款。
请仔细阅读这些服务条款和其他AdSense条款。
在本服务条款中，“您”或“发布者”是指使用服务的个人或实体（和/或任何个人，代理商，雇员，代表，网络，母公司，子公司，会员，后继者，相关实体，受让人，或代表您行事的所有其他个人或实体），在您的指导下，在您的控制下或在控制您的同一个人或实体的指导或控制下）。
“我们”，“我们”或“ Google”是指Google Asia Pacific Pte。
Ltd.，“当事方”是指您和Google。
2. 访问服务；AdSense帐户您对服务的使用取决于您的创建和我们对AdSense帐户（“帐户”）的批准。
我们有权拒绝或限制您对服务的访问。
为了验证您的帐户，我们可能会不时要求您提供其他信息，包括但不限于验证您的姓名，地址和其他标识信息。
如果您是个人，则提交使用服务的应用程序表示您已经年满18岁。
您可能只有一个帐户。
如果您（包括您所控制或控制的帐户）创建了多个帐户，则根据以下规定，您无权要求Google进一步付款，并且您的帐户将被终止。
注册AdSense，即表示您允许Google投放（i）广告和其他内容（以下简称“广告”），（ii）Google搜索框和搜索结果，以及（iii）相关搜索查询和指向您网站的其他链接，移动应用程序，媒体播放器，移动内容和/或Google批准的其他属性（分别称为“属性”）。
简明合同格式英文
菲迪克（FIDIC）文献译丛中英文对照本国际咨询工程师联合会中国工程咨询协会编译简明合同格式Short Form of Contract1999年第1版协议书通用条件裁决规则指南注释AgreementGeneral ConditionsRules for AdjudicationNotes for Guidance机械工业出版社China Machine Press菲迪克（FIDIC）文献译丛简明合同格式Short Form of Contract国际咨询工程师联合会中国工程咨询协会编译吕文学陈永强翻译唐萍校译王川徐礼章唐萍审订（1999年第1版）（中英文对照本）（译者对译文的准确度承担全部责任，正式使用发生争端时，以英文原版为准）机械工业出版社菲迪克（FIDIC）授权书I herewith authorize CNAEC to translate FIDIC’s publications（but not the publications asedited by other organizations）into Chinese and publish them．I agree with your statement，as part of the agreement，that you will：a）provide FIDIC with 10 copies of the translation per document，andb）make a statement on the inside cover of the translation that the translator takes full re- sponsibility for the accuracy of the translation and that in case dispute，the original version in English shall prevail．Peter van der TOGTPublications manager[译文]在此，我授权中国工程咨询协会把FIDIC出版物译成中文并出版（但是，不包括其他组织编写的出版物）。
可可英语看懂合同
可可英语看懂合同In today's globalized world, the ability to understand contracts written in English has become a crucial skill, especially for those who frequently engage in international business transactions. One such platform that can assist in this endeavor is "Cocoa English,"a comprehensive language learning resource that caters to various needs of learners.在当今全球化的世界中，理解英文合同的能力已成为一项至关重要的技能，特别是对于经常参与国际商业交易的人来说。
而“可可英语”正是一个能够满足学习者各种需求的综合性语言学习资源平台。
Contracts, being legal documents, are often written in a formal and complex language that can be challenging to grasp. However, with the help of Cocoa English, learners can gradually familiarize themselves with the terminology and structure of contracts. The platform offers a range of courses and materials that focus on contract reading and comprehension, equipping users with the necessary vocabulary and grammar to understand the nuances of contract language.合同作为法律文件，往往采用正式且复杂的语言，这对其理解构成了挑战。
英文合同模板要点怎么写
英文合同模板要点怎么写When drafting an English contract template, it is important to include the following key points without using titles that are duplicated throughout the text:1. Parties involved: Clearly identify all parties entering into the contract, including their legal names and relevant contact information.2. Background or preamble: Provide a brief introduction to the contract, outlining the context and purpose of the agreement.3. Definitions: Include a section that defines key terms and phrases used throughout the contract to ensure clarity and prevent potential misunderstandings.4. Scope of the agreement: Clearly state the scope and extent of the agreement, specifying what the contract covers and what it does not cover.5. Terms and conditions: Outline the specific terms and conditions that both parties must adhere to, including obligations, responsibilities, and limitations.6. Payment terms: Detail the payment arrangements, including the amount, due dates, and any applicable penalties or late fees.7. Termination: Clearly outline the conditions and procedures for terminating the contract, including any notice periods required by either party.8. Dispute resolution: Specify how any disagreements or disputes will be handled, including whether arbitration or mediation is required before resorting to legal action.9. Confidentiality: Address the protection of sensitive information, including any non-disclosure or confidentiality agreements that need to be signed separately.10. Governing Law: Specify the governing law or jurisdiction that applies to the contract in the event of a legal dispute.11. Entire agreement: Include a clause stating that the contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes any previous oral or written agreements.12. Amendments and modifications: Detail the procedure for making any changes to the contract and emphasize that any amendments must be in writing and agreed upon by both parties.13. Severability: Include a clause stating that if any provision of the contract is declared invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions will still be valid and enforceable.14. Waiver: Specify that failure by one party to enforce any term or condition of the contract does not constitute a waiver of their rights, and the contract's terms and conditions remain fully in effect.15. Execution: Provide space for both parties to sign and date thecontract, acknowledging their agreement and acceptance of its terms.。
国际商务单证理论与实务第一章
前言一、考试情况简介1．时间——每年6月上旬2．合格要求理论与实践两科均达到60分及以上者为通过如一门合格，另一门未通过，则合格成绩保留一期，过期作废3．教材《国际商务单证理论与实务》《全国国际商务单证培训考试大纲及复习指南》4．题型第一部分：基础理论与知识（中文），满分100分⑴单项选择题⑵多项选择题⑶判断题注意：题量大，速度不能太慢。
判断题答案为“是”的，在答题卡上涂“A”；答案为“否”的，在答题卡上涂“B”。
选择题包括有计算、简答、案例分析、根据已有单证回答问题等多种形式，不是单纯地进行选择。
第二部分：单证操作与缮制（英文），满分100分⑴根据合同审核信用证（36分）18×2＝36⑵根据已知资料审核并修改单据（20分）两张单据总分20分，10＋10＝20⑶根据合同或信用证资料制作单据（44分）三张单据总分44分，在题目中会标出需填写的项目，一个项目一分注意：实务部分实际上涉及两个内容：一是根据合同审核信用证，一是根据资料填写各种单据。
实务部分题型不变，但分值比例不是一成不变的。
常见单据有：商业发票、汇票、提单、保险单、装箱单、普惠制原产地证、报检单、装船通知等。
二、教材及章节分析（括号内容为相应的实务操作要求）第一章概述第二章贸易术语第三章合同（合同的阅读）第四章货款支付（信用证审核，汇票的填制）第五章商务单证（形式发票、商业发票、装箱单、装船通知的填制）第六章运输和保险（海运提单、CIF保险单的填制）第七章官方出口单证（出口许可证、原产地证、报检单的填制）第八章进口单证（信用证申请书的填制）第九章计算注意：第五、六、七章是作为卖方在办理出口交单时应提供的单据，其中第七章是由卖方到官方机构办理的单据。
第八章是作为买方在办理进口时：申请信用证、从卖方处得到的单据（进口商务单证），须买方提供的单据（进口到货单证）。
三、考试特点1．理论部分：考点分散，各章都有认真看教材，重要知识点掌握清楚，理解并记忆2．操作部分：考点集中，一个信用证五大单据多做真题，在做的基础上进行总结归纳，把握出题思路。
法律英语合同范本(汇总6篇)
法律英语合同范本(汇总6篇)（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、合同协议、条据书信、讲话致辞、规章制度、策划方案、句子大全、教学资料、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample texts for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, contract agreements, document letters, speeches, rules and regulations, planning plans, sentence summaries, teaching materials, other sample texts, etc. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!法律英语合同范本(汇总6篇)法律英语合同范本第1篇•Party 合同当事方•Made /entered 订立合同•By and between/among 在…之间•Under the law of 依照…法律•domicile住所地•place of business营业地•legal address 法定住址•principal office 主营业所（或公司总部）•registered office 注册地•Whereas 鉴于•Agree as follows 同意缔约如下•arising from 产生于•in connection with 与…有关•friendly negotiation 友好协商•submitted to 提交至•in accordance with 根据•Arbitration Rules and the Procedure 仲裁规则和程序•final and binding 终局的和有约束力的•shall be borne 由…承担•the losing party 败诉方•fulfill the arbitration award 履行仲裁裁决•continuously eXecuted 继续履行公司类AOA：Article of Association公司章程AOI: Article of Incorporation组织章程Company Constitution公司章程Bylaws公司章程或规章制度，Charter公司的宪章性·文件BR: Broad Resolution决议Minutes会议的记录Business plan 商业计划书交易类Letter of Inquiry 询价函PO purchase order 订单Pro Forma Invoice 形式发票Bill of lading 提单Letter of credit 信用证Power of attorney 授权委托书Bill of lading：提单•Shipper：托运人•Carrier：承运人•Consignee：收货人•Notify party：通知方•Forward Agent：货代•Port of loading：装运港•Port of discharge：卸货港•Clean BoL: 清洁提单Letter of Credit：信用证•In one’s favor：以…为受益人•Sight draft：见单即付•Bills of lading：提单•Marine risk：海商法•Commercial invoice：商业发票•Present：交单•UCP：跟单信用证统一惯例•ICC：国际商会Purchase order：PO 订单•In accordance with：与…一致•With the following terms：按照下列条款•Delivery Date :交货期•Priorto：在…之前•Confirmed：经保兑的•Irrevocable letter of credit：不可撤销信用证•Acknowledgment 确认函Pro Forma Invoice：形式发票•Description：规格•Price Per Unit：单价•Total Price: 总价•Ocean Freight: 海洋运输•The prices quoted: 报价•Payment terms：付款条款•Subject to: 取决于/决定于合同阅读：《鏖战英文合同》王相国《法律英语阅读与翻译教·程》屈文生、石伟《英文合同入门指南》乔焕然词汇书籍：《法律英语核心词汇速记手册》《英汉国际经济法律词汇》《英汉汉英法律用语辩证词典》《法律英语核心术语：实务基础》词典推荐：韦氏法律词典，满足一般的合同、协议法律文件翻译元照英美法词典，中英文，非常适合初学者法律英语合同范本第2篇英语写作（不仅仅是法律英语写作）一共可能传达六种信息：who，when，where，what，how，why.如果你试图在一个句子里把这六种信息同时都传达出来，很可能最后会写出几十个单词的恼人的长句子。
法学专业学生读书目录(2012)(1)
2011级法学专业学生读书目录大学一年级：一、中国法制史：中国法制史论书丛稿黄静嘉清华大学出版社2006年7月中国古代法制史话李用兵商务印书馆1996年12月商鞅著，《商君书》，任何出版社出版均可韩非著，《韩非子》，任何出版社出版均可二、宪法：从宪法规范到规范宪法林来梵法律出版社2001年5月宪在：生活中的宪法踪迹张千帆中国民主法制出版社2011年10月三、法理学读书书目法理学：理论与语境（第四版）作者：（美）比克斯法律出版社出版时间：2008—1—1 法理学检读作者：於兴中海洋出版社出版时间：2010—6—1法的价值论作者：卓泽渊法律出版社出版时间：2006—8—1法理学：法律哲学与法律方法（美）博登海默中国政法大学出版社出版时间：2004—1—1法理学问题（美）波斯纳中国政法大学出版社出版时间：2002—1—1四、外国法制史：基本参考资料：何勤华主编：《外国法制史》，法律出版社由嵘主编：《外国法制史》，北京大学出版社；扩展阅读：《世界通史》或世界《古代史》、《中世纪史》、《近代史》、《现代史》，任意版本；[美]哈罗德·J·伯尔曼著：《法律与革命》，贺卫方等译，中国大百科全书出版社1993年版；五、刑法总论：1、意大利刑法学家贝卡利亚《犯罪与刑罚》2、高铭暄、马克昌《刑法学》（新编本）北京北大出版社2000年3、刘艳红《刑法学总论》北京北大出版社20064、陈兴良《中国死刑检讨》5、苏惠渔《犯罪与刑罚专题研究》北京法律出版社20006、黄京平《刑法总则案例分析》北京中国人民大学出版社2000年六、民法总论《为权利而斗争》耶林德国网上直接可以找到龙卫球《民法总论》大学二年级：一、物权法学崔建远：《物权法》陶钟太朗：《居住权研究》二、刑事诉讼法学：卞建林：《刑事诉讼的现代化》，中国法制出版社2003年6月版陈瑞华：《刑事诉讼中的问题与主义》，中国人民大学出版社2011年6月版陈瑞华：《刑事诉讼的前沿问题》，中国人民大学出版社2011年4月版龙宗智：《刑事庭审制度研究》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版陈光中主编：《刑事司法论坛》（1—4辑），中国人民公安大学出版社三、法律逻辑学1、雍琦主编，《实用司法逻辑学》，法律出版社1999年版2、雍琦、金承光、姚荣茂著，《法律适用中的逻辑》，中国政法大学出版社，2002年版四、债权法学崔建远、韩世远、于敏：《债法》崔建远：《合同法》五、商法学1、张国健，《商事法论》，台湾三民书局，1980年版2、郑远民，《现代商人法研究》，法律出版社，2001年版3、任先行、周林彬，《比较商法导论》，北京大学出版社，2000年版4、张开平，《英美公司董事法律制度研究》，法律出版社，1998年版5、谢怀轼，《票据法概论》，法律出版社，1990年版六、《行政法与行政诉讼法学》建议读书目录：1.洛克著，《政府论》，叶启芳、瞿菊农译，商务印书馆。
英文版合同模板
英文版合同模板This Contract (the "Agreement") is made and entered into as of [Date], by and between [Company Name], a [Company Type] ("Company"), and [Client Name], an individual ("Client").1. ServicesThe Company agrees to provide the following services to the Client: [List of services to be provided]. The services shall be performed in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.2. TermThe term of this Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue for [Duration of the Agreement], unless terminated earlier by either party in writing.3. Payment TermsThe Client agrees to pay the Company the following fees for the services provided: [Fee Schedule]. Payment shall be made in accordance with the payment terms set forth in this Agreement. The Client shall make all payments to the Company within [Number of Days] after the date of the invoice.4. ConfidentialityThe parties agree to maintain the confidentiality of all confidential information disclosed by either party during the course of this Agreement. Confidential information shall include, but not be limited to, trade secrets, customer information, and any other information that is identified as confidential.5. IndemnificationThe Client agrees to indemnify and hold the Company harmless from any and all claims, damages, liabilities, and expenses (including attorney's fees) arising out of or in connection with the performance of the services under this Agreement.6. Limitation of LiabilityThe Company shall not be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, or consequential damages arising out of or in connection with the performance of the services under this Agreement. The aggregate liability of the Company under this Agreement shall not exceed the total fees paid by the Client.7. Governing Law and JurisdictionThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of [Jurisdiction].8. Entire AgreementThis Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements, understandings, and negotiations, whether oral or written, between the parties.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the Effective Date. [Company Name]By: ___________________________Name: [Authorized Signature]Title: [Title][Date][Client Name]By: ___________________________Name: [Authorized Signature]Title: [Title][Date]。
英文合同模板要点
英文合同模板要点This contract is made and entered into on [date], by and between [name of party 1], hereinafter referred to as "Party 1", and [name of party 2], hereinafter referred to as "Party 2".1. Purpose of ContractThe purpose of this contract is to set forth the terms and conditions of the agreement between Party 1 and Party 2 for [describe the purpose of the contract, e.g. the provision of services, sale of goods, etc.].2. Term of ContractThis contract shall be effective as of the date of signature and shall remain in effect until [specify the end date of the contract or the conditions for termination].3. Payment TermsParty 2 shall pay Party 1 [amount] within [number] days of the receipt of an invoice. Late payments shall incur a penalty of [penalty amount] per day until paid in full.4. Services/ProductsParty 1 shall provide [description of services/products] in accordance with the terms outlined in this contract. Party 2 shall accept delivery of the services/products in a timely manner.5. TerminationEither party may terminate this contract with [number] days' written notice. In the event of termination, Party 2 shall pay any amounts owed to Party 1 for services/products provided up to the date of termination.6. ConfidentialityBoth parties agree to keep all information disclosed during the course of this contract confidential and not to disclose it to any third party without the other party's consent.7. IndemnificationParty 1 shall indemnify and hold harmless Party 2 from any claims or liabilities arising from the services/products provided under this contract.8. Governing LawThis contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of[state/country].9. Entire AgreementThis contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes any previous agreements or understandings, whether written or oral.10. CounterpartsThis contract may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original and together shall constitute one and the same document.In witness whereof, the parties have executed this contract as of the date first above written. [Signature of Party 1][Name of Party 1][Signature of Party 2][Name of Party 2]。
GCP指南中英文对照
compliant clinical study. It is almost impossible to achieve the ideal proclaimed in the existing guidelines and regulations. However, this does not mean we should not strive for the best standard possible. You must think beyond the 'minimum standard' if you really want to do a good job and ensure the best quality possible. Slavish adherence to guidelines and regulations will not work: you must be convinced of the basic logic, ethics and science behind GCP requirements. Going for the most expedient and cheapest route will not only result in a poorer standard but it may also cost lives.首先，我们应该清楚，在我们看来，没有完全依从GCP的临床研究，完美遵从目前指导原则和法规几乎是不可能的。
但是，这并不意味着我们就不应该尽可能达到最好的标准。
如果你确实想要做好工作并尽可能确保高质量，就必须考虑超过最低标准。
机械的遵从指导原则和法规是没有用的，但必须遵循GCP要求的基本的逻辑、伦理和科学原则。
一味的寻求最方便、最便宜的途径将不仅仅导致一个更低的标准，也可能增加成本。
How much non-compliance should we tolerate? In 1996, we published a book on GCP compliance based on the findings of our audit experience at 226 investigator study sites, involving studies conducted in 20 different countries, and audited by an independent external audit team between 1991 and 1995. GCP compliance was compared for various factors and the data patterns suggested some interesting trends. First, the overall level of GCP compliance was generally poor across all investigator study sites and far below the expectations of guidelines and regulations. (In many areas, the studies were possibly dangerous for study subjects, in our opinion.) Second, there were no important differences in studies with regard to the year in which the study was conducted. Basically, all the new regulatory efforts, particularly in Europe, did not show a positive effect onstandards. (However, a survey over a five- to six-year time period is possibly too limited to draw conclusions on this point.) Third, there were no important differences in studies which used a CRO (contract research organization) compared to those which did not. This appears to be because CROs simply follow the standards of the sponsor responsible for the conduct of the study rather than setting consistent and better standards themselves. Fourth, some slight differences between phases of studies were observed, with better compliance in early phase studies. However, this should not be surprising since a Phase I single-centre study with 20 subjects is much easier to control than a Phase III multicentre multinational study involving several hundred study subjects. Fifth, there were some slight differences between therapeutic areas, but this was probably linked to the standards of the sponsor or CRO managing the studies. Sixth, overall, there were no basic overall differences between levels of GCPcompliance in different countries. (However, a later analysis of selected items showed some individual differences between countries: for example, direct access to source documents was achieved 100% of the time at US sites, but not as frequently in other countries.)The only apparent important differences in levels of GCP compliance were between the different sponsors (mostly pharmaceutical companies) managing the studies. The main conclusions reached from analysis of this audit database were that overall standards of GCP compliance greatly needed improvement, and that standards were only as good as the sponsor managing the study regardless of where in the world the study was being conducted. In theory, good research could be conducted anywhere provided it was managed properly.我们可容许多大的非依从性呢？1996年我们出版了一本关于GCP依从性的书，此书根据我们在226个研究基地的稽查发现编写，涉及了1991年到1995年间20个不同国家并由独立的外部稽查小组稽查的研究。
查看合同书
查看合同书英文回答：What is a Contract?A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties. It creates rights and obligations for the parties and can be used to govern a wide range of relationships, from simple sales transactions to complex business deals.Elements of a Contract。
To be legally enforceable, a contract must have the following elements:Offer: A proposal by one party to enter into a contract.Acceptance: The agreement by the other party to theterms of the offer.Consideration: Something of value that is exchanged between the parties in return for their promises.Capacity: The legal ability of the parties to enter into a contract.Legality: The purpose of the contract must be legal.Types of Contracts。
There are many different types of contracts, including:Written contracts: These are contracts that are put into writing and signed by the parties.Oral contracts: These are contracts that are made verbally and are not put into writing.Express contracts: These are contracts that are created by the parties' explicit words or actions.Implied contracts: These are contracts that are created by the parties' conduct or behavior.Breach of Contract。
采购合同约定细则
采购合同约定细则（中英文实用版）英文文档内容：Purchasing Contract Terms and DetailsThe purchasing contract is a legal agreement between a buyer and a seller that outlines the specifics of a purchase transaction.It includes details such as the description of the goods or services being purchased, the quantity, quality, price, payment terms, delivery schedule, and any other terms and conditions that govern the transaction.The contract should clearly state the identity of the buyer and the seller, as well as their respective addresses and contact information.It should also specify the exact description of the goods or services being purchased, including any specifications, models, or quantities.The price条款should clearly outline the total cost of the purchase, including any applicable taxes, fees, or discounts.The payment terms should specify the method of payment, the due date, and any penalties for late payment.The delivery schedule should clearly state the date and time when the goods or services will be delivered, as well as the location for delivery.The seller should be responsible for ensuring that the goods or services are delivered on time and in the proper condition.The contract should also include any other terms and conditions thatare relevant to the transaction, such as warranties, indemnification, confidentiality, and dispute resolution.These terms and conditions should be clearly stated and understood by both parties before the contract is executed.中文文档内容：采购合同约定细则采购合同是买方和卖方之间的一份法律协议，它详细阐述了采购交易的具体内容。
英文阅读的4个技巧
英文阅读的4个技巧英文阅读的4个技巧阅读是学习英语重要的一部分，但许多学生都觉得阅读很难。
下面是店铺理的一些建议可以是你通过使用在母语中用到的技巧来帮助你提高阅读。
01、Read for Gist读主旨Gist = the main ideasGist=主旨，要点Read the text a first time. Don't stop. Read to understand the main ideas, and don't look up new words. You'll be surprised that you can usually understand the general idea of the story.首先通读全文。
不要中途停下，在阅读的过程中理解主旨，不要查新词。
你会惊讶地发现，你总是能够理解故事的大意。
02、Use Context读上下文Context refers words and situations that are around a word you don't understand. Look at the example sentence: 上下文指的是围绕一个你不理解地词语地一些词组和语境。
请看例句：I went to the shlumping to buy some chitla for dinner.What's 'schlumping'? - it must be a store because you bought something there.Shlumping是什么意思?——它肯定指的是一个商店，因为你是在那儿买东西。
What's 'chitia'? - It must be food because you are going to eat it for dinner.Chitia是什么意思?它肯定是一种食物，因为你晚餐得吃它。
合同段落间距设置
合同段落间距设置（中英文版）英文文档内容：Contract Paragraph Spacing SettingsWhen creating a contract, it is essential to ensure that the document is not only legally sound but also easy to read and understand.One aspect that contributes to readability is the spacing between paragraphs.Proper paragraph spacing can make the contract more organized and help the reader follow the flow of the agreement.To set paragraph spacing in a contract, you should follow these guidelines:e a consistent font size throughout the document.This will help maintain a professional look and ensure that the spacing is consistent.2.Set the paragraph spacing to an appropriate amount.A common practice is to use 1.5 or double spacing, depending on the length of the document.This will ensure that there is enough space between paragraphs to distinguish them from each other.e indentation to further separate paragraphs.Indenting the first line of each paragraph can help the reader visually distinguish between different sections of the contract.4.Be mindful of additional spacing, such as line breaks or extra spaces, which can disrupt the document"s formatting and make it appearunprofessional.5.Finally, proofread the document to ensure that the spacing is consistent throughout and that there are no formatting errors.By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your contract is not only legally binding but also easy to read and understand for all parties involved.中文文档内容：合同段落间距设置在创建合同时，确保文档不仅合法，而且易于阅读和理解至关重要。
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编号：_____________英文合同阅读指南
甲方：________________________________________________
乙方：___________________________
签订日期：_______年______月______日
英文合同解读技巧
第一章英文合同概述（General Introduction）
In view of all this,we are making a binding agreement,putting it in writing,and our leaders,our Levites and our priests are affixing their seals to it.（Nehemiah BIBLE NIV）因这一切的事，我们立确实的约，写在册上。
我们的首领，利未人，和祭司都签了名。
【尼西米】《圣经》新国际版合同，古称契约（港台现仍多用此语），‚契‛者即证券，证明买卖、抵押、租赁等关系的文书，如契据、房契等。
古代典籍中常见此语，《易•系辞》就有‚后时圣人易之以书契。
‛‚约‛者即共同商定的事,共同议定要遵守的条文，如和约、条约等。
《三国演义》中就有‚昔高祖约法三章,黎民皆感其德。
‛
而西方在早在〈〈圣经〉〉中就有关于上帝在西乃山与以色列人立约的记载。
挪亚方舟就是籍着上帝与挪亚的契约而建造的：But with thee will I establish my covenant;and thou shalt come into the ark,thou,and thy sons,and thy wife,and thy sons'wives with thee.（但我要与你立约，你以及你的儿子、妻子和儿媳，要与你一同进入方舟。
）
第一节合同与协议（Contract and Agreement）
而在现代英语合同中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。
那么Contract和Agreement是一回事吗?他们之间又有什么关系呢?《中华人民共和国民法通则》第85条规定：‚合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议‛（A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish,change or terminate their civil relationship）。
《中华人民共和国合同法》第二条规定：‚合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、
变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议‛（Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements between equal natural persons,legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing,altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations）。
美国法律整编合同法第二次汇编定义合同为：‚合同乃为一个允诺或一组允诺。
违反此一允诺时，法律给予救济;或其允诺之履行，法律在某些情况下视之为一项义务。
‛（A contract is a promise,or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives a remedy,or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.）（Restatement，Second,Contracts,Section 1）这一定义在Steven H.Gifts 编著的Law Dictionary被完全引述.但一般而言，Contract，乃两个以上当事人间具有法律约束力之协议，或由一个以上当事人所为一组具有法律约束力之允诺。
（A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties or a set of legal binding promises made by one party or more.（G.C.Lindsay,Contract,3rd ed.1992）这一表述在*****.Curzon 编撰的Dictionary of Law中概括为‚A legally binding agreement creating enforceable obligations.‛Chris Turner在其编撰的Contract Law中定义的更为具体明了‚A contract is an agreement between two parties by which both are bound in law and which can therefore be enforced in a court or other equivalent forum.‛即合同就是对合同方具有法律上约束力，可由法院或其他同等管辖地强制执行的协议。
而在Black’s Law Dictionary（Eighth Edition）对contract 的定义多达8项：1.An agreement two or more parties creating obligations that are。