翻译理论】翻译学术语列表

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二十个英语翻译术语

二十个翻译术语解释1.归化：“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语语文化”【Lawrence V enuti】即在翻译中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来作品。

归化法要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。

归化的目的是力求译文通顺易懂，能为译语读者所接受。

2.异化：“对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境”【Lawrence V enuti】异化法要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。

“（翻译）必须有异国情调，就是所谓的洋气”【鲁迅】异化可以很好的保留或传递原文文化内涵，但对不熟悉源语的读者而言阅读有一定难度。

3.语际翻译：（interlingual translation）。

两种（或多种）语言在它们共同构成的跨语言语境中进行的意义交流。

语际翻译更关注如何在更为广阔的地平域和更广阔的（跨）文化天地中实现异质语言的相互对接和转换----以意义为标尺，以交流为目的的语符转换。

对地域性的倾向。

（简单来说，语际翻译就是不同语际之间的翻译活动）4.语内翻译：(intralingual translation)某一种语言内部为着某种目的进行的词句意义的转换。

语内翻译总是把经典的或非经典的历史文本当作转化的对象，并且以译者所在场的文化语境为标尺师徒把历史文本改造为现代文本。

对历史性的关注。

（简单来说就是同一语言的各个语言变体之间的翻译）5.连续传译：又称“交替传译”或“即席口译”，简称“连传”或“交传”，它是在发言人讲完部分内容或全部内容后，由译员进行翻译。

这种口译方式可以在很多场合下采用，如演讲、祝辞、授课、谈判、情况介绍会、会议发言、新闻发布会等。

一般认为，连续传译的正式职业化是在第一次世界大战后，1919年的“巴黎和会”上大批量地正式使用连续传译。

6.同声传译：（simultaneous interpretation）简称同传，又称同声翻译、同步口译。

翻译术语(理论笔译)

Absolute translation 绝对翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Abstract translation 摘要翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Abusive translation 滥译路易斯(Lewis)Acceptability 可接受性托利(Toury)Accuracy 准确Adaptation 改编Adequacy 充分性Adjustment 调整Analogical form 类同形式霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Analysis 分析奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber)Applied translation studies 应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Architranseme (ATR)元译素范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart) Autonomy Spectrum 自立幅度罗斯(Rose)Autotranslation 自译波波维奇(Popovic)Back translation 回译Class shift 词类转换韩礼德(Halliday)Close translation 贴近翻译纽马克(Newmark)Communicative translation 传意翻译;交际翻译纽马克(Newmark) Community interpreting 社群传译Compensation 补偿赫维(Hervey)Competence 能力托利(Toury)Componential analysis 语义成分分析奈达(Nida) Comprehensive theory 综合理论Conference interpreting 会议传译Consecutive interpreting 接续传译Contextual consistency 语境一致奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber) Conventions 常规诺德(Nord)Corpora 语料库Correspondence 对应Court interpreting 法庭传译Covert translation 隐型翻译豪斯(House)]Creative transposition 创造性移位雅可布逊Creative treason 创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮(Robert Escarpi) Deconstruction 解构主义德里达(Derrida)Descriptive translation studies 描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Diagrammatic translation 图表翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Differance 分延德里达(Derrida)Documentary translation 文献型翻译诺德(Nord)Domesticating translation 归化翻译韦努狄(Venuti)Dynamic equivalence 动态对等奈达(Nida)Dynamic fidelity 动态忠信比克曼(Beekman)与卡洛(Callow) Effort models 用功模式贾尔(Gile)Equivalence 对等Excluded receiver 非目标接受者皮姆(Pym)Exegetic translation 诠释性翻译赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Exoticism 异国情调赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Expectancy norms 期待规范切斯特曼(Chesterman)Explicitation 明示维纳(Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnet)Expressive text 表情型文本赖斯(Reiss)Extraneous form 外来形式霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Faithfulness 忠实Foreignizing translation 异化翻译韦努狄(Venuti)Formal corresponding 形式对应卡特福德(Catford)Formal equivalence 形式对等奈达(Nida)Free translation [sense-for-sense translation 意对意翻译] {literal translation 字面翻译;word-for-word translation词对词翻译} 自由译Full translation 全文翻译General theories of translation 普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Gist translation 要旨翻译赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Gloss translation 释词翻译奈达(Nida)Grammatical transposition 语法置换赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Hermeneutic motion 诠释步骤斯坦纳(Steiner)Hierarchy of Correspondences 对应层级霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Horizontal translation 横向翻译福勒纳(Folena)Hyperinformation 超额信息赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔(Vermeer)Idiomatic translation 地道翻译比克曼(Beekman)与卡洛(Callow)Imitation 拟译 1.德莱顿(Dryden)2.利弗威尔(Lefevere)Indeterminacy 不确定性Information offer 信息提供弗米尔(Vermeer)Informative texts 信息文本赖斯(Reiss)Initial norms 初始规范托利(Toury)Instrumental translation 工具翻译诺德(Nord)Integral translation 整合翻译范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart)Interlineal translation 隔行翻译{free translation} 赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Interlinear translation 逐行翻译Interlingual translation 语际翻译雅可布逊(Jacobson)Intersemiotic translation 符际翻译雅可布逊(Jacobson)Intralingual translation 语内翻译雅可布逊(Jacobson)Intra-system shift 系统内转换卡特福德(Catford)Inverse translation 逆向翻译Kernel sentence 核心句Keyword translation 关键词翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Level shift 层次转换卡特福德(Catford)Lexical translation 词汇翻译卡特福德(Catford)Liaison interpreting[Bilateral interpreting 双边传译] 联络传译凯斯(Keith)Linguistic translation 语言翻译Literal translation 字面翻译;直译Mapping 图谱霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Matricial norms 矩阵规范托利(Toury)Meta-language 元语言霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Metatext 元文本Mimetic form 模仿形式霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Mutation 变异范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart)Naturalness 自然性Negative shift 负面转换Norms 规范Obligatory equivalents 必要对等语奈达(Nida)Oblique translation 曲径翻译维纳(Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnet) Operational model 操作模式巴斯盖特(Bathgate)Operational norms 操作规范托利(Toury)Optional equivalents 可换对等语奈达(Nida)Overlapping translation 重合翻译赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Overt translation 显型翻译豪斯(House)Overtranslation 超额翻译维纳(Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnet) Paradigmatic equivalence 范式对等波波维奇(Popovic)Paraphrase 释译德莱顿(Dryden)Partial theories of translation 局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Participative receiver 参与型接受者皮姆(Pym)Particularizing translation 具体化翻译赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins) Performance 运用托利(Toury)Phonemic translation 音素翻译利弗威尔(Lefevere)Phonological translation 音位翻译卡特福德(Catford)Pivot language 中枢语言Polysystem theory 多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔(Even-Zohar)Pragmatic translation[pragmatic approach语用途径] 语用翻译Preliminary norms 预先规范托利(Toury)Prescriptive translation studies 规定翻译研究托利(Toury)Primary translation 首级翻译迪勒(Diller)和康纳留斯(Kornelius)Problem-restricted theories of translation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Process-oriented translation theories 过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Product-oriented translation studies 成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Professional norms 翻译规范切斯特曼(Chesterman)Prospective translation 前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特(Postgate)Prototext 原型文本波波维奇(Popovic)Pseudotranslation 伪翻译Pure language[Logos 逻各斯] 纯语言沃尔特·本雅明(Walter Benjamin) Radical translation 原始翻译奎因(Quine)Rank-bound translation 级阶受限翻译卡特福德(Catford)Realia 独有特征弗拉科夫(Vlakhov)和弗罗林(Florin)Receptor language 接受语奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber)Translation with reconstruction 重构式翻译古阿德克(Gouadec) Redundancy 冗余奈达(Nida)Refraction 折射利弗威尔(Lefevere)Regulative translational conventions 规约性翻译常规诺德(Nord) Relay interpreting 转接传译Repertoreme 知识库要素托利(Toury)Resistancy 阻抗韦努狄(Venuti)Restricted translation 受限翻译卡特福德(Catford)Restructuring 重组奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber)Retrospective translation 后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特(Postgate)Rewriting 重写利弗威尔(Lefevere)Rhymed translation 韵体翻译利弗威尔(Lefevere)Secondary translation 二级翻译迪勒(Diller)和康纳留斯(Kornelius)Selective translation 选译古阿德克(Gouadec)Semantic disambiguation 语义消歧Semantic translation 语义翻译纽马克(Newmark)Serial translation 序列翻译卡塞格兰德(Casagrande)Service translation [Inverse translation 逆向翻译] 服务型翻译纽马克(Newmark) Sight translation 视译Signed language translation 手语传译Simultaneous interpreting 同声传译Skopos theory 目的论赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔(Vermeer)Source language 源语Source text 源文本Source text-oriented translation studies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification 具体化Structure shift 结构转换卡特福德(Catford)Stylistic equivalence 文体对等Target language 目标语Term banks 术语库Terminology 术语Text typology 文本类型学Textual equivalence 文本对等卡特福德(Catford)Textual norms 文本规范托利(Toury)Thick translation 增量翻译阿皮尔(Appiah)Think-aloud translation 有声思维记录Third code 第三语码弗劳利(Frawley)Time-restricted theories of translation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Total translation 完全翻译卡特福德(Catford)Transcription 注音Transeme 译素范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart)Transfer 转移Transference 迁移卡特福德(Catford)Translatability 可译性Translationese [Third language 第三语言] 翻译体Translatorial action 译者行动赫尔兹·曼塔里(Holz M?ntt?ri)Transliteration 音译Transposition 置换维纳(Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnet) Unbounded translation 不受限翻译卡特福德(Catford) Undertranslation 欠额翻译纽马克(Newmark)Unit of translation 翻译单位Universals of translation 翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency 词语一致Verifiability 可核实性赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔(Vermeer) Vertical translation 纵向翻译福勒纳Voids 空缺Whispered interpreting 耳语传译Writer-oriented machine translation 作者取向机器翻译。

翻译专业术语

术语翻译贡献者Absolute Translation绝对翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abstract Translation摘要翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abusive translation滥译路易斯（Lewis）Acceptability可接受性托利（Toury）Accuracy准确Adaptation改编Adequacy充分性Adjustment调整Analogical Form类同形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Analysis分析奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Applied Translation Studies应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Architranseme (ATR)元译素·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Autonomy Spectrum自立幅度罗斯（Rose）Autotranslation自译波波维奇（Popovic）Back Translation回译Bilateral interpreting双边传译凯斯（Keith）Class Shift词类转换韩礼德（Halliday）Close Translation贴近翻译纽马克（Newmark）Communicative Translation传意翻译；交际翻译纽马克（Newmark）Community interpreting社群传译Compensation补偿赫维（Hervey）Competence能力托利（Toury）Componential Analysis语义成分分析奈达（Nida）Comprehensive theory综合理论Conference interpreting会议传译Consecutive interpreting接续传译Contextual consistency语境一致奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Conventions常规诺德（Nord）Corpora语料库Correspondence对应Court interpreting法庭传译Covert translation隐型翻译豪斯（House）Creative transposition创造性转换Creative treason创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）Deconstruction解构主义德里达（Derrida）Descriptive translation studies描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Differance分延德里达（Derrida）Doentary translation文献型翻译诺德（Nord）Domesticating translation归化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Dynamic equivalence动态对等奈达（Nida）Dynamic fidelity动态忠信比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）Effort models用功模式贾尔（Gile）Equivalence对等Excluded receiver非目标接受者皮姆（Pym）Exegetic translation诠释性翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Exoticism异国情调赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Expectancy norms期待规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Explicitation明示维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Expressive text表情型文本赖斯（Reiss）Extraneous form外来形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Faithfulness忠实Foreignizing translation异化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Formal corresponding形式对应卡特福德（Catford）Formal equivalence形式对等奈达（Nida）Free translation自由译Full translation全文翻译General theories of translation普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Gist translation要旨翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Gloss translation释词翻译奈达（Nida）Grammatical transposition语法置换赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Hermeneutic motion诠释步骤斯坦纳（Steiner）Hierarchy of Correspondences对应层级霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Horizontal translation横向翻译福勒纳（Folena）Hyperinformation超额信息赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Idiomatic translation地道翻译比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）Imitation拟译德莱顿（Dryden）、利弗威尔（Lefevere）Indeterminacy不确定性Information offer信息提供弗米尔（Vermeer）Informative texts信息文本赖斯（Reiss）Initial norms初始规范托利（Toury）Instrumental translation工具翻译诺德（Nord）Integral translation整合翻译·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Interlineal translation隔行翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Interlinear translation逐行翻译Interlingual translation语际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intersemiotic translation符际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intralingual translation语内翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intra-system shift系统内转换卡特福德（Catford）Inverse translation逆向翻译Kernel sentence核心句Keyword translation关键词翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Level shift层次转换卡特福德（Catford）Lexical translation词汇翻译卡特福德（Catford）Liaison interpreting联络传译凯斯（Keith）Linguistic translation语言翻译Literal translation字面翻译；直译Mapping图谱霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Matricial norms矩阵规范托利（Toury）Meta-language元语言霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Metatext元文本Mimetic form模仿形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Mutation变异·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Naturalness自然性Negative shift负面转换Norms规范Obligatory equivalents必要对等语奈达（Nida）Oblique translation曲径翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Operational model操作模式巴斯盖特（Bathgate）Operational norms操作规范托利（Toury）Optional equivalents可换对等语奈达（Nida）Overlapping translation重合翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Overt translation显型翻译豪斯（House）Overtranslation超额翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Paradigmatic equivalence范式对等波波维奇（Popovic）Paraphrase释译德莱顿（Dryden）Partial theories of translation局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Participative receiver参与型接受者皮姆（Pym）Particularizing translation具体化翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Performance运用托利（Toury）Phonemic translation音素翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Phonological translation音位翻译卡特福德（Catford）Pivot language中枢语言Polysystem theory多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔（Even-Zohar）Pragmatic Approach语用途径Pragmatic translation语用翻译Preliminary norms预先规范托利（Toury）Prescriptive translation studies规定翻译研究托利（Toury）Primary translation首级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Problem-restricted theories oftranslation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Process-oriented translation theories过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Product-oriented translation studies成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Professional norms翻译规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Prospective translation前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Prototext原型文本波波维奇（Popovic）Pseudotranslation伪翻译Pure language纯语言沃尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）Radical translation原始翻译奎因（Quine）Rank-bound translation级阶受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Realia独有特征弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）Receptor language接受语奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Translation with reconstruction重构式翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Redundancy冗余奈达（Nida）Refraction折射利弗威尔（Lefevere）Regulative translational conventions规约性翻译常规诺德（Nord）Relay interpreting转接传译Repertoreme知识库要素托利（Toury）Resistancy阻抗韦努狄（Venuti）Restricted translation受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Restructuring重组奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Retrospective translation后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Rewriting重写利弗威尔（Lefevere）Rhymed translation韵体翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Secondary translation二级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Selective translation选译古阿德克（Gouadec）Semantic disambiguation语义消歧Semantic translation语义翻译纽马克（Newmark）Serial translation序列翻译卡塞格兰德（Casagrande）Service translation服务型翻译纽马克（Newmark）Sight translation视译Signed language translation手语传译Simultaneous interpreting同声传译Skopos theory目的论赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Source language源语Source text源文本Source text-oriented translationstudies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification具体化Structure shift结构转换卡特福德（Catford）Stylistic equivalence文体对等Target language目标语Term banks术语库Terminology术语Text typology文本类型学Textual equivalence文本对等卡特福德（Catford）Textual norms文本规范托利（Toury）Thick translation增量翻译阿皮尔（Appiah）Think-aloud translation有声思维记录Third code第三语码弗劳利（Frawley）Time-restricted theories of translation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Total translation完全翻译卡特福德（Catford）Transcription注音Transeme译素·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Transfer转移Transference迁移卡特福德（Catford）Translatability可译性Translationese翻译体Translatorial action译者行为赫尔兹·曼塔里（Justa Holz-Manttari）Transliteration音译Transposition置换维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Unbounded translation不受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Undertranslation欠额翻译纽马克（Newmark）Unit of translation翻译单位Universals of translation翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency词语一致Verifiability可核实性赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Vertical translation纵向翻译福勒纳Voids空缺Whispered interpreting耳语传译Writer-oriented machine translation作者取向机器翻译。

翻译学术语

Product-oriented translation studies
成品取向翻译研究
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Professional norms
翻译规范
切斯特曼（Chesterman）
Prospective translation
前瞻式翻译
波斯特盖特（Postgate）
Prototext
原型文本
【翻译理论】翻译学术语列表
本帖最后由jeremy于2010-5-3 16:27编辑
术语
翻译
贡献者
Absolute Translation
绝对翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Abstract Translation
摘要翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Abusive translation
滥译
路易斯（Lewis）
Overlapping translation
重合翻译
赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）
Overt translation
显型翻译
豪斯（House）
Overtranslation
超额翻译
维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）
Paradigmatic equivalence
范式对等
Differance
分延
德里达（Derrida）
Doentary translation
文献型翻译
诺德（Nord）
Domesticating translation
归化翻译
韦努狄（Venuti）
Dynamic equivalence
动态对等
奈达（Nida）
Dynamic fidelity

中西方翻译理论汇总

所谓“三不易”，即译经的时候有三种不容易的情况：（1）佛经是依当时的情况而说的，而今时俗全然不同，要使经文变为今人可读可懂的文章，不容易。(2)千年以上的圣贤所说的微言大义，要传达给百世以下的今世凡夫所理解，不容易。(3)佛经是距佛世不久由大迦叶、阿难等具足神通的大阿罗汉结集而成，现在要由千年后的凡夫俗子来传译，
TRANSLATION THEORIES IN THE WEST
the ‘pre-linguistics period of translation’ triad: ‘literal’ faithful ‘free’
Translation Studies (since the second half of the 20th century) James S. Holmes (霍姆斯) Van Doorslaer (道斯莱尔)
literary
linguisitc, within the text
cultural, beyond the text
Marcus Tullius Cicero (西塞罗）
The Roman rhetorician and politician (106–43 BCE )
And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might say, the ‘figures’ of thought, but in language which conforms to our usage. And in so doing, I did not hold it necessary to render word for word, but I preserved the general style and force of the language. (Cicero 46 BCE /1960 CE : 364)

翻译理论词汇MicrosoftWord文档.doc

《新编当代翻译理论》词汇集《新编当代翻译理论》出版前言internality[]n.内在, 内在性externality n.外形, 外在性, 讲究外表diachronic adj.探求现象变化的, 历时的synchronic adj.不考虑历史演进的, 限于一时的ambiguity含糊, 不明确绪论0．0界说definition 范畴category命题propositions 方法论methodology窠臼beaten track / set pattern 虚无主义nihilism / nihilistic 0．1认知职能(cognitive function)启蒙enlightment / initiation 可知的(knowable) 可掌握的(workable)条理化的methodic执行职能(performing function) 能动性motivation / initia参照性指令(referential instruction) 选择性silectivity多样性diversity 强制的compulsive变通性flexibility 自在的free / unrestrained自为的conscious校正职能(revising function)规范性normality指导性instructiveness 符号学（Semiotics或Semiology）对策(strategy)0．2主心骨main structure 结构主义structuralism转换生成语法generative-transformational grammar形态（学）morphology 依归starting point and destination 0．3．1规定性regularity 描写的descriptive翻译规范(translation norms) 属性property概括(generalization) 诠释(interpretation)参照性(referentiality) 情境context灵活性flexibility 可译性translatability可读性readability 验证tested / testable印象性的impressional 流变的changeable可论证性verifiability 僵化的rigid / inflexible公式化的foumulistic / stereotyped 灵丹妙药wonder drug0．3．2针对性directionality 对策性strategy directionality 指导性instructivity 语境context of situation转换conversion 常规的conventional形式结构障碍(formal-structural obstruction) 音位phoneme序列alignment / array 惯用法障碍(usage obstruction) 表达法障碍(presentation obstruction) 文化障碍(cultural obstruction) 积极的positive 审美的aesthetic语际的trans-linguistic 效用effect情态expressional？/ emotional？方面(dimensions)原著(SL)－译文(TL)－读者(receptor)0．3．3希伯来语Hebrew 依归the starting point and the end 局限性limitedness / limits 观念notion分类学的(typological) 语系family语族branch 多向度的(multi-dimensional)分类学(typology) 概要essentials / outline0．3．4虚实false or true 精华essense糟粕dross 模糊obscurity0．3．5论证deduction / expound and prove 等值equal value等效equal effect 对应值corresponding value辨证的dialectical 感觉sensation知觉perception 印象性术语(impression terms) 0．3．6综合性comprehensive / synthesize 社会符号学(sociosemiotics)语用学pragmatics 语段语言学(textlinguistics)上下文（context）语境/情景（situation）闪语（semitic）---------------第一章翻译学的性质及学科架构1．0使役work /use /apply /exploit 长足的进步by laps and bounds 扩大化broaden 多层次化multi-level语文language and literature 信息论informationism控制论cybernetics/theory of control系统论【计】systematology 1．1概略summary / outline 新兴的newly sprung横断的transversal 实质substance /essence /gist 分水岭divide /shed /watershed 诠释学派（hermeneutic theory）1．2封闭性的closed/sealed/blocked 综合性的synthetical1．3内部系统internal scheme 外部系统external scheme集约化intensivism 集约intensive operation概念conception / concept 内涵connotation1．4内省的introspect 本体noumenon自足性self-sufficiency 广泛的extensive次系统(subschemes) 功能性的(functional)构成性的(constituent) 等量齐观的equate论证expound and prove /deduction 调节regulate有指导意义的instructive---------------第二章中国翻译理论基本模式2．0视角perspective 归结conclude / sum up模式(model) 高度集约highly intensified条理化orderliness/properly arranged 范式(paradigm)始终一贯(consistency) 阐发elusidate拓展expand and develop 校正correct /rectify / nmend 2．1推导deduce 概括generalize局限性limitations 同根词conjugate同一种语言的(intralingual) 诉诸于appeal to难以企及的unattainable 接受美学(aesthetics of reception) 扬弃sublate 可变因素(variables)历时的diachronic 共时的synchronic契合compatible to /tally with 模糊的indistinct/ vague /dim模糊性obscurity / fuzziness 随机性randomization测度inference 不可通约性incommensurability 2．2功能的 functional2．3规定(prescription) 形态shape / form /语言现象language fact 排他性规定(exclusive prescription) 屈折型的inflectional 虚实form and notion接应(cohesion) 意义陈述(meaning presentation)意念机制(mechanism of notion) 形式机制(mechanism of form)语言形态学(morphology) 相容性compatibility协调coordinate / harmonious 同步转换synchronization线性的lineal 配列assortment聚合aggregation/ converge/ group/ polymerization变通(accommodation) 常规(normality)组织成分(constituent) 灵活对应(dynamic equivalence)语义结构框架(the frame of the semantic structure) 话题(topic)历时经验(diachronic experience) 共时的运用(synchronic performance)轴线axis 焦点透视focus perspective意念idea / thought 散loose神omniscience; spirit; 聚（集）aggregation / convergence形式链接(chain connection) 重组(recasting)句段（sentence sections）2．4意义联接形素(meaning connection morph) 成形(formation)对接(1inearity) 聚集(aggregation)简约化simplification 投射（mapping）形态变化inflection2．5字面意义(face value) 严谨的well-knit / strict 文字表面意义的等值equal face-value 寻花问柳womanizing形合hypotaxis 意合parataxis形式对应formal correspondence 搭配(collocation)式微趋势the decline of formal equivalence 散文体(prosaic)扩张趋势(the expansion of functional equivalence)预定效果(presupposed effect) 权宜的expedient2．6歇后语不偏不倚的unbiased语用理据(pragmatic motivation)(1) expressive function表现功能 (2) cognitive function认知功能(3)interpersonal function人际功能 (4)informative function信息功能(5)imperative function祈使功能 (6)performative function行为功能(7)emotive function感情功能 (8)aesthetic function审美功能(9)metalingual function语言文化功能---------------第三章翻译的实质和任务3．0概念意义(conceptive meaning) 语境意义(contextual meaning)形式意义(formal meaning) 风格意义(stylistic meaning)形象意义(figurative meaning) 文化意义(cultural meaning)句群sentencegroups 所指signified主位theme 述位rheme能指（符号本身）signifier 关联/联立interrelating情景意义/功能意义meaning determined by the situation or social function 对联antithetical couplet 骈句（并对的）parrelled sentence 褒贬commendatory / derogatory 轻重（得体）propreity/suitability 分寸sence of appropriateness 比喻的analogical字面意义(1iteral meaning) 着色手段(colouring)白描词(plain word) 修辞rhetoric载体carrier 素质accomplishment多棱镜映象(prismatic images) 行为的behavioral形象的imagery 脑力的intelligent才情latent 外域的alien借鉴experience 参照的referrential概念意义conceptual meaning (sense) 内涵意义 connotative meaning 社会意义social meaning 感情意义affective meaning回应意义reflected meaning 搭配意义collocative meaning；强调意义thematic meaning 联想意义associative meaning 3．0．1命题proposition 理解(comprehension)表达方式(mode of expression) 语义对应(semantic equivalence) 3．0．2联立关系interrelation 上下文(context 或 the frame of words) face value(票面价值) face lift(整容、美容)陈述statement 询问inquiry语域register 语境context3．0．3可感知的perceptible 立意preconception/conception形态的morphological 探求explore语言的形--义变化(intralingual changes in meaning and form)3．0．4风格对应(stylistic equivalence) = 风格价值Stylistic Value3．0．5意象或“映象”image 隐喻意义(metaphorical meaning)明喻意义(simile meaning) 换喻意义(metonymical meaning) 3．0．7原生性origin,originality 概指性denotativeness目的论teleology3．1．3．1．1可读性readability 合乎语法grammaticality合乎习惯idiomaticness 对语体的适应性stylistic adaptability 含义明晰clarity 条理性organization3．1．2多样性diversity 同一性identity可变性flexibility 解释 / 演绎interpretation翻译 / 译式renderings 开拓pioneer3．2理解understanding 意义的领悟comprehension维尼克区Wernike area 陷阱traps原语文本source language text3．2．1交流中的语境context in communication认知语境cognitive context意境artistic conception 坎坷 rough and rugged paths次文本co-text 首语重复法；预指anaphora后指cataphora 互文性intertextuality3．2．2功亏一篑fail to build a mound for want of one final basket of earth 伪古文《尚书·旅獒》为山九仞，功亏一篑。

翻译学基本术语

翻译学基本术语源语/译出语source language(SL), original language译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language原作者SL author, original author译者translator, interpreter读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience文本/原著/原文text/original work/SL text, source text, original text译文/译本/译著translation, version/translated text/translational work笔译written translation口译oral interpretation/oral translation同声传译simultaneous interpretation翻译原则/标准translation principle/criterion翻译过程/步骤translation process/procedures反应response对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence等值/对等/动态对等equivalence/dynamic equivalence充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)表层结构surface structure深层结构deep structure理解understanding/comprehension表达/再现/转换/传译expression/reproduction/transformation/transferral误解misunderstanding误译mis-translation异化foreignization/alienation归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation直译literal translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation 直译派a literalist/a sourcerer意译派a free-hander/a targeteer重译法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法negation移植法transplant(ing)音译法transliteration作注（行内注/脚注/文后注）annotation(interlinear note, footnote, endnote)释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase 引申法extension替代法substitution 推演法deduction 缀合法combination分译法division 逆序法/倒置法reversing 合译法combination 综合法mixture of methods 包孕embedding 切断/分切cutting 拆离splitting-off 插入inserting 重组recasting回译back translation 原汁原味essence of the original词序调整inversion选词diction信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/通顺/流畅/自然/易懂intelligibility /smoothness /fluency /naturalness /idiomaticity /expressiveness雅elegance/gracefulness 东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages 佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra 梵语Sanskrit 鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva 泰特勒(AlexanderFraser )Tytler奈达Eugene A. Nida 机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn翻译学translatology/translation studies 翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译/逐字译mechanical translation/word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution乱译/胡译excessively free translation 惯用法usage约定俗成convention形合hypotaxis 意合parataxis。

翻译专业术语

术语翻译贡献者Absolute Translation绝对翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Abstract Translation摘要翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abusive translation滥译路易斯(Lewis) Acceptability可接受性托利(Toury)Accuracy准确Adaptation改编Adequacy充分性Adjustment调整Analogical Form类同形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Analysis分析奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber) Applied Translation Studies应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes）Architranseme (ATR)元译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven—Zwart）Autonomy Spectrum自立幅度罗斯（Rose）Autotranslation自译波波维奇（Popovic)Back Translation回译Bilateral interpreting双边传译凯斯（Keith) Class Shift词类转换韩礼德(Halliday）Close Translation贴近翻译纽马克(Newmark）Communicative Translation传意翻译；交际翻译纽马克（Newmark) Community interpreting社群传译Compensation补偿赫维(Hervey）Competence能力托利(Toury）Componential Analysis语义成分分析奈达（Nida）Comprehensive theory综合理论Conference interpreting会议传译Consecutive interpreting接续传译Contextual consistency语境一致奈达（Nida）和泰伯(Taber) Conventions常规诺德（Nord）Corpora语料库Correspondence对应Court interpreting法庭传译Covert translation隐型翻译豪斯(House）Creative transposition创造性转换Creative treason创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）Deconstruction解构主义德里达（Derrida）Descriptive translation studies描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes）Differance分延德里达(Derrida）Doentary translation文献型翻译诺德（Nord) Domesticating translation归化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Dynamic equivalence动态对等奈达（Nida）Dynamic fidelity动态忠信比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）Effort models用功模式贾尔（Gile)Equivalence对等Excluded receiver非目标接受者皮姆（Pym)Exegetic translation诠释性翻译赫维(Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Exoticism异国情调赫维（Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins）Expectancy norms期待规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Explicitation明示维纳(Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Expressive text表情型文本赖斯（Reiss）Extraneous form外来形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Faithfulness忠实Foreignizing translation异化翻译韦努狄(Venuti）Formal corresponding形式对应卡特福德（Catford）Formal equivalence形式对等奈达（Nida）Free translation自由译Full translation全文翻译General theories of translation普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Gist translation要旨翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Gloss translation释词翻译奈达(Nida) Grammatical transposition语法置换赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Hermeneutic motion诠释步骤斯坦纳（Steiner）Hierarchy of Correspondences对应层级霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Horizontal translation横向翻译福勒纳（Folena）Hyperinformation超额信息赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Idiomatic translation地道翻译比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛(Callow）Imitation拟译德莱顿（Dryden）、利弗威尔（Lefevere）Indeterminacy不确定性Information offer信息提供弗米尔（Vermeer）Informative texts信息文本赖斯（Reiss）Initial norms初始规范托利（Toury）Instrumental translation工具翻译诺德（Nord)Integral translation整合翻译范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven—Zwart）Interlineal translation隔行翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯(Higgins）Interlinear translation逐行翻译Interlingual translation语际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intersemiotic translation符际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intralingual translation语内翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson)Intra-system shift系统内转换卡特福德(Catford)Inverse translation逆向翻译Kernel sentence核心句Keyword translation关键词翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Level shift层次转换卡特福德(Catford）Lexical translation词汇翻译卡特福德（Catford）Liaison interpreting联络传译凯斯（Keith）Linguistic translation语言翻译Literal translation字面翻译；直译Mapping图谱霍尔姆斯(Holmes）Matricial norms矩阵规范托利（Toury)Meta-language元语言霍尔姆斯（Holmes)Metatext元文本Mimetic form模仿形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Mutation变异范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Naturalness自然性Negative shift负面转换Norms规范Obligatory equivalents必要对等语奈达（Nida）Oblique translation曲径翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Operational model操作模式巴斯盖特（Bathgate)Operational norms操作规范托利(Toury）Optional equivalents可换对等语奈达（Nida）Overlapping translation重合翻译赫维（Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins）Overt translation显型翻译豪斯（House）Overtranslation超额翻译维纳（Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Paradigmatic equivalence范式对等波波维奇（Popovic）Paraphrase释译德莱顿（Dryden）Partial theories of translation局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Participative receiver参与型接受者皮姆(Pym）Particularizing translation具体化翻译赫维(Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins) Performance运用托利（Toury）Phonemic translation音素翻译利弗威尔(Lefevere）Phonological translation音位翻译卡特福德（Catford）Pivot language中枢语言Polysystem theory多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔（Even-Zohar）Pragmatic Approach语用途径Pragmatic translation语用翻译Preliminary norms预先规范托利(Toury）Prescriptive translation studies规定翻译研究托利（Toury）Primary translation首级翻译迪勒(Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Problem—restricted theories oftranslation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Process—oriented translationtheories过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Product-oriented translationstudies成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes) Professional norms翻译规范切斯特曼（Chesterman)Prospective translation前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Prototext原型文本波波维奇(Popovic）Pseudotranslation伪翻译Pure language纯语言沃尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）Radical translation原始翻译奎因(Quine）Rank—bound translation级阶受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Realia独有特征弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）Receptor language接受语奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Translation with reconstruction重构式翻译古阿德克（Gouadec)Redundancy冗余奈达（Nida)Refraction折射利弗威尔（Lefevere）Regulative translational规约性翻译常规诺德（Nord）conventionsRelay interpreting转接传译Repertoreme知识库要素托利（Toury)Resistancy阻抗韦努狄（Venuti）Restricted translation受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Restructuring重组奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Retrospective translation后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特(Postgate）Rewriting重写利弗威尔(Lefevere）Rhymed translation韵体翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Secondary translation二级翻译迪勒（Diller)和康纳留斯（Kornelius)Selective translation选译古阿德克（Gouadec）Semantic disambiguation语义消歧Semantic translation语义翻译纽马克（Newmark）Serial translation序列翻译卡塞格兰德(Casagrande）Service translation服务型翻译纽马克（Newmark）Sight translation视译Signed language translation手语传译Simultaneous interpreting同声传译Skopos theory目的论赖斯(Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer) Source language源语Source text源文本Source text-oriented translationstudies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification具体化Structure shift结构转换卡特福德(Catford）Stylistic equivalence文体对等Target language目标语Term banks术语库Terminology术语Text typology文本类型学Textual equivalence文本对等卡特福德（Catford）Textual norms文本规范托利(Toury) Thick translation增量翻译阿皮尔（Appiah）Think—aloud translation有声思维记录Third code第三语码弗劳利（Frawley）Time-restricted theories oftranslation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Total translation完全翻译卡特福德(Catford) Transcription注音Transeme译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven—Zwart)Transfer转移Transference迁移卡特福德(Catford）Translatability可译性Translationese翻译体Translatorial action译者行为赫尔兹·曼塔里（Justa Holz-Manttari）Transliteration音译Transposition置换维纳(Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Unbounded translation不受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Undertranslation欠额翻译纽马克（Newmark)Unit of translation翻译单位Universals of translation翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency词语一致Verifiability可核实性赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔（Vermeer）Vertical translation纵向翻译福勒纳Voids空缺Whispered interpreting耳语传译Writer—oriented machine作者取向机器翻译translation。

翻译理论研究名词术语解释总结

翻译理论研究名词术语解释总结1.Foreignizing translation （异化） is a type oftranslation proposed by Ventui in which a target text is produced whichdeliberately breaks target convention by retaining something of the foreignnessof the original. Venuti traces the roots of the term back to Schleiermacher'sfamous notion of the translation which leaves the author in peace, as much aspossible, and moves the reader towards him.2. Domesticating translation （归化） is a type oftranslation proposed by Ventui in which a transparent fluent style is adopted inorder to minimize the strangeness of the source text for target languagereaders. Venuti traces the roots of the term back to Schleiermacher's famousnotion of the translation which leaves the reader in peace, as much aspossible, and moves the author towards him.3. Langue refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by a speech community. Parole refers to the concrete utterancesof a speaker.4. Competence is the unconscious knowledgeof the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance is the languageactually used by people in speaking or writing.5. Sense is the relationship between oneword and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. Itis concerned with the intralinguistic relations. For example, the English wordsbachelor and married have the sense relationship of bachelor=never married.6. Reference is the relationship between aword and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unitand a nonlinguistic entity it refers to in the real word. For example,therelationship between the word tree and the objet tree in the real world.7. Phonetics is a branch of linguisticswhich refers to the study of speech sounds, especially of their production,transmission, and reception. It is the general study of the characteristics ofspeech sounds.8. Phonology is a branch of linguisticswhich refers to the study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in alanguage. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds areorganized in languages, and also toexplain the variations that occur. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds thathuman voice is capable of creating. Phonology is the study of a subset of thosesounds that constitute language and meaning. The former focuses on chaos whilethe latter focuses on order. Therefore these two are at once related anddistinct branches of linguistics.9.Inflectional morphology studies the wayin which words vary in order to express grammatical contrasts insentences, such as single/plural, past tense/present tense, bark+s=barks.10. Derivational morphology studies theprinciples governing the construction of new words, without reference to thegrammatical role a word might play in a sentence.11. Informative function: language is usedto tell something, to give information, or to reason something out. Forexample, the function of the sentece Wwater boils at 100 degree centigrade isinformative.12. Interpersonal function: language isused to establish and maintain social relations between people. For example,the way in which people address others and refer to themselves, such as'dear sir, your obedient servant, indicate the various grades ofinterpersonal relations.13. Performative function: language is usedto do things or to perform acts. For example, at a meeting, as soon as thechairman says I declare the meeting open, the meeting has started.14. Phatic function: language is used toestablish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker andhearer. For example, the expression such as how do you do does not conveyanymeaning, but are used to establish a common sentiment between the speakerand hearer.15. Emotive function: language is used toexpress the speaker's attitudes and feelings. For example, my god!16. Recreational function: language is usedfor te sheer joy. For example, a chanting.17. Conceptual meaning is the basicessential components of meaning which is conveyed by the lteral use of a word.For example, the basic concepts of a word like needle in english might includethin sharp, steel, instrument, which would be part of the conceptual meaning ofthe word needle.18. Associative meaning is te total of allthe meanings a person thinks of when he hear the word. For example, you mayhave associations attached to a word like needle which lead you to think ofpainful whenever you encounter the word.19. Constituent command refers to therelation between an element and another of the same level and under the samenode in a tree diagram, and any others under the latter element as well. Forexample, in the prepositional phrase in the book, the preposition inconstituent command the following noun phrase the book, and the constituentcommand book not in.20. Speech variety refers to anydistinguishable form of a language used by a speaker or a group of speakers. Itis considered a more neutral term than the terms such as standardlanguage anddialect.21. The behaviorist view of languageacquisition: language acqusition is a process of habit formation. Language islearned through stimulus and reinforcement. Reinforcement of selected responsesis the key to understand language development. Children learn to producecorrect sentences because they are positively reinforced when they saysomething right and negatively reinforced when they say something wrong.22. The nativist view of languageacquisition: language acqusition is a specific property of human beings.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. They arepredisposed to develop their native language along a universal predeterminedroute through similar stages. They go about acquiring the grammar of theirnative language using principles unique to language acquisition.23. Euphemism refers to the use of a wordwhich is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another word. Forexample, indisposed instead of sick, or pass away instead of die.24. Taboo refers to a word or expressionthat is prohibited by the polite society from general use. For example, cunt,prick, fuck, for vagina, penis, sexual intercourse.25.Lingua franca refers to a language thatis used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking adifferent language. For example, english is an international lingua franca usedin numerous social and political situations where a common language is asked for.26. Variationist linguistics refers to atheoretic framework advanced by william labov to study how language variationand change take place in different social contexts or geographic districtsunder the influence of social factors such aseconomics,education, class,gender, style, and so on. The method it uses is basically quantitative, butqualitative instruments have recently been introduced in this branch oflinguistic research fora better description and explanation of the datacollected.27. Critical period is a period in oneslife extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain ismost ready to acquire a particular language naturally and effortlessly. It is aperiod that coincides with the period of brain lateralization for languagefunctions.28. Critical period hypothesis is thetheory which states that in child development there is a period in ones lifeextending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most readyto acquire a particular language naturally and effortlessly. There are twoversions of the critical period hypothesis. While the strong one suggests thatchildren must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never beable to learn from subsequent exposure, the weak holds that language learningwill be more different and incomplete after puberty. These two views can findsome support respectively in victors and genies cases.29. Translationese refers to targetlanguage usage which because of its obvious reliance on features of sourcelanguage is perceived as unnatural, impenetrable, or even comical. It istypically caused by an excessively literal approach to the translation processor an imperfect knowledge of target language, and is reflected in theperception that the source language of a translation seems reluctant to makeits exit, and it prefers to seek reincarnation in the target language.30. Interlanguageis the type of language produced by foreign or second language learners who arein the process of learning a language. It is the approximate language systemthat asecond language learner constructs which represents his or hertransitional competence in the target language.31. Over translation is the translationthat gives more detail than the original.32. Under translation is the translationthat gives less detail and is more general than the original.33. Transcription is a type of interlingualtransfer in which the forms of the original are preserved unchanaged in targettext.34. Transliteration is a process in whichsource language graphological units are replaced by target languagegraphological units.35. Source culture-linked overttranslation: semantic translation36. Source culture-linked coverttranslation: communicative translation37. Back translation is a process in whicha text which has been translated into a target language is retranslated intosource language.38. Back translation test is a process inwhich a text which has been translated into a target language is retranslatedinto source language, for purposes of comparison and correction.39. Neologism is a new word or expressionwhich has come into a language. For example, user-friendly.40. Eponym is a word derived from names ofpeople or places. For example, bycott.41. Buhlers classification of languagefunction: representative, expressive, and appelative.42. Jackobsons classification of languagefunction: referential, poetic, emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual.43. Hallidays classification of languagefunction: ideational,interpersonal, and textual.44. Newmarks classification of languagefunction: expressive, informative, vocative, esthetic, phatic, and metalingual.45. Linguistic sexism refers to the sexbiased phenomena in any language use. It aims to reveal and deal withlinguistic issues related to male chauvinism.46. Women register refers to the hypothesiswhich assumes that the following features are prevailing in womens linguisticbehaviour: 1)women use more tag questions, 2)women use less powerful cursewords, 3)women use more intensifiers such as terrible and awful, 4)women usemore fancy colour terms such as mauve and beige, 5)women use more statementquestions like “Dinner willbe ready at seven?” with a rising intonation at the end, 6)womens linguistic hehaviouris more indirect and more polite than mens.47. Regional dialect is a variety of alanguage used by people in the same geographical region. For example, guangdongdialect in china.48. Ethnic dialect is a variety of alanguage which cuts across regional differences and is mainly spoken by a lessprivileged people that has experienced some form of social isolation such asracial discrimination or segregation. For example, black english in america.49. Signified refers to the conceptualconcept of a linguistic sign.50. Signifier refers to the materialrepresentation of a linguistic sign takes the form of sounds or characters.51. C-command: constitute command52. M-command: maximal command53. Discourse is a general term forexamples of language use.It is the language which has been produced as theresult of an act of communication. Grammar refers to the rules a language usesto form grammatical units such as clause, phrase, and sentences, whilediscourse refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs,conversations, and interviews. Sometimes the study of both spoken and writtendiscourse is knowen as discourse analysis, some researchers, however, usediscourse analysis to refer to the study of spoken discourse and text linguisticsto refer to the study of written discourse.54. Text is a piece of spoken and writtenlanguage. A text may be considered from the point of view of its structure orits functions, e.g warning, instructuring, carrying out a transaction.A fullunderstanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context inwhich it occurs. A text may consist of just one word, e.g danger on a warning sign, or it may be ofconsiderablelength, e.g a novel, a sermon, or a debate.55. Deixis is a term for a word or phrasewhich directly relates an utterance to a time, place, or person. Examples ofdeictic expressions in English are1). Here and there which refer to a place in relation to the speaker;2). I which refers to the speaker or writter, you which refers to the person or persons addressed, he/she/they whichrefer to some other person or persons.56. Linguistics is the scientific study oflanguage. It tries to answer the basic questions what is language and how doeslanguage work. Linguistics studies not any particular language but language ingeneral. It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematicinvestigation of linguistic data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reacheduntil the linguist has done the following three things: observing the waylanguage is actuallyused, formulating some hypotheses about languagestructure, and testing these hypotheses repeatedly against linguistic facts tofully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, dataand theory stand in a dialectical complementation: data without being explainedby some theory remain a muddle mass og things, and theory without the supportof data can hardly claim validity.57. Triphthongrefers to a combination of three vowels. For example, in English, // as in fireis a triphthong.58. Vowel glide refers to a vowel that involves achange of quality throughout the articulation, including diphthongs, when asingle movement of the tongue is made, and triphthongs, when a double movementis made. Diphthongal glide in English can be found in words like way //, andtoe //, and triphthongal glide can be found in words like wire //, and tower//.59. Chomsky defines language as a set ofrules. Chomsky belives that the aim of linguists is to produce a generative grammarwhich captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language.Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the nativespeaker’s tacitknowledge. Chomsky’s methodology is hypothesis deductive, which operates at two levels:the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure, which is testedby grammars for particular languages, and each such grammar is a hypothesis onthe general linguistic theory. Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy andmentalism in psychology. Chomsky’s innateness hypothesis is the starting point of transformationalgenerative grammar, which is based on his observations that some importantfacts can never be otherwise explained adequately.60. Chomsky’s transformational generative grammar hasundergone five stages ofdevelopment. The classical theory aims to make linguistics a science. Thestandard theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistictheory. The extended standard theory focuses discussion on language universaland universal grammar. The revised standard theory focuses discussion ongovernment and binding. The minimalist programme is a further revision of theprevious theory. The development of transformational generative grammar is aprocess of constantly minimalizing theories and controlling generative powers.Although transformational generative grammar has involved proposing, revising,and cancelling of many rules, hypotheses, mechancisms, and models, its purposeis to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language.61. Assimilation is a process in which onesound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighbouring sound. If a following sound is influencing a precedingsound, it is called regressive assilimation. If a preceding sound isinfluencing a following sound, it is called progressive assilimation.62. Coarticulation is the simultaneous oroverlapping articulation of two successive phonological units. If the soundbecomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is calledanticipatory coarticulation. If the sound becomes more like the precedingsound, as in the case of map, it iscalled perseverative coarticulation.63. Affix refers to the meaningful formthat is attached to another form to make a more complex word. It can beclassified into three subtypes: prefix, suffix, and infix, depending on theirposition with reference to the root or stem of the word. For example, prefixmini- suffix -tion infix foot feet goose geese64. Category refers to a group of itemswhich fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such ascase, person, aspect, and tense. Some linguists also related groups of wordssuch as nouns, verbs, and adjectives as catagories, but these groups are usuallyreferred to in traditional grammar as parts of speech.65. Stress is the degree of force used inproducing a syllable. When a syllable is produced with more force and istherefore more prominent, it is a stressed syllable.66. Intonation is the occurence ofrecurring fall rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relativelyconsistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varinglength.67. Representive refers to the speech act which states what the speakerbelives to be true. For example,I have never seen the man before.The earth is a globe.68. Directive refers to the speech act which tries to get the hearer to dosomething. For example,Your money or your life!Open the window!69. Commissive is the speech act committing the speaker himself to somefurther action. For example,I promise to come.I will bring you the book tomorrow withoutfail.70. Expressive is the speech act expressing feelings or attitude towards anexisting state. For example,I’m sorry for the mess I havemade.It’s really kind of you to have thought of me.71. Phonetics is a branch of linguisticswhich refers to the study of speech sounds, especially of theirproduction,transmission, and reception. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which refers tothe study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Bothphonetics and phonology are concerned with the study of speech sounds. Butwhile both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approachand focus. Phonetics is of a general nature. It is interested in all the speechsounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ fromeach other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified,and so on. Phonology focuses on the system of sounds of a particular language.It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how thesesounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. For example, thearticulation of the sond t in the two words tea and too differ from each other.Phonetics is concerned with how these two sounds differ in the way they arepronounced while phonology is interested in the patterning of such sounds andthe rules that underlie such variations.72. First language acquisition is the learning of a native language. Secondlanguage acquisition is the learning of a foreign language. The studies onfirst language acquisition have influenced enormously those on second languagelanguage acquisition at both theoretical and practical levels. The new findingsand advances in first language acquisition, especially in learning theories andlearning process, are illuminating in understanding second languageacquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first languageacquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of secondlanguage acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language studyhas served as a backcloth for perceiving andunderstanding new facts aboutsecond language learning. Second language acquisition, however, is differentfrom first language acquisition, and the second language learners generallyfail to attain native like competence in all aspects of a second language,particularlly in phonology. The language they produce, which is called interlanguage,tends to become fossilized at certain level, and fossilization has become oneof the features of interlanguage. One key issue in second language acquisitionresearch therefore concerns the extent to which second language acquisition andfirst language acquisition are similar or different. Second languageacquisition researchers are also interested in the causes of the difficultiesthat adult learners encounter and the methods that may be used to facilitatethe acquisition process of a second language.73. Formal equivalence is one of two different types of equivalencesproposed by Nida which focuses attention on the message itself, in both formand content. It is the quality of a translation in which the features of theform of the source text have been mechanically reproduced in the receptorlanguage.74. Dynamic equivalence is one of two different types of equivalencesproposed by Nida which characterizes a translation in which the message of theoriginal text has been so transported into the receptor language that theresponse of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors.75. Primary translation is one of two modesof translation proposed byDellier and Kornelius which establishes a communication between source languagewriter and target language reader.76. Secondary translation is one of two modesof translation proposed byDellier and Kornelius which informs the target langereader of a communicationbetween source language writer and reader and includes the translation ofliterary and scientific texts.77. Overt translation is one of two contrasting modes of translationproposed by House in which the target adressees are quite overtly, not beingdirectly adressed. The production of the overt translation is generally amatter of relatively straightforward linguistic recoding, usually with nonecessity to carry out any subtle cultural realignment.Sermons, politicalspeeches, and much artistic literature are all examples of text types for whichovert translation is held to be appropriate.78. Covert translation is one of two contrasting modes of translationproposed by House which is to produce a target text which is as immediately andoriginally relevant as it is for the source language addressees. The productionof the covert translation can therefore be viewed as an attempt to conceal thetranslation nature of a target text by producing a text which is functionallyequivalent to source text. Advertising, journalistic, and technical materialare all examples of text types for which covert translation is held to beappropriate.TOT： tip-of-the tongueSOT: slip-of-the-tongue。

翻译学词典术语

翻译学词典术语1.绝对翻译。

Absolute Translation。

按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。

According to Gouadec,one of 7 types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements2.摘要翻译。

Abstract Translation古阿德提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。

One of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment。

3.滥译。

Abusive Translation。

路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。

A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical approach to literary translation。

4.可接受性。

Accetability。

图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。

A term used by T oury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts。

5.准确。

Accuracy。

翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符成都的术语。

A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original。

6.改编Adaptation。

翻译理论】翻译学术语列表

独有特征
弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）
Receptor language
接受语
奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）
Translation with reconstruction
重构式翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Redundancy
冗余
奈达（Nida）
Refraction
折射
利弗威尔（Lefevere）
二级翻译
迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）
Selective translation
选译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Semantic disambiguation
语义消歧
Semantic translation
语义翻译
纽马克（Newmark）
Serial translation
序列翻译
Differance
分延
德里达（Derrida）
Doentary translation
文献型翻译
诺德（Nord）
Domesticating translation
归化翻译
韦努狄（Venuti）
Dynamic equivalence
动态对等
奈达（Nida）
Dynamic fidelity
动态忠信
比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）
卡塞格兰德（Casagrande）
Service translation
服务型翻译
纽马克（Newmark）
Sight translation
视译
Signed language translation
手语传译
Simultaneous interpreting

翻译术语(理论笔译)

Absolute translation 绝对翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abstract translation 摘要翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abusive translation 滥译路易斯（Lewis）Acceptability 可接受性托利（Toury）Accuracy 准确Adaptation 改编Adequacy 充分性Adjustment 调整Analogical form 类同形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Analysis 分析奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Applied translation studies 应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Architranseme （ATR）元译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Autonomy Spectrum 自立幅度罗斯（Rose）Autotranslation 自译波波维奇（Popovic）Back translation 回译Class shift 词类转换韩礼德（Halliday）Close translation 贴近翻译纽马克（Newmark）Communicative translation 传意翻译；交际翻译纽马克（Newmark）Community interpreting 社群传译Compensation 补偿赫维（Hervey）Competence 能力托利（Toury）Componential analysis 语义成分分析奈达（Nida）Comprehensive theory 综合理论Conference interpreting 会议传译Consecutive interpreting 接续传译Contextual consistency 语境一致奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Conventions 常规诺德（Nord）Corpora 语料库Correspondence 对应Court interpreting 法庭传译Covert translation 隐型翻译豪斯（House）]Creative transposition 创造性移位雅可布逊Creative treason 创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）Deconstruction 解构主义德里达（Derrida）Descriptive translation studies 描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Diagrammatic translation 图表翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Differance 分延德里达（Derrida）Documentary translation 文献型翻译诺德（Nord）Domesticating translation 归化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Dynamic equivalence 动态对等奈达（Nida）Dynamic fidelity 动态忠信比克曼（Beekman）与卡洛（Callow）Effort models 用功模式贾尔（Gile）Equivalence 对等Excluded receiver 非目标接受者皮姆（Pym）Exegetic translation 诠释性翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Exoticism 异国情调赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Expectancy norms 期待规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Explicitation 明示维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Expressive text 表情型文本赖斯（Reiss）Extraneous form 外来形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Faithfulness 忠实Foreignizing translation 异化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Formal corresponding 形式对应卡特福德（Catford）Formal equivalence 形式对等奈达（Nida）Free translation [sense-for-sense translation 意对意翻译] {literal translation 字面翻译；word-for-word translation词对词翻译} 自由译Full translation 全文翻译General theories of translation 普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Gist translation 要旨翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Gloss translation 释词翻译奈达（Nida）Grammatical transposition 语法置换赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Hermeneutic motion 诠释步骤斯坦纳（Steiner）Hierarchy of Correspondences 对应层级霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Horizontal translation 横向翻译福勒纳（Folena）Hyperinformation 超额信息赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Idiomatic translation 地道翻译比克曼（Beekman）与卡洛（Callow）Imitation 拟译 1.德莱顿（Dryden）2.利弗威尔（Lefevere）Indeterminacy 不确定性Information offer 信息提供弗米尔（Vermeer）Informative texts 信息文本赖斯（Reiss）Initial norms 初始规范托利（Toury）Instrumental translation 工具翻译诺德（Nord）Integral translation 整合翻译范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Interlineal translation 隔行翻译{free translation} 赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Interlinear translation 逐行翻译Interlingual translation 语际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intersemiotic translation 符际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intralingual translation 语内翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intra-system shift 系统内转换卡特福德（Catford）Inverse translation 逆向翻译Kernel sentence 核心句Keyword translation 关键词翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Level shift 层次转换卡特福德（Catford）Lexical translation 词汇翻译卡特福德（Catford）Liaison interpreting[Bilateral interpreting 双边传译] 联络传译凯斯（Keith）Linguistic translation 语言翻译Literal translation 字面翻译；直译Mapping 图谱霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Matricial norms 矩阵规范托利（Toury）Meta-language 元语言霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Metatext 元文本Mimetic form 模仿形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Mutation 变异范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Naturalness 自然性Negative shift 负面转换Norms 规范Obligatory equivalents 必要对等语奈达（Nida）Oblique translation 曲径翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Operational model 操作模式巴斯盖特（Bathgate）Operational norms 操作规范托利（Toury）Optional equivalents 可换对等语奈达（Nida）Overlapping translation 重合翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Overt translation 显型翻译豪斯（House）Overtranslation 超额翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Paradigmatic equivalence 范式对等波波维奇（Popovic）Paraphrase 释译德莱顿（Dryden）Partial theories of translation 局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Participative receiver 参与型接受者皮姆（Pym）Particularizing translation 具体化翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Performance 运用托利（Toury）Phonemic translation 音素翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Phonological translation 音位翻译卡特福德（Catford）Pivot language 中枢语言Polysystem theory 多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔（Even-Zohar）Pragmatic translation[pragmatic approach语用途径] 语用翻译Preliminary norms 预先规范托利（Toury）Prescriptive translation studies 规定翻译研究托利（Toury）Primary translation 首级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Problem-restricted theories of translation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Process-oriented translation theories 过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Product-oriented translation studies 成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Professional norms 翻译规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Prospective translation 前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Prototext 原型文本波波维奇（Popovic）Pseudotranslation 伪翻译Pure language[Logos 逻各斯] 纯语言沃尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）Radical translation 原始翻译奎因（Quine）Rank-bound translation 级阶受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Realia 独有特征弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）Receptor language 接受语奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Translation with reconstruction 重构式翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Redundancy 冗余奈达（Nida）Refraction 折射利弗威尔（Lefevere）Regulative translational conventions 规约性翻译常规诺德（Nord）Relay interpreting 转接传译Repertoreme 知识库要素托利（Toury）Resistancy 阻抗韦努狄（Venuti）Restricted translation 受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Restructuring 重组奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Retrospective translation 后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Rewriting 重写利弗威尔（Lefevere）Rhymed translation 韵体翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Secondary translation 二级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Selective translation 选译古阿德克（Gouadec）Semantic disambiguation 语义消歧Semantic translation 语义翻译纽马克（Newmark）Serial translation 序列翻译卡塞格兰德（Casagrande）Service translation [Inverse translation 逆向翻译] 服务型翻译纽马克（Newmark）Sight translation 视译Signed language translation 手语传译Simultaneous interpreting 同声传译Skopos theory 目的论赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Source language 源语Source text 源文本Source text-oriented translation studies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification 具体化Structure shift 结构转换卡特福德（Catford）Stylistic equivalence 文体对等Target language 目标语Term banks 术语库Terminology 术语Text typology 文本类型学Textual equivalence 文本对等卡特福德（Catford）Textual norms 文本规范托利（Toury）Thick translation 增量翻译阿皮尔（Appiah）Think-aloud translation 有声思维记录Third code 第三语码弗劳利（Frawley）Time-restricted theories of translation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Total translation 完全翻译卡特福德（Catford）Transcription 注音Transeme 译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Transfer 转移Transference 迁移卡特福德（Catford）Translatability 可译性Translationese [Third language 第三语言] 翻译体Translatorial action 译者行动赫尔兹·曼塔里（Holz Mänttäri）Transliteration 音译Transposition 置换维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Unbounded translation 不受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Undertranslation 欠额翻译纽马克（Newmark）Unit of translation 翻译单位Universals of translation 翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency 词语一致Verifiability 可核实性赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Vertical translation 纵向翻译福勒纳Voids 空缺Whispered interpreting 耳语传译Writer-oriented machine translation 作者取向机器翻译。

翻译专业术语大全

翻译专业术语大全本文为翻译专业术语大全，介绍翻译领域中常见的术语及其解释。

一、翻译1. Translation 翻译：将一种语言的文本用另一种语言表达的过程。

2. Translator/Interpreter 翻译员：从一种语言转换为另一种语言的专业人士。

3. Source Language（SL）源语言：被翻译文本的语言。

4. Target Language（TL）目标语言：翻译后的目标语言。

5. Bilingual 双语的：能听说读写两种语言的人。

6. Multilingual 多种语言的：能听说读写多种语言的人。

7. Translate 翻译：将源语言文本转换成目标语言文本。

8. Interpretation 口译：将源语言口述转换成目标语言口述。

9. Localization 本地化：将一个产品从一种语言转换成另一种语言，并符合该地区的文化、政治、习俗等环境。

二、文本类型1. Technical Text 技术文本：对某种科技、专业领域的知识、技能、思想等进行描述的文本。

2. Legal Text 法律文本：含法律内容的文本，如合同、法规等。

3. Medical Text 医学文本：含医学内容的文本，如医学论文、病历等。

4. Financial Text 金融文本：含金融内容的文本，如财经新闻、报告等。

5. Literary Text 文学文本：小说、诗歌等文学作品。

6. Commercial Text 商业文本：广告、宣传资料等商业性文本。

三、翻译术语1. Translation Theory 翻译理论：研究翻译规律、方法和技巧的学科。

2. Translation Studies 翻译研究：研究翻译现象、理论和实践问题的学科。

3. Translation Criticism 翻译批评：通过对原著和译文进行分析、比较和评价来评判翻译质量的学科。

4. Translation Equivalence 翻译等值性：翻译过程中，源语言和目标语言表达方式和意义上的相当性。

(完整版)翻译理论】翻译学术语列表

接受语
奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）
Translation with reconstruction
重构式翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Redundancy
冗余
奈达（Nida）
Refraction
折射
利弗威尔（Lefevere）
Regulative translational conventions
Overlapping translation
重合翻译
赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）
Overt translation
显型tion
超额翻译
维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）
Paradigmatic equivalence
范式对等
初始规范
托利（Toury）
Instrumental translation
工具翻译
诺德（Nord）
Integral translation
整合翻译
范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）
Interlineal translation
隔行翻译
赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）
Interlinear translation
逐行翻译
Interlingual translation
语际翻译
雅可布逊（Jacobson）
Intersemiotic translation
符际翻译
雅可布逊（Jacobson）
Intralingual translation
语内翻译
雅可布逊（Jacobson）
Intra-system shift
系统内转换

翻译理论名词解释

翻译理论名词解释翻译理论是指对翻译过程和翻译实践进行系统分析和研究的学科领域。

翻译理论的研究涉及翻译的原则、方法、技能以及对翻译现象和过程的准确描述和解释。

以下是对几个常见翻译理论名词的解释：1. 翻译目的论（Skopos Theory）翻译目的论强调翻译的目的决定了翻译的策略和方法。

翻译的目的可以是与原文意义等效，也可以是达到接受目标语读者的特定需求和期望。

翻译目的论关注译文的功能和使用情境，并根据具体目的确定翻译策略，强调翻译的灵活性和自由度。

2. 等同译法（Equivalent Effect）等同译法认为翻译要在保持与源语言文本等效的前提下传达译文的意义。

翻译的目标是尽可能准确地表达源语言的观点、感情和风格，使译文读者能够与源语言的读者有类似的阅读体验。

3. 文化转移（Cultural Transfer）文化转移理论认为，翻译不仅仅是语言的转换，还涉及到文化的转移。

翻译过程中，源语言中的文化元素需要转移到目标语言的文化背景中，以保持文化信息的准确传达。

翻译者需要有深入了解不同文化之间的差异，并采取相应的转化策略。

4. 直译与意译（Literal Translation vs. Free Translation）直译强调以原文字面意义为依据进行翻译，注重原文的语法结构和词义的传达。

意译则更加注重把握原文的意思和情感，弹性地运用目标语的表达方式。

在实际翻译中，直译和意译往往是结合使用的，翻译者需要根据具体文本和翻译目标选择合适的翻译策略。

5. 动态对等（Dynamic Equivalence）动态对等理论认为，翻译应该追求与源语文本相同的效果和反应，而不仅仅是对原文进行语义层面的等效翻译。

翻译的目标是在目标语的文化和语境中呈现出与源语文本相似的意义和效果。

翻译理论的不断发展和完善，为翻译实践提供了理论指导和操作方法。

翻译理论的研究对于提高翻译质量、促进跨文化交流以及研究语言和文化之间的关系具有重要意义。

翻译专业术语汇总

翻译专业术语汇总翻译专业术语汇总bsolute Trnsltion 绝对翻译bstrct Trnsltiondpttion 改编dequcy 充分[性]djustment 调整esthetic-Poetic Trnsltion 美学诗体翻译gent 经纪人. I. I. C 国际会议口译联合会nlogicl Form 类同形式nlysis 分析ppel-focused Texts 感染型问题本pplied Trnsltion Studies 应用翻译研究rchism/rchicism 古词；废词rchitrnseme (TR) 元译素re-restricted Theories of Trnsltion 关于范围的翻译理论udio-medil Texts 听觉媒介型文本uftrg 托付utomtic Trnsltion 自动翻译utonomy Spectrum 自立幅度utotrnsltion/Self Trnsltion 自译Bbel, Tower of XX别塔Bck-trnsformtion 逆转换Bck Trnsltion 回译Bilterl interpreting 双边传译Bilingul Corporl 双语语料库Bi-text 双文本Blnk Spces 空位Blnk Verse Trnsltion 无韵体翻译Borrowing 借用Clque/Lon Trnsltion 仿造CT (Computer-ided Trnsltion/ Computer-ssisted Trnsltion) 计算机辅助翻译Ctegory Shift 范畴转换Chuchotge 耳语传译Clss Shift 词类转换Close Trnsltion 贴近翻译Coherence 连贯Commission 托付Communiction Lod 传意负荷（又名Informtion Lod 信息负荷）Communictive Trnsltion 传意翻译；交际翻译（又名Communictive pproch [传意途径；交际途径]）Community interpreting 社群传译（又名DilogueInterpreting [对话传译] 、Public Service Interpreting [公共服务传译]）Commuttion 对换Compenstion 补偿Competence 能力Componentil nlysis成分分析Computer-ided Trnsltion 计算机辅助翻译（又名Computer-ssisted Trnsltion；简称CT）Concordnce 一致性Comprehensive Theory 综合理论Conference Interpreting 会议传译Consecutive interpreting 接续传译Constitutive Trnsltionl Conventions 建构性翻译常规Content-derivtive Form 派生内容的形式（又名Orgnic Form [有机形式]）Content-focused Texts 重内容文本Contextul consistency 语境一致Controlled Lnguge 受控语言Conventions 常规Corpor 语料[库]（单数为Corpus）Correspondence 对应Correspondences, Hierrchy of 对应层级Court Interpreting 法庭传译Covert Trnsltion 隐型翻译Cross-temporl Theories of Trnsltion 跨时翻译理论Cross-temporl Trnsltion 跨时翻译Cretive Trnsposition 制造性转换Cretive Treson 制造性叛逆Culturl pproch 文化途径Culturl Trnsltion 文化翻译Culturl Trnsplnttion 文化移植Culturl Trnsposition 文化置换。

翻译术语（理论笔译）

翻译术语（理论笔译）Absolute translation 绝对翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abstract translation 摘要翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abusive translation 滥译路易斯（Lewis）Acceptability 可接受性托利（T oury）Accuracy 准确Adaptation 改编Adequacy 充分性Adjustment 调整Analogical form 类同形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Analysis 分析奈达（Nida）和泰伯（T aber）Applied translation studies 应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Architranseme （ATR）元译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Autonomy Spectrum 自立幅度罗斯（Rose）Autotranslation 自译波波维奇（Popovic）Back translation 回译Class shift 词类转换韩礼德（Halliday）Close translation 贴近翻译纽马克（Newmark）Communicative translation 传意翻译；交际翻译纽马克（Newmark）Community interpreting 社群传译Compensation 补偿赫维（Hervey）Competence 能力托利（Toury）Componential analysis 语义成分分析奈达（Nida）Comprehensive theory 综合理论Conference interpreting 会议传译Consecutive interpreting 接续传译Contextual consistency 语境一致奈达（Nida）和泰伯（T aber）Conventions 常规诺德（Nord）Corpora 语料库Correspondence 对应Court interpreting 法庭传译Covert translation 隐型翻译豪斯（House）]Creative transposition 创造性移位雅可布逊Creative treason 创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）Deconstruction 解构主义德里达（Derrida）Descriptive translation studies 描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Diagrammatic translation 图表翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Differance 分延德里达（Derrida）Documentary translation 文献型翻译诺德（Nord）Domesticating translation 归化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Dynamic equivalence 动态对等奈达（Nida）Dynamic fidelity 动态忠信比克曼（Beekman）与卡洛（Callow）Effort models 用功模式贾尔（Gile）Equivalence 对等Excluded receiver 非目标接受者皮姆（Pym）Exegetic translation 诠释性翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Exoticism 异国情调赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Expectancy norms 期待规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Explicitation 明示维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Expressive text 表情型文本赖斯（Reiss）Extraneous form 外来形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Faithfulness 忠实Foreignizing translation 异化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Formal corresponding 形式对应卡特福德（Catford）Formal equivalence 形式对等奈达（Nida）Free translation [sense-for-sense translation 意对意翻译] {literal translation 字面翻译；word-for-word translation词对词翻译} 自由译Full translation 全文翻译General theories of translation 普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Gist translation 要旨翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Gloss translation 释词翻译奈达（Nida）Grammatical transposition 语法置换赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Hermeneutic motion 诠释步骤斯坦纳（Steiner）Hierarchy of Correspondences 对应层级霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Horizontal translation 横向翻译福勒纳（Folena）Hyperinformation 超额信息赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Idiomatic translation 地道翻译比克曼（Beekman）与卡洛（Callow）Imitation 拟译 1.德莱顿（Dryden）2.利弗威尔（Lefevere）Indeterminacy 不确定性Information offer 信息提供弗米尔（Vermeer）Informative texts 信息文本赖斯（Reiss）Initial norms 初始规范托利（T oury）Instrumental translation 工具翻译诺德（Nord）Integral translation 整合翻译范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Interlineal translation 隔行翻译{free translation} 赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Interlinear translation 逐行翻译Interlingual translation 语际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intersemiotic translation 符际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intralingual translation 语内翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intra-system shift 系统内转换卡特福德（Catford）Inverse translation 逆向翻译Kernel sentence 核心句Keyword translation 关键词翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Level shift 层次转换卡特福德（Catford）Lexical translation 词汇翻译卡特福德（Catford）Liaison interpreting[Bilateral interpreting 双边传译] 联络传译凯斯（Keith）Linguistic translation 语言翻译Literal translation 字面翻译；直译Mapping 图谱霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Matricial norms 矩阵规范托利（Toury）Meta-language 元语言霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Metatext 元文本Mimetic form 模仿形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Mutation 变异范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Naturalness 自然性Negative shift 负面转换Norms 规范Obligatory equivalents 必要对等语奈达（Nida）Oblique translation 曲径翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Operational model 操作模式巴斯盖特（Bathgate）Operational norms 操作规范托利（T oury）Optional equivalents 可换对等语奈达（Nida）Overlapping translation 重合翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Overt translation 显型翻译豪斯（House）Overtranslation 超额翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Paradigmatic equivalence 范式对等波波维奇（Popovic）Paraphrase 释译德莱顿（Dryden）Partial theories of translation 局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Participative receiver 参与型接受者皮姆（Pym）Particularizing translation 具体化翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Performance 运用托利（T oury）Phonemic translation 音素翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Phonological translation 音位翻译卡特福德（Catford）Pivot language 中枢语言Polysystem theory 多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔（Even-Zohar）Pragmatic translation[pragmatic approach语用途径] 语用翻译Preliminary norms 预先规范托利（T oury）Prescriptive translation studies 规定翻译研究托利（Toury）Primary translation 首级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Problem-restricted theories of translation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Process-oriented translation theories 过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Product-oriented translation studies 成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Professional norms 翻译规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Prospective translation 前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Prototext 原型文本波波维奇（Popovic）Pseudotranslation 伪翻译Pure language[Logos 逻各斯] 纯语言沃尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）Radical translation 原始翻译奎因（Quine）Rank-bound translation 级阶受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Realia 独有特征弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）Receptor language 接受语奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Translation with reconstruction 重构式翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Redundancy 冗余奈达（Nida）Refraction 折射利弗威尔（Lefevere）Regulative translational conventions 规约性翻译常规诺德（Nord）Relay interpreting 转接传译Repertoreme 知识库要素托利（Toury）Resistancy 阻抗韦努狄（Venuti）Restricted translation 受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Restructuring 重组奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Retrospective translation 后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Rewriting 重写利弗威尔（Lefevere）Rhymed translation 韵体翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Secondary translation 二级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Selective translation 选译古阿德克（Gouadec）Semantic disambiguation 语义消歧Semantic translation 语义翻译纽马克（Newmark）Serial translation 序列翻译卡塞格兰德（Casagrande）Service translation [Inverse translation 逆向翻译] 服务型翻译纽马克（Newmark）Sight translation 视译Signed language translation 手语传译Simultaneous interpreting 同声传译Skopos theory 目的论赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Source language 源语Source text 源文本Source text-oriented translation studies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification 具体化Structure shift 结构转换卡特福德（Catford）Stylistic equivalence 文体对等Target language 目标语Term banks 术语库Terminology 术语Text typology 文本类型学Textual equivalence 文本对等卡特福德（Catford）Textual norms 文本规范托利（T oury）Thick translation 增量翻译阿皮尔（Appiah）Think-aloud translation 有声思维记录Third code 第三语码弗劳利（Frawley）Time-restricted theories of translation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Total translation 完全翻译卡特福德（Catford）Transcription 注音Transeme 译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Transfer 转移Transference 迁移卡特福德（Catford）Translatability 可译性Translationese [Third language 第三语言] 翻译体Translatorial action 译者行动赫尔兹·曼塔里（Holz M?ntt?ri）Transliteration 音译Transposition 置换维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Unbounded translation 不受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Undertranslation 欠额翻译纽马克（Newmark）Unit of translation 翻译单位Universals of translation 翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency 词语一致Verifiability 可核实性赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Vertical translation 纵向翻译福勒纳Voids 空缺Whispered interpreting 耳语传译Writer-oriented machine translation 作者取向机器翻译。

翻译有哪些理论

翻译有哪些理论翻译学中的理论有很多，以下是其中的一些主要理论：1.等效理论（Equivalence Theory）：由Eugene Nida和Charles Taber于1960年提出。

该理论认为翻译的目标是在不同语言之间传达与源文本相等或相似的意义。

它强调翻译的等级和程度，分为准确传递（充分等效）、部分传递（偏远等效）和恢复信息（零等效）。

2.功能对等理论（Functional Equivalence Theory）：由Christiane Nord于1991年提出。

该理论认为翻译的目标是根据目标语言和文化的读者需求，在功能上等效于源文本。

它强调翻译的目的是满足读者对论述、表述和信息的期望，并做出相应调整。

3.文化翻译理论（Cultural Translation Theory）：由AndréLefevere于1992年提出。

该理论认为翻译是一种文化间的传递和变革过程，强调翻译的文化因素对于意义的建构和解读至关重要。

它探讨了源文本和目标文本之间的文化差异，并提出了译者作为文化中介者的角色。

4.再现理论（Relevance Theory）：由Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson于1986年提出。

该理论认为翻译的目标是传递有效沟通所需的信息，并尽可能减少读者的认知努力。

它强调翻译要遵循言语交际原则，提供最相关和最明确的信息，以确保双方的理解和交流。

5.干扰理论（Interference Theory）：源于歧义和误会的语言干扰现象。

干扰理论认为翻译是在源语言和目标语言之间进行的，源语言结构和表达方式会对译文产生不同程度的影响。

干扰理论研究译者如何解决干扰问题，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。

6.社会文化理论（Sociocultural Theory）：由Lev Vygotsky于20世纪初提出。

社会文化理论认为翻译是一种社会和文化实践，翻译活动受到社会环境和文化背景的影响。

它研究翻译与社会和文化因素之间的相互关系，强调译者的角色和社会文化认知对翻译的重要性。

弗斯-伦敦学派

翻译理论】翻译学术语列表本帖最后由 jeremy 于 2010-5-3 16:27 编辑在神圣的文本中，意义不再是流动的语言和流动的启明的分水岭。

当一个文本的直接的、不需要转达的含义成为其真正语言的、真理的或者理论的字面的有机部分，那它就具备了无条件的可译性。

此时，将不再是看在含义的份上，而仅仅是看在语言的份上而翻译。

与此相应，对翻译也提出了无限忠实的要求，也即必须和谐一样。

因为在某个高度上，一切伟大的作品，不过最高等的则是神圣的文本，其字里行间已经存在着其虚拟的译文。

的范本或理想本雅明思想的根源德国早期浪漫主义（1）德国早期浪漫主义的内省论对本雅明的翻译观几乎起着指引作用。

“内省”就是本雅明所谓的contemplation（观照），着重于对“思考的形式”进行思考（内在思考）。

（2）早期浪漫主义者费希特的知性强调直观性的内省判断力，即“绝对自我”对客体意向的判断。

（刘宓庆，2005：411- 412）本雅明的翻译观中也正体现了知性直观论的对其的影响。

（3）早期浪漫主义者倡导“内在批评”。

内在批评把作品看做是没有完成的，但作品本身包含着独特的自我展开的动力。

本雅明的语言观本雅明的语言观是一种在一定程度上带有神秘色彩的元语言观，即把语言看做一种广义的精神表达的观点。

在他看来，¡°创造¡±呈现出来的。

作为最高的造物主，上帝的创世是一种明确的语言表述。

（本雅明，1999：4）在本雅明看来，包括诗歌在内的一切艺术的语言处于一个较低的层次上，其语言不够纯净，不够完满，有许多东西是不可表达的，而这种不可表达性来自语言的物性。

本雅明的翻译观1）欣赏艺术作品或艺术形式的时候，考虑受众的因素从未给人带来任何好处。

谈论某一类的受众或他们代言人只会使人误入歧途。

而且，从理论上探讨艺术，甚至连“理想的”受众这个概念都会十分有害，因其无非设定了具有这类资格的人本身的存在和本性。

2）翻译若要发挥传递的功能，那么，除了信息之外，文学作品的本质不就是那些深奥难测、神秘难解、充满“诗意”的成分而且只有在译者本人也是诗人的情况下才能将其再现出来吗即使是很差劲的译者也会承认这一点。

常见的翻译理论

1．诠释学理论（hermeneutics ）
误读（mistranslation），误译(mistranslation)
recreation
2. 多元系统论与翻译（polysystem theory and translation）
翻译在文学系统中的作用。

如翻译在中国新文学大系中的影响
3．意识形态与翻译
误译，删译，编译，变译，翻译中文化词汇的处理
主要逻辑在于：意识形态时怎样对译者进行操控
4．诗学观与翻译
基本逻辑在于：不同的译者具有不同的诗学观。

这种不同的诗学观对其译著具有不同的操控。

如许渊冲与洛维尔的中国诗英译。

5．语言学理论与翻译
1．语义学理论（意义理论）与翻译（见刘宓庆《翻译与语言哲学》）
2．语用学理论（关联理论）
关联理论可以用来解释：根据具体情景，灵活运用翻译策略、方法和技能。

3．篇章语言学
篇章连贯与篇章衔接理论：
基本逻辑：两种语言在篇章衔接上的差异导致翻译上对原文的篇章的重组。

6．功能（目的）论（《翻译百科全书》p235）
不同的文本具有不同的功能，其翻译方法或侧重点就不同。

语言功能论可以用来解释汉英公示语的翻译。

译者翻译的目的不同导致不同的取舍（包括文本选择，翻译策略的选择，忠实与非忠实）。

7．文化转向论
文化转向论主要从文化途径对翻译的种种现象加以文化的阐释。

它涉及到翻译现象的方方面面。

8．接受理论
主要以译文读者为本位，强调译文读者的接收效果来阐释翻译现象。