Unit 2 Morphology

合集下载

英语语言学之Morphology

Allomorph（词素变体）:An allomorph is the different variants of the same morpheme. It can be phonologically or morphologically conditioned.
See more on p. 82
“doing”---consisted of two parts “do” and “-ing”,from which we can work out a rule:we can put “ –ing” to a verb to form a “-ing’ participle.
形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme”-s’ have?
The plural “ s “has many morphologicallyconditioned allomorphs. For example.
(1) –(e)s, as in “cats”, “matches” (2) –(r)en: as in “oxen”, “children” (3) –e-: as in “men”, “women” (4) –ee-, as in “feet”, “teeth” (5) zero, as in “sheep”, “deer”

morphologyPPT课件

What is lexical meaning and what is grammatical meaning?
E.g. The English word tourists contain three morphemes. One minimal unit of lexical meaning is tour and another unit of lexical meaning is –ist which means person who does something. The third minimal unit –s has grammatical meaning indicating plurality.
• Bound morphemes are actually affixes. 黏着语素实际上就是词缀。
• 词缀本质上是黏着的。Affixes are naturally bound. All affixes in English are bound.
• ——词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素上的一类语素
• Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations.
• Inflectional affixes are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical functions of a word.
自由语素 vs黏着语素
• 像tour, chair这种能够独立构词的语素，我们称之为自由语素。 Those which may make up words by themselves are free morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by themselves as words.

4.MORPHOLOGY2

4．MORPHOLOGY4.1 MorphologyMORPHOLOGY is the branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed.For example, the verb “purify” in English consists of two orthographic parts: “pur(e)” and “-ify”, from which one can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be formed by adding …-ify‟ to an adjective.This morphological rule accounts for the existence of a set of verbs with “-ify” ending, such as “amplify”, “simplify”, “falsify”.Morphology is generally divided into two fields:the study of INFLECTIONS (also called INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY), and of WORD-FORMATION (often referred to as LEXICAL or DERIV ATIONAL MORPHOLOGY).4.1.1 InflectionINFLECTION is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For instance,(a) number table/tablesapple/applescar/cars(b)person, finiteness and aspecttalk/talks/talking/talkedopen/opens/opening/opened(c)case boy/boy‟sJohn/John‟sUniversity/university‟sEach set in example 4-1 constitutes a single paradigm, that is, a set of grammatically conditioned forms all derived from a single root (See 4.3.2) or stem.4.1.2 Word-formationWORD-FORMATION, in its restricted sense, refers to the processes of word variations signaling lexical relationships. It can be further subclassified into the compositional type (compound) and the derivational type (derivation).4.1.2.1 CompoundThe term COMPOUND, covers a wide range of different relations between lexical words. For instance,(a)Noun compoundsday+break → daybreak (N+V)play+boy → playboy (V+N)hair+cut → haircut (N+V)call+girl → callgirl (V+N)wind+mill → wirtdmill (N+N)(b)Verb compoundsbrain+wash → windmill (N+V)(c)Adjective compoundsman+eating → maneating (N+Ving)heart+felt → heartfelt (N+Ved)duty+free → dutyfree (N+Adj)(d)Preposition compoundsin+to → intothrough+out → throughout4.1.2.2 DerivationDERIV ATION shows the relation between stems and affixes.For instance,un+conscious → unconsciousnation+al → nationalIn contrast with inflections, derivations can make the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged. For instance,(a)Word class changedN→ V length+en → lengthendis+card → discardN→ Adj fool+ish →foolishEarth+ward →earthwardV→N work+er→workerV→Adj accept+able →acceptableAdj→N mean+ness →meannessAdj→V deaf+en →deafenAdj→adv exact+ly →exactly(b) Word class unchangedN→N non+smoker →nonsmokerV→V dis+obey →disobeyAdj→adj tall+ish→tallish4.2 Word and morpheme4.2.1 MorphemeThe MORPHEME is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word “barks” in “The dog barks” consists oftwo morphemes in orthographic forms: “bark” and “-s” , neither of which can be further divided into other smaller meaningful units. Therefore, a morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. It is not like the sound patterns or syllables which can be further divided into segements. The fact that there are three phonetic segments in /ba:k /is a case in point.Words may consist of one morpheme or more than one morphemes. Here are some examples:1—morpheme boy, desire2—morpheme boy+ish, desir (e) +able3—morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir (e) +able(e) +ity4—morpheme gentle+man+li+ness; un+desir(e) +able+ity5—morpheme un+gentle+man+li+nessover 5—morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism4.2.2 Morpheme and phonemeA single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. The phoneme /z/in/? /(goes) represents the third-person singular present tense morpheme, but /z/ occurs very often when it has nothing to do with this specific morpheme. See the following examples:ex. 4—6(a)boys(b)boy‟s(c)raiseIn (a), the phoneme /z/ represents the plural morpheme, whereas in (b), it represents the morpheme which means possessive case. However, in (c), it means nothing at all.4.2.3 Morphemic structure and phonological structureMorphemes may also be represented by phonological structures other than a single phoneme. The following examples show that they may be monophonemic, monosyllabic or polysyllabic.ex. 4—7MonophonemicMonosyllabicPolysyllabicThe syllabic (phonological) structure of a word and its morphemic (grammatical) structure do not necessarily correspond. For instance, ex. 4—8tell+erbig(g)+er4.2.4 AllomorphSome morphemes have a single form in all contests, such as “dog”, “bark”, “cat”, etc. In other instanc es there may be considerable variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms.ex. 4—9 map—mapsdog—dogswatch—watchesmouse—miceox—oxentooth—teethsheep—sheepFrom the examples, one can see clearly that the plural meaning in English can be represented by the voiceless /s/, the voiced /z/, the vowel-consonantstructure /iz/, the diphthong /aI/ found in the irregular form of /mais/, the nasal sound /n/ in /`aksn/, the long vowel /i:/ in/ ti: /and the zero form ? of / /and others. Each would be said to be an ALLOMORPH of the plural morpheme.Thus, morpheme, like phoneme, as held by Americam structuralists, is an abstract unit, but on a higher level of abstraction. It consists of a sequence of classes of phonemes and has either lexical or grammatical meaning. In morphemic transcription, morphemes in the abstract notion are put between braces like {}. Take the plural morp0heme for example, it can be expressed in the form of {-s ~-z~-iz~-ai~-i:~-n~- }.4.3 Types of morphemes4.3.1 Free morpheme and bound morphemeA FREE MORPHEME is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as “bed”, “tree”, “sing”, “dance”.A BOUND MORPHEME is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-“ in “disclose”, and so on.Thus, the word “distempered” has three morphemes, namely, “dis-“ and “-ed” are two bound morphemes.4.3.2 RootsA root is the base from of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. In the word “internationalism”, after ther removal of “inter-”, “-al” and “-ism”, what is left is the root …nation‟.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.4.3.3 AffixAFFIX is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Naturally, affixes belong to the type of “bound” morphemes.Affixes are limited in number in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes namely, prefix, suffix and infix, depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word:prefix para-, mini-, un-suffix -ise, -tioninfix foot/feet, goose/geese4.3.4 Root and stemA STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. “Friend-“ in …friends” and “friend- ship-“ in “friendships” are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain two or more roots.It should be noted that certain affixes function primarily to form stems. They may be called STEM-FORMATIVES. In the word “thermos”, “-s” originally indicated the root in question can be the subject of a sentence, but it cannot be attached to the Greek root “therm” directly, it is the stem-formative “-o-“ that helps turn the root “them” into a stem “thermo-“, to which the morpheme “-s” is attached.Affixes may also be divided into inflectional and derivational types. For instance,ex. 4—11Inflectional Derivationalwalks sleepywalked lovelywalking notionalmeannessstars amazementwatches disunitysweetenpresident‟s4.4 Morphophonology and morphophonemicsMORPHOPHONOLOGY (morphonology) or MORPHOPHONEMICS (morphonemics) is a branch of linguistics referring to the analysis and classification of the phonological factors which affect the appearance of morphemes, and, correspondingly, the grammatical factors which affect the appearance of phonemes.4.4.1 Phonologically conditionedThe form or shape of morphemes may be conditioned by phonologicalfactors. Compare the following two sets of words:ex. 4—12injustice imperfectinefficient impenetrableinfirm impossibleThe negative morpheme is realized as “in-” or “im-” in the two sets respectively. The reason is very simple, because the change of /n/ (an alveolar nasal) to /m/ (a bilabial nasal) in the right column words makes it more similar to /p/ (a bilabial stop). Therefore, the ASSIMILATION of /n/ is said to be conditioned by /p/.Opposite to assimilation, there is DISSIMILATION, which refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different. For instance,ex. 4—13grammar (O.E.) →glamour (M.E.)peregrinus (Latin) →pilgrimmarbre (French) →marbleIn all these examples, one of the phonemes, /r/, dissimilates to /1/ in the course of time, which results in the change of morphemes concerned.4.4.2. Morphologically conditionedMorphemes can also be conditioned by morphological factors. In doing so, three requirements should be met:(a)All the allomorphs should have common meaning, for instance, theplural morpheme {-z~ -s~ -aI~ - ~ -n}(b)All the allomorphs should be in complementary distribution, forinstance, the plural morpheme {-n} occurs only with a limited numberof words such as “ox”, “brother”, etc.(c)Allomorphs which share the common meaning should occur inparallel formations. For instance,ex. 4—14Singular Pluralox / aks/ oxen /aksn/cow /kau/ cows /kauz/This suggests that /n/ and /z/ have the same functional place in the grammatical structure of the language.Exerciaes1.Define the following termsmorpheme compoundinflection affixderivation rootsuppletive stemallomorph boundComplete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a. ____ removable g. ____ humanb. ____ formal h. ____ relevantc. ____ practicable i. ____ evitabled. ____ sensible j. ____ mobilee. ____ tangible k. ____ legalf. ____ logical l. ____ discreetDescribe the morphological rules concerned in exercise 2, the relevant conditioning process, and the morpheme which carries the common negative meaning.Break up each of the following words into its parts and put the morphemes correctly in one of the columns:Free BoundInflectional derivationala.luxuriousb.pauperizec.begind.buyerse.disenchantedf.scarcityg.bystanderh.sooneri.reassuringlyj.insalivation。

第二章Morphology形态学

2. Phonetics
2.1 What is phonetics?
Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
These sounds are limited in number.
This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistics studies are the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system.
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.

unit 2 Phonology

• Speech sounds in English are grouped into broad categories: consonants and vowels.
• What is a consonant?
• --Consonant: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.
glides.
• In terms of place of articulation, the English
consonants are classified as:
•
Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar,
palatal, velar, glottal.
• The two classifications can be combined to describe a consonants:
central/ back vowels
•
the openness of the mouth ------ close/
semi-close/ semi-open/ open vowels
•
the shape of lips
rounded/ unrounded vowels
--of vowels
• What is a vowel?
• --Vowel: The sounds in the production of which no vocal organs come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.

语言学Morphology形态学课件

语言学Morphology形态学
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.

unit 2英语科技词汇的形成与构词原理

英语还通过向其他语言借词，丰富并发展了自身的科技词汇，如来自德语的zeppelin （齐柏林飞艇）、 U-boat （潜水艇）、quartz （石英）等；来自俄语的sputnik （人造地球卫星）、 cosmonaut （宇航员）,mammoth （猛为象，长毛象）、solonetz （碱土）等。
英语有多种能引起词性变化的后缀，如名词后缀、动词后缀、形容词后缀和副词后缀等。
名词后缀可分别与动词、形容词以及其他名词组合，构成新的名词。
1）与动词组合的后缀：-ant、-er/or、-ee、age、-al、-ation、-ing、-ment 等例词（表示施动者）：informant （报告者）、computer （计算机）、accelerator （加速器）
例词（表示动作承受者）:nominee （任命者）、 testee （接受实验者）,referee （证明人）
例词（表示动作的名词化）：drainage （排水）、 refusal （拒绝）、electrification （电气化、充
电）、building （筹办）、management （管理）
件包）等
2）
机械加工术语:drilling （钻
削）,grinding 削）.finishing
（（磨精削加）工%）tu等rning
（车
3）
材料科学术语：strength （强度）、
toughness （韧性）、hardness （硬度）、
ductility （延展性）等
4）航空工业术语：nose （机首）、wind tunnel （风洞）、ceiling （升限）、ferry range （转场航程）、stealthiness （隐形性）等

语言学Morphology形态学课件

Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine. Pro-verb: He knows English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. Pro-locative(代处所词): Jame’s hiding there, behind the door.
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
语言学Morphology形态学
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs

英语语言学2 Morphology形态学word讲义

Chapter 3 Morphology形态学Nothing is more important to language than words.Words can carry meaning.Words are the fundamental building blocks of a language.So, is word the most basic or the minimal unit of meaning?If not, then what is?How words are formed?---morphology3.1 what is morphology?Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3.2 Open class and closed class (开放词类和封闭词类)Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.New words can be added to open class words regularly with the development of human civilization.However, the number of closed class words is small and stable since few new words are added.3.3Morphemes--the minimal units of meaning（词素，最小的意义单位）Word is the smallest free from found in language.Word can be further divided into smaller meaningful units---morphemes.So, morpheme is---the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.1-morpheme boy, desire2-morpheme boyish, desirable3-morpheme boyishness, desirability4-morpheme gentlemanliness,undesir(e)abl(e)ity5-morpheme ungentlemanliness6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismFree morpheme & bound morphemeFree morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as ―-s‖ in ―dogs‖, ―al‖ in ―national‖, ―dis-‖ in ―disclose‖, ―ed‖ in ―recorded‖, AllomorphSome morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as ―dog, bark, cat‖,etc.In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.the plural morpheme may be represented by:map----maps [s]dog----dogs [z]watch----watches [iz]mouse----mice [ai]ox----oxen [n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEach of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.3.4 Analyzing word structuresIdentify each of the major component morphemes.Classify these morphemes in terms of their contribution to the meaning and function of the larger word.Generally speaking, a complex word often consists of a root and one or more affixes.Root: constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.Roots typically belong to lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions. Affix: is always a bound morpheme, and does not belong to a lexical category.Tree diagram (teach-er)NV Afteach er3.5 Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme 派生词素和屈折词素Derivational morphemes---- the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, etc.when derivational morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes, a new word is derived or formed--- may change grammatical classeg. light –lighten; nasal –nasalize;eat—edible; grave--engrave--- may not change grammatical classeg. net---internet; happy—unhappy;national—multinational; terror-terroristMany prefixes and suffixes belong to derivational morphemeseg. tele-phone; music-ianConsider: is there any prefix or suffix which doesn’t fall into derivational morphemes? Inflectional morphemes---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, person, mood, voice, case, number, aspect and degree;e.g.:1) number: tables apples cars2) tense: talk/talks/talking/talked3) case: John/John’s4) degree: large/larger/largestInflectional morphemes never change lexical category, never add any lexical meaning,Morphemefree morpheme bound morphemefree root affix bound root (-ceive)derivational morpheme inflectional morphemeprefix suffixproductive morphological rulesSome of the rules can be used quite freely to form new wordseg. un + derived words (adj.) = not ---adj. [un-Rule]unimaginable unthinkable; unmentionedunbrave (×)(un-rule more productive for adj. derived from verbs than for adj. of just one morpheme like sad---unsad??)eg. sincere---sincerity; scarce—scarcity [ity –Rule]fierce---fiercity (×)(ity-Rule becomes less productive than before)Word-formationDerivation派生: the most common word-formation process, by affixationeg. Derivational + free morphemesgirlish; reliableCompounding复合(stringing words together; juxtaposition of two or more than two words to form a new, composite one with distinct properties of its own)Adj. N. V. Prep. Adj. Bittersweet clearway whitewash blackoutN. Headstrong rainbow spoon-feed head-onV. Carryall pickpocket sleepwalk cutupPrep. Inborn off-licence undertake withoutSome points about compounds1) two words in the same grammatical category, compound in this category;eg. landlord; bedroom; icy-cold;2) two words in different categories, compound in the class of second or final word;eg. pickpocket; headstrong; blackboard; swearwordcompound with preposition, nonpreposition part decideseg. undertake; uplift; overtake; oversee; overdoseexceptions: blackout ( n.) ; head-on (adv.);3) compounds have different stress patterns from non-compounded word sequence;e.g. 'blackbird & black 'bird;'washing machine'greenhouse & green 'house;red 'coat &'redcoat4) meaning of a compound not necessarily the sum of the meaning of its partsmeaning of each compound includes at least to some extent the meaning of individual partseg. reading room; a falling star; a looking glass (窥镜)meanings of compounds do not relate to the meanings of the individual parts at alleg. bigwig(要人,大亨); greenhorns (生手,不懂世故的人)highbrow(知识分子,自命不凡的人)/lowbrow(教养浅薄的人);turncoat变节者Conversion 转类构词(a change in the grammatical function of a word without adding or removing any part of it)Eg. a walk---to walk; a play---to playincrease (n.)--- increase (v.)conduct (n.) --- conduct (v.)I have no knowledge of the political dos and don’tsBackformation 反向构词(a reverse process of affixation. The word is not formed by adding a morpheme to a stem but by assuming a part of the stem as a suffix and removing it)Eg. editor --- edit; beggar --- begtelevision – televise; enthusiasm--- enthuseBorrowing外来语构词(adopting foreign words)--- loan-words借词(retaining their original phonetic or even written forms)eg. bungalow (Hindi); spaghetti (Italian);veranda (Portuguese 阳台)bok choy (Chinese baice); alcohol (Arabic)--- loan-translation or calques(直译,译借) 仿造词( a direct translation of the foreign word into English)eg. superman ---Ubermensch (German)Kongfu (Chinese)Clipping缩略构词( a reduction process in which a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often used in informal speech)Eg. ad--- advertisement; lab---laboratoryfan---fanatic; flu---influenza;math---mathematicsBlending混合构词(join the beginning of the first word to the end of the other words)Eg. smog (smoke + fog)brunch (breakfast + lunch)motel (motor + hotel)telecast (television + broadcast)Acronym首字构词(string together the initial letters of the words in a phrase, typically the names of technical apparatus and institutions, sometimes, the phrasal origin is lost )Eg. radar (radio detecting and ranging)AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)Coinage 创新构词(invention of totally new terms, least common, often brand names)eg. xerox; nylon; kleenex(面巾纸)ConclusionsMorphological rules provide means for forming new words, or coin new words (eg. hair spray, tea ceremony, space walk, etc.)Morphological rules may be productive or less productive (un-Rule) ;may become less productive with the passage of time (ity-Rule)。

Morphology词法,词态学

2.It is wet today. 3.Cathy found it exciting to drive on the elevated road.
lexical meaning?
To has only a grammatical "meaning"as an infinitive marker. It is required by the syntactic rules of the language.
3.1 Introduction
What is the most important part of a language?
Words
Words carry meaning. They are the fundamental building blocks of a language. Sentences are made up with different classes of words.
Other derivational morphemes do not change grammatical class,as in
inter + collegiate macro + ecomomics tele + commute multi + media physic + ian Americ + an tour + ism
the meaning of a word.
Distinguish
Simple words: words contain a single morpheme.
Complex words: words contain two or three morpheme.

人教版)选择性必修第一册：UNIT 2 LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE(含解析)

选择性必修第一册UNIT 2 LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE Ⅰ.阅读理解In the past，video conference technology was mainly used for just a few elements of business meetings or hangouts with friends and family.Now，video conference tools are essential for our productivity，learning and social interaction.We use them not only for fun，but mainly as a meaningful part of our work.However，once we start to join endless video calls for a few hours each day，we become very tired.This term is called “zoom fatigue”，and it’s related to overusing virtual communication platforms.There are some advantages of using video conferencing tools.Without them，it might be impossible for us to work from home.But what we haven’t expected is a price that we need to pay for that sort of convenience.When we are having a face-to-face conversation with others，everything seems pretty natural.While speaking，you look into the eyes，sometimes slightly moving your stare onto something else.You know when to stop talking and when to speak up.Even if you’re in a conference room with 10 people，you don’t have a terrible feeling of being observed all the time.You notice that people mostly look at the person who is speaking，and then they move their attention onto someone else.But when you use a teleconferencing tool，things are different.Being physically on camera makes you very aware of being watched all the time，because you don’t know who is looking at you.You just see many faces on your screen.Marissa Shuffler from Clemson University once said，“When you’re on a video conference，you know everybody’s looking at you；you are on stage，so there comes the social pressure—a feeling like you need to perform.Being performative is stressful.”Moreover，there is another interesting tendency as far as video calls are concerned.Who are you looking at most of the time？The answer is yourself.For mostpeople，it’s hard not to look at their own face if they can see it on the screen.We are likely to make sure that our head is at the right angle and that our shirt isn’t creased.1.What is the so-called “zoom fatigue”？A.The fast pace of our modern life.B.Boredom caused by too many video calls.C.The wide spread of video technology.D.Burnout associated with overusing online platforms.2.What can video calls bring us when compared with face-to-face conversations?A.Higher cost.B.More stress.C.More free time.D.Better performance.3.Why do we look at ourselves most of the time on the screen?A.To be well-behaved.B.To get some comfort.C.To grow self-confidence.D.To attract others’ attention.4.What is the text mainly about?A.The popularity of video calls.B.People’s attitude towards video calls.C.Some unforeseen effects of video calls.D.Changes in people’s way of communication.You improve your robot’s software by improving its software.Agrim Gupta of Stanford University，however，begs to differ.He thinks you can also improve a robot’s software by improving its hardware.He and his colleagues have invented a way of testing this idea.They brought to their robots，unimals，the principles of evolution (进化) by natural selection.Unimals，with globes for heads and sticks for arms and legs，are software beings interacting with a virtual environment.The environments where they wanderedwere in three varieties：flat grounds，grounds with hills and steps，and ones that had the complexities of the second sort，but with added objects.To begin with，the unimals were randomly assigned various shapes，but with identical software—derl.Newly created unimals learned to face the challenges in a virtual bootcamp.They were then entered into tournaments in groups.Each group winner was awarded one mutation (变异)—one extra arm or leg，or one extra turning in a joint.The new replaced the oldest unimal and then was assigned to a new group，and the process repeated.About 4，000 varieties of them underwent training.The team were surprised by the diversity of shapes that evolved.Crucially，though，the researchers found the most successful unimals learned tasks in half the time their oldest ancestors had taken，and that those evolving in the toughest grounds were the most successful.In this evolution of unimals’ morphology (形态) to promote the ability to learn，Dr Gupta sees a version of something called the Baldwin effect.In 1896 James Baldwin，a psychologist，argued that minds evolve to make the best use of the morphologies of the bodies.What Dr Gupta has shown，though in software，is that the opposite can also be true—changes in body morphology can improve the way minds work.Even though he held the software constant，it became more efficient at learning as the unimals’ bodies evolved.Whether that discovery can be turned to account in the way robots are developed remains to be seen.But the way of testing is certainly an out-of-the-box idea.5.How was the test conducted?A.By promoting unimals’ learning.B.By adjusting the environments.C.By proving the evolution theory.D.By stimulating unimals’ mutation.6.What turned out to be surprising in the test?A.The number of trained unimals.B.The decline in time for learning tasks.C.The variety of evolved shapes.D.The replacement of old unimals.7.What can be concluded from the test?A.Mind evolution affects body shaping.B.Body changes better mind work.C.Hardware changes do not impact software.D.The discovery is useful in robot development.8.What’s the author’s attitude to the finding?A.Negative.B.Objective.C.Indifferent.D.Approving.Ⅱ.完形填空Hello，Mr.Wi-Fi.Life without you is next to impossible.We’re happy to sing your name from morning till evening，sometimes till dawn.__1__ I know you help me，sometimes you’re making me do things with __2__ attention.Many times I promise myself that I’ll __3__ my feelings towards you，but you’re __4__ me closer and closer...You’ve entered both my home and my workplace.You’re just a window for our __5__ and information.But we people aren’t __6__ only with the window.So we open all our doors for you.Is this a(n) __7__ or some kind of attachment？If this is an illness，is it curable？And if this is an attachment，will you __8__ me the lifelong togetherness?We want you all days.Can’t you take a few days off so that both you and I can __9__？You’re a poison—not a slow one but a super-fast poison which holds our mind and makes us dance __10__ your tune.Nowadays you’re so __11__ that anyone can buy and make you become our companion.You’ll never be bothered about our health but we’ll __12__ be concerned about your“health”.Because you accompany us everywhere and never let us be alone.If you were a __13__ person made of flesh and blood，would we love you the same？You control us with your numerous talents and we even can’t get rid of you.We all are your __14__.Sometimes I wonder how people in the previous generations __15__，but if they did，why can’t we?1.A.Now that B.Only ifC.ThoughD.When2.A.praised B.increasedC.focusedD.divided3.A.keep on B.bring backC.approveD.give up4.A.drawing B.pushingC.forcingD.observing5.A.entertainment B.argumentC.expansionD.struggle6.A.strict B.satisfiedC.generousD.busy7.A.disease B.inspirationC.routineD.situation8.A.recommend B.instructC.promiseD.adapt9.A.persist B.relaxC.progressD.balance10.A.to B.againstC.fromD.within11.A.affordable B.valuableC.conventionalD.attractive12.A.sometimes B.alwaysC.neverD.seldom13.A.selfish B.dishonestC.responsibleD.real14.A.friends B.slavesC.colleaguesD.employers15.A.suffered B.connectedC.survivedD.surfedⅢ.语法填空(2024·江西省南昌市高三一模)A small device，Moxie，has produced oxygen on the surface of Mars，1.____________(bring) the chances of surviving on the red planet a step closer.Research published in2.____________journal Science Ad v ances reported that Moxie produced breathable oxygen in seven-hour-long tests conducted in various weather and atmospheric(大气的) conditions last year.The research also found that even in extreme3.____________(temperature) and after a Martian dust storm，Moxie4.____________(continue) to produce high-purity oxygen.“This is the first demonstration of actually using resources on the surface of Mars and transforming 5.____________ (they) chemically into something useful for a human mission，” Jeffrey Hoffman，a 6.____________(retire) astronaut，said.“The thin atmosphere on Mars is 96 percent carbon dioxide and much more 7.____________(change) than on Earth and the temperature can vary by 100 degrees，”Hoffman said.“One aim is to show we can run Moxie in all seasons.”The device，Moxie，uses some special pumps，8.____________suck in carbon dioxide.The gas 9.____________(heat) to 800 ℃ and pressed to separate the carbon and oxygen.Carbon monoxide is sent out as waste while the pure oxygen is left behind.Despite the challenges，Moxie has proved durable in the extreme conditions on Mars and scientists regard the test results 10.____________a great achievement.选择性必修第一册UNIT 2Ⅰ.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。

第二章Morphology形态学

Chapter Two Phonology
1. The phonic medium of language
Speech and writing
Speech is more basic than writing. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system is always invented to record
Consonants
In the production of a consonant, the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Articulatory phonetics (The production of speech sounds)
Auditory phonetics (The perception of speech sounds) Acoustic phonetics (The physical properties of speech

2._Morphology_handout

• Turkish, like Kivunjo, is agglutinative.
Language types
(Richards & Schmidt, 2002, pp. 19, 256, 275)
• There is no clear-cut distinction between the three types of language. • Very few languages are exclusively one type or another. Most have some features of other types. • For example, English is much more isolating than many other European languages, such as French, German, Italian and Russian, but it also uses some inflections. • Inflected languages attach affixes to root words to indicate grammatical relationships.
• Kivunjo
– naikimlyiia
The morphology of Naikimlyiia
(= He is eating it for her)
• • • • • N = marks that the word is a focus of the conversation a = subject agreement i = present tense ki = object marker agreement m = benefactive marker (for whose benefit the action is taken) • lyi = the base form of the verb „to eat‟ • i = applicative case marker (because there is a benefactor) • a = indicates indicative mood (rather than, for example, the imperative or subjunctive moods).

morphology语言学定义

morphology语言学定义【形态学morphology】是语法学的一个分支，研究单词的内部结构和构词规则。

形态学有两个分支：曲折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。

曲折形态学研究语法曲折和语法意义的形态学；派生形态学研究单词的构成和词义的表达。

morphology什么意思？1、词法：词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法. 英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数，格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。

2、句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律，。

3、构词学：构词学(morphology)是语言学中的一门比较简单的学问，主要研究的是词的构成. 最近几年，电脑领域的某些词汇有了一些改变，某些词汇渐渐不被人们使用，新的词汇取而代之. 例如说，以前我们说「执行」一个程式，现在则说「跑」一个程式。

资料拓展：morphology.n.形态学，形态论；词法，词态学。

短语：soil morphology土壤形态学；土壤形态。

urban morphology城市形态；城市形态学。

例句：And morphology and performance of the coating has been examined. 并对镀层的表面形貌和性能进行了测定。

We also analyzed the effect of morphology on field emission properties.我们还分析了形貌对场发射性能的影响。

He also gave a very accurate description of the morphology of his cells.他给他所发现的.细胞的形态学特征进行了非常精细的描述。

They attain complex morphology, appearing as branched, tubular processes.它们达到复杂的形态，出现分枝，管状突起。

Morphology(形态学)ppt课件

root or stem)e.g.-ment,-ly,-less 后缀
精品课件
7
Derivational morphemes :they are used to make words grammatical category from
bound morphemes
the stem.(-ness, -ment, Im-)派生语素 Inflectional morphemes: they are to show
感谢亲观看此幻灯片，此课件部分内容来源于网络，如有侵权请及时联系我们删除，谢谢配合！
aspects of the grammatical function of a
word. all has only 8 Inflectional morpheme
s. 屈折语素
1n+’s(possessive) 2n+s(plural) 3v+s(3rd person present singular) 4v+ing(present participle)
•
( word-like elements)
morphology: the study of the internal structure ,for ms and classes of words.
精品课件
2
3.2 morphemes(语素)
• A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or gramm atical function. (It is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible and analyzable into sm aller forms.) e. g: blackboard (two morphemes :black and board) friendly (two morphemes :friend and -ly) likes (two morphemes: like and -s)