语篇分析 讲义Discourse Analysis

Differences between speech & writing
Speech:
Writing:
Composed of sounds ; Composed of letters
Makes use of intonation Makes use of punc-
,pitch, rhythm, tempo; tuation and other gra-
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a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;
c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write;
with language” 3) “the systematic (scientific) study of
language” The tasks for linguistics:
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Linguistics is entrusted with providing answers to the following questions: 1. “What is language?” 2. “How does language work?” 3. “What do all languages have in common?” 4. “What range of variation is found among
morphology (meaningful combinations of sounds) > lexis (words) > syntax
(meaningful combinations of words) > semantics (meaning)
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Course Orientation:
Aims:
This course provides a general introduction of ‘discourse, text, text organization, conversational analysis, among others’, which will help students to have a good command of the means with which to look into the use of language.
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The assessment & evaluation of the course will be based on a) Class attendance and class
performance: (10%) b) Assignment and other relevant work:
prescriptive; b) Linguistics regards the spoken language as
Implications about the definition: 1) It is the use of language that makes
human beings human; 2) Language seems to be as old as our species; 3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
wk.baidu.com
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Definition of “linguistics” 1) “the science of language” or
“scientific study of language” 2) “the branch of knowledge that deals
c) Course project along with the presentation;
d) Tutorial will be much encouraged between teacher & students and it will be done by taking advantage of internet
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
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key words & expressions:
generative system arbitrary vocal visual conventionalized
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symbol universally mainly human beings speech community/culture communication
to human language for flexibility, complexity, precision, productivity and sheer quantity.
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Conclusion: Humans have learnt to make infinite use of finite means. Language & medium A language is an abstraction based on the linguistic behavior of its users. “Speech is primary” and this statement is true in many ways:
Concluding remarks: When we have examined these levels and the way they interact, we will have acquired the necessary tools to study language in general (linguistics), the variety in language and the uses to which people put languages (sociolinguistics), the ways in which people teach and learn languages (applied linguistics) and the value of the study of language in understanding the human mind (psycholinguistics).
Relatively permanent;
Perceived by the ear; Perceived by the eye;
Addressee present; Addressee absent;
Immediate feedback; Feedback delayed;
Meaning helped by Meaning must be made
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a) Lecture on theoretic points, which is intended to give students some guiding ideas to understand the course;
b) Discussion on the key points within the group or class activities;
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
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Definition of “text”
Strictly, it refers to a written text in the
usual sense. When it is extended by some
linguists to cover a coherent stretch of speech, it includes a conversation or
context, body move- clear within the
ment, gestures;
context;
Spontaneous;
Not spontaneous;
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Speech
Writing
Associative
Logical
The components of language Language - phonology (sounds) --<
other interchange involving two or more participants, as well as stretches of writing.
Hence often equivalent to “discourse, itself extended from similar motives.”
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Definition of “text linguistics”
The linguistic analysis and description of extended “texts, either written or spoken. Originally in German (textlinguistik) and involving in particular the concept of text grammar, or generative grammar of texts, analogous to a grammar generating sentences.
languages?” 5. “Why do languages change?” 6. “To what extent are social class
differences reflected in language?”
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Linguistics vs traditional grammar a) Linguistics is descriptive instead of
(15%) c) Course papers (Two): (10% for each); d) Course examination: (55% )
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Definition of “language”
“Language is a generative system of arbitrary, vocal, visual and conventionalized symbol used universally and mainly by human beings in speech community or culture for communication.”
phological devices
like italics;
Produced effortlessly, Produced with effort-
no tools required;
tools required;
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Speech
Writing
Transitory;