2014-2017专八翻译来源

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2014-2017专八翻译来源

2014年英语专八翻译来源汉译英当我在小学毕业的时候，亲友一致地愿意我去学手艺，好帮助母亲，我晓得我应当去找饭吃，以减轻母亲的勤劳困苦。

可是，我也愿意升学。

我偷偷地考入了师范学校--制服、饭食、书籍、宿处，都由学校供给。

只有这样，我才敢对母亲提升学的话。

入学，要交十元的保证金。

这是一笔巨款!母亲作了半个月的难，把这笔巨款筹到，而后含泪把我送出门去。

她不辞劳苦，只要儿子有出息。

当我由师范毕业，而被派到小学任校长，母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。

我只说了句：“以后，您可以歇一歇了!”她的回答只是一串串的眼泪。

老舍著；老树画画绘,真正的生活者,中国画报出版社,2015.07,第6页老舍著,茶馆想北平猫城记,巴蜀书社,2015.02,第74页我的母亲（节选）——老舍After I graduated from primary school, relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress, I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms, books, room and board. To enter the school, I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However, after two weeks’ tough effort, mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation, mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her, "you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing, only with tears streaming down her face.2015年英语专八翻译来源汉译英2014上海茶花展今天开幕60种云南山茶首次来沪产生日期：2014-01-29来源：新华网“茶花闹春暖意迎新”2014上海茶花展今天在上海植物园拉开序幕，花展将持续到3月16日。

2014年专八考试真题答案

2014年3月22日英语专八考试真题参考答案完整版听力Mini-lecture1. physical2. a demand3. blood pressure4. Category5. a job6. signals7. body or mind8. advantage9. accept 10. reasonable speed听力Interview1. To work out a plan …2. was much worried …3. To take prompt …4. Refugees returning to normal …5. talk to different …听力NEWS BROADCAST6. Cancellation of flights …7. Three human fossils8. It supported..9. some international …10. Surprised阅读理解答案阅读理解答案11.A have 12.C to offer 13.B to provide 14.D decide 15.A cultuer 16.B perfered 17.D similar 18.D easy 19.B unapproachalbe 20.D sociable21.B say 22.B sociabel 23.A young 24.D 25C26.D role 27.C effects 28.B offer29.D exercise 30.A features人文知识答案人文知识答案31．Montreal32．Maoris33. Anglicanism34．177635．Ernest Hemingway36．George Bernard Shaw 37．Geoffrey Chaucer38．bare39．Mary40．Lion改错答案改错答案 1.把of 去掉。

英语专八考试翻译真题及参考答案

英语专八考试翻译真题及参考答案英语专八考试翻译真题及参考答案英语专业八级考试，全称为全国高校英语专业八级考试。

自1991年起由中华人民共和国教育部实行，考察全国综合性大学英语专业学生。

下面为大家带来了英语专八考试翻译真题及参考答案，欢迎大家参考！1997年E-C原文:Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province(范围) of the rich unless we abdicate(退位、放弃) society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible(易接近的，可达到的) to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives(必要的)of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse(冲动) towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation(表述、陈述)is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment(完成、成就) in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones(标准、试金石) for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire(立志、追求目标、渴望); they carry the most profound (深厚的、深刻的)messages that can be sent from one human to another.参考译文：欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。

【专八】专八翻译历年真题与答案(2002-2014)

113 专八翻译历年真题与答案（2002-2014）2014专八翻译真题及答案1．汉译英当我小学毕业的时候，亲友一致地愿意我去学手艺，好帮助母亲。

我晓得我应当去找饭吃，以减轻母亲的困苦。

可是，我也愿意升学。

我偷偷地考入了师范学校——制服、饭食、书籍、住处，都由学校供给。

只有这样，我才敢对母亲说升学的话。

入学，要交十元的保证金。

这是一笔巨款！母亲作了半个月的难，把这巨款筹到，而后含泪把我送出门去。

当我由师范毕业，被派为小学校的校长，母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。

我只说了句：“以后，您可以歇一歇了！”她的回答只有一串串的眼泪。

After I graduated from primary school, relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress, I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms, books, room and board. To enter the school, I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However, after two weeks’ tough effort, mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation, mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her, "you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing, only with tears streaming down her face.2．英译汉The physical distance between speakers can indicate a number of things and can alsobe used to consciously send messages about intent. Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers whilst distance may denote formality or a lack of interest. Proximity is also both a matter of personal style and is often culture-bound so that what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another. And, standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations such as informal party, but completely out of place in others, such as meeting with a superior. Posture can convey meaning too. Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of mood. A lowered head when speaking to a superior (with or without eye contact) can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures.演说者与听众之间的实际距离通常来是用来传送演说内容的最佳途径但是同时可以表明很多问题。

1995—2005年英语专八翻译真题及答案

英语专业八级考试翻译部分历届试题及参考答案（1995-2005）1995 年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文C-E原文：简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。

因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。

但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。

有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。

这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。

史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。

也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。

参考译文：However, subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we judge a novel of its depth as well as (of ) its artistic appeal and ideological content (or: as to whether a novel digs deep or not or whether it excels in artistic appeal and ideological content). Some people compare Austen’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the more tasty (the tastier) they become. This comparison is based not only on (This is not only because of ) her expressive language and her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also on (because of ) thefact that what hides behind her light and lively narrative is something implicit and opaque (not so explicit and transparent). Mrs. Smith once observed, women writers often sought (made attempts)to rectify the existing value concepts (orders) by changing people’s opinions on w hat is “important” and what is not.E-C原文I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacksof street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I amrated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring valuesmore central to the good life?For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self?I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in smallplaces that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot bebanished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions ofone-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.参考译文：对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。

英语专业八级汉英翻译共32页文档

英语专业八级汉英翻译
1、战鼓一响，法律无声。——英国 2、任何法律的根本；不，不成文法本身就是讲道理 ……法律，也 ----即明示道理。— —爱·科克
3、法律是最保险的头盔。——爱·科克 4、一个国家如果纲纪不正，其国风一定颓败。—— 塞内加 5、法律不能使人人平等，但是在法律面前人人是平等的。 ——波洛克
45、自己的饭量何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
42、只有在人群中间，才能认识自己。——德国
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育；而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
44、卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬

专四专八文言文翻译

原文：晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业。

缘溪行，忘路之远近。

忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。

复前行，欲穷其林。

林尽水源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光。

便舍船，从口入。

初极狭，才通人。

复行数十步，豁然开朗。

土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田美池桑竹之属。

阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。

其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人。

黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。

见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。

具答之。

便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。

村中闻有此人，咸来问讯。

自云先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉，遂与外人间隔。

问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。

此人为具言所闻，皆叹惋。

余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食。

停数日，辞去。

此中人语云：“不足为外人道也。

”既出，得其船，便扶向路，处处志之。

及郡下，诣太守，说如此。

太守即遣人随其往。

寻向所志，遂迷，不复得路。

南阳刘子骥，高尚士也，闻之，欣然规往。

未果，寻病终。

后遂无问津者。

译文：在晋代太元年间，有个名叫武陵的人以捕鱼为生。

有一天，他沿着溪水划船而行，忘记了路程的远近。

忽然，他发现了一片桃花林，林子夹在两岸，绵延数百步，中间没有其他树木，花草鲜美，落花纷纷扬扬，渔人对此感到非常惊异。

他继续向前划船，想要走到林子的尽头。

林子的尽头是水源，那里有一座小山，山边有一个小洞，洞口似乎透出微光。

渔人便舍弃了船，从洞口进去。

起初洞口非常狭窄，只能容一个人通过。

又走了几十步，突然变得开阔明亮。

这里土地平坦，房屋整齐，有肥沃的田地、美丽的池塘、桑树和竹林等。

田间小路交错相通，鸡鸣狗吠声此起彼伏。

这里的人们来来往往耕种劳作，男女的穿着打扮都和外面的人一样。

不论老少，都安闲快乐。

当人们看到渔人时，都非常惊讶，问他从哪里来。

渔人详细地回答了他们。

于是，他们邀请渔人到家中，摆酒杀鸡款待他。

村中的人听说有这样一个外乡人，都来打听消息。

他们自称祖先为了躲避秦朝的战乱，带着妻子儿女和乡民们来到这个与世隔绝的地方，从此再也没有出去，所以与外界隔绝了。

专八历年翻译真题

1995年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文C-E原文：简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。

因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。

但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。

有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。

这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。

史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。

也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。

参考译文：However, subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we judge a novel of its depth as well as (of ) its artistic appeal and ideological content (or: as to whether a novel digs deep or not or whether it ex cels in artistic appeal and ideological content). Some people compare Austen’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the more tasty (the tastier) they become. This comparison is based not only on (This is not only because of ) her expressive language and her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also on (because of ) the fact that what hides behind her light and lively narrative is something implicit and opaque (not so explicit and transparent). Mrs. Smith once observed, women writers often sought (made attempts) to rectify the existing value concepts (orders) by changing people’s opinions on what is ―important‖ and what is not.E-C原文: I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life?For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbors’’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbors who barter their skills and labor. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self?I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intru des brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as ―part of us.‖Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.参考译文：对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。

英语专业八级考试翻译部分历届试题及参考答案

英语专业八级考试翻译部分历届试题及参考答案说明：本处提供的参考答案完全是为了教学、教育目的而制作，参考答案分别源自福州大学外国语学院英语系翻译课程小组及邹申主编的《新编高等院校英语专业八级考试指南》［2001，上海：上海外语教育出版社］（转引自松园英文书院和《中国翻译》等，供同学们学习、比较。

1995年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文C-E原文：简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。

因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。

但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。

有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。

这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。

史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。

也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。

参考译文：However, subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we judge a novel of its depth as well as (of ) its artistic appeal and ideological content (or: as to whether a novel digs deep or not or whether it excels in artistic appeal and ideological content). Some people compare Austen’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the more tasty (the tastier) they become. This comparison is based not only on (This is not only because of ) her expressive language and her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also on (because of ) the fact that what hides behind her light and lively narrative is something implicit and opaque (not so explicit and transparent). Mrs. Smith once observed, women writers often sought (made attempts) to rectify the existing value concepts (orders) by changing people’s opinions on what is “important”and what is not.E-C原文I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life?For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self?I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for smalldecencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.参考译文：对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。

【专八】专八翻译练习汉译英50篇与参考译文

126专八翻译练习汉译英50篇及参考译文Translate the underlined part of the text into English.1．在兽类中我最爱虎，在虎的故事中我最爱下面的一个。

深山中有一所古庙，几个和尚在那里过着单调的修行生活。

同他们做朋友的，除了有时上山来的少数乡下人外，就是几只猛虎。

虎不惊扰僧人，却替他们守护庙宇。

作为报酬，和尚把一些可吃的东西放在庙门前。

每天傍晚，夕阳染红小半个天空，虎们成群地走到庙门口，吃了东西，跳跃而去。

庙门大开，僧人们安然在庙内做他们的日课，也没有谁出去看虎怎样吃东西，即使偶尔有一二和尚立在门前，虎们亦视为平常的事情，把他们看做熟人，不去惊动，却斯斯文文地吃完走开。

如果看不见僧人，虎就发出几声长啸，随着几阵风飞腾而去。

2．光绪二十六年，八国联军攻占北京。

慈禧太后弃城而走，一直逃到西安。

和谈开始后，她并未马上返回北京。

起初，外国列强的要求里面有一项是让慈禧太后退位，由光绪帝重新执掌朝廷。

不过，在与李鸿章多次会谈后，他们放弃了这一要求。

第二年正式签署和约，随后过了一个月慈禧才终于从西安动身。

她对外国人万分惧怕，正像她对国人无比傲慢一样。

她在河南停留了很长一段时间，到了保定又逗留多日，好不容易才回到北京。

据野史记载，在这漫长的旅途中还发生了一件趣事。

一位地方官员送给慈禧一只猴子，她颇为高兴，竟下旨给那只猴子穿黄马褂。

后来太监报告说，有的官员发出了“人不如猴”的感慨，慈禧这才发现自己的决定有些荒唐，于是又下旨给随行官员每人一件黄马褂。

得到这殊荣之后，大家真不知道该感谢慈禧还是感谢那只猴子。

3. 中国对香港的政策是“一国两制”，这个原则不仅对香港经济发展有利，而且和中国本身的利益也是一致的。

我们不想使香港政府在过渡时期无法正常行使其职能，恰恰相反，我们希望它能有效地管理香港的事务，中英联合声明和建造新机场的谅解备忘录就是最好的保证。

至于1997年以后的，全国人民大会已通过了《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》。

[实用参考]历年英语专业八级翻译

09年手机刷新了人与人之间的关系。

会议室的门口通常贴着一张通告：请与会者关闭手机。

可是会议室里的手机依然响成一片。

我们都是普通人，没有多少重要的事情。

尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。

打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。

手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。

最为常见的是，一个人在路上走着走着忽然停下来，眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信，他不在乎停在马路中间还是厕所旁边。

Cellphonehasalteredhumanrelatio ns.ThereisusuallPanoteonthedoor ofconferenceroo m,whichreads“tu rnoffP ourcellphones”.However,th eringsarestillresoundingintheroo m.Weareallcommonpeopleandha vefewurgenciestodo.Still,wearerel uctant/unwillingtoturnoffthephon e.CellphonesPmbolizesourconnec tionwiththeworldandreflectsour“t hirstforsocialization”.W earefamili arwiththescenewhenapersonstops hisstepstoeditshortmessageswith ePesgluedathisphone,disregardof hislocation,whetherintheroadcent erorbesidesarestroom.10年乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。

但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。

晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说，"有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。

我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。

高等院校英语专业八级样题(邹申版)翻译答案

高等院校英语专业八级样题（邹申版）翻译答案说明：目前专八的辅导书中，最具权威的当属邹申主编的《高校英语专业八级考试指南》，但这本书确未能提供翻译部分十几套题的答案，叫人为之扼腕。

没有参考译文对于自我练习提高有一定的障碍。

在此，提供翻译部分的参考答案，以补缺憾。

翻译无定论，参考答案，顾名思义就是仅供参考，希望读者能提供更好的译文版本，提供给大家。

(部分译文未在此提供，考虑到是历年真题中的内容，故不重复)高等院校英语专业八级考试样题Ⅰ（翻译部分，原书P. 43-44）Section A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English （原文）近读报纸，对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多，于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬，随笔记下来，似乎不无借鉴之处。

在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。

在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。

然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒喧几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。

只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。

二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。

法国人的名片讲究朴素大方，印制精美，但很少有镶金边儿的，闪光多色的或带香味儿的，名片上的字体纤细秀丽，本人的名字也不过分突出，整张纸片上空白很大，毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。

（参考译文）In reading recent newspapers, I have come to find that people in China have become more and more interested in discussing about name cards and invitation letters. This has triggered my reminiscences of the name cards and invitation letters of the French people that I saw when I was residing in Paris. In writing down those random reminiscences, I believe that they might provide some useful information for us to learn from.In Paris, all the wine parties and buffet receptions held on various occasions provide optimum opportunities to make friends with all varieties of people. When encountering a stranger on such an occasion, an Asian would invariably hand over his name card to the newly-met stranger with full reverence, with both of his hands, even before he starts to converse with the stranger. Such an act seems to have become an indispensable ritual (formality/ etiquette). By contrast, an average Frenchman seldom takes the initiative to (offers to / volunteers to) present his name card. Instead, he would simply walk away after an exchange of routine greetings or even some aimless (random/ casual) chat. Only when both sides become deeply engrossed (engaged / involved) in their conversation and have the intention to make further acquaintance with each other would they offer to give their name cards. It would seem somehow bizarre if a French person offers his name card without saying anything to the stranger in the first place.The French tend to take extraordinary precaution to make their name cards simple yet elegant. Exquisitely designed and printed, their name cards are seldom golden-framed, or colorfully shiny, or tinted with fragrant smells. The letters as appear on their name cards tend to be diminutive but beautiful, not allowing the name of the card-bearer to be overly prominent/ salient. The entire card contains much empty space, imparting no sense of over-crowdedness.Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese （原文）Four months before the Election Day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o'clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so, the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn. The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for acritical meeting. Their aim was to devise a strategy that would guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.It should have been easy. These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for topflight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John. F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America -a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government.（参考译文）在离选举日还有四个月的时间，有五个人聚集在里根－布什总部的一个小型会议室里，翻着看一张硕大无比的日历，日历上清晰地标识出了1984年总统竞选剩下的日子。

英语专八考试翻译真题及参考答案

英语专八考试翻译真题及参考答案英语专八考试翻译真题及参考答案英语专业八级考试，全称为全国高校英语专业八级考试。

自1991年起由中华人民共和国教育部实行，考察全国综合性大学英语专业学生。

2014专八阅读和翻译

2014年专八PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed be a total of 20 multi ple-choicequestions. Read the passages and then mark the best answer to ea ch question on ANSWERSHEER TWO.TEXT AMy class at Harvard Business School helps students understand what good m anagementtheory is and how it is built. In each session, we look at one comp any through the lenses ofdifferent theories, using them to explain how the co mpany got into its situation and to examinewhat action will yield the needed r esults. On the last day of class, I asked my class to turnthose theoretical lens es on themselves to find answers to two questions: First, How can I besure I’l l be happy in my career? Second, how can I be sure my relationships with my spouseand my family will become an enduring source of happiness? Here are some managementtools that can be used to help you lead a purposeful life.1. Use Your Resources Wisely. Your decisions about allocating your personal ti me, energy, andtalent shape your life’s strategy. I have a bunch of “business es” that compete for theseresources:I’m trying to have a rewarding relationsh ip with my wife, raise great kids, contribute to my community, succeed in my career, and contribute to my church. And Ihave exactly the same problem tha t a corporation does. I have a limited amount of time, energy and talent. How much do I devote to each of these pursuits?Allocation choices can make your life turn out to very different from what youi ntended.Sometimes that’s good: opportunities that you have never planned f or emerge. Butif you don’t invest your resources wisely, the outcome can be bad. As I think about people whoinadvertently invested in lives of hollow unha ppiness, I can’t help believing that their troublesrelated right back to a short-t erm perspective.When people with a high need for achievement have an extra half hour of tim e or an extraounce of energy, they’ll unconsciously allocate it to activities that yield the most tangibleaccomplishments. Our careers provide the most concr ete evidence that we’re movingforward.You ship a product, finish a design, co mplete a presentation, close a sale teach aclass, publish a paper, get paid, ge t promoted. In contrast, investing time and energy in yourrelationships with y our spouse and children typically doesn’t offer the same immediate senseof a chievement. Kids misbehave every day. It’s really not until 20 years down the road thatyou can say,“I raised a good son or a good daughter.” You can neglect your relationship w ithyour spouse and on a daily basis it doesn’t seem as if thing are deterioratin g. People who aredriven to excel have this unconscious propensity to underinvest in their families andoverinvest in their careers, even though intimate and loving family relationships are the mostpowerful and enduring source of happ iness.If you study the root causes of business disasters, over and over you’ll find th is predispositiontoward endeavors that offer immediate gratification. If you lo ok at personal lives throughthat lens,you’ll see that same stunning and soberi ng pattern: people allocating fewer andfewer resources to the things they wo uld have once said mattered most.2. Create A Family Culture. It’s one thing to see into the foggy future with a a cuity and chartthe course corrections a company must make. But it’s quite an other to persuade employees toline up and work cooperatively to take the co mpany in that new direction.When there is little agreement, you have to use “power tools”– coercion, threats, punishments and so on, to secure cooperation. But if emp loyee’s ways of working togethersucceed over and over, consensus begins to f orm. Ultimately, people don ‘t even think aboutwhether their way yields succe ss. They embrace priorities and follow procedures by instinctand assumption r ather than by explicit decision, which means that they’ve created aculture. Cu lture, in compelling but unspoken ways, dictates the proven, acceptable meth odsby which member s of a group address recurrent problems. And culture de fines the prioritygiven to different types of problems. It can be a powerful ma nagement tool.I use this model to address the question, How can I be my family becomes an enduringsource of happiness? My students quickly see that the simplest way parents can elicitcooperation from children is to wield power tools. But there c omes a point during the teenyears when power tools no longer work. At that point, parents start wishing they had begunworking with their children at a ve ry young age to build a culture in which children instinctivelybehave respectfu lly toward one another, obey their parents, and choose the right thing to do. Families have cultures, just as companies do. Those cultures can be built cons ciously.If you want your kids to have strong self-esteem and the confidence that they can solve hardproblems, those qualities won’t magically materialize in high sc hool. You have to design theminto your family’s culture and you have think a bout this very early on. Like employees, childrenbuild self-esteem by doing th ings that are hard and learning what works.11. According to the author, the key to successful allocation of resources in y our life dependson whether you ________.A. can manage your time wellB. have long-term planningC. are lucky enough to have new opportunitiesD. can solve both company and family problems12. What is the role of the statement “Our careers provide the most concrete evidence thatwe’re moving forward” with reference to the previous statement in the paragraph?A. To offer further explanationB. To provide a definitionC. To present a contrastD. To illustrate career development13. According to the author, a common cause of failure in business and family relationships is________.A. lack of planningB. short-sightednessC. shortage of resourcesD. decision by instinct14. According to the author, when does culture begin to emerge ________.A. When people decide what and how to do by instinctB. When people realize the importance of consensusC. When people as a group decide how to succeedD. When people use “power tools” to reach agreement15. One of the similarities between company culture and family culture is that ________.A. problem-solving ability is essentialB. cooperation is the foundationC. respect and obedience are key elementsD. culture needs to be nurturedText BIt was nearly bedtime and when they awoke next morning land would be in si ght. Dr. Macphaillit his pipe and, leaning over the rail, searched the heavens f or the Southern Cross. After twoyears at the front and a wound that had take n longer to heal than it should, he was glad tosettle down quietly at Apia (阿皮亚，西萨摩亚首都) for twelve months at least, and he feltalready better for the journey. Since some of the passengers were leaving the ship next daythey ha d had a little dance that evening and in his ears hammered still the harsh not es of themechanical piano. But the deck was quiet at last. A little way off he s aw his wife in a longchair talking with the Davidsons, and he strolled over toher. When he sat down under the lightand took off his hat you saw that he ha d very red hair, with a bald patch on the crown, and thered, freckled skin whi ch accompanies red hair; he was a man of forty, thin, with a pinched face, pr ecise and rather pedantic; and he spoke with a Scots accent in a very low, qui et voice.Between the Macphails and the Davidsons, who were missionaries, there had arisen theintimacy of shipboard, which is due to proximity rather than to any community of taste. Their chief tie was the disapproval they shared of the me n who spent their days and nights inthe smoking-room playing poker or bridg e and drinking. Mrs. Macphail was not a little flatteredto think that she and he r husband were the only people on board with whom the Davidsonswere willin g to associate,and even the doctor, shy but no fool, half unconsciouslyacknow ledged the compliment. It was because he was of an argumentative mind that intheir cabin at night he permitted himself to carp (唠叨).‘Mrs. Davidson was saying she didn’t know how they’d have got through the j ourney if it hadn’tbeen for us,’ said Mrs. Macphail, as she neatly brushed out her transformation (假发).‘Shesaid we were really the only people on the ship they cared to know.’‘I shouldn’t have thought a missionary was such a big bug (要人、名士) that he could afford toput on frills (摆架子).’‘It’s not frills. I quite understand what she means. It wouldn’t have been very nice for theDavidsons to have to mix with all that rough lot in the smoking-ro om.’‘The founder of their religion wasn’t so exclusive,’ said Dr. Macphail with a ch uckle.‘I’ve asked you over and over again not to joke about religion,’ answered his wife.‘I shouldn’tlike to have a nature like yours, Alec. You never look for the best i n people.’He gave her a sidelong glance with his pale, blue eyes, but did not reply. Afte r many years ofmarried life he had learned that it was more conducive to pea ce to leave his wife with the lastword.He was undressed before she was, and climbing into the upper bunk he settled down toread himself to sleep.When he came on deck next morning they were close to land. He looked at it with greedyeyes.There was a thin strip of silver beach rising quickly to hills co vered to the top withluxuriant vegetation. The coconut trees, thick and green,came nearly to the water’s edge, andamong them you saw the grass houses of the Samoaris (萨摩亚人); and here and there, gleaming white, alittle church. Mrs. Davidson came and stood beside him. She was dressed inbl ack, and wore round her neck a gold chain, from which dangled a cross. She was a littlewoman, with brown, dull hair very elaborately arranged, and she h ad prominent blue eyesbehind invisible pince-nez (夹鼻眼镜). Her face waslong, like a sheep’s, but she gave noimpression of foolishness, rather of extre me alertness; she had the quick movements of abird. The most remarkable th ing about her was her voice, high, metallic, and withoutinflection; it fell on th e ear with a hard monotony, irritating to the nerves like the pitilessclamor of t he pneumatic drill.‘This must seem like home to you,’ said Dr. Macphail, with his thin, difficult s mile.‘Ours are low islands, you know, not like these. Coral. These are volcanic. We’ve got anotherten days' journey to reach them.’‘In these parts that’s almost like being in the next street at home,’ said Dr. M acphailfacetiously.‘Well, that’s rather an exaggerated way of putting it, but one does look at dist ances differentlyin the J South Seas. So far you’re right.’Dr. Macphail sighed faintly.16. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that Dr. Macphail ________.A. preferred quietness to noiseB. enjoyed the sound of the mechanical pianoC. was going back to his hometownD. wanted to befriend the Davidsons17. The Macphails and the Davidsons were in each other’e company because t hey ________.A. had similar experienceB. liked each otherC. shared dislike for some passengersD. had similar religious belief18. Which of the following statements BEST describes Mrs. Macphail?A. She was good at making friendsB. She was prone to quarrelling with her husbandC. She was skillful in dealing with strangersD. She was easy to get along with.19. All the following adjectives can be used to depict Mrs. Davidson EXCEPT _ _______.A. arrogantB. unapproachableC. unpleasantD. irritable20. Which of the following statements about Dr. Macphail is INCORRECT?A. He was sociable.B. He was intelligent.C. He was afraid of his wife.D. He was fun of the Davidsons.Text CToday we make room for a remarkably narrow range of personality styles. We 're told that tobe great is to be bold, to be happy is to be sociable. We see ou rselves as a nation of extroverts— which means that we've lost sight of who we really are. One-third to one-half of Americansare introverts — in the other words, one out of every two or three people you know. If you'renot an introv ert yourself, you are surely raising,managing, married to, or coupled with one .If these statistics surprise you, that's probably because so many people prete nd to beextroverts.Closet introverts pass undetected on playgrounds, in high school locker rooms, andin the corridors of corporate America. Some fool eve n themselves, until some life event — alayoff, an empty nest, an inheritance t hat frees them to spend time as they like — jolts theminto taking stock of thei r true natures. You have only to raise this subject with your friends andacquai ntances to find that the most unlikely people consider themselves introverts. It makes sense that so many introverts hide even from themselves. We live w ith a valuesystem that I call the Extrovert Ideal— the omnipresent belief that the ideal self is gregarious, alpha, and comfortable in the spotlight. The arche typal extrovert prefers action tocontemplation, risk-taking to heed-taking, cer tainty to doubt. He favors quick decisions, even at the risk of being wrong. Sh e works well in teams and socializes in groups. We like tothink that we value i ndividuality, but all too often we admire one type of individual — the kindwho' s comfortable "putting himself out there." Sure, we allow technologically gifte d loners wholaunch companies in garages to have any personality they please , but they are the exceptions, not the rule, and our tolerance extends mainly t o those who get fabulously wealthy or hold thepromise of doing so.Introversion — along with its cousin’s sensitivity, seriousness, and shyness —is now asecond-class personality trait, somewhere between a disappointment and a pathology. Introverts living under the Extrovert Ideal are like women in a man's world, discounted becauseof a trait that goes to the core of who they are. Extroversion is an enormously appealingpersonality style, but we've turn ed it into an oppressive standard to which most of us feel wemust conform.The Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many studies, though this resear ch has neverbeen grouped under a single name. Talkative people, for exampl e, are rated as smarter, better-looking,more interesting, and more desirable a s friends. Velocity of speech counts as well asvolume: we rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow ones. Even the wordintrovert is stigma tized — one informal study, by psychologist Laurie Helgoe, found thatintrovert s described their own physical appearance in vivid language, but when asked todescribe generic introverts they drew a bland and distasteful picture.But we make a grave mistake to embrace the Extrovert Ideal so unthinkingly. Some of ourgreatest ideas, art, and inventions — from the theory of evolutio n to van Gogh's sunflowers tothe personal computer — came from quiet and c erebral people who knew how to tune in totheir inner worlds and the treasure s to be found there.21. According to the author, there exists, as far as personality styles are conc erned, adiscrepancy between ________.A. what people say they can do and what they actually canB. what society values and what people pretend to beC. what people profess and what statistics showD. what people profess and what they hide from others22. The ideal extrovert is described as being all the following EXCEPT ______ __.A. doubtfulB. sociableC. determinedD. bold23. According to the author, our society only permits ________ to have what ever personalitythey like.A. the youngB. the ordinaryC. the artisticD. the rich24. According to the passage, which of the following statements BEST reflects the author’sopinion?A. Introversion is seen as an inferior trait because of its association with sensi tivity.B. Extroversion is arbitrary forced by society as a norm upon people.C. Introverts are generally regarded as either unsuccessful or as deficient.D. Extroversion and introversion have similar personality trait profiles.25. The author winds up the passage with a ________ note.A. cautiousB. warningC. positiveD. humorousText DSpeaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasinglyglobalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages ofbilingualism are even more fundamental than bei ng able to converse with a wider range ofpeople.Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect onyour brain,improving cog nitive skills not related to language and even shielding againstdementia （痴呆） in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bili ngualism throughmuch of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and polic y makers long considered a secondlanguage to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic andintellectual development. They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’sbrain both language systems are active even when he is using onl y one language, thus creatingsituations in which one system obstructs the oth er. But this interference, researchers arefinding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolveinternal conflict,giving t he mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilin gualexperience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a comman d system thatdirects the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performingvarious other mentally demanding tasks. These pro cesses include ignoring distractions to stayfocused, switching attention willfull y from one thing to another and holding information inmind ? like rememberi ng a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems im prove theseaspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the biling ual advantage stemmedprimarily from ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing onelanguage system: this suppression, it was tho ught, would help train the bilingual mind toignore distractions in other context s. But that explanation increasingly appears to beinadequate, since studies ha ve shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals evenat tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series ofn umbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightenedability to monitor the environment.“Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often? Youmay talk to your father i n one language and to your mother in another language,” says AlbertCosta, a researcher at the University of Pompeu Fabra in Spain.“It requires keeping track ofchanges around you in the same way that we mo nitor our surroundings when driving.” In astudy comparing German-Italian bili nguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his collea gues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but theyalso did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicatin g that theywere more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old ag e, and there isreason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a se cond language later in life.26. According to the passage, the more recent and old views of bilingualism d iffer mainly in________.A. its practical advantagesB. its role in cognitionC. perceived language fluencyD. its role in medicine27. The fact that interference is now seen as a blessing in disguise means tha t ________.A. it has led to unexpectedly favorable resultsB. its potential benefits have remained undiscoveredC. its effects on cognitive development have been minimalD. only a few researchers have realized its advantages28. What is the role of Paragraph Four in relation to Paragraph Three?A. It provides counter evidence to Paragraph Three.B. It offers another example of the role of interference.C. It serves as a transitional paragraph in the passage.D. It further illustrates the point in Paragraph Three.29. Which of the following can account for better performance of bilinguals in doing non-inhibition tasks?A. An ability to monitor surroundings.B. An ability to ignore distractions.C. An ability to perform with less effort.D. An ability to exercise suppression.30. What is the main theme of the passage?A. Features of bilinguals and monolinguals.B. Interference and suppression.C. Bilinguals and monitoring tasks.D. Reasons why bilinguals are smarter.PART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHTranslate the underlined part of the following text into English. Write your tra nslation onANSWER SHEET THREE.当我在小学毕了业的时候，亲友一致的愿意我去学手艺，好帮助母亲。

专八历年翻译答案

专八翻译第一部分汉译英1.2000年试题中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。

与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。

它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。

世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。

第二代博物馆属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。

这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。

世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。

在这里，观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。

这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。

中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆。

它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。

The first generation museums of sciences are those devoted to natural history, which show through fossils and specimens the evolutionary changes of the earth and organisms. Those of the second generation are museums of industrial technology exhibiting achievements made in various periods of the industrial age. These two types of museums, while functioning as disseminators of scientific knowledge, treat their visitors as mere viewers.Science museums of the third generation are entirely different from their predecessors. They stress visitor participation, encouraging those interested to make detailed study of the exhibits on their own by trying their hands on them. The experience so gained will enable them to understand advanced technologies better and help them in their quest for what is still unknown in science（陶文好李孚声，《2000年英语专业八级汉译英词汇误译心理认知分析》，《上海科技翻译》，2001年第1期第36-41页）2.2001年试题乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。

1995—2005年英语专八翻译真题及答案

因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。

但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。

有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。

这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。

史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。

也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。

参考译文：However, subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we judge a novel of its depth as well as (of ) its artistic appeal and ideological content (or: as to whether a novel digs deepor not or whether it excels in artistic appeal and ideological content). Some people compare Austen’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the more tasty (the tastier) they become. This comparison is based not only on (This is not only because of ) her expressive language and her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also on (because of ) thefact that what hides behind her light and lively narrative is something implicit and opaque (not so explicit and transparent). Mrs. Smith once observed, women writers often sought (made attempts)to rectify the existing value concepts (orders) by changing people’s opinions on what is “important” and what is not.E-C原文I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacksof street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I amrated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring valuesmore central to the good life?For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards an d gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self?I don’t want to idealize life in smal l places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in smallplaces that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot bebanished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions ofone-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.参考译文：对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。

历年专业八级翻译真题及答案

Key to (2): E-C 【1996】－1
? 这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰·F·肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。
? 法国人的名片讲究朴素大方，印制精美，但很少有镶金边儿的，闪光多色的或带香味儿的，名片上的字体纤细秀丽，本人的名字也不过分突出，整张纸片上空白很大，毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。
Key to (1): C-E 【1996】
? In reading recent newspapers, I have come to find that people in China have become more and more interested in discussing about name cards and invitation letters. This has triggered my reminiscences of the name cards and invitation letters of the French people that I saw when I was residing in Paris. In writing down those random reminiscences, I believe that they might provide some useful information for us to learn from.