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2023考研英语一阅读理解Text3部分试题及答案解析

2023考研英语一阅读理解Text3部分试题及答案解析2023考研英语一阅读理解Text3部分试题及答案解析：Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones，the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House, a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when Penguin Random House confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy and book sales are very strong. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster - the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal wi th Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in re cent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to present ______.[A] an ongoing conflict[B] an intellectual concept[C] a prevailing sentiment[D] a literary phenomenon32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant section?[A] to make them easily noticeable[B] to comply with PRH’s requirement[C] t o respond to PRH’s business move[D] to arrange them in a systematic way33. What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?[A] Their customer remain loyal.[B] The credit limit will be removed.[C] Their stock is underestimated.[D] The book market is rather slack.34. What can be one consequence of the current dispute?[A] Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.[B] Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.[C] Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name author’s book.[D] Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?[A] Small publishers ought to stick together.[B] Big publishers will lose their dominance.[C] The publishing industry is having a hard time.[D] The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.答案解析：31.【答案】[A] an ongoing conflict【解析】本题为例证题。

阅读同义替换1

同义替换11.distraction=something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing分心的事物n.2.fault=defect=problem=trouble=flaw=weakness =bug=virus=be something wrong with 错误，缺点3.cornerstone=basis=foundation=the key 基石n.4.confer=award=present=grant=allocate 给予v.5.stability=the condition of being steady and not changing稳定n.6.prevail=win=come out on top=prevail=carry the day流行,获胜v.7.contract=agreement=understanding=compromise 合约n.8.grant=award=present=confer=allocate给予v.9.fascinate=if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think theyare extremely interesting吸引，使着迷v.10.disturb=interrupt=bother=distract=put somebody off 打扰v.11.expect=think=anticipate预期，期待v.12.psychology=the study of the mind and how it influences people's behavior 心理学n.13.obey=comply with=abide by=keep to=stick to the rules=conform to=observe=respect=toethe line=go by the book/do something by the book 服从，顺从v.14.identity=someone's identity is their name or who they are 身份n.15.severity=used of the degree of something undesirable 严重性n.16.unfold=open=happen=develop=expand 展开，发生v.17.deliberately=intentionally=on purpose=purposely故意地adv.18.moral=relating to the principles of what is right and wrong behavior, and with the differencebetween good and evil 道德上的，与道德有关的adj.19.prior to=before=previous在…前面20.repetition=doing or saying the same thing many times重复n.21.genetic=relating to genes or genetics基因的，遗传学的adj.22.sacrifice=when you decide not to have something valuable, in order to get something that ismore important牺牲v.23.victim=someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered受害者n.24.forge=form=counterfeit 形成;伪造v.25.persuade=convince=win over=talk around 说服v.26.surrender=give in 投降，放弃v.27.extinct=an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist anymore=disappear=vanish灭绝的，绝种的adj.28.abundant=plenty=ample 充裕的，丰富的adj.29.exaggerate=overstate夸张，夸大v.30.phenomenon=something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especiallysomething that is studied because it is difficult to understand 现象n.31.perception=idea=notion=view=belief=insight 认识，观念，看法n.32.impression=infection=effect=influence=affection印象，感想n.33.entitle=to give someone the official right to do or have something 使某人有权利/资格v.34.distortion=a change for the worse=deformation扭曲，曲解v.35.dispose=to arrange things or put them in their places=arrange=settle=manage=copewith=deal with 安排，处理v.36.intuition=the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than byconsidering the facts=instinct 直觉n.37.emission=a gas or other substance that is sent into the air排放物，散发物n.38.diminish=reduce=decrease=fall=lessen=cut 减少，减小v.39.postpone=put back=delay=adjourn 延期，推迟v.40.crucial=important=critical=vital=necessary=essential 至关重要的adj.41.pessimistic=expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have abad result=getting worse悲观的adj.42.attempt=purpose=order=effort 尝试，努力43.similar=like=resemble相似的adj.44.derive=originate=come from=stem from起源v.45.impetus=momentum=stimulus=incentive=motivation=encouragement 动机，动力n.46.generate=produce=bring into existence=make=manufacture产生v.47.couple with=and=accompany=with 伴随v.48.factor=reason=element=component=ingredient 因素n.49.unique=have the distinction=distinct=different=extraordinary=special独特的adj.请加微信：ielts6888 雅思加油站获取完整课程和资料，别家均为盗版，不齐全！50.advance=progress=development=growth=increase进步n.51.field=domain=territory=industry=sector领域n.52.alternative=substitute=replacement替代物n.53.like=such as=for example=for instance 例如54.resource=material=source资源，来源n.55.limited=restricted=exhaustible=finite有限的adj.56.involve=rely on=contain=comprise 包含，牵涉v.57.current=modern=recent=present最近的adj.58.particular=extraordinary=special=detail=specific=unique特别的，独有的adj.59.draw on=absorb=do with吸收v.60.settle on=make choice of=decide on选定v.61.superiority=advantage=edge=high quality优势n.62.accompany=when=keep company=be associated with 陪伴，伴随v.63.view=belief=opinion=insight=perception 观点n.64.artificial intelligence=reasoning in machine人工智能n.65.involve with=associate with=link to=relate to与…有关联v.66.release=issue=launch=convey=publish=deliver 发行，发表v.67.difficult=demanding=hard=tough困难的adj.68.task=job=work=labour 任务，工作n.69.instantly=rapidly=immediately立即地adv.70.react=respond 反应v.71.relate to=depend on=link to=associate with=involve with 与…有关系v.72.subject views=outlook=personal/individual views=personal/individual opinions 主观观点n.73.distort=to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange orunclear; to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct=misinterpret 扭曲，歪曲v.74.figure out=settle=decide=tell=understand 理解，想出v.75.assessment=appraisal=evaluation=estimate=judgment评估，估计v.76.emerge=appear=come forth出现v.77.remain=keep=stay=maintain保持v.78.exploitation=development=utilization=usage利用，使用n.79.foster=cultivate=raise=nurture培养，养育v.80.overtake=catch up=sweep over赶上，压倒v.81.initial=original=premier最初的，开始的adj.82.whereas=however=while=nevertheless=but=yet然而，但是adv.83.outcome=product=result=conclusion=consequence 结果，后果n.84.overcome=win=get over=exceed克服，战胜v.85.insufficient=deficient=shortage=lack=scarcity不足的adj.86.supply=provide=furnish=give 提供v.unch=release=project=send=shot=emit 开始，投放v.88.suppose=expect=imagine=guess=speculate=think猜想，设想v.89.detect=perceive=explore=sense发觉，觉察v.90.handicap=difficult=obstacle=hindrance=bar=deterrent 障碍，困难n.91.peer=the people who are at the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, socialclass etc.同龄人，伙伴n.92.positive=optimistic=uplifting 积极的adj.93.administer=manage=conduct=implement=perform执行，管理v.94.funding=money=funds=financial resource 资金，基金n.95.interact=if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc. 互动v.请加微信：ielts6888 雅思加油站获取完整课程和资料，别家均为盗版，不齐全！96.irrigation=the supplement of land or crops with water 灌溉n.97.sedimentation=the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at thebottom of the sea etc and form a solid layer 积淀n.98.interrupt=break=violate=cut in打断，打扰v.99.process=procedure=method=approach过程n.100.threat=danger=intimidation 威胁n.。

2016英语(一)阅读Text3题源及解题技巧深度解析

2016英语（一）阅读Text3题源及解题技巧深度解析随着考生们忐忑不安的心情，2016考研英语已落下帷幕。

考生们应该是带着一种轻松的心情走出考场的。

因为今年英语一的传统阅读部分与往年相比，难度持平，没有明显的起伏。

下面笔者就阅读理解第三篇进行深度解析。

第三篇阅读理解选自2015年6月27日The Economics（《经济学人》）发表的名为“Halo Effect”的文章，其副标题是Do-gooding policies help firms when they get prosecuted（行善策略会使公司在面临诉讼时得到帮助），属于经济类题材的文章。

这篇文章五道考题难度不是很大，其中有两道细节，一道推理题，还有一道态度题和一道词义题。

每种题型的解题方法都离不开海文老师一直提倡的宏观阅读法。

只要抓住了这篇文章的主线，以及作者的态度，那么这五道题也就迎刃而解了。

首先，第一段作者通过引用Miltion Friedman的话引出了本文探讨的话题是CSR（企业的社会责任感），并在二句转折之后提出自己的观点，认为Friedman对CSR的界定含糊不清，实际上CSR能够给企业带来金钱价值，特别是面对贪污腐败案件的指控时。

由此可以看出作者对CSR持肯定的态度，并且认为能够给公司带来经济价值。

第二段则主要介绍了CSR给公司带来价值的三个具体的表现。

第三、第四段和第五段以腐败案件的研究为例，明确了CSR的记录使得公司在面临腐败案件指控时能够减轻罚款。

最后一段指出该研究虽然有缺陷，没有回答公司到底该为CSR支出多少费用的问题，但是最后一句呼应首段二句，再次深化主题：CSR会使公司在面临诉讼时得到帮助。

31题是一个态度题。

可以直接定位到首段二句，转折之后作者明确指出了自己的态度。

如果人们接受了Friedman对CSR的这一前提，那么实际情况就不会那么明确了。

也就是说，作者实际上认为Friedman的观点有不确定性。

高三英语阅读理解方法技巧总结

⾼三英语阅读理解⽅法技巧总结⾼考英语阅读理解⽅法技巧总结“阅读理解”占据着英语的半壁江⼭，⽽且是⾼考英语试卷的第⼀部分。

“良好的开端是成功的⼀半”，前⾯这个题型解答的顺利与否，直接影响着后⾯其他试题的答题时间和答题⼼态，此类题⽬要以⼀定的词汇量为基础，然后辅之以合适的⽅法技巧，才能准做快做阅读理解类试题，为攻克后⾯的题⽬节省时间。

⼀、英语阅读理解答题思路及步骤【⾼考阅读的基本解题思路】第⼀，扫描提⼲，划关键项。

第⼆，通读全⽂，抓住中⼼。

1. 通读全⽂，抓两个重点：①⾸段(中⼼句、核⼼概念常在第⼀段，常在⾸段出题);②其他各段的段⾸和段尾句。

(其他部分略读，有重点的读)2. 抓住中⼼，⽤⼀分半时间思考3个问题：①⽂章叙述的主要内容是什么?②⽂章中有⽆提到核⼼概念?③作者的⼤致态度是什么?第三，仔细审题，返回原⽂。

(仔细看题⼲，把每道题和原⽂的某处建⽴联系，挂起钩)定位原则：①通常是由题⼲出发，使⽤寻找关键词定位原则。

(关键词：⼤写字母、地名、时间、数字等)②⾃然段定位原则。

出题的顺序与⾏⽂的顺序是基本⼀致的，⼀般每段对应⼀题。

要树⽴定位意识，每⼀题、每⼀选项都要回到原⽂中某⼀处定位。

第四，重叠选项，得出答案。

(重叠原⽂=对照原⽂)1. 通过题⼲返回原⽂：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原⽂的某处⽐较，重叠选项，选出答案。

2.作题练习要求：要有选⼀个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由⼆、常考⽂体⽂体1：说明⽂说明⽂是⼀种以说明为主要表达⽅式的⽂章体裁。

他通过对实体事物科学的解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事物进⾏阐述，使⼈们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有科学的认识，从⽽获得有关的知识。

⽂体特点与阅读策略：（1）语⾔特点：阅读理解主要考察考⽣对词汇和句式的掌握和运⽤情况。

说明⽂由于句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的⽂章来说难度更⼤。

（2）结构特点：客观。

100 个阅读同义替换

100 个阅读同义替换第一组：1.rigid/stiff/unchanged/little change 僵硬的，一成不变的2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/ crucial/巨大的,明显的，程度大的3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost4.proportion/percentage 比例5.be involved (in)/involve in/involvement[n.]涉及，卷入，参与6.given/considering , in regard to/despite/although 有鉴于、考虑到，尽管7.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/inductive [n] 归纳>< deduce/deductive 推断8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/exhaust–exhaust emission (尾气)排放/exploitplex 错综复杂的/complicated/sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的10.capacity 能力，容量/competence(竞争)能力/ability 能力(笼统的)第二组：11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ensure (insure)/guarantee 押金12.solely/merely/only13.a vast array of 系列/a great variety of 花样，品种/a great rang 系列of14.pesticide 杀虫/suicide 自杀/homicide/murder 杀人15.believe/assume(responsibility)/suppose16.授权，委托：authorize/commission 佣金/entitle 头衔+ment =right (权利)17.purchase/buy18. ethnic 种族的/ethic 伦理，道德的+ s =[n]19. modify/change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]20. insight/knowledge/learning/understanding/knowing第三组：21.网恋：virtual love/cyber love22.网友：on-line/net/cyberfriend上网(聊天)chat on line/go on-line cyber café/网吧22.evolve-evolution 进化/revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/involve-involution 卷入，涉及24. indicator/predictor 表示诠释，预测25.indicate/demonstrate/display/exhibit/betray26.therapist/expert/specialist27. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/merit/virtue/length28. commonest/frequent29. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/underdeveloped30. 退化：degenerate；generate 生产，制造；degrad grade 等级；deteriorate恶化，每况愈下第四组：31.分类：category-categorize/class-classify32.consequence 后果，影响；subsequence 紧跟其后；sequence=order 秩序；frequency 频率33.clash 冲突(民族，种族)；crash 飞机坠毁33. substitution；substitute sth for sb/replace35.alternative 选择性，代替性，辅助性36.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate 隔绝，排外，孤立；be alien to/insulate 绝缘，隔(体)37.缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback38.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive/innovative)/creative/ingenious/novel/creative/revolutionary (易错拼写：environment/convenient)39.neutral 中立的，中性的/negative 否定，消极，阴性的/positive 肯定，积极，阳性的40.ambiguous,ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure第五组：municate 沟通，传达，通报42.accommodate1 供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4 使…停靠mitment1 ~ to sth. 奉献2 责任,义务44.contribute to 导致result in/account for(占据)导致45.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack (of)/short(of) 明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently 道貌岸然的/obviously=>evidently46.对…怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious (about/of)47.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw48.臭命昭著的：notorious->notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous49.机构，组织：association/structure/organization50.超过：exceed/surpass第六组：51.岩浆：molten rock/lava/magma52.语言：linguist 学家/lingual 和......有关的/bilingual/双语53.多种多样的：diversity/variety/breed/species54.dialect 方言accent 腔调55.开始的，初步的：begin/launch/initial首字母，开始的/initiate 开始，发动initiative 原创性origin56.贫穷：poor/in poverty/impoverished( 被剥夺财产的)57.杰出：eminence (-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual58.gene/genetic defect 缺陷/anatomy 解剖/conceive 构思，怀孕/deliver 分娩59.辅助性：alternative 补充性/therapist60.演绎，推理：deduce，deductive/inferential ，induce 引导，引入，归纳induction 归纳第七组：61.令人困惑的：bewildering/puzzling/perplexing62.apply：紧靠，涂，将…应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于63.subsidize 辅助/subsidy 补助，补贴/subsidiary64.a factor in sth/depend on sth65.be preferred by/choice66.attitude to/how67.the present century/modern society68. 强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on/concentrate on69.in term of 按照，在…方面，关于/with regard to, in spite of 不顾，尽管70. small-scale 小范围/marginal 边缘处的第八组：71. physical/medical72.negotiation/agreement 谈判，洽谈/商定，协议73.evolve/develop 来源：壹壹英语74.apartment/accommodation 公寓/住房75.virtual (love)/simulate 模拟的(网恋)/模拟76.catastrophe/disaster 大灾难/灾难，不幸77.innovate/invent 革新，创新/发明，创造78.sculpture/craft 雕刻，雕塑/工艺77.exorbitant/expensive 过度的，极高的/费用大的，昂贵的79. be participant in/take part in/participate inbour[美，澳]/work第九组：81.attend to/take care of82.dual employment/dual-worker 双职工(家庭)83.indicate/predict 指示，表明，象征/预料，预言A major contributor to/be central to 来源，起点/是…的主要，中心原因84.expert/therapist 专家，能手;知识丰富的/某个专科的专家85.lead to/be associated with 相联系(带来…的好处)86.balanced/equitable 平等的87.handicap/disabled/primitive 残疾的，落后的88. could not-and cannot/has always been unable to by/from89.benefit/advantage90.substantialinfluence/greater likelihood第十组：91.agree on/define92.considereddesirable/effectiveness93.masquerade/(in) disguise 伪装94.insignificant/didn’t seriously 不重要/不严重的95.inspect/examine 审核,检查96.caliber/criterion 标准97.no-one know，notorious 无人知晓，臭名昭著的98.dissatisfy/argue 不满意/厌恶，讨厌99.pessimism/negative/blue 悲观的，忧郁的，optimistic 乐观的100.unsatisfactory/hardly be looked upon。

三年级英语同义词替换超级高级练习题20题

三年级英语同义词替换超级高级练习题20题1.Big school is nice. Small school is nice, too. “Big” can be replaced by “large”.答案：“Big”可以被“large”替换。

“big”和“large”在表示物体的大小时意思相近。

“small”没有“big”的意思，不能替换。

2.My family is happy. My family is glad. “happy” can be replaced by “glad”.答案：“happy”可以被“glad”替换。

“happy”和“glad”都表示高兴、快乐的意思。

“sad”表示悲伤，不能替换。

3.The desk in the classroom is new. The desk in the classroom is fresh. “new” can be replaced by “fresh” in this context? No.答案：在这个语境中“new”不能被“fresh”替换。

“new”表示新的，“fresh”通常表示新鲜的，意思不同。

4.My mother is a woman. My mother is a lady. “woman” can be replaced by “lady”.答案：“woman”可以被“lady”替换。

“woman”泛指女性，“lady”有女士的意思，比较优雅，在这个语境中可以替换。

5.The book on the table is thick. The book on the table is fat. “thick” can be replaced by “fat”? No.答案：在这个语境中“thick”不能被“fat”替换。

“thick”表示厚的，“fat”通常表示胖的，意思不同。

6.The boy in the playground is strong. The boy in the playground ispowerful. “strong” can be replaced by “powerful”.答案：“strong”可以被“powerful”替换。

高三英语高考阅读理解词义猜测题解题技巧3

2010年高考阅读理解细节理解题解题技巧尽管近几年高考英语阅读试题中推断题呈不断上升的趋势，但细节题仍然占有较大比例，而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加。

一、题型特点与命题方式所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。

一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。

）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。

抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。

这类题型的题干常为：When / Where did the story happen?Which of the following statements is (not) correct?Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?All the statements are true except…该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。

所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。

在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。

做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。

二、解题思路与应试技巧细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。

阅读同义词替换

1. ignore=pay no attention=not pay any attention=take no notice=not take any notice忽略，无视v.2. encounter=face=confront=meet遇见，遭遇v.3. mistaken view=misconception错误的观点n.4. easy to reach=accessible容易达到的adj.5. change=modify(modification) 改变v.6. destruction=destroy=loss毁坏n.7. investigate=make inquiries=enquiries=gointo=probe=look into 调查v.8. where=geographical location 表地点9. important=vital=essential=crucial重要的adj.10. reason=cause=factor=origins=root=stimulus=impetus 原因n.11. protect=guard=safeguard=shield=conservation保护v.12. newspapers, television=media媒体n.13. where to live=habitat居住地n.14. get warmer=global warming变暖n.15. contribute to=play a part有助于v.16. survive=continuing existence幸存，活下来v.17. curriculum=course=syllabus课程n.18. link to=be connected with=be linked with把…和…相联系v.19. underdeveloped=degenerated=rudimentary不发达的adj.20. poor=bad=badly=not very good=no good at something=weak贫穷的，可怜的adj.21.exceptional=good=excellent=outstanding=brilliant=impres sive=admirable超常的，例外的adj.22. mating=courtship交配. 23. follow=track=tail=shadow=hound=stalk=stalker跟随，跟踪v.24. good vision ability=vision is obviously more useful…好的视力25. best=well=greatest=finest=ideal=top=number one=ultimate=optimum=definitive=unsurpassed=record-break ing极好的adj.26. surprised=amazed=astonished=astounded=be taken aback=startled感到惊讶的adj.27. volunteer=subject实验研究对象n.28. similar=resemble=like=alike相似的adj.29. blind=can not see瞎的adj.1. initiative=on your own/by yourself=independently=on your own initiative=under your own steam=to be the person who starts something=plan=law主动的，自发的adj. 主动权n.2. increase=go up=rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=pickup=widen=be on the increase=intensify=expand=build up 上升，增加v.3. teach=educate=train=coach=instruct=bring up教学v.4. more than one language=bilingual=sb's second language多种语言n.5. determine=establish=identify=pinpoint=diagnose 决定v.6. young people=teenager=youth=in yourteens=adolescent=minor年轻人n.7. community=all the people in a particular area, city, country etc.群体，团体，社区n.8.traditional=old-fashioned=outdated=outmoded=unfashion able传统的adj.9. fail=failure=notsucceed=unsuccessful=vain=fruitless=unproductive=be a failure=go wrong=not work=do no good=fall through失败v.10. endanger=to put someone or something in danger of being hurt=damaged=destroyed危及，使危险v.11. diverse=varied=variety=wide-ranging=mixed各种各样的adj.12. inevitable=certain to happen and impossible to avoid 不可避免的adj.13. differ from=unusual与…不同v.14. reluctant=unwilling=not willing=drag your feet=be loath to do something=conservative勉强的adj.15. consult=ask somebody's advice=seekadvice=get/obtain advice资询v.16.alternative=another=other=different=new=else=variation= variant另一个17. therapist=someone who has been trained to give a particular form of treatment for physical or mental illness 临床医学家n.18. retrain=taking courses再教育v.19. salary=pay=wage=income=earnings=fee工资，收入n.20.long-term=chronic=long-running=long-standing=lasting=lif elong=prolonged=lingering=enduring=abiding=incurable长期的adj.21. complaint=complain=make acomplaint=protest=object=complain抱怨n.22. illness=disease=virus=bug=infection疾病n.23. connection=relationship=link=correlation联系n.24. beneficial=be good for you/ do somebodygood=wholesome=nutritious=nourishing=healthful有益的adj.25. insight=comprehension=understanding理解，见解n.26. physical=relating to the body=bodily身体的adj.27. hazard=risk=danger=threat障碍，危险n. 28. accompany=with=together=along with=come wit陪伴,伴随29. mental=relating to the health or state of someone's mind精神上的，心理的adj.30. possible=possibility=can=potential=there is a chance/possibility可能的adj.31. reduction=decrease=drop=fall=cut 减少n.32. class=type=kind=sort=style=category=variety种类n.33. rehearsal=practice=training=run-through=exercise排练，演习n.34. peer=your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc 同伴n.35. defensive=used or intended to protect someone or something against attack 防御n.36.strategy=way=method=approach=technique=system=tacti cs 方法，功略n.37. assist=help=aid=with the aid of帮助v.38. specific=give (somebody) more details=expandon=enlarge on=go into more=greater detail=be more specific=be more explicit=elaborate特定的adj.39. substance=a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas 物质n.40. surroundings=environment=circumstance 环境n.41. engage=give somebody a job=employ=takeon=appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣v.42. combine=mix=stir=beat=blend=whisk=dilute联合v.43. survival=the state of continuing to live or exist幸存n.Cambridge 4 TEST 31. quotation= a sentence or phrase from a book, speech etc which you repeat in a speech or piece of writing because it is interesting or amusing 引言n.2. exemplify= example=case=instance=to be a very typical example of something=to give an example of something 例证v.3. explain=tell=say what/why/whereetc=show=demonstrate=go through=throw/shed lighton=set out解释v.4. outline= to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details概述v.5. purpose=aim=point=idea=objective=object=goal= target=end目的n.6. encourage=persuade=persuasion=get somebody to do something=influence=encourage=talk somebody into=put somebody up to鼓励v.7. loan= an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc. 贷款n.8. poverty= being poor贫穷n.9. crime= illegal activities in general犯罪n.10. reject=to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something 拒绝v.11. employ=give somebody a job=take on=engage= appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣v.12. courier=a person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere快递员n.13. storage=keep=store=keep something instorage=preserve 存储n.14. facility=rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose 设备n.15.ambitious=ambition=power-hungry/power-mad=competit ive= determined to be successful, rich, powerful etc.有志向的，雄心壮志的adj.16. effort=to try very hard to do something=attempt=campaign=drive努力n.17. feature= a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical；a part of the land, especially a part that you can see: a part of someone's face, such as their eyes, nose etc特点n.18. planet= the world=earth/Earth=the globe 地球n.19. unpredictable=can't say/tell=unforeseeable=it remains to be seen 无法预测的adj.20. machinery=machines, especially large ones= a system or set of processes for doingsomething=machine=device=robot=appliance=mechanism 机械n.21. ultimate=someone's ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in the future= final最终的，根本的adj.22. atmosphere= the feeling that an event or place gives you= the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth气氛; 大气n.23. occur=happen=take place=there is=come about=come up=turn up=arise=strike发生v.24. expand= get bigger=grow=swell up=stretch扩张，扩大v.25. form= type= way something is/appears=shape形式n.26. emerge=appear=become visible=come into view/come into sight=come out=reappear 出现v.27. emit= to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc 发出，放射n.28. situation= circumstances=position=case=plight情况，状况n.29. self-conscious=worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you自觉的n.30. generate= to make someone have a particular feeling= form=produce=create 产生v.31. various=there are several different types of thatthing=different=a variety ofsomething=differing=varying=an assortment of something=assorted=a mix of something=a mixture of something各种各样的adj.32. convenient= a thing or way of doing something that is easy and quick; a time or arrangement that is convenient 方便的adj.33. objective=impartial=neutral=not takesides=unbiased=disinterested客观的adj.34. enquiry=investigate=make inquiries/enquiries=go into=probe=look into=solve=be under investigation 调查35. observe=notice=can see/cantell=see=spot=detect=note becomeaware/conscious=catch somebody's eye=perceive观察v.36. comment=remark=thing to say=point=statement= announcement=declaration=observation评论37. include=consist of=comprise=be composed of= be made up of包含，包括v.38. focus on=deals only with=concentrate专注于v.39. affect=have an effect=have an impact=take effect= make a difference=impact影响v.40. gained from=come from=be based on=originate= go back to=have its origins in=have its roots in=derivefrom/be derived from=develop from/evolve from产生于…. V.41. concern=worry=stress=anxiety=strain= a feeling of worry about something important关心，担心n.1. official=formal=authorized=on (the) record官方的，正式的adj.2. athletic=physically strong and good at sport=fit=be in shape=be in good condition运动的adj.3. intensive=involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period of time=rapid=crash course密集的，加强的adj.4. burst=a short sudden effort or increase in activity=burst of anger/enthusiasm/temper etc 爆炸，突发5. recognize=know=identify=pick out=tell认出，承认v.6. inadequate=not enough=toolittle=few=scarce=insufficient=be in short supply=lack of something=be short 不足的adj.7. develop=come from=be based on=originate=go backto=have its origins in=have its roots in=derive from=be derived from=be founded on=grow out of=developfrom=evolve from发展，生长v.8. enable=make something possible=allow=permit=pave the way for=clear the way for使能够v.9.predict=anticipate=forecast=foretell=prediction=projected =guess in advance预测v.10. specialist=someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, or is very skilled at it=expert专家n.11. theoretical=relating to the study of ideas, especially scientific ideas, rather than with practical uses of the ideas or practical experience理论的adj.12.basic=fundamental=essential=central=underlying=simple= crude=primitive=rudimentary=unsophisticated=low-tech 基本的adj.13. nature=plants/animals etc=somebody'scharacter=qualities of something=type自然n.14.aim=purpose=point=idea=objective=object=goal=target=e nd目的n.15. translate=change languages=interpret=put something into English/French/Japanese etc翻译v.16. ancient=belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago 古老的adj.17. realistic=when pictures, films etc make things seem real=lifelike=realism=true to life=vivid实际的，现实的18. field=area=branch=world=domain=realm=sphere领域n.19. document=a piece of paper that has official information on it；a piece of written work that is stored on a computer文件n.20. equal=the same in number, amount, level etc as something else平等的adj.21. influence=effect=side effect=impact=what something does to=the implications 影响n.22.behavior=manner=conduct=behave=well-behaved=good= be on your best=stay out of trouble行为n.23. compare=to examine or judge two or more things in order to show how they are similar to or different from each other=liken=make a comparison=draw ananalogy=draw a parallel=contrast 比较v.24. economically=in a way that is related to systems of money, trade, or business经济上地adv.25. establish=determine=identify=pinpoint=diagnose=to start a new business or organization.建立新的生意/组织v.26. sustainable=able to continue without causing damage to the environment; able to continue for a long time可持续的adj.27. realize=know=be/become aware=cantell=appreciate=be conscious=know perfectlywell=know/learn from experience意识到v.28. limit=restrict=set/impose/put a limit=keep to/keep within=confine=fix 限制29. produce=form=create=generate生产v.30. guarantee=promise=assure=give somebody your word=swear=vow=commit to=pledge保证v.31. liberty=freedom=a free hand自由n.32. independence=self-sufficiency=self-reliance 独立n.33. consistent=always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc - usually used to show approval持续的adj.34. underestimate=to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, easier etc than it really is=to think that someone is not as good, clever, or skilful, as they really are 低估v. 35. provision=when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future 提供n.1. produce=develop=manufacture生产v.2. central=middle中心的adj.3. did not have=without没有v.4.bring=confer=award=present=grant=confer=allocate=offer 带来v.5. time limit=deadline时间限制，期限n.6. increase=goup/rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=expand=pickup=widen=intensify=build up增加7. assistant=helper=coach 助手n.8.immense=big=major=considerable=great=huge/enormous =tremendous=large scale/large-scale巨大的adj.9. illustrate=show=be a sign=demonstrate=mean=make clear=reflect=tell=be evidence=reveal 表明，显示v.10. quotation=a phrase or sentence that is well-known or often used 引用语n.11. predecessor=someone who had your job before you started doing it 前辈，前任n.12. rival=a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc=competitor 对手，竞争者n.13. distraction=something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing分心的事物n.14. fault=defect=problem=trouble=flaw=weakness=bug=virus=be something wrong with 错误，缺点15. cornerstone=basis=foundation=the key 基石n.16. confer=award=present=grant=allocate 给予v.17. stability=the condition of being steady and not changing稳定n.18. prevail=win=come out on top=prevail=carry the day流行,获胜v.19. contract=agreement=understanding=compromise 合约n.20. grant=award=present=confer=allocate给予v.21. fascinate=if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremely interesting吸引，使着迷v.22. disturb=interrupt=bother=distract=put somebody off 打扰v.23. expect=think=anticipate预期，期待v.24. psychology=the study of the mind and how it influences people's behavior 心理学n.25. obey=comply with=abide by=keep to=stick to the rules=conform to=observe=respect=toe the line=go by the book/do something by the book 服从，顺从v.26. identity=someone's identity is their name or who they are 身份n.27. severity=used of the degree of something undesirable 严重性n.28. unfold=open=happen=develop=expand 展开，发生v.29. deliberately=intentionally=on purpose=purposely故意地adv.30. moral=relating to the principles of what is right and wrong behavior, and with the difference between good and evil 道德上的，与道德有关的adj.31. prior to=before=previous在…前面32. repetition=doing or saying the same thing many times 重复n.33. genetic=relating to genes or genetics基因的，遗传学的adj.34. sacrifice=when you decide not to have something valuable, in order to get something that is more important 牺牲v. 35. victim=someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered受害者n.36. forge=form=counterfeit 形成;伪造v.37. persuade=convince=win over=talk around 说服v.38. surrender=give in 投降，放弃v.39. extinct=an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist anymore=disappear=vanish灭绝的，绝种的adj.40. abundant=plenty=ample 充裕的，丰富的adj.41. exaggerate=overstate夸张，夸大v.42. phenomenon=something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand 现象n.43. perception=idea=notion=view=belief=insight 认识，观念，看法n.44. impression=infection=effect=influence=affection印象，感想n.45. entitle=to give someone the official right to do or have something 使某人有权利/资格v.46. distortion=a change for the worse=deformation扭曲，曲解v.47. dispose=to arrange things or put them in theirplaces=arrange=settle=manage=cope with=deal with 安排，处理v.48. intuition=the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering thefacts=instinct 直觉n.49. emission=a gas or other substance that is sent into the air排放物，散发物n.50. diminish=reduce=decrease=fall=lessen=cut 减少，减小v.51. postpone=put back=delay=adjourn 延期，推迟v.52. crucial=important=critical=vital=necessary=essential至关重要的adj.53. pessimistic=expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a bad result=getting worse悲观的adj.54. attempt=purpose=order=effort 尝试，努力Cambridge 5 TEST 21. similar=like=resemble相似的adj.2. derive=originate=come from=stem from起源v.3.impetus=momentum=stimulus=incentive=motivation=enc ouragement 动机，动力n.4. generate=produce=bring intoexistence=make=manufacture产生v.5. couple with=and=accompany=with 伴随v.6. factor=reason=element=component=ingredient 因素n.7. unique=have thedistinction=distinct=different=extraordinary=special独特的adj.8. advance=progress=development=growth=increase进步n.9. field=domain=territory=industry=sector领域n.10. alternative=substitute=replacement替代物n.11. like=such as=for example=for instance 例如12. resource=material=source资源，来源n.13. limited=restricted=exhaustible=finite有限的adj.14. involve=rely on=contain=comprise 包含，牵涉v.15. current=modern=recent=present最近的adj.16.particular=extraordinary=special=detail=specific=unique特别的，独有的adj.17. draw on=absorb=do with吸收v. 18. settle on=make choice of=decide on选定v.19. superiority=advantage=edge=high quality优势n.20. accompany=when=keep company=be associated with 陪伴，伴随v.21. view=belief=opinion=insight=perception 观点n.22. artificial intelligence=reasoning in machine人工智能n.23. involve with=associate with=link to=relate to与…有关联v.24. release=issue=launch=convey=public=deliver 发行，发表v.25. difficult=demanding=hard=tough困难的adj.26. task=job=work=labour 任务，工作n.27. instantly=rapidly=immediately立即地adv.28. react=respond 反应v.29. relate to=depend on=link to=associate with=involve with 与…有关系v.30. subject views=outlook=personal/individualviews=personal/individual opinions 主观观点n.31. distort=to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear; to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct=misinterpret 扭曲，歪曲v.32. figure out=settle=decide=tell=understand 理解，想出v.33. assessment=appraisal=evaluation=estimate=judgment 评估，估计v.34. emerge=appear=come forth出现v.35. remain=keep=stay=maintain保持v.36. exploitation=development=utilization=usage利用，使用n.37. foster=cultivate=raise=nurture培养，养育v.38. overtake=catch up=sweep over赶上，压倒v.39. initial=original=premier最初的，开始的adj.40. whereas=however=while=nevertheless=but=yet然而，但是adv.1. outcome=product=result=conclusion=consequence 结果，后果n.2. overcome=win=get over=exceed克服，战胜v.3. insufficient=deficient=shortage=lack=scarcity不足的adj.4. supply=provide=furnish=give 提供v.5. launch=release=project=send=shot=emit 开始，投放v.6. suppose=expect=imagine=guess=speculate=think猜想，设想v.7. detect=perceive=explore=sense发觉，觉察v.8. handicap=difficult=obstacle=hindrance=bar=deterrent障碍，困难n.9. peer=the people who are at the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc.同龄人，伙伴n.10. positive=optimistic=uplifting 积极的adj.11. administer=manage=conduct=implement=perform执行，管理v.12. funding=money=funds=financial resource 资金，基金n.13. interact=if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc. 互动v.14. irrigation=the supplement of land or crops with water 灌溉n.15. sedimentation=the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etc and form a solid layer 积淀n.16. interrupt=break=violate=cut in打断，打扰v. 17. process=procedure=method=approach过程n.18. threat=danger=intimidation 威胁n.19. valuable=precious=worthy宝贵的，珍贵的adj.20. construct=build=make=found 建造v.21. blame=to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad责备，怪罪v.22. stimulate=encourage=activate=motivate鼓励，刺激v.23. long-term=long-run=long-period长期的adj.24. impact=affect=influence=effect影响v.&n.25. occur=happen=exist=come发生v.26. contain=include=cover=possess 包含v.27. military=battlefield=martial军事的adj.28. separate=disparate=distinct=different分开的，不同的adj.29. vanish=extinct=disappear 消失v.30. consciousness=awareness 意识n.31. ignite=light=inflame点燃v.32. encompass=include=contain=cover包含，围绕v.33. reckon=think=suppose=believe=imagine=expect=feel 认为v.34. widespread=universal=extensive=popular=general广泛的，普遍的adj.35. launch=coin=project=release=issue创新，开辟v.36. contemporary=modern-day, present-day同时代的adj.37. potential=possible=underlying=likely=expected=latent 潜在的，可能的adj.38. prospect=expectation=outlook=chance展望，希望n.39. perception=idea=insight=viewpoint感觉，领悟n.1. community=organization=group=body团体n.2. fragile=delicate脆弱的adj.3. remote=distant 遥远的adj.4. require=desire=order=command要求v.5. inhabitant=resident=dweller居住者，居民n.6. consequently=thus=accordingly=hence=therefore=as a result 结果，因此adv.7. destination=goal=end point=terminus目的地n.8. throughout=around=wholly=everywhere=end-to-end自始至终，到处，全部adv.9. operate=act=run运转v.10. output=product输出，产品n.11. decline=reduction=fall=slump=decrease=recession 下降n.12. undermine=destroy=damage=hurt=ruin 破坏v.13. revive=renaissance复兴v.14. unusual=rare=strange=uncommon罕见的，不寻常的adj.15. ordinary=standard=common=usual=general普通的,平常的adj.16. fragment=shard=debris=pieces=ruins碎片n.17. break=shatter=crack打碎，打破v.18. interior=inner layer=inside 内部的n. &adj.19. insist=claim=argue=believe=think坚持，坚称v.20. expand=extend=grow=boom=spread out=enhance扩张，扩大v.21. suppress=control=restrain=repress=putdown=oppress=inhibit=ban=forbid=stifle 压制v.22. speed up=increase speed=quicken up=accelerate speed加速v. 23.examine=analyse=survey=inspect=study=detect=investigat e检查，调查v.24. dispute=debate=controversy=disagree=argue争论，争执n.&v.25.detect=analyse=explore=research=survey=investigate=ins pect 察觉，发现v.26. claim=say=state=insist=argue=think=believe声称v.27. cue=implication=reminder=hint=evidence提示，信号，暗号n.28. unpredictable=fluctuate=changeable无法预测的adj.29. be referred to as=be known as=be regarded as 被称为30. encourage=induce=trigger=stimulate=boost=inspire鼓励，促使v.31. considerable=plenty=big=major=important数量可观的adj.32. regardless of=despite of=take no notice of 不管，不顾33. adequate=plenty=proper=appropriate=suitable充足的,适当的adj.34. assure=makesure=guarantee=ensure=insure=secure=make certain of保证，确保v.35. suitable=appropriate=proper=adequate=matching 合适的adj.1.exchange=apply something learned in one toothers=change 交流v.2.expertise=skill 专门技术n.3.employ=analyze=study 使用v.4.investigation=analysis 调查n.5.narrow=focus on 缩小范围v.6.reproduce=copy=replicate=repeat 复制v.7.funded support=finance 资金n.8.athlete=sportsmen and women 运动员n.9.calculate=measure 计算v.10.event=championship 赛事n.11.plan=prepare=design 计划v.12.improve=grow=get better 进步v.13.trade=economy 贸易n.14.transport=import or export=deliver 运输v.15.local=domestic=native=indigenous 当地的adj.16.weakening=less=reduced=decreased 下降的adj.17.value=worth=price=credit=use=benefit=profit 价值n.18.delivery=export or import 运输n.19.nearby nations=geographic neighbours 近邻n.20.international=ocean=global=worldwide 国际的adj.21.shipping=freight 船运n.22.cargo=freight=goods 货物n.23.tariff=charge=fee=tax 税费n.ndscape=environment=nature=surrounding=circumstance=view风景n.25.difficult=harsh=demanding=tough=challenging 困难的adj.26.essential supplies=food and clothing=necessities必需品n.27.supply=provision=support 供给n.28.grow=increase=rise=improve=goup=boost=expand=extend 增长v.29.respect=credibility=weight=hour=admiration=consideration尊重n.30.understanding=knowledge 了解n.31.well-being=health 健康n.32.impossible=out of the question=unlikely 不可能adj.33.catch=exploit=capture 抓捕v.34.surrounding=environment=circumstance 环境n.35.push to one's limits=test one's limits 挑战极限36.not unmanageable=can cope with 能处理的37.present inhabitant=descendant 居民38.give up=abandon 放弃39.mainly=heavily=most 主要地40.visit=venture 参观41.1. successfully=spectacularly well=wonderfully 成功地adv.42.2. people power=local pressure groups 群众力量n.43.3. commute=travel 通勤v.44.4. higher=increasing=more 更高的adj.45.5. income=wealth=salary=wage=payment 收入n.46.6. beneficial=valuable=profitable=good 有益的adj.47.7. together=face to face 共同48.8. refute=not mean=rebut=deny 反驳v. 49.9. accommodation=live=living condition 住宿n.50.10. usage=use=benefit=profit 用处n.51.11. averagely good=reasonable but not special 较好的52.12. limited=minimal 有限的adj.53.13. move from one to another=adopt one overanother 转移54.14. show=reveal=uncover=indicate=pointout=imply 表明55.15. related=associated 有关联的adj.56.16. suffer=be afflicted 忍受（病痛）v.57.17. research=study=investigation=survey 研究n.58.18. affect=afflict=influence=change 影响v.59.19. disease=medical complain=illness 病痛n.60.20. increase=surge=rise=gain=grow=goup=add=escalate 上升v.61.21. link=correlation=connection=relationship 关系n.62.22.considerable=significant=substantial=massive=ma rked大量的adj.63.23. reduction=drop=concession=fall=decrease 下降n.64.24. elderly people=old people 老人n.65.25. independent=self-reliant 自立的adj.66.26. regular=daily 定期的adj.67.27. exercise=physical activity 运动n.68.28. challenging=difficult=tough=demanding 有挑战性的adj.69.29. decline=deteriorate=reduce=drop=decrease下降v.70.30. lonely=emotionally isolated 孤独的adj.71.31. hand signal=gesture=body language 手势n.72.32. restricted=limited 有限的adj.73.33. concept=abstract idea=definition 定义n.74.34. specific=particular=detailed 特定的adj.75.35. early=older 早期的adj.76.36. fulfill=qualify=achieve=keep=satisfy 完成v.77.37. sufficient=enough 足够的adj.78.38. quantity=how many=amount 数量n.79.39. misunderstanding=confusion 误解n.80.40. prevent=resolve=forbid=stop 防止v.81.41. poor=lack of=impoverished 贫穷adj.82.42. newer=later=recent=present 新的adj.83.43. ancestor=early people=predecessor 祖先n.84.1. teach=educate=cultivate=nature 教育v.85.2. actor=star 演员n.86.3. first=initial=early=primary 最早的adj.87.4. storyline=narrative=plot 故事情节n.88.5. globe=world 世界n.89.6. early=first=ancient 早期的adj.90.7. passing of time=flow of time 时光的流逝91.8. describe=tell 描述v.92.9. realistic=achievable 现实的adj.93.10. target=goal=aim 目标n.94.11. feedback=comment=advice=criticism 反馈n.95.12. match to=suit to 合适96.13. reward=promotion oradvancement=prize=benefit 奖励n.97.14. link to=make something contingenton=associate with=connect with=relate to 联系起来98.15. achievement=attainment=gain=success 成就n.99.16. remuneration=payment 酬金n.100.17. tend to=prone to 倾向于101.18.feel=perceive=think=find=experience=notice=have an opinion 感觉v.102.19. participate=be involved in=take part in=join 参加v.103.20. staff=employee=worker 员工n.104.21. visible=disclosed=obvious=noticeable 可见的adj.105.22. clerical worker=clerk 书记员n.106.23.judge=rate=criticize=assess=evaluate=gauge=appr aise 评判v.107.24. job=work=assignment 工作n.108.25.delay=slow=prolong=postpone=procrastinate=she lve=put off延后v.109.26. growing old=ageing 变老110.27. people=mortal=people=individual 人n. 111.28. life=lifespan 生命112.29.chance=likelihood=fortune=hope=possibility=opp ortunity=risk=luck 机会n.113.30. production=generation=output 产量n. 114.31. theory=hypothesis=guess=guesswork 猜想n.115.32. focus on=emphasize=aim at=concentrate on 集中于116.33. short=scarce=limited=insufficient 短缺的adj.117.Cambridge 6 TEST 4118.1. drug company=pharmaceutical company 医药公司n.119.2. promotion=marketing 营销n.120.3. increase=escalate=rise=go up=grow 上升v.121.4. research=study=survey=investigation 研究n.122.5. work=be an effective way=beuseful=help=achieve=succeed=have aneffect=happen=turn out 奏效v.123.6.technique=strategy=skill=expertise=method=way技术n.124.7.criticism=judgement=skepticism=disapproval=denunciation 批评n.125.8. moral=ethical 道德的adj.126.9. legitimate=have every right todo=legal=right=authorized 合法的adj.127.10. money=profit=benefit=income=currency 钱n.128.11. adults=men and women 成人n.129.12. maternal=mother=female 母亲的adj.130.13. education=literacy=cultivation 教育n.131.14. child=infant=kid 孩子n.132.15. approximately=about=around=nearly 大约adv.133.16. impressive=greatest=touching=unforgettable 印象深刻的adj.134.17. programme=campaign=project 项目n.135.18.common=persistent=normal=usual=ordinary=everyday 常见的adj.136.19. be halved=decline by 50% 减半137.20. key=mostimportant=crucial=critical=significant 关键的adj.138.21.produce=develop=generate=engineer=manufacture 生产v.139.22. detailed=explicit=specific 细节的adj.140.23. on its own=alone 自身141.24. however=but=yet 但是142.25. self-confidence=assertiveness=confidence 自信n.143.26. effective=useful=beneficial=good=needed 有效的adj.144.27. distinguish=recognize thedifference=differentiate 区别v.Cambridge 7 TEST 11. rely on=depend on 依靠v.。

看的同义词10篇

看的同义词10篇看的同义词10篇看的同义词1看的同义词1、表示一般地看的：见、瞧、视、睹2、表示已看到的：看见、见到、看到3、表示向远处看的：眺望、了望、遥望,极目远眺4、表示向上看的：仰望、仰视5、表示向下看的：俯视、鸟瞰、俯瞰6、表示向周围看的：张望、环视、巡视,环顾7、表示看全身的：打量8、表示偷看的：窥、窥视、窥测、窥探9、表示亲自看的：目睹、目击、目测10表示集中精力看的：盯、注视、凝视、凝望,端详,目不转睛11.表示斜着眼看的：瞟、斜视12.表示愤怒地看的：瞪、怒视、怒目13.表示略微看的：瞄、一瞥、浏览、走马观花14.表示仔细看的：端详、察、察看、观察、检查、查看15.表示恭敬地看的：瞻仰16.表示上级看下级的：检阅、视察17.表示到处看的：左顾右盼、瞻前顾后、东张西望18..表示盼望地看：望穿秋水19.表示回过头看:：回首、回眸20.表示看不起地看：轻视蔑视21.表示照应地看：看护照看22.表示不值得地看：不屑一顾看的造句大群的观众到场观看比赛。

他停下步来观看这场恶战。

人们夹道观看马拉松赛跑。

我想坐在一旁观看，埃迪。

他们在观看美丽的晚霞。

你是参加比赛还是观看比赛？他们正在观看“入场”过程。

观看月球是令人惊叹的。

你被邀请观看我们的秋季展销。

他能治愈他对世界的悲观看法。

她站在舞台上的侧面观看演出。

我对我成功的机会是持悲观看法。

他透过一片熏黑的玻璃观看太阳。

他们在观看兰德里指导托比排练。

我们坐着观看日落。

琼斯先生和他的妻子在观看他们。

他仰卧着观看天空。

诸神纷纷赶来观看阿佛狄忒的窘态。

公主观看了那歌剧首次演出的夜场。

我们观看日出。

看的同义词2望、瞅、瞥、瞧、观、视、顾用看造句：1、站在，烈烈风中，看那些，那些新房子，好看好看，真好看，那近的是我家的房子，那远些的是我二舅家的房子，那更远些的是我二舅他姥姥的儿子的媳妇的房子，都是些好房子啊。

2、管好自己的门，看好自己的人，家家平安，人人开心。

中考英语专题--任务型阅读同义词组归纳(附答案) (3)

中考英语专题--任务型阅读同义词组归纳（附答案）中考英语任务型阅读同义词组归纳1. arrive in/at=get to=reachI arrived at the airport at 10.=I reach the airport at 10.注意这里不能用arrive in2. be fine=be well=be OK I’m fine=I’m well.=I’m OK.3. be from=come from He is from China.=He comes from China.4. be in=be at homeHe is in.=He is at home. 同理:be out= be not at home5. be full of=be filled withThe bottle is full of orange.=The bottle is filled with orange.6. be late for=come late forI’m sorry, I’m late for the meeting.=I’m s orry, I come late for the meeting.7. be on a visit to= visit He is on a visit to China.= He is visiting China8. be able to=canHe was able to ride a bike at the age of 5.=He could ride a bike when he was 5.9. be away=be out=be not at home10. be busy doing sth.=be busy with sth.He is busy doing his homework.=He is busy with his homework.11. be pleased=be glad=be happyThe coach was pleased with their performance.=The coach was glad with their performance.=The coach was happy with their performance.12. buy sb. Sth.=buy sth. to sbMy mother bought me a book.=My mother bought a book to me.13. be up=get up Be up, Tom!=Get up, Tom.14. catch up with=keep up withI can catch up with others.=I can keep up with others.15. catch a bus=take a busCan I catch a bus?/Can I take a bus?16. catch a cold=have a cold Oh, no! You’ve caught a cold.=Oh, no! You’ve had a cold.17. come into=step intoHe came into the classroom.=He stepped into the classroom18. come down=get downCome down! That’s dangerous.=Get down! That’s dangerous.19. do well in=be good atHe does well in swimming.=He is good at swimming.20. do the shopping=go shopping I’ll do the shopping.=I’ll go shopping.21. drop off=get off22. enjoy doing sth.=like doing sth.I enjoy reading.=I like reading.23. have a good time=enjoy oneselfWe had a good time at the party.=We enjoyed ourselves at the party.24. fall down VS fall off I fell down. / I fell off the bike.25. get the telephone=answer the telephoneI got the telephone.= I answered the telephone.26. give sb.sth.=give sth.to sb.27. give sb.the message=give the message to sb.28. give sb. a talk=give a talk to sb.29. give a concert=have a concertThey gave a concert.=They had a concert.30. get on well with sb.=be good toI got on well with my neighbors=I’m good to my neighbors.31. give…a call=give…a ring I gave a call to you.=I give you a ring.32. go down=go along33. go for a swim=go swimming34. go on doing sth.=go on with sth.35. go up=go along36. go to sleep=get to sleep=fall asleep37. have a look (at)=look at38. have a swim=go swimming39. have got=have40. hear from=receive a letter from=have a letter from=get a letter from41. help sb with sth=help sb to do sth42. hold a meeting=have a meeting43. hold on=wait a minute44. hurry up=be quick45. knock at=knock on46. last from…to=be from…to47. like doing sth=like to do sth48. look out=be careful49. love to do sth=like to do sth50. make up one’s mind to do=set one’s mind to do51. pay for=spend on52. prefer…to=like better than53. ring up=call sb54. send for sb=ask sb to come55. show sb sth=show sth to sb56. take care of=look after57. take exercise=do sport58. take a message=leave a message59. think about/ think of60. teach oneself=learn all by oneself61. turn off/turn down62. turn right at the…crossing=take the …turning on the right63. walk on=go on64. walk to=go to …on foot65. walk along=go along66. at school=in the school67. a lot of=lots of68. a lot=very much69. a quarter past two=two fifteen70. at times=sometimes71. at last=in the end=finally72. a bit=a little=a few73. a moment ago=just now74. at once=right now75. at noon=in the middle of a day76. at that moment=at that time=just then77. at the moment=at the same time78. at the doctor’s=in the doctor’s office79. all over the world=across the world=around the world=in the world80. a moment later=later on81. after a while=a moment later82. as soon as possible=as quick as I can84. in line=in a queue85. in the southern part of=in the south of86. in the day=in the daytime87. much of China=many places of China88. more than=over89. no longer=not…any longer=no more=not any more90. not far from=near91. Northern China=the north of China92. of course=certainly93. plenty of=quite a few=a lot of=lots of=large number of=a great many of=a good deal of94. two and a half years=two years and a half练习一从每小题四个选项中找出与句中划线部分意思相同或相近的一项( )1、I don't think Germany will win this World Cup four months from now.A、after four monthsB、next seasonC、in four monthsD、a season later( )2、Look , that beautiful girl is wearing a colorful skirt.A、is dressingB、is dressing upC、is putting onD、is in( )3、I'm much too busy now. Could you give me a hand ,please?A、help meB、push meC、let me have a restD、do anything for me( )4、We will have lots of robots to help us in the future.A、a fewB、a littleC、manyD、much( )5、The man is doing something simple over and over again, but he doesn't feel bored.A、all the timeB、time and time againC、all the sameD、all day and all night( )6、My cousin is the same age as me ,and we get on well.A、has the same birthday asB、looks the same as meC、is as old asD、is as tall as( )7、Alice Green loves playing volleyball ,and she wants to join her school volleyball team.A、take part inB、become a member ofC、get inD、return to( )8、When did the student's father call you up ,Mr. Li?A、came to visit youB、talk with youC、complain toD、give a phone to you( )9、The girl wears an original skirt today .Her best friend wears the same style skirt ,as well. A、also B、too C、either D、as hers( )10、－Eve ,You don't look good today . What's wrong?－My class mate ,Anna argued with me for my haircut .She said I shouldn't have the same haircut as she does .A、what's the matterB、What's troubleC、How is it goingD、Did you do wrong( )11、What was the girl doing when the alien arrived at the museum ?A、walked aroundB、followed toC、reached inD、got to( )12、Life is strange .We don't know what will happen at times .A、sometimeB、sometimesC、as wellD、one day( )13、Mrs. Taylor's children don't often follow her when she goes shopping .A、walks aroundB、cares forC、run in front ofD、goes after( )14、Davy didn't talk to his friend after they had a fight .A、hear aboutB、say toC、speak toD、call up( )15、Nie Haisheng and Fei Junolng are very famous all over the world .A. everywhere in the world B、in the modern timesC、for the first timeD、to all the people on the earth练习二( )1、The doctor said that I would be fine after the medicine .A、goodB、wellC、rightD、nice( )2、Yang Lei and other graduates decided to teach in the western rural areas of China and their parent agreed with them .A、supportedB、didn't allow …toC、were mad atD、said "yes" to( )3、My son is good at all kinds of sports and he is very athletic .A、is fond ofB、is interested inC、does well inD、enjoys and does( )4、When you meet your teachers you are supposed to say "Hi" to them .A、shouldB、have toC、are able toD、are hoped to( )5、Young people today need to experience different things .Luckily ,some young volunteers accepted the idea .A、For exampleB、FortunatelyC、ReallyD、In fact( )6、The boy isn't good at English .He is trying to improve his English all the time this term.A、work hard on his EnglishB、stop learning his EnglishC、practice his English hardD、make his English better( )7、Some foreigners came to Kunming on April 1st ,2006,and the following day they visited our school .A、anotherB、the otherC、the nextD、the same( )8、If you go to the school party ,you will have a great time .A、feel excitedB、have some funC、forget something unhappyD、lose yourself( )9、Though the woman has been to Beijing twice ,she will go there once more in 2008.A、another timeB、again and againC、the second timeD、at times( )10、Li Yuchun ,Zhang Liangying and other super girls are well-known to the teenagers everywhere in China.A、of allB、all overC、in and our ofD、most of( )11、She has been doing homework for more than two hours ,and she will finish it in half an hour .A、aboutB、aroundC、overD、nearly( )12、There are several beautiful snow globes on the bookcase .They are mine .A、a fewB、a lot ofC、a littleD、many( )13、Last Saturday twelve persons from other countries came to our school.A、collectorsB、writersC、foreignersD、visitors( )14、Do you often help raise money for charity on your day off ?A、makeB、collectC、storeD、save( )15、Lu Ling started to skate at eight o 'clock and had been skating for three and half an hours .A、three hours and a quarterB、half of three hoursC、three hours and a halfD、a quarter of day( )16、－Sarah ,would you mind doing the dishes ? －No ,not at all .I'll do it in a minute .A、first of allB、just nowC、right awayD、in future( )17、Harris won't join us in picking up litter tomorrow .She changed her mind last night .A、wordB、meaningC、planD、idea( )18、My mother is in Xi'an .She will return in three days .A、reachB、arriveC、get backD、drop( )19、－I'm sorry ,Tom .I took your pen yesterday .Now I return it to you . －No problem.A、Don't mindB、That's allC、Don't be so politeD、That's nothing( )20、－Would you mind not wearing those old jeans ? They look terrible.－Ok. I'll put on another pair .A、Why don't you wearB、Could you please don't wearC、What do you think of wearingD、Could you please not wear( )21、Don't be worried about me ,Mother and Father ,I can look after myself at school .A、think aboutB、take care ofC、get along withD、do anything well( )22、Some presents are never too small .A、souvenirsB、giftC、cardsD、gifts( )23、He can sing a number of English songs .A、muchB、manyC、a lotD、a few( )24、Why are you mad at me ?A、worried aboutB、excited aboutC、crazy aboutD、angry with( )25、Now we are too young to make a living .We have to depend on our parents .A、aren't too old toB、aren't old enough toC、crazy aboutD、angry( )26、When you are in a foreign country , maybe you will fear that you won't be able to find anything to eat.A、findB、discoverC、be angryD、be worried( )27、The children are going to see an exciting film on June 1st.A、matchB、movieC、gameD、amusement( )28、About three quarters of the population in Singapore are Chinese.A、three fourthsB、most ofC、a number ofD、half( )29、It's said the temperature in Singapore is almost the same all year round.A、all the timeB、everywhereC、from the beginning of year to endD、these years( )30、－I've never been to Fun Times Amusement Park .What about you ?－Me neither .Why don't we go there today ?A、So do IB、I don't, eitherC、Neither have ID、I have neither( )31、－Let's go to the Color Sand Forest ,shall we ?－That's excellent ! I hear it's an exciting place.A、That's rightB、I'm glad toC、SureD、Good idea( )32、The children had a great time this Children's Day ,didn't they?A、largeB、unhappyC、hardD、wonderful( )33、When you cross the street ,you must be careful .A、throughB、passC、go longD、go across答案：练习一1-5 ADACC 6-10 ABDBA 11-15 DBDCA练习二1-5 BACAB 6-10 DCBCB 11-15 CACBC 16-20 CDCAB 21-25 BDBCB 26-30 DBACC31-33 DDD二、英语书面表达专项训练2．书面表达为了配合“足球进校园”活动，你们班开展了一次主题班会。

雅思阅读的3大同义词替换原则

雅思阅读的3大同义词替换原则雅思阅读，就是在有限的时间内，通过快速浏览，在*中找出题目中的中心词，从而定位正确答案的过程。

今天给大家带来了雅思阅读的3大同义词替换原则,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧雅思阅读的3大同义词替换原则雅思阅读中的同义词替换，是指意思相近的词或句子之间的替换，其中包括词性转换，语态转换，短语与句子替换等等，并不只是严格的相同意义的词的替换。

同义词替换分为三类：词与词的替换，词与句的替换，句与句的替换。

一. 词与词的替换1. 同义词反义词替换1)名词: picture/image; (剑九Test3 Passage3 )argument/debate(剑九Test3 Passage1)2)动词: Consult/ask advice of;recognise/perceive(剑九Test1 Passage1)3)形容词: global/international/worldwide(剑九Test2 Passage1);different/distinct(剑九Test2 Passage3 )4)副词: Instantly/immediately/promptly (剑九Test1 Passage2)5)介词: Around/nearby/in the vicinity of(剑九Test3 Passage2)6)反义词：dissatisfied/not satisfied(剑九Test4 Passage2)2. 词序转换1)形容词前置定语→后置定语machinery noise/noise generated by machine(generated是现在分词作后置定语); (剑九Test2 Passage1)2)AB→B of A:翻译时从of 后往前翻译，例如：grammar rules/rules of grammar; 语法规则Signal strength/ strength of the signal 信号强度(剑九Test3 Passage3)3. 否定词替换具有否定意义的词与not,no, never等词的意义相通: 在题干中是下面四项的某一项，而在原文中只是一个否定词。

雅思-剑13阅读解析-Test 3

Test3Passage1Question1答案：furniture关键词：trunk,timber for houses定位原文：第二段第二三句“The coconut palm has a smooth,slender,grey trunk,up to30metres tall.This is an important source of timber for building houses,and is increasingly being used as a replacement for endangered hardwoods in the furniture construction industry.”解题思路：trunk直接帮助我们定位到第二段第二句，紧接着下一句出现timber for houses相关表达，“and”并列结构找到核心句子：and is increasingly being used as a replacement for endangered hardwoods in the furniture construction industry.找到答案furniture。

Question2答案：sugar关键词：flowers,sap,a drink定位原文：第二段第最后两句“Immature coconut flowers are tightly clustered together among the leaves at the top of the trunk.The flower stems may be tapped for their sap to produce a drink,and the sap can also be reduced by boiling to produce a type of sugar used for cooking.”解题思路：找到这两个句子之后，和a drink这个表达并列的，是：and the sap can also be reduced by boiling to produce a type of sugar used for cooking，找到答案sugar。

考研英语阅读方法经典总结非常实用

考研阅读的基本解题思路：四步走第一,扫描提干,划关键项;第二, 通读全文,抓住中心;1. 通读全文,抓两个重点：①首段中心句、核心概念常在第一段,常在首段出题；②其他各段的段首和段尾句;其他部分略读,有重点的读2. 抓住中心,用一分半时间思考3个问题：①文章叙述的主要内容是什么②文章中有无提到核心概念文章的核心概念是什么一般是反复出现的一个核心词③作者的大致态度是什么是谁对谁的态度第三,仔细审题,返回原文;仔细看题干,把每道题和原文的某处建立联系,挂起钩定位原则：①通常是由题干出发,使用寻找关键词定位原则;关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等②自然段定位原则;出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的,一般每段对应一题;★要树立定位意识,每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位;第四,重叠选项,得出答案;重叠原文=对照原文1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项,抓住选项中的关键词,把选项定位到原文的某处比较,重叠选项,选出答案;2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由结论性的句子需要慢读,引用说明的句子需要快读;引用的作用有两点：1;支持自己的观点;2.批评别人论据的论点;十大解题思路：1.细节事实题标志：文章提到具体的时间,地点,人物,问它们具体的关系;五个w,一个h;做题的关键：返回原文题干返回原文：1,根据关键词返回原文2.自然段返回原文；选项返回原文：1,重点词,同义词返回原文2.根据长难句返回原文迷惑选项的设置方式：1偷换概念比如说蒙古人喝牛奶,而选项却说蒙古人喝豆浆2.正反混淆肯定说成否定,反之亦然3,因果倒置4常识判断符合常识的不一定对,但不符合常事的一定不对5扩大范围破车不是车,破车是破车2.例证题标志：illustration 、demonstration、case 、example 、exemplify时做题关键：准确找到例子所支持的观点,而不在于能看懂例子本身做题步骤：返回原文,找到例子出处;然后,从例子出发,80%向上搜索,20%向下,找到该例子支持的观点,在四个选项中寻找与表达的观点最一致,意思最接近的一个;干扰选项的特征：A就事论事;把例子中某一部分内容概括一下放到选项中;特殊例证题,从文章的一个观点出发,来考文章之外的内容,做题关键:要把握观点B混淆论点论据;C列举无关常识;要求：在阅读中,遇到长的例子,立即给这个例子定位,即找出起始点,从哪开始到哪结束;3,词汇题搜索代入法标志：在题目中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组,要求辨别出意思①返回原文,找出该词汇出现的地方;②确定该词汇的词性③从上下文词汇的前后几句中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词如一下子找不到就再往上往下找,代入所给词汇在文章中的位置将之替换看语义是否合适④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相,即答案注意：a.如果该词汇是简单词汇,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案;b.考研阅读不是考察字认识不认识,而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断;c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近;注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推;d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点比如分号,分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列,也就是两句话的意思相同,所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义、定语从句、前后缀,特别要注意寻找时的同性原则;比如：让猜一个名词词组动词词组的意思,我们就向上向下搜索名词词组动词词组;▲ 隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合,只有一两个词被替换掉;隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样,往上往下找;4句子理解题标志：在题干中明确指出原文中的一句话,要求理解其意思;①返回原文找到原句;②对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析找主干,应该重点抓原句的字面含义;若该句的字面含义不能确定,则依据上下文进行判断;注意：局部含义是由整体决定的它与词汇提不同,他考得就是它本身的语法和句法的理解,靠的就是本身的含义;③一般来说,选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同,只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已;④句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征：推得过远;做题时应把握住推的度;思路：对句子微观分析不行就依据上下文选择时不要推得过远;5指代题常考词：that,it,they①返回原文,找出出题的指代词;②向上搜索,找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子先从最近点开始找,找不到再找次近的,一般答案不会离得太远;③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词,看其意思是否通顺;④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较,找出最佳答案;6主旨大意题①主旨题的标志：best title, main idea ,conclusion ,mainly about, mainly discuss②串线法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句话,把其意思连接成一个整体;要注意总结性的提示词和转折词,特别要注意中心句;主要针对自然段少的文章；针对自然段多的文章,主旨题最好联系中心句;找一个和中心句最贴近的③小心首段陷阱;④主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是：⑴局部信息,即选项的内容小于文章的内容；⑵范围过宽,即选项的内容大于文章的内容;⑤逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时,试着从选项出发,想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容,然后把它与文章的内容比较,接近的即为正确选项;7作者态度题标志：attitude believe concider deem态度分类：1．支持,乐观2．客观,中立3．反对,批评有些选项注定不是选项：indifferent、subjective、biased 、puzzling识别作者态度的方法：1.当作者态度没有明确提出时,找文章中的带有褒贬意或感情色彩的词如：fortunately, excessively, too many.2.根据作者论述的主线方法：把第一段读透,把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来,看整个文章的谋篇结构及举例的方式来判断;正反都举的话,很可能是客观的;作者态度题的新趋势：1不仅仅局限在作者的态度,也开始问文章某人的态度,做这种题,特别关注题是问的是谁对谁的态度;2选项可能不再是态度明确的态度的词,而改为带有程度限制的词语;比如：reserved;因为带有保留态度的观点比较客观,一般为正确答案;3一般带有绝对化,或过于强烈的词修饰的选项必错;比如strongly completely entirely8判断题标志：which of the following statement is not ture/correct/mentioned或all of the following statements are true/correct except做题思路：先分出是三对一错,还是三错一对;所谓对,是指符合原文,所谓错是指和原文有矛盾,或原文未提及每一个选项都应回归原文,不能通过主观臆断来判断;做判断题时,回到原文是,应注意以下几点：1,转折处2.比较级,最高级出现的句子3,带有褒贬词,感情色彩的词; 9.推理题标志：infer imply learn inform解题关键：绝大多数推理题的答案是原文中心的同意表达,正确答案与原文之间没有推理关系可以通过题干返回原文,或依据选项返回原文,一般要围绕文章中的一两个重点句进行思考,特别注意文章中含义深刻或结构复杂的句子,因为对作者所表达的意思不能一下子看懂的长难句是命题所在;做推理题时,不能想得太多推得太远,看懂文章才是关键;五大微观阅读技巧1.标点符号的作用句号：用来分割句子,以句号为单位,把段分隔成块,逐个击破;团条逗号：在两个逗号中间是一个补充说明成分时,在阅读过程中可以献跳过去不读,重点抓句子的主干;冒号：他前后失宠抽象到具体的过程,后面进一步具体补充说明前面的内容;分号：分号是用来分隔句子的,并列结构：语意上的并列有一种解释说明的作用、结构上的并列比如：对联;破折号：两个破折号之间是补充说明成分,在阅读中可以先不读;如果不能读懂破折号之前的句子的意思可借助破折号间的内容加以理解;引号：引用别人的观点,引用的作用有两点：1;支持自己的观点;2.批评别人论据的论点;引用的目的：不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明核心概念、中心思想,否则就没有意义; 括号：它里面的内容分起两种作用：补充说明、解释生词;2.类比关系分为明喻……像……或暗喻……是……,把类比关系看做特殊的例证,找出支持和说明的观点,一定要确认作者把什么比喻做什么3.长难句1、主句,从句多又长,一个主句带多个从句,从句又含从句2、方法：1先抓整句话的主干,从前向后读句子,找出独立的谓语部分,把握复杂句中,最核心的主谓宾语,再根据从句的连接词,区分主从句,层层扩展进行理解;3、分词短语、to do结构,独立主格的干扰注意理解主句最完整的特征就是有完整的主谓结构,尤其是独立的主谓语部分,一个看似句4.一定要掌握的长难句的语法结构A．形式主语或形式宾语出现的句型B．强调句型C．非限定型定语从句D．同位语从句E．倒装结构F．省略句5.虚拟语气1、作者写作时采用虚拟语气,一般表示建议、态度、和观点,用来表达一种反事实的假设;2、阅读时,重点要体会作者利用反话正说,正话反说所传递的言外之意;八大宏观阅读技巧1,一般来讲,考研文章只讲一个主题,中心句往往出项在首段,若首段有转折,中心句可能出现在第二段2,注意把握两类文体,一是议论文,抓作者中心观点和作者的态度;二是说明文,抓说明对象和作者的态度;3,阅读文章时,注意看文章是有几个自然段组成时,还要给文章分层,每一个选项都要力争会原文定位;4,注意考研文章固有的模式：1 花开两朵,各表一枝特点：写作的模式一般是开始提出两个核心概念,随后分段论述;对策：阅读这种类型的文章,关键是要把握两个概念的定义以及它们的区别与联系以及各自特征;2 问题答案型文章特点：该写作模式往往是在第一段出现一个问题,在随后的各段提供该问题的答案;阅读时重点理解该文章的中心,其中心就是该问题的最直接最主要的答案3 时文时效性很强的文章特点：1、耸人听闻,吸引眼球；2、貌似客观,内含态度；3、抛砖引玉,引起争论;一般来说,时文的中心在首段末句,或第二段首句;阅读时文时,把握时文的中心;4 独句段出现一个句子单独成段,特别是其出现在文章开始或者结尾,一般它表达的是文章的中心思想,出现在末尾,是总结全文；若位于文章中间部分一般是承上启下的作用;但少部分出现在中间,也表明中心思想;5 开门见山文章的写作特点是：直接给出观点,摆出事实论据,进行推理论证,注意作者阐述观点的行文结构,每段都紧扣文章的主题;6起承传合型文章特点：首尾呼应,阅读时要抓住论点,区分论点合论据的关系,因为题目设计往往围绕论点进行,并要注意把握文章首尾的前后呼应关系;7 平铺直叙型文章事实和观点交叉出现,在字里行间达到阐明观点的目的,需要大家综合各段内容,通过分析和归纳判断;抓住首段和文章隐含的中心思想8 层层递进型文章特点：段落多,一篇文章的整体,或者几个段落论述的问题,由从抽象到具体,从初级到高级,从简单到复杂的过程,且各段从开始都出现递进词,阅读时注意把握这种文章的中心,或几段的核心;观点必然出现在层层递进各段的最后一段;五层阅读的方法针对真题1 抓住文章的中心大意,和论述的宏观结构;泛读2 认真把握各段大意,争取用1——2个词或者短语概括其意,并把意义相近的段合并成为一个整体;即给文章合为一体3 以自然段为单位,对文章进行更加深入的分析,也就是对单词,词组的背诵记忆以及对长句的精确分析翻译,整文的朗读和背诵;4 佳句摘录,模仿写作;5 换位思考,分析出题人为什么选这样的文章,难度在哪里,论述的结构是什么;并对每一个选项都精确分析,找出正确答案在文中的出处是哪句话;十大错误答案所具备的特征：1.无中生有,原文未提及的概念2.正反混淆3.所答非所问,选项符合原文,但不符合题干的要求4过分绝对比如no+名词5扩大范围,特别注意隐蔽的扩大范围6因果倒置7常识判断,8推得过远,要把握选项的度9偏离中心abc项是符合原文细节信息,而d是原文信息,让你选择概括全文的选项,该选d项,你却选a10变换词性正确答案五大特征：1 正确答案通常与文章中心思想,主旨大意有关;2 正确答案所在位置1首段段尾句2转折处3因果关系处4条件关系处3 正确答案设置的特点：往往利用同义词的替换,或者正话反说,反话正说;4 正确答案从语义上去理解,经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的词：can 、may、might、possible、some尤其是推理题的答案常这样设置,以显示推理题所论述含义的相对性;5 正确答案具有概括性,深刻性,因为其考查的对象是阅读文章的重点和要点;正确答案应用的原则：1.同义替换2. 正话反说3. 正确答案一般含有不肯定的语气词或委婉表达的用词比如can may possible might some四大金刚法则1、答案在相近之间,答案在相反之间,2：1：1原则2、当两个选项所表达的意思所传递的概念非常接近时,要把握其程度上的差异3、正确答案所在的选项通常不会照抄原文,经常采用正话反说,反话正说的方式,或原文信息的同意改写;4、选项中使用的词越多,这个选项对的可能性越小遇到难的单词时：不认识时怎么办遇到难的单词时,要分别处理,如果影响到文章的理解,根据上下文进行判断,不影响整体理解时,可直接跳过,最重要是相信自己能读懂;关键的句子读不懂时怎么办1 关键的句子读不懂时,从结构的角度,进行缩句,找出独立的谓语动词,再层层扩展,进一步理解含义,可以帮助理解句子的主干;2 找不到谓语动词时,可以借助上下文的逻辑关系,对这句话的意思进行猜测;遇到文章完全看不懂时：1 遇到难的文章时,通读首段的第一句话,尾段的第一句话;看是否能把握住前后呼应的关系,猜测这篇文章的大意;2 与此同时,快速浏览全文,充分的做记号;记号点：显示文章结构的信息词：but、even、althought、for example、if ;显示作者态度的,具有感情色彩的词;Scanning读法注意事项：认真通读首段,快速浏览段落的主题句或结论句,具体细节跳过不读,应该特别注意通过对比转折,因果总结等连接词把握文章的结构,查读的目的是把握作者的态度和文章的中心,所以可以忽略掉例子的内容,具体的数字,引用的内容,以及冒号后面补充说明成分;阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：①标志类、指示类的信息;a.表示并列关系: and;also;coupled with等b.表示转折关系: but;yet;however;by contrast；although；in contrast与之形成对照的是等c.表示因果关系: therefor;thereby;consequently;as a result；thus, consequence等d.表示递进关系: in addition to;even;what'more;further more等e.表示重要性的词: prime首要的;above all最重要的;first等f．解释词：namely即,也就是；likewise同样的；in other word换句话说；that is to say那就是说……以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握②具有感情色彩显示作者态度的词:blind盲目的贬excessively过分的贬考研阅读最基本的复习方法：共有3个key word: ①细读close reading②阅读三步走③ 48精读击破法基本的学习方法：精读和泛读相结合;精读与泛读的比例1：1第一,精读：“48精读击破法”复习方式：以点代面;切忌题海战术精读吃透94-04年的真题文章;1. 精读的角度：①词汇;把文章中的单词要背会、要全部熟悉掌握;②对阅读中的长句、难句进行分析;每篇文章中摘出5—10个长难句背诵,翻译;③解题思路;要对题目进行分析——解题思路的分析、错误分析;对题目中的四个选项要做分析,正确的选项要做分析,错误的选项也要做分析;2.对48篇真题精读：①首先,分析文章,对题目中的四个选项要做分析;正确的选项要做分析,错误的选项也要做分析;其次,把文章中的单词要背会,要全部熟练掌握;长难句要摘取下来背诵、翻译;②重点文章,有时需要背诵全文;③对于文章则可以多角度的读,题目也可以多角度的分析;3. 五层递进的方法精读48篇文章：①抓住文章的中心;考研文章特重视抓住中心意思的能力; 中心思想+ 细节= 文章;要反复把自己以前的思路同现在的思路作对比,才可以提高自己把握中心的能力;②抓各个自然段的大意;争取用一两个词或词组概括整个自然段的大意,并且把意思相近的自然段合为一体,即给文章分层;③以自然段为单位,对文章进行深入剖析;即对单词、词组的记忆和对长句的精确分析、背诵;④佳句摘录;⑤换位思考层;即考研专家为什么选这样的文章,选此文章的难度在那里,文章的谋篇结构事什么;可以与考研专家换位思考,还可以与作者换位;与作者换位：如果我是文章作者的话,在大约相同字数的条件下,要描述同一件事情,我会如何展开文章,然后同作者的思路做比较;4. 精读达到的基本要求：①所有的单词都背过;②从文章中任何地方拿出一句话,都应该搞清楚,能分析出语法结构;③从文章中摘出来任何一个指代词,就马上可以知道它的指代关系;5.背单词：①集中力量大面积的过单词认知,用大纲就可以了②以真题为范本,搞清这些词在句中的深刻含义;大纲提到：一篇文章中生词的出现率应该小于等于3%;要注意模拟题的选择;第二,泛读：1. 泛读练习的目的：①增强背景知识;②锻炼抓住文章中心的能力;2. 建议：①每周一次China Daily,时效性强,多注意经济文化、科技、观点类文章;②每月至少看一本英文杂志：Time,News week,Economist,英语世界,优秀时文阅读③勤上网浏览相关英文新闻;推荐英文网站：要求泛读新概念第四册,每天泛读一篇,多遍泛读;⑤推荐两本辞典：朗文或牛津高级双解辞典、韦氏大学辞典模拟题：一周4篇;精细地研究真题其他总结1. 阅读的启示：①短文中的一些难以理解的句子有时并不会对理解全篇产生很大的障碍;②把握文章结构,抓住文章的核心概念;③踏踏实实地提高自己的阅读水平70%,并且要掌握一定的阅读方法和技巧30%;要能够分辨哪些信息要读哪些信息不读;④考试阅读的最高目的：做题;阅读理解的重要原则：模糊中求准确;2. 做题的启示：①排除了两项之后,要选择与文章中心相关的一项;②四个选项中有两项意思相反时,其中必有一个是答案;③虽然是一道细节题,但也可以当成一道主旨题来做;④类比、比喻、列举、举例的目的都是为了说明中心;3. 考研的文章与四六级文章的重要不同之处：前者重细读,后者重速度;考研的文章重视考察抓住中心思想的能力;中心思想+ 细节= 文章；中心思想引领细节;要反复把自己以前的思路同现在的新思路作对比,才可以提高把握中心的能力;4. 关于九堂课的阅读方法：微观和宏观把握文章的结构怎么把握,它的脉络；掌握句子怎么去理解它的含义;另外,还有八大题型的总结;5. 常见问题：做题技巧用不上怎么办能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了,才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧;在课堂听明白之后,还需要回去自己思考,针对自己的实际分析分析6. 关于复习的安排：先把上课讲完的文章趁热打铁,把文章固化下来；每天搞透一篇,然后把剩下的文章每天做一篇,做完了之后再精读;七月份开始,看文章同时应该做一些新题,做新题时要带点实战的感觉,即抽出80分钟时间做一套题;在时间较多的暑假中,一周两套题就可以了;到9、10月份每周保持做一套题就可以了;11、12月份时,停止做模拟题;把90、91、92、93年的考研真题做一下,并精读;48篇最少要轮到七八遍;考研阅读的时间分配问题：1. 4篇75—80分钟,平均每篇15—20分钟;2. 读文章的时间分配：用6—8分钟完成第一遍阅读,10—14分钟来琢磨题目,每题平均2分钟;读文章时需特别留意的细节：①举例、打比喻处②人物论段③转折处后④复杂句⑤因果句⑥特殊标点⑦段首段尾句最常出题的地方是：中心思想或核心概念;中心思想+ 细节= 文章。

同义替换（自己整理）

动词篇1、坚持Insist on,stick to ,persist in,adhere to,persevere in ,cling to=hold out2、说服Persuade=convince=3、确信Be sure of=make sure=be convinced of=assure4、争论、辩论Debate=argue=dispute=controvert=polemize(vi. 争论；辩论)=discuss5、奉献Devote to=dedicate6、实施、执行Carry out=enforce=execute=perform=implement(vt. 实施，执行n. 工具，器具；手段)7、强迫Compel=enforce=force=pressure=oblige(vt. 迫使；强制)=constrain(vt. 驱使；强迫；束缚)=impose on=fasten(强加于，使固定）8、限制，束缚Constrain=limit=bound=restrict=block(vt. 阻止；阻塞；限制)=confine=set a limit to=restrain=astrict(vt. 束缚；使缩小；限制)=chain=hamper9、妨碍、阻止、抑制、禁止Obstruct=hinder from=hamper(vt. 妨碍；束缚n. 食盒，食篮；阻碍物）=impede(vt. 阻碍；妨碍)=Prevent from=stop=hold back=stem=prohibit=bar=inhibit=forbid=thwart(vt. 挫败；反对；阻碍)=17、压制Squash=suppress=subdue=10、修复、恢复Rehabilitate=repair=restore=renovate11、依靠Depend on =rely on =hinge on=count on=tie to12、合作、配合Cooperate=coordinate=harmonize=collaborate=match up13、评价，估价、估计Appraise=value=evaluate=assess=rate=estimate=judge=reckon14、雕刻Sculpt=carve=engrave=grave=sculpture15、增强、加强Strengthen=enhance=reinforce=heighten=cement=muscle=intensify =tone up(增强；提高（声调等）；使更健康)=beef up(vt. 加强（增援，充实）；补充（人数，兵力)16、刺激、激起Spur=stimulate=irritate（刺激，使兴奋）=motivate=fan=excite=stir up(激起；煽动；搅拌）=activate=17、激励，鼓励Motivate=stimulate=impel=inspire=encourage17、促进Impetus=facilitate=impulse=improve=promote=boost=expedite=prompt=accelerate18、赞成、同意Agree=approve of=favor=uphold(vt. 支撑；鼓励；赞成；)=consent=accept19、反对Disagree= be opposed to=object to=sit down on20、实现、完成Realize=fulfill=achieve=accomplish=carry out=come true=complete=implement21、模仿Simulate=imitate=mimic~~~~mime(n. 哑剧；小丑；滑稽戏v 摸拟表演)22、庆祝、纪念Commemorate=celebrate=honor23、定罪、宣告有罪Convict=criminate=commit=condemn(vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪)=24、膨胀Dilate=expand=swell=inflate=puff25、驯化、驯养Cultivate=tame=domesticate=26、嘲笑Mock=jeer at=laugh at=gibe=make a mockery of=make fun of27、藏匿，躲藏Conceal=hide=stash=harbour=hole up(躲藏；把…监禁)=house up=take over/cover=hide out/away=28、繁殖Reproduce=multiply=propagate(vt. 传播；传送；繁殖vi. 繁殖；增殖)=proliferate =breed(v. 繁殖；饲养；养育. [生物] 品种；种类)29、减去Deduct=subtract=subduce30、减少、减轻Decrease=diminish=reduce=lessen=cut down=fall off(减少；跌落；下降；) 减轻：allay=alleviate(vt. 减轻，缓和)=moderate(vt. 节制；减轻adj. 温和的；适度的)=relieve30、分解、腐烂Decompose=rot=decay=corrupt(v. 使腐烂；使堕落adj. 腐败的，贪污的；)=deprave(vt. 使堕落；使腐败)=perish(vi. 死亡；毁灭；腐烂；枯萎)形容词篇1、负面的、不利的、消极的Adverse=negative=contrary=unfavorable=opposite=passive=destructive =inactive=disadvantageous=infaust(adj. 不吉的；不利的)=detrimental(adj. 不利的；有害的)=2、正面的、有利的、积极的Obverse=Positive=favorable=active=energetic(adj. 精力充沛的；积极的)=effective=affirmative=advantageous=beneficial=profitable=furthersome(adj. 有利的)=expedient(adj. 权宜的；方便的；有利的)3、乐观的、积极的Optimistic=affirmative=hopeful=upbeat=sanguine(adj. 乐观的；满怀希望的n. 血红色；)=1、无止境的、永恒的Everlasting=endless=eternal=unending=permanent=lasting=timeless=undying2、持续的，连续的Endless=continuing=straight=running=serial=successive=incessant3、支配的、主要的Predominant=dominant=principal=primary（adj. 主要的；初级的；基本的）=major=main=dominating=central=leading=prime(adj. 主要的；最好的；基本的)=ruling=preponderant(adj. 占优势的；突出的；压倒性的)=4、重要的Paramount=important=significant=vital=crucial=momentous(adj. 重要的；重大的)=considerable=material=critical=foremost=principal=supreme=essential=prominent =indispensable=be of vital importance=sth matters=sth counts=sth means the whole world to me=prevailing(adj. 流行的,占优势的；)=5、流行的Prevalent=fashionable=popular=epidemic=ruling(adj. 统治的；主要的；支配的；流行的)=prevailing6、普遍的Prevalent=ruling=widespread=universal=worldwide=common=pervasive(adj. 普遍的；到处渗透的；流行的)=generalized7、渴望的Ravenous=eager=desired=hungry=anxious=sick=keen(adj. 敏锐的，敏捷的；渴望的) =greedy(adj. 贪婪的；贪吃的；渴望的)8、小心翼翼的、一丝不苟的Meticulous=careful=punctilious=scrupulous=circumspect9、有远见的Forward-looking=farseeing=far-sighted=foresighted10、朦胧的、模糊的Dim=Hazy=fuzzy=dark=vague=misty=blurry(adj. 模糊的；污脏的；不清楚的)==obscure(adj. 模糊的；晦涩的vt. 遮掩；使难理解）=unclear11、吸引人的、迷人的Beautiful=decent=Intriguing=fascinating=dramatic=fantastic=attractive=engaging=alluring=absorbing=tempting=appealing=killing=captivating=catching=charming=witching(adj. 有魅力的n. 魅力；施行巫术)=seductive(adj. 有魅力的；性感的；引人注意的)=glamorous(adj. 迷人的，富有魅力的)=magnetic=stunning12、显著的Marked=noticeable=pronounced=remarkable=noteworthy=obvious=prominent(adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的)=noted=outstanding=conspicuous(adj. 显著的；显而易见的)=salient(adj. 显著的；突出的)Stunning(adj. 极好的；使人晕倒的)=wonderful=unexceptionable(adj. 无懈可击的；完美无缺的；极好的)=excellent=superb(adj. 极好的；华丽的；)=grand（adj. 宏伟的；豪华的）=super=admirable(adj. 令人钦佩的；极好的；值得赞扬的)=smashing(adj. 了不起的，极好的；粉碎性的)=13、杰出的Brilliant=prominent=splendid(adj. 辉煌的；灿烂的；极好的；杰出的)=excellent=wonderful=topping=eminent(adj. 杰出的；有名的；明显的)=Magnificent(adj. 高尚的；华丽的)=gorgeous(adj. 华丽的，灿烂的；极好的)=14、美丽的、漂亮的Beautiful=decent=fantastic=gorgeous=nice=Bonny=tony(adj. 时髦的，漂亮的；贵族化的) =comely（adj. 清秀的，标致的）=beauteous(adj. 美丽的；美妙的)=fair=seraphic(adj. 纯洁的；美丽的；天使一般的)28、美味的Palatable=delicious=tasty=delectable(adj. 美味的；令人愉快的)=yummy=toothsome=delicate29、精心制作的、复杂精美的Elaborate=ornate=detailed=exquisite=tasteful=delicate=porcelain=15、优雅的Graceful=elegant=refined=exquisite=15、费解的、不可思议的Incomprehensible=perplexing（adj. 复杂的，令人费解的；令人困惑的）=mysterious(adj. 神秘的；不可思议的；难解的)=complicated=sophisticated=intricate(adj. 复杂的；错综的，缠结的)=involved=detailed=unintelligible(adj. 莫明其妙的；无法了解的)16、与众不同的Distinctive=unusual=different=apart17、认真的Conscientious=earnest=serious-minded=serious=Contemplative=thoughtful=meditating(adj. 沉思的；冥想的)=reflecting=pensive(adj沉思的，忧郁的；悲伤的，)=musefu l=ruminative19、勤奋的Diligent=industrious=painstaking=studious=assiduous(adj. 刻苦的，勤勉的）=hard-working20、垂直的Perpendicular（adj. 垂直的，正交的n. 垂线；垂直的位置)=vertical=upright=plumb=erect21、聪明的Intelligent=smart=wise=bright=understanding22、无数的,数不清的Countless=infinite=innumerable=sumless=incalculable23、直觉的Intuitive=instinctive=presentative(adj. 表象的；直觉的)=intuitional(adj. 直观的；直觉的)=24、渊博的Profound=having intellectual depth and insight=deep-seated=erudite(adj. 博学的；有学问的n. 饱学之士)=encyclopedic(adj. 渊博的；知识广博的)=25、可信赖的、可靠的Reliable=dependable=trustworthy=faithworthy=calculable=credible=responsible26、没精打采的Dead-alive(adj. 没精打采的；不景气的)=flattened(adj. 没精打采的；垂头丧气的)=chapfallen=chopfallen=crestfallen27、单调乏味的T edious=bored=monotonous(adj. 单调的)=humdrum(adj. 单调的；无聊的)=dreary（adj. 沉闷的，枯燥的）=flat=toneless(adj. 沉闷的；单调的；)=bald(adj. 秃顶的；光秃的；单调的)=boring27、健康的Robust=wholesome=28、鲁莽的、轻率的Reckless=rash=rude=imprudent(adj. 轻率的，鲁莽的；)=irresponsible=impertinent(adj. 不恰当的；无礼的；粗鲁的)=29、任意的Arbitrary=random=unpredictable=discretionary(adj. 任意的,随意的)=freewill(adj. 自愿的；任意)29、天真的、Frank=naive=innocent=ingenuous(adj. 天真的；坦白的；正直的；朴实的)=artless==dewy-eyed(adj. 容易相信的；天真的)=childless=simple=unsophisticated(adj. 纯洁的；不懂世故的；天真无邪的)=pure(adj. 纯的；纯粹的；纯洁的；)30、坦率的Outspoken=straightforward(adj. 简单的；坦率的；明确的adv. 直截了当地；坦率地)=free-hearted(adj. 宽大的；坦率的)=29、空前的、无比的Unparalleled=unequaled=matchless=unprecedented=all-time(adj. 空前的；全部时间的；历来的)=unheard-of(adj. 空前的；前所未闻的)=incomparable30.勇敢的、无畏的Intrepid(adj. 无畏的；勇敢的)=brave=courageous=stronghearted=valorous(adj. 勇敢的；勇武的)=manful(adj. 勇敢的；果断的；有男子气概的)=fearless=dauntless(adj. 无畏的；勇敢的；)=impavid(adj. 大胆的；无惧的，)=31、激励的、促进的Incentive(adj. 激励的；刺激的)=stimulative=accelerating=motivate32、往复的、再次发生的Recurring=repeated=recurrent=repetitious=reciprocating=33、职业的Professional=occupational=vocational=34、有责任的Responsible=accountable=answerable=liable=obligate=amenable=35、可靠的Reliable=dependable=credible=faithful=calculable=trustworthy=responsible=honest36、致命的Deadly=fatal=deathful=lethal(adj. 致命的，致死的n. 致死因子)=kill37、有毒的Noxious=poisonous=toxic=nocuous(adj. 有害的；有毒的)=venenose=virous==virose(adj. 有毒的；有恶臭的)=38、节省的、节约的Saving=economical=thrifty=frugal=sparing（adj. 节约的；贫乏的；保守的）39、动乱的、混乱的Disorderly=disordered=turbulent=chaotic=troubled=rough and tumble(adj. 混乱的n. 混战；骚乱)=confused(adj. 困惑的；混乱的；糊涂的)~~~frenzied(adj. 疯狂的；狂乱的；激怒的)40、静止的Inactive=still=quiescent=quiet=motionless=dormant(adj. 休眠的；静止的)=resting(adj. 静止的；休眠的)40、标准的Standard=normal=normative=41、传统的、惯例的Conventional=traditional=traditionary(adj. 传统的（等于traditional）；世袭的；传说的；惯例的n. 传统主义者；因循守旧者)=customary=usual~~~classical(adj. 古典的；经典的；传统的n. 古典音乐)42、反常的Abnormal=eccentric=unnatural=anomalous名词篇1、小册子Brochure=booklet=pamphlet2、顶点Summit=peak=zenith=culmination(n. 顶点；高潮)=acme(n. 顶点，极点；最高点)=crown(n. 王冠；王权；顶点vt. 加冕；居…之顶)=sky=crest3、混乱Jumble(n. 混乱、v. 使混乱）=chaos=disorder=confusion=turmoil(n. 混乱，骚动)=involvement(n. 牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难)4、外围Periphery=circumference=boundary5、优势Preponderance=superiority=dominance=edge=advantage=6、健康Fitness=the quality or state of being fit=wellness7、坟墓Grave=tomb8、警惕、警戒Vigilance=watchfulness=alertness=caution=9、选民Constituent=voter=constituency=electorate=elector10、避难所Sanctuary=shelter=haven(n. 港口；避难所;vt. 为……提供避难处)=harbour=shadow=refuge(n. 避难；避难所；v. 给予…庇护；接纳…避难避难；)11、宿舍、公寓Accommodation（n. 住处，膳宿；调节）=dormitory=dorm=apartment=residence hall(学生宿舍)=hostel(n. 旅社，招待所（尤指青年旅社）)=resthouse(旅社、休憩中心)=lodging house(宿舍、公寓)=living quarters(住处、宿舍)=flat(公寓)~~~mansion(n. 大厦；宅邸)=dwelling(n. 住处；寓所)12、旅店、旅馆Inn=roadhouse=hostel(n. 旅社，招待所（尤指青年旅社）)=hotel=resthouse12、残余物、剩余物Vestige=remnant=remains=surplus=spare=leaving=leftover=residual(n. 剩余；残渣adj. 剩余的；残留的)11、遗迹、遗物Relic=archaeological site=vestige(n. 遗迹；残余；退化的器官)=12、幻想、空想Fantasy=vision=illusion=fancy=imagination=reverie(n. 幻想；沉思；)=13、沼泽Marsh=bog=swamp14、消遣，娱乐Recreation=diversion(娱乐，消遣，转移，分散，转移注意力)=amusement=entertainment=pleasure15、坏名声Disrepute=discredit=dishonor16、高原T ableland=plateau=highland17、锦标赛T ournament=title match=championship18、反对者Opponent=objector=dissenter=discommender=19、支持者、赞同者Proponent=approver=assentor=favorer=supporter20、灌木shrub=scrub=bush1、Intangible assets 无形资产2、表示对照的词alternatively, but, conversely, despite, different, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, rather, unlike, whereas, while…3、Contract education 对特定公司里的雇员进行的短期培训equinox:昼夜平分点chromosphere: 只有在日全食时才能用肉眼看到的粉紫色光层。

刘洪波雅思阅读真经总纲学习笔记

一、做题顺序1.看文章标题2.看文章后题型分布组合段落中心题和匹配题后做，先做细节题。

注意不同题型间交叉混合节题3.定位词（中心体和匹配题除外）画出题型中前两道题目中的定位词（1）特殊词汇：数字、大写、特殊符号、长相怪异词（2）朴素词汇：简单具体词（3）逻辑词汇：重要语法结构：并列、因果、转折对比4.回到原文阅读查找，边读边做5.匹配题出现，画出题型中所有题目定位词，打包记忆查找6.除匹配题型内部乱序外，其余题型内部大部分按顺序出题二、同义替换1.同义词替换手法同义词设计、双重反义词、对原文思想归纳总结三、填空题技巧1.选词填空完成摘要定位：题目给出位置若为第二种题型，对应1-3自然段最后一种题型，对应末尾1-3自然段首句中Keywords的定位空格前后单词，特别是动词和名词，特别注意这两块在原文中的同义词替换。

词性：n80% v10% a, ad, num10%注意：大多数顺序，有可能出现1-2倒序。

注意and并列结构，前后信息可调换。

一个summary题型会设置1-2难题空格答案可能需要变换原文单词的词性答案常是高难词或生词重点考察空格前后单词对原文中同义词理解。

2.从单词列表中选词填空完成摘要读懂3.原文选词填空完成句子4.原文选词回答问题Who找人名，where找地名，when找时间，how，why找due to，thanks to，based on，by等介词后名词，what找名词。

四、判断题1.方法(1)末题少驳斥，首题少NG（仅用于蒙题时使用）(2)放慢速度读懂题目(3)90%顺序，一次读两题记忆两道题的keywords(4)题目中出现only，all，most，first，比较级，最高级，比较结构morethan，数字，因果关系等，这些词是该题考点2.True命题规律（1）对原文一句话的同义替换（2）对原文相邻两个句子或同一自然段中上下文信息的归纳总结（3）对原文不同自然段中信息归纳总结3.False命题规律（1）反义词（2）关系型驳斥4.Not given命题规律（1）根据原文无法确定，或者题目描述是原文的一种可能性（2）题目陈述句中前或后的信息原文没有提及，大多是具体名词：（3）题目中描述的关系原文没有提及五、段落题1.最后做2.中心句对应法（1）自然段首句总结（2）自然段首句设问（3）举例前的观点句eg. Blablabla. For example, blablabla...（4）转折词所在句子（5）强调句型或有强调语气词所在的句子（6）起定义功能的句子（7）下一自然段首句六、匹配题1.句子信息与段落匹配（1）画出所有题目中的keywords，短暂记忆（2）看下一题型，记忆下一题型中题目keywords（3）回原文从首段开始阅读，阅读中优先做其他题型在该段落中的题目最后做该段落和句子信息匹配（4）只要某段落中有某题目中keywords的同义词出现，即可确认选择。

四六级阅读同义词替换

四六级阅读同义词替换所有考试的阅读理解都离不开“同义替换”这个出题人惯用的手法。

可是由于表达意思一致，而被出题人用来替换，并且可以混淆视听让考生以为这个表述与原文不一致。

由于这些是阅读替换词，有很多用法、语法、含义不一样，所以只适用于阅读，不适用于写作时用来替换。

一、同义/近义类替换通过同义词、近义词或者反义词的否定形式来进行替换（一）人物类高频替换词1. exceptional=outstanding=brilliant=impressive=admirable=excellent 优秀；出色2. poor=bad=not very good=weak 差劲；弱；不擅长3. unsurpassed=top=greatest=finest=best 最好的；无人能超越的4. astounded=startled=be taken aback=astonished=amazed=surprised 惊讶的5. earnings=salary=income=pay=wage 工资；收入6. rage=indignation=wrath=anger 愤怒；愤慨7. celebrated=renowned=eminent=prestigious=well-known=famous 著名的（二）文化类高频替换词1. destruction=loss 损失；损坏2. play a part in=contribute to 对...有作用；促进3. vital=crucial=essential=important 重要4. mating=courtship 交配5. intensify=expand=widen 加强；扩大6. unfashionable=old-fashioned=outmoded=outdated=traditional 过时的；传统的7. enchanting=intriguing=appealing=attractive=interesting 有趣的；吸引的（三）教育类高频替换词1. syllabus=curriculum=course 课程2. rudimentary=degenerated=underdeveloped 不发达的3. confront=face=encounter=meet 面对；遇到4. instruct=coach=train=teach 指导；教导5. shield=safeguard=guard=protect 保护6. accountability=liability=responsibility=obligation=duty 责任；义务7. modify=alter=change 改变（四）科普类高频替换词1. impetus=stimulus=root=origin=factor=reason 动力；原因2. pinpoint=diagnose=identify 查明；判断；鉴定3. prolonged=enduring=abiding=lingering 持久的4. chronic=lasting=long-standing=long-running=long-term 长期的5. link to=be connected to=be linked to 联系6. stalk=track=tail=follow 跟踪；跟随7. optimum=ideal 最合适的；理想的8. resemble=similar=alike 相似的9. escalate=climb=grow=increase==rise=go up 上升10. varied=wide-ranging=diverse=mixed 多样的二、解释类替换通过用更简单但更篇幅更长的文字来解释其意思，从而达到同义替换的目的。

同义词代换 3

Distribute—allocate---assignRelocate—migrate—removeOption—alternative—choiceUtility—facility –avail—effect--efficacyRecreation—leisure—pastime—distractionsOccupy—take upDecorate—ornament—decor—trimInterior—inner—insideExterior—outside Consideration—hospitality—entertainment—enthusiasim—courtesyEnvironmetal-friendlyUrban—city; rural—coutrysideParticularly—especiallyGround—floorPurchase/buy—sell; charge—pay; extinct/die out –survive/exist;Generate –produce—lead to—cause –make Atmosphere—air—climate—circumstance—situationBe conducive to =be beneficial to=be contributory toQuiet—peaceful—tranquilAccessible—available—obtainable—approachable Approach—way—method—means—measurement Measure—calculate—evaluate—balanceEstablish—set up –bulid up—foundFree—off---away—out of –no--non (否定概念—没有，无)exorbitant—excessivedeposit/cost/charge/expenditure/expense/price/fine---与钱有关系；２０dollars appreciate—value—cherishunreasonable—ridiculous—absurd—illogicalsubsidize—sponsor—support..financially ;subsidy—allowance—pensionsubsidiary –affiliate—attach—belong--subordinatepicture—imagine—envisionfantasy—vision—illusion—imagination—dreamcouteous—politemyriad—countless--innumerableattractive---inviting—seductive –appealing—catchyincorporate—contain—absorbbe in favor of –be interested in—be for/go for—be fond of –be keen on—support –advoacate—proponent –popularityvalid/validity—reasonable –lawful—leagal –logical –effectivesuspect—doubt—unsure/uncertaintact—wisdom –intelligencetactic –strategytact(词根)—touch –tactile : adjintact—unbroken/complete/well-protected augment—bulk—inflation—bulge—expand—enlarge redeem—compensate—pay—reward/repayredeem—practice—fulfil-play one’s rolecharacteristics—feature—trait—token--style imitate—assimilate—simulate—resemble--mimic reflect—embody—symbolize—mirror—represent—depict—reveal—demonstrate/illustrate observe/observation—watch/study/research/investigate/surveyjustify—testify—provejustified—reasonable censorship—examine—investigate—check—inspect—probe garbage—rubbish—waste—junkclassify—categorize—assort—divide --ratepratical—realisticoverdue—delay—suspend—postpone—late—put offescape—get rid of –liberate—free—avoid-skp off—omitvariable-distinction—difference—diversity—variety --assortment scape—struggle—hardship—predicament--dilemmagrimy—filthy—dirty—gloomybesides—in addition; except—but; other than—apart from;athlet—sportsman; athletic—sporty;rough—tough –difficult—crudepropaganda—publicity—advertisement moneytary—economic—financial—incentive—prize—scholarshipgive it a shot—give it a tryinstinct—nature;economical –money-saving—inexpensive—less costly/less expensive but—whereas—however;while—although—though—even if---despite—in spite of ;anchor—fix—stablize-consolidate--admission—the entrance ticket; the entrance fee;prior to—before—previoushome—domestic—local—immediate engulf—surround—expose—contact—access –avail; across—exhange—interact—communicate outweigh—overweigh—surpass—exceed; advantages—pros—merits—favors—positive points—benefits—interest ; disadvantages—demerit—drawback—cons—negative points—defects—deficiency—shortcomings;illiterate—ignorant—pooly-eduacated ;consequence—effect—result。

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同意替换31.related=associated 有关联的adj.2.suffer=be afflicted 忍受(病痛)v.3.research=study=investigation=survey 研究n.4.affect=afflict=influence=change 影响v.5.disease=medical complain=illness 病痛n.6.increase=surge=rise=gain=grow=go up=add=escalate 上升v.7.link=correlation=connection=relationship 关系n.8.considerable=significant=substantial=massive=marked大量的adj.9.reduction=drop=concession=fall=decrease 下降n.10.elderly people=old people 老人n.11.independent=self-reliant 自立的adj.12.regular=daily 定期的adj.13.exercise=physical activity 运动n.14.challenging=difficult=tough=demanding 有挑战性的adj.15.decline=deteriorate=reduce=drop=decrease 下降v.16.lonely=emotionally isolated 孤独的adj.17.hand signal=gesture=body language 手势n.18.restricted=limited 有限的adj.19.concept=abstract idea=definition 定义n.20.specific=particular=detailed 特定的adj.21.early=older 早期的adj.22.fulfill=qualify=achieve=keep=satisfy 完成v.23.sufficient=enough 足够的adj.24.quantity=how many=amount 数量n.25.misunderstanding=confusion 误解n.26.prevent=resolve=forbid=stop 防止v.27.poor=lack of=impoverished 贫穷adj.28.newer=later=recent=present 新的adj.29.ancestor=early people=predecessor 祖先n.30.teach=educate=cultivate=nurture 教育v.31.actor=star 演员n.32.first=initial=early=primary 最早的adj.33.storyline=narrative=plot 故事情节n.34.globe=world 世界n.35.early=first=ancient 早期的adj.36.passing of time=flow of time 时光的流逝37.describe=tell 描述v.38.realistic=achievable 现实的adj.39.target=goal=aim 目标n.40.feedback=comment=advice=criticism 反馈n.41.match to=suit to 合适42.reward=promotion or advancement=prize=benefit 奖励n. 43.link to=make something contingent on=associate with=connect with=relate to 联系起来 44.achievement=attainment=gain=success 成就n. 45.remuneration=payment 酬金n. 46.tend to=prone to 倾向于 47.feel=perceive=think=find=experience=notice=have an opinion 感觉v. 48.participate=be involved in=take part in=join 参加v. 49.staff=employee=worker 员工n. 50.visible=disclosed=obvious=noticeable 可见的adj. 51.clerical worker=clerk 书记员n. 52.judge=rate=criticize=assess=evaluate=gauge=appraise 评判v. 53.job=work=assignment 工作n. 54.delay=slow=prolong=postpone=procrastinate=shelve=put off 延后v. 55.growing old=ageing 变老 56.people=mortal=people=individual 人n. 57.life=lifespan 生命 58.chance=likelihood=fortune=hope=possibility=opportunity=risk=luck 机会n. 59.production=generation=output 产量n. 60.theory=hypothesis=guess=guesswork 猜想n. 61.focus on=emphasize=aim at=concentrate on 集中于 62.short=scarce=limited=insufficient 短缺的adj. 63.drug company=pharmaceutical company 医药公司n. 64.promotion=marketing 营销n. 65.increase=escalate=rise=go up=grow 上升v. 66.research=study=survey=investigation 研究n. 67.work=be an effective way=be useful=help=achieve=succeed=have an effect=happen=turn out 奏效v. 68.technique=strategy=skill=expertise=method=way 技术n. 69.criticism=judgement=skepticism=disapproval=denunciation 批评n. 70.moral=ethical 道德的 adj. 71.legitimate=have every right to do=legal=right=authorized 合法的adj. 72.money=profit=benefit=income=currency 钱n. 73.adults=men and women 成人n. 74.maternal=mother=female 母亲的adj. 75.education=literacy=cultivation 教育n. 76.child=infant=kid 孩子n. 77.approximately=about=around=nearly 大约adv. 78.impressive=greatest=touching=unforgettable 印象深刻的 adj. 79.programme=campaign=project 项目n. 80.common=persistent=normal=usual=ordinary=everyday 常见的adj. 81.be halved=decline by 50% 减半 82.key=most important=crucial=critical=significant 关键的adj. 83.produce=develop=generate=engineer=manufacture 生产v. 84. detailed=explicit=specific 细节的adj.获取完整课程和资料，别家均为盗版，不齐全！请加微信：ielts6888 雅思加油站85.on its own=alone 自身86.however=but=yet 但是87.self-confidence=assertiveness=confidence 自信n.88.effective=useful=beneficial=good=needed 有效的adj.89.distinguish=recognize the difference=differentiate 区别v.90.adapt to=get used to=become accustomed to=adjust to 适应v.91.initiate=start=launch=open=set in motion 开始，发起v.92.refer to=mention=allude to=touch on 提到v.93.identify=name=recognize=diagnose 确定，认同v.94.request=demand=claim=petition=appeal 要求n.95.be divided into=separate=split=break up=break down 分开v.96.consist of=be made up of=be composed of=comprise 由…组成97.hinder=hamper=impede 阻碍v.98.objective=aim=purpose=goal=target 目标n.99.implement=carry on=execute=put sth. Into practice 实行v. 100.promote=encourage=help=aid 促进v.。