研究生科技英语阅读课后习题close原文

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研究生科技英语阅读课后习题close原文

第1章Is GM Food Safe To Eat ?Traditional plant breeding involves crossing varietiesof the same species in w ays they could crossnaturally. For example, disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties. This type of natural gene exchan ge is safe and fairly predictable.Genetic engineering ( GE) involves exchanging genes between unrelated spe cies that cannotnaturally exchange genes with each other. GE can involve the exchange of genes betweenvastly different species —e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into t omatoes. It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene, even when it is in maize DNA1, will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin —but what other effects may ithave in this alien environment? We are alread y seeing this problem —adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow — but it also gives them arthritis andmakes them cross-eyed, which was entirely unpredictable.It will be obvious, for example, that the gene for human intelligence will n ot have the sameeffect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA — but what side-effect would ithave? In other words, is GM food2 safe to ? The answer is th at nobody knows becauselong-term tests have not been carried out.Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatorybodies with results of their own safety tests. Monsanto’s3 s oya beans were apparently fed tofish for 10 weeks before being approved. Th ere was no requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing, for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to childre n or allergic4 people.The current position of the UK Government is that"There is no evidence of l ong-term dangersfrom GM foods."In the US, the American Food and Drug Adminis tration5 is currently beingprosecuted for covering up research that suggeste d possible risks from GM foods.第二章A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.Researchers - funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) - at the University of Edinburgh say the results explain why some holidaymakers find it so hard to achieve an even tan all over their body.The findings, published in the journal Experimental Dermatology, show that the buttock is much more resistant to sunshine but surprisingly when it does go red it tans less well than other areas.It was also found that people with no freckles tanned more easily than those without freckling.The study represents the first time that the depth of a person's tan, and not just skin redness, has been quantified.Scientists carried out the study to try and solve the puzzle of why different types of skin cancer tend to be found indifferent parts of the body, given that they are all caused by exposure to sunshine.The team aimed to identify whether this is linked to variations in the way different parts of the body develop a tan.The team analysed the skin of 100 volunteers, who were exposed to six dose of UVB on two areas of their body their back and their buttock.The volunteers were given an injection to minimise the rush of blood that naturally occurs after the skin is exposed to sunlight within the first 24 hours. Researchers say this redness is often confused with the start of tanning, but in fact is the skin's signal that it has been damaged.After seven days, the volunteers' skin was analysed to find what colour remained after the redness had died down.This colour recognised as a suntan comes from the skin's production of melanin, a defence that blocks the skin absorbing too much harmful UVB radiation.Jonathan Rees, Professor of Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh, who led the study said: "One A consistentall-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.第三章New findings from the Monell Center reveal that weight gain of formula-fed infants is influenced by the type of formula the infant is consuming. The findings have implications related to the infant's risk for the development of obesity, diabetes and other diseases later in life. "Events early in life have long-term consequences on health and one of the most significant influences is early growth rate," said study lead author Julie Mennella, Ph.D., a developmental psychobiologist at Monell. "We already know that formula-fed babies gain more weight than breast-fed babies. But we didn't know whether this was true for all types of formula."While most infant formulas are cow's milk-based, other choices include soy-based and protein hydrolysate（水解物）-based formulas. Protein hydrolysate formulas containpre-digested proteins and typically are fed to infantswho cannot tolerate the intact（完整的，原封不动的）proteins in other formulas.In adults, pre-digested proteins are believed to act in the intestine（肠）to initiate（创始，发起）the end of a meal, thus leading to smaller meals and intake of fewer calories. Based on this, the authors hypothesize that infants who were feeding protein hydrolysate formulas would eat less and have an altered growth pattern relative to infants feeding cow's milk-based formula.In the study, published online in the journal Pediatrics, infants whose parents had already decided to bottle-feed were randomly assigned at two weeks of age to feed either a cow's milk-based formula (35 infants) or a protein hydrolysate formula (24 infants) for seven monthes . Both formulas contained the same amount of calories, but the hydrolysate formula had more protein, including greater amounts of small peptides（多肽类，缩氨酸）and free amino acids.Infants were weighed once each month in the laboratory , where they also were videotapedconsuming a meal of the assigned formula. The meal continued until the infant signaled that s/he was full. Over the seven months of the study, the protein hydrolysate infants gained weight at a slower rate than infants fed cow milk formula. Linear growth, or length, did not differ between the two groups, demonstrating that the differences in growth were specifically attributable to weight."All formulas are not alike," said Mennella. "These two formulas have the same amount of calories, but differ considerably in terms of how they influence infant growth."When the data were compared to national norms for breast-fed infants, the rate of weight gain of protein hydrolysate infants was comparable to the breast milk standards; in contrast, infants fed cow's milk formula gained weight at a greater rate than the same breast milk standards.Analysis of the laboratory meal reveals the infants fed the protein hydrolysate formula consumed less formula during the meal."One of the reasons the protein hydrolysate infants had similar growth patterns to breast-fed infants, who are the gold standard, is that they consumed less formula during a feed as compared to infants fed cow's milk formula" said Mennella. "The next question to ask is: Why do infants on cow's milk formula overfed ?"The findings highlight the need to understand the long-term influences of infant formula composition on feeding behavior, growth, and metabolic health. Future studies will utilize measures of energy metabolism and expenditure（支出，花费）to examine how the individual formulas influence growth, and how each differs from breastfeeding.第四章NASA is planning a one-way mission to Mars in a programme called ‘Hundred Years Starship’ in which, a manned spacecraft will take astronauts to Mars and leave them there forever.NASA Ames Director Pete Worden revealed that one of NASA’s main research centres, Ames Research Centre, has received 1 million dollars funding to start work on the project.Washington State University researchers had said that while technically feasible, a manned mission to Mars and back is unlikely to lift off anytime soon and so, a mannedone-way mission to Mars would not only cut the costs by several fold, but also mark the beginning of long-term human colonization of the planet.Mars is by far the most promising for sustained colonization and development because it is similar in many respects to Earth and, crucially, possesses a moderate surface gravity, an atmosphere, abundant water and carbon dioxide, together with a range of essential minerals.“One approach could be to send four astronauts initially, two on each of two space craft, each with a lander and sufficient supplies, to stake a single outpost on Mars. A one-way human mission to Mars would be the first step in establishing a permanent human presence on the planet,” said Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a Washington State University associate professor.Colleague Paul Davies, a physicist and cosmologist from Arizona State University, added that they aren’t suggesting that astronauts simply be abandoned on the Red Planet for the sake of science; in fact they propose aseries of missions over time, sufficient to support long-term colonization.The authors proposed that the astronauts would be re-supplied on a periodic basis from Earth with basic necessities, but otherwise would be expected to become increasingly proficient at harvesting and utilizing resources available on Mars.Eventually they envision that outpost would reach self-sufficiency, and then it could serve as a hub for a greatly expanded colonization programme.First, an appropriate site for the colony would be selected, preferentially associated with a cave or some other natural shelter, as well as other nearby resources, such as water, minerals and nutrients.“Ice caves would go a long way to solving the needs of a settlement for water and oxygen. Mars has no ozone shield and no magnetospheric shielding, and ice caves would also provide shelter from ionizing and ultraviolet radiation,” said Schulze-Makuch.The added that in addition to offering humanity a “lifeboat” in the event of a mega-catastrophe on Earth, a Mars colony would provide a platform for further scientific research.Schulze-Makuch and Davies acknowledge that such a project would require not only major international cooperation, but a return to the exploration spirit andrisk-taking ethos of the great period of the Earth’s exploration.“Informal surveys conducted after lectures and conference presentations on our proposal have repeatedly shown that many people are willing to volunteer for a one-way mission, both for reasons of scientific curiosity and in a spirit of adventure and human destiny,” they wrote第五章The latest comScore data reveals that during February 2010, 43 million videos were watched on Facebook – which is a 205 percent increase on the year. Last February only 14 million videos were watched via the site.Overall online video viewing in the UK has grown by 37 percent during the last 12 months – with 5.5 billion videos watched via websites during February 2010.Google properties, mainly driven by YouTube, were still the most popular online video destinations, recording1 2.5 billion video views during February 2010, which marked a 17 percent annual increase.The BBC websites ranked second with 140 million videos viewed across its web properties during February 2010, and was followed by Megavideo, which recorded 53 million video views - during the same month.Facebook came fourth in the list, closely followed by Microsoft’s collective web properties. Channel 4 came in sixth position with 39 million videos watched during February 2010 – which was a 76 percent increase on the year. And ITV came in eighth position recording 29 million video views – which was a 134% increase on the year. Blinkx, the popular video search engine experienced the second largest growth spurt2（急剧增长） , behind Facebook, increasing its video views by 205 per cent over the year. During February 2010, 29 million videos were viewed via the site.Sky came in 10th position, experiencing a 139 percent increase in video views, with 20 million videos watched via its sites during February 2010.The UK video market has grown substantially over the last year, with several aggregators（整合器，聚合器） entering the market, as well as the UK broadcasters increasing their own video presence. Channel 4, for instance, is concentrating on developing its own catch up service, 4oD, while signing syndication（辛迪加组织） deals with the likes of YouTube, and new players, likeSeeSaw3.第六章Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it inyour pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased. Apple, for example, doesn’t want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research InMotion, BlackBerry’s manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters.If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls—Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿) minutes annually—earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers.Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled.Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average marks an increase in brain cancer in the 20-to 29 age group and a drop for the older population.“Most cancers have multiple causes,” she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests low-energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer.Children are more vulnerable to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children,” she says. Henrry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains. Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone’s speaker. “Children should text rather than call,” she said, “and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen(腹部). ”第7章The complex fracture pattern created by the earthquake in Concepción (Chile) on 27 February 2010 was to a certain extent predictable（可预言的） . GPS observations from the years before the earthquake showed the pattern of stresses that had accumulated（累积的） through the plate movements during the past 175 years in this area. The stress distribution derived from theobservations correlates（关联） highly with thesubsequent fracture distribution. In all likelihoodthe tremor removed all the stress that had accumulated since the last earthquake in this region, which was observed by Charles Darwin in 1835. An earthquake of similar magnitude in this area is therefore unlikely in the near future. This result was presented by scientists of the GFZ German Centre for Geosciences (Helmholtz Association) in the latest edition of the scientific journal Nature (09 September 2010). "The Maule earthquake near Concepción, Chile, on the 27 Februar registered witha momentum3（势头，动量） magnitude of 8.8, makes it one of the largest earthquakes to have been recorded in its entirety via a modern network of space-geodetic and geophysical instruments on the ground," says Professor Onno Oncken, head of the Department "Geodynamics" at GFZ. "It thus offers a unique opportunity tocompare detailed4observations prior to the earthquake with those taken during and after it, and to re-evaluate hypotheses regarding the predictability of such events." Measurements using the satellite navigation system GPS showed that the seafloor of the Nazca plate in the Pacific Ocean does not slide evenly under the western boundaryof the South American continent. Rather, it appears from the GPS measurements that some parts of the ocean floor got locked with the subsurface（地下的） of the continent. In the gaps, however, the Nazca plate continued to push under South America. The resulting uneven5 stress pattern was released by the earthquake of the 27 February in such a way that, just like a zipper6, the locked patches were ruptured7（破裂的） one after the other. As a result, this seismic8gap（地震空白区） off the Chilean westcoast is now closed, one last gap remains9 in northern Chile. Here, the GFZ scientists set up a plate boundary observatory10,in order to make use of the entire range of geoscientific instruments to record the conditions before, during and after an earthquake- an important step in understanding the processes of plate tectonics（地质构造学）.Modern Earth science may still not be able to predict the location, time and magnitude of an earthquake. But the present study offers an optimistic perspective concerning the predictability of possible fracture patterns and magnitudes of expected earthquakes.第八章UC Irvine researchers have discovered that circadian rhythms — the internal body clock — regulate fat metabolism. This helps explain why people burn fat more efficiently at certain times of day and could lead to new pharmaceuticals for obesity, diabetes and energy-related illnesses.The study was headed by Paolo Sassone-Corsi, Donald Bren Professor and chair of pharmacology. A leading expert on circadian rhythms, he discovered many of the key molecular switches governing these biological processes. He and his colleagues found that one of these, a protein called PER2, directly controls PPAR-gamma, a protein essential for lipid metabolism. Since circadian proteins are activated by 24-hour, light-dark patterns, PER2 turns on and off PPAR-gamma’s metabolic capabilities at regular intervals.“What surprised us most, though, is that PER2 targets one specific amino acid on the surface of the PPAR-gamma molecule,” Sassone-Corsi said. “This kind of specificity is very rare in cell biology, which makes it exciting, because it presents us with a singular target for drug development.”Daniele Piomelli, Louise Turner Arnold Chair in Neurosciences at UCI, and Todd Leff, associate professor of pathology at Wayne State University in Detroit, collaborated on the study, which appears this monthin Cell Metabolism.Twenty-four-hour circadian rhythms regulate fundamental biological and physiological processes in almost all organisms. They anticipate environmental changes and adapt certain bodily functions to the appropriate time of day. Disruption of these cycles can profoundly influence human health and has been linked to obesity, diabetes, insomnia, depression, heart disease and cancer.Last year, Sassone-Corsi helped discover that proteins involved with circadian rhythms and metabolism are intrinsically linked and dependent upon each other to ensure that cells operate properly and remain healthy. Rajesh H. Amin and James G. Granneman of Wayne State University and UCI’s Benedetto Grimaldi, Marina Maria Bellet, Sayako Katada, Giuseppe Astarita and Jun Hirayama contributed to the current study, supported by the National Institutes of Health.9单元A UFOA UFO is the reported sighting of an object or light seen in the sky or on land,whose appearance,trajectory(轨迹), actions,motions,lights,and colors do not have a logical,conventional,or natural explanation,and which cannot be explained,not only by the original witness,but by scientists or technical experts who try to make acommon sense identification after examining the evidence.UFOs (sometimes called flying saucers) became widely discussed only after the first widely publicized U.S.sighting in 1947.Many thousands of such observations have since been reported worldwide.At least 90 percent of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects,although time-consuming investigations are often necessary for such identification.The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars,aircraft,birds,balloons,kites,aerial flares,peculiar clouds,meteors,and satellites.The remaining sightings most likely can be attributed to other mistaken sightings or to inaccurate reporting,hoaxes(恶作剧),or delusions,although to disprove all claims made about UFOs is impossible.From 1947 to 1969 the U.S.Air Force investigated UFOs as a possible threat to national security.A total of 12,618 reports was received,of which 701 reports,or 5.6 percent,were listed as unexplained.The air force concluded that “no UFO reported,investigated,and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to ournational security.” Since 1969 no agency of the ernment has had any active program of UFO investigation.In 1997 the U.S.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) admitted that the itary had deceived the American public in an effort to hide information about high-altitude spy planes.These planes,the Lockheed U-2A(美国头号军火商洛克西德-马丁公司(Lockheed Martin)生产的侦察机) and the Lockheed SR-71,accounted for over half of the UFO reports during the late 1950s and 1960s.Some persons nevertheless believe that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft,even though no scientifically valid evidence supports that belief.The possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations is not the stumbling block; most scientists grant that intelligent life may well exist elsewhere in the universe.A fully convincing UFO photograph of a craftlike object has yet to be taken,however,and the scientific method(科学方法论) requires that highly speculative explanations should not be adopted unless all of the more ordinary explanations can be ruled out.UFO enthusiasts persist,however,and some persons even claim to have been abducted and taken aboard UFOs.No one has produced scientifically acceptable proof of these claims.10单元dreamsScientists think it will be possible to record people's dreams and then interpret them, according to a new report.They claim to have developed a system which allows them to record higher level brain activity.Dr Moran Cerf told the journal Nature: "We would like to read people's dreams."Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.Dr Cerf hopes to eventually compare people's memories of their dreams with an electronic visualisation of their brain activity.He told the BBC: "There's no clear answer as to why humans dream. And one of the questions we would like to answer is when do we actually create this dream?"The scientist believes his latest research shows that certain neurons or individual brain cells are linked with specific objects or concepts.He found that a particular neuron lit up when a volunteer thought about Marilyn Monroe.If a database was built up identifying various neurons with concepts, objects and people it would allow them to "read the subject's minds", according to Dr Cerf.However, Dr Roderick Oner, a clinical psychologist and dream expert, said that this kind of visualisation would be of limited help when it came to interpreting the "complex dream narrative".In addition to get a detailed picture of individual neurons su bjects had to have electrodes implanted deep in the brain u sing surgery.The Nature researchers used data from patients who had el ectrodes implanted to monitor and treat them for brain seizu res.However, Dr Cerf said he hoped that it would be possible at a later stage to monitor people without invasive surgery.He said it would be "wonderful" to be able to read the minds of coma patients who are unable to communicate.。

当代研究生英语课后close 和课后部分翻译

第一单元There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some be more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he brought up. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the lever of intelligence of which he is capable. The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be demonstrate by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Johen. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolate community with poor educational opportunity. John, however, was educated in home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, When they were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.第二单元Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in someinteresting discoveries. Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.Scientists have discovered that brain can make its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity. Some may change or improve, for example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and good memory.Chemicals found in the brain carry message. In recent years scientists have found that chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind. About 25 have been found so far.Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behavior is creating much interest. Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness. They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain. They hold the secret to mood and emotion. Someday there may be a chemical way to create a better and more efficient brain.第三单元By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material in various representative tissue samples from infected people ,and extrapolating from these samples to the entire body ,Hasse estimates that at most 1 in 2500 cells, maybe fewer ,is infected with HIV. This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to amount for the depletion in theirnumbers that leads to AIDS.Hasse says that his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 cells are becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. In common with a number of other researchers , he also believe that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 cells by triggering abnormally high levers of cell suicide, or apoptosis—a separate process that has been a subject of research throughout the 1990s.Taken together , these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activation , and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells , by stopping the production of new cells ,by triggering abnormally high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but significant number of new cells directly . Their combined impact leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cope with opportunistic infections.How will any of this affect treatment? Would better knowledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the immune system enable researchers to rebuild it, broadening the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells? Roederer, at least, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune system will be need.Others go further Jay Levy at the university of California ,San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment with cocktails of antiviraldrugs might even the immune system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV so low in the body that they fail to triggering any immune responses at all. This might make individuals who stop taking drugs even more vulnerable. He argues that immune—restoring treatments should be given alongside antiviral drugs. Already, some researchers are working on novel approaches such as developing genetically engineered T cells to replace lost CD4 cells.第四单元What is Globalization?Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometime also refers to the movement of people and knowledge across international borders. There are also broader culture, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here.At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has come into common usage since the1980s, reflecting technological advances that make it easier and quicker to complete international transactions—both trade and financial lows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity—villagemarkets, urban industries, or financial centers.Markets promote efficiency though competition and the division of labor—the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best. Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets. But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international community as they do so.第五单元Spinal CordsAgricultural and public-health experts in Britain find many other serious flaws in the government’s handling of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited 18 months after discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a “notifiable” disease, requiring that all cases be reported to the authorities. They waited nearly three years to forbid use of cattle brains and spinal cords in food for humans. The government offered to compensate farmers for any suspected BES cases they destroyed –but at far less than the animal’s normal value, a rate that discouraged farmers from reporting the disease in their herds, according to critics. ”It could allhave been over in a month,” says Milstone. “It might have cost a few million pounds. But that’s a fraction of what it’s going to cost now.”Currie argues that the government likewise fumbled when it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-cow disease. ”If you are going to announce a health scare,” she says, “you have to announce at the same time what you are going to about it. ” The government has yet to announce any preventive measures beyond a few tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalian meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too well how easy it is to start a public health panic; she left her post as health minister after helping touch off a scare in the winter of 1988-89 over the safety of British eggs and other farm products.第六单元Almost every American wears a watch, and, in nearly every room in an American home, there’s a clock. “Be on time.” “Don’t waste time.” “Time waits for no one.” All of these familiar sayings reflect the American obsession with promptness and efficiency. Students and employees disappoint their teacher and bosses when they arrive late. This desire to get the most out of every minute often affects behavior, making Americans impatient when they have to wait. The pressure to make every moment count sometimes makes it difficult for Americans to relax and do nothing. The desire to save time and handle work efficientlyoften leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. These range from household appliances to equipment for the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines, and computers. One such machine is the video cassette recorder, which gives Americans a new kind of control over time. Baseball fans don’t have to miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV because of a family birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then, for them, the Sunday afternoon game occurs on Sunday evening.第七单元Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade regulations have serious implications for third world economies. Agricultural research has developed much faster on plants than animals. And there is insufficient reason to expect that if species patents on plants are upheld, the practices of granting such patents will be restricted to them. It seems from developments so far that the blitzkrieg is inching its way to higher life forms.Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-based technology are implemented through four different forms of intellectual property : utility plants, plant patents, plant variety protection certificates and trade secrets. Since patenting provides a broader range of protection and costs less, this has potential to be preferred means of protection plant-based inventions by private companies in the US. New utility patents form more aggressive property rights than ever existed inbiological material before.Utility patents can establish property rights in board classes of organisms in radically different species as long as the organisms have the same traits and functional properties. The Harvard oncomouse patent is actually an onco mammal patent. Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinant canner causing gene, inserted into any mammal or its ancestors at an embryonic stage. This allows biotechnicians to patent organisms they have never actually produced.Broadly worded patent rights, or the taking out of a larger number of patents effectively suppress competition through the threat of infringement suits. On a global scale this allows patents holders to exert control on the production of a variety of agricultural commodities leading to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormity of this possibility has led to “biocolonial” concerns in the developing world.Utility patents also prohibit farmers from the common practice of saving and using seeds from previous crops or from breeding animals, as well as restricting research exemptions. This could create a barriers to further innovation. Most nations have in place a research exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyright law.第八单元Shyness is the cause of unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessivelyconcerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their mind: What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I wearing unattractive clothes?It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person’s self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people’s reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives.Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing “the right thing”. Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority.They also find it difficult to be pleased by complements because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: “You’re just saying that make me feel good. I know it’s not true.” It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lake of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weakness aswell as strengths. For example, most people would like to be “A” students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People’s expectations of themselves must be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy.Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let’s not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.课后翻译Unit21. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congo′s dense and sparsely populated jungles but ,once it did ,it marched with rebel armies through the continentˊs numerous warzones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next ,and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s.译：几年之后此病毒从刚果荒蛮浓密的丛林中爆发出来。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读a答案完整版精选全文

第一单元：CLOZE：BDCAB ADABB DBDAA CCDCB、Translation:1.His dream of becoming a footble star faded out as timewent by .2.A Boeiay/Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to climb the mountain.In a twinking ,it crash into the mountain and blew up .No one survied in the accident.3. Student have easy access to the resource in the libracy. so they are supposed to make the best of it .4.Titanic,the most luxurious ship in the world at the time .hit an icebery when she was under the way to the USA.Consequently, the ship sank into Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5.Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach ,they packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunshine.6.They have been to ST louis once and have a vague konwledge of its wonderful food ,but the day of their glory is over now ,they laspse into a humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless lindneer approches. Supplementary Readings第二单元：Vocabulary StudyCLOZE: CBDAD CDBAC BBCCD ABCAC.Translation:1.Some cyber gurus claim that internet will precent wars reduce pollution and combat various of inquality.2.Although,internet can undernible fosters communication, It will not put an end to wars . since wars are by no means cause by the failure of different people to understand each other equlty.3.The internet can help reduce energy comsumption and pollution ,only if doing things online replace realworld activies.4.The poor are not shunning the internet because they cannot affort it the problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it efficiently, therefore, it make more sense to improve universal literacy than universal.5.Thanks to internet ,income inequality between people doing similar jods in different countries has been reduced. however, the inequality between information works in poor countries and their porrest compatroits has been increased.6.If human nature remains stablely changed ,desipte the claim of technologist predict ,humanity cannot simply incent away its failing.Supplementary Readings第三单元：CLOSE: CBDAB DBCCA ACDAC CADABTranslation:1.Many stuies indicate that thedesert air is so dry that it contains any moisture.2.Although the children form age 5 to 16 must go to school in Britain according to the laws ,about 1%of the children still can not read when they have primary school.3.After heared the news ,I knew i fell vestless again within a fornight .4.We think unanimouly to answer the question ,we must look more closely at the faces.5.Though out the world, goverment at all levels are taking effectively measures to prevent environment pollution.6.Some people think that the objective items ,such as multiple choices, should be used for an examation, others donot agree, because they believe that this kind test has some bad effect on students leaning.Supplementary Readings第四单元CLOSE: ACDCB BCCBD CDCBA ADCDBTranslation:1.I find that walking along the quiet lake can provide refreshment form a day is sedentary jod.2.Exercising and relexing youself is often prescribed as an effective cure for fatigue.3.The less active you are ,the faster aging process accelerates and the more vulnerable you became to physical and psychological problems.4.We are collecting money for repairs to the chur .if any of you would like to make a contribution ,we shall be most grateful.5.The scientist are currently focus on making experiment,in hope of finding effective methods to cure cancers. 5.The speach that the chairman delivered at the conferences made much sense to regain the confidence of empolyees.Supplementary Readings第五单元CLOSE :ADBBA DDCBA CCADB DCABATranslation:1.Tt is generally accepted that the upbring of the childild with the home is closely related to the education of the child in school.2.Jennifer is the chief of personal for the NewYork Heracal Tribune ,where she is also responsible editcrical work in the fied of public relations .3. It was two years ago that Jeff met Rose at his sister"s birthaday party ,they had been communited with each other by email since then the more Jeff know Rose ,the more he like her.4. The measure is effective not only in providing job opportunity for the laid-off works ,but also in limiting price increases.5Similarly , they inefficiency treated the political and economical back ground of the cinspiracy.6Tremendacs capital has met the needs of rapid economic growth on one hand and has caused the in flation on the other hand.Supplementary Readings第六单元CLOSE:: BBACB BCAAD CBABD BBCCBTranslation:1.Passing the English examination should enhance your chances of getting the post.2.The discovery of god in the valley will enrish the mountain area.3. Only when police confronted her with evidence ,did she admited that she had stolen the money.4. The meting will afford you an opportunity of hearing good public speakers.5. An offical statement laid to rest the remain fears aout possible redundancies in the industry.6.MARY IS pretty bright ,ASa matter of ,her teacher told me that she is certain to get a university place thisyear.Supplementary Readings第七单元：Vocabulary Study1.downsized2.dynamic3.yield4.had guaranteed5.inflict6.budget7.priority8.accelerating9.shirk 10.vitally11.jiopardize 12.criteriaCLOSE：CDBCA BCBBA DDABA BCCDCTranslation:1.Black people in this area complained to the goverment that they had been subjected to repeated racial attacks from the local police officers.2.The goverment officers are inclined to apply the science and technology to short -term projects ,which is benifical to scientific development.3.The precious manager did not want to invest time and money in training the employees who could leave the company any times,an a result of which ,there was a scrious talent drain.4.We are collecting money for repairs to the church ,if any of you would like to make a contribution ,we shall be most grateful .5.The scientist are currently focus on making expeiments,in hope of finding efctive methods to cure cancers.6.The speach that the chairman delivered at the conferences made much sense to regain the confidence of empolyees.Supplementary Readings第八单元CLOSE: CACDA BAACD DBDCB ACDABTranslation:1.Mexico city is one of the most popucated cities in the world.2.The finding shows that a substantial difference between the opinions of men and woman.3. I can’t remember whether i left my credit card home or in the car .4.We cannot assume the suspects to be gulity simly because they are deliveed to remain silent.5.The main question that faces Chinese economists at present is how to use the price levers and the competition system to direct resources into areas which yield better returns.6.It is assumed in the next 20 years the most surprisiing development will take pace in the space flight ,but now space craft a being developed and they can be used many times instand of only one.Supplementary Readings第九单元：CLOSE: CDBAA DABCC DBCBC DABBATranslation:1.On those days and nights when I was waiting for the results of the Entrance Examination,my heart was filled with wonder(or uncertainty).Iwondered what the fouture held for me,of surprise and excitement or disappointment and sorrow.2.The little girl ran swiftly to catch up with her mother and stretched out her hand to her mother,crying for more candies and drinks.But the mother persisted that they had bought encough.3.His wife was sent into the operation room.He walked to and fro outside,smoking one cigarette after another.When he saw the door opened,he felt a thrill of tenseness.4.Under the gaze of his colleagues,he flushed with embarrassment and bowwed hi head.He casually took up a newspaper and hid hi face behind it,petending to be reading it.5.They fixed all their attention on the research project on hand.They believed that as long as they didn’t lose heart,they woule succeed in thesse experiments in time.6.She had just given birth to an infant when her husband left/deserted her.In despair,she shut herself and the infant in aroom,claiming that they would perish together.Thanks to the policemen who came in time,the mother and the daughter escaped death by a hair’s breath(or had a narrow escape).Supplementary Readings第十单元：CLOSE：CABBD ADADA DDCCC BCADATranslation:1.we must figure out how to solve the tissue-rejecuion problem.2.his behavior under fire approved him a man of courage.3.In addition to the impressiveness of the settings,there is aue of the camera that at times seems magical.4.At first,no ready technical data were available,but we managed to go without.5.She has some difficulty in giving shape to her ideas.But she resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks.6.The most part of their designs corresponds to actual needs and regulations on environmental demand,the other part needs reconsidering.第十一单元：CLOSE：ACDAB DCACB CCADC DBDADTranslation:1.The main concern of the people is that if China’s urban economy can not join international intercourse,our country will be in a disadvantageous situation in the world market.2.Smuggling operations not only disorder out markets,and evade custom duty,but also harm the survival and development of national industry.3.To promote the rapid development of economy the government is trying to restore public confidence in its management of the econmy.4.This popular theory must be discarded in the light of new findings for the benefit of the majority of the people.5.In order to protec t the environment,traditional farming methods are coming into use in many areas in Europe.6.Because of the time limit and the shortage of human resources,the firm has not yet managed to find new premises that are suitable for their purpose.Supplementary Readings第十二单元Vocabulary Study:1.proactive2.disseminate3.incentive4.leverage5.facilitate6.precedent7.demonstratedpensation9.justify 10.implement 11.initiative 12.preventiveCLOSE:ADBCA CAADD BBDAD DCCBCTranslation:1.Electronic communication tools facilitate information sharing by enabling people to send one another messages,files,data and images.2.The only way to differentiate yourself form the competition is through service.3.The less there is to justify atraditional custom,the harder it is to get rid of it.4.In high school,students should build on their prior knowledge,learning more-varied and more-sophisticated problem-solving techniques.5.You are not required to simply memorize information. You must be able to demonstrate that you can use that information and apply it in a practical way.6.A well-balanced life is necessary to live in today’sworle. Without a well-balanced life a person can neither function properly nor develop into a well-rounded individoual.Supplementary Readings第十三单元CLOSE: CDBCC DADAB ABCCB DBDDATranslation:1.Planning so far ahead makes no sense.So many things will have changed by next year.2. The main problem that people are facing ing the 21st century is that the rapid increase of population is a heavy burden for developing countries.3.The key is that in regard to the modern scientific and technical books,especially textbooks,their authors should revise them at short intervals if they wish to keep pace with the times.4.The company has been accused of trying to seel their products under the guise of market research in order to get more profits since 1989.5.Tears are a natural form of expression.As they can convey a multitude of feelings,such as happiness,sadness,loneliness,fear,comfort,anger,or frustration,it provides ahealthy outlet for emotions.6.On one hand,the Government of China has has already made great efforts to mobilize people to improve the ecological environment in the light of local conditions. On the other hand,greater efforts should be made to further raise people’s awareness of the environment and spread knowledge about the environment. Supplementary Readings第十四单元CLOSE: ABBDC CADCC BDABC ACADDTranslation:1.All the employees in the company are confident that before too long we will make a wise decision on this.2.Twenty years ago,because of his unemployment ,he couldn’tafford to buy a bicycle,let alone a car.3.Despite the fact there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy,the search party still went on looking.4.Unfortunately,George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this reward on his behalf.5.Currently,the individuals who might have caused the accident are under investigation.6.It was suggested that as the largest non-public high-tech industry in China,they should devote themselves to the development of their own products instead of simply assembling for foreign companies.Supplementary Readings第十五单元Supplementary Readings。

研究生科技英语阅读答案2

研究生科技英语阅读答案2(2)We cannot estimate the value of modern science and technology too much.(3)The insurance company will recoup the farmers for the loss caused by the flood.(4)During the SARS outbreak, the lack of hygiene in poor countries had devastatingconsequences to all people of the world.(5)This University Library is one of the largest Libraries in China, with a stack of over2.3 million volumes. It supports the University’s resear ch and teaching across a fullrange of subjects, and provides information about the Library’s collections and services in each subject area.(6)The recession has hit middle-income and poor families hardest, widening theeconomic gap between the richest and poorest Americans as job layoffs ravaged household budgets.Unit 2(2)After three days of dismay they submitted to him and begged his forgiveness.(3)No sooner had the controversy within the administration been settled than anothermore violent storm burst over the country(4)The UN and its agencies protect vulnerable groups, like children, refugees, displacedpersons, minorities, indigenous people and the disabled.(5)A recent research finds that Listening to loud music while driving can seriouslyhamper reaction times and cause accidents.(6)During the SARS outbreak, the lack of effective medicines and doctors haddevastating consequences to all people of the world.Unit 3(2)The government is making efforts to eradicate racial discriminating.(3)In practical appraisal, the basic premise is to determine the value of the property.(4)The financial market system is being completed, and the distribution and utilizationefficiency of social capital have increased steadily.(5)Only when we give full play to man's initiative can we make full use of machines totransform nature.(6)The era in which the Chinese people were regarded as uncivilized is now ended. Weshall emerge in the world as a nation with an advanced culture.Unit 4(2)Science seeks the unity under the chaos of natural phenomena.(3)So what we've done is to dedicate ourselves to saving something of what's left.(4)Indeed a man, whose heart is pretty clean, can indulge in this pursuit with anenjoyment that never ceases.(5)But these tasks will ultimately be restructured to better match user goals in the finaldesign.(6)Subsequently, the fine particles are widely dispersed in the atmosphere and descend toearth very slowly.(2)All the good stuff in the house belonged to only me, and there were no brothers orsisters to vie with me for my parents' love.(3)As they had been intimate from their earliest youth, the force of habit maintainedpeace between them.(4)Today let 's start all over again and figure out just how we are going to market thisproduct.(5)If, by chance, the recipient of the message happens to be online at the time that yourmessage is received, a response may be back in just minutes.(6)Don t set your goals by what other people deem important. Only you know what isbest for you.Unit 6(2)Yet there were two main barriers to the enforcement of such regulations.(3)You can narrow the odds of a terrible accident happening in your home by being moresafety-conscious.(4)Dr. Johnson argued that there is a strong correlation between teenage crime and loweducational achievement.(5)Local authorities have therefore been unable, and unwilling, to part with their ownmeagre resources.(6)Microsoft Corp. has filed suit against a Houston computer manufacturer as part of anationwide crackdown on software piracy.Unit 7(2)The above anecdote reminds us that translators and interpreters must be aware of thedifferences between peoples and cultures.(3)This enables Mobile Users to have access to latest enterprise data and applications atall times.(4)Most difficult of all is to estimate the volume of storm water likely to flow in a drain /sewer.(5)Advisory committees have a role to play in holding agency administrators accountablefor the way in which they resolve these questions.(6)They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering incentives toforeign investors.Unit 8(2)it provides as large an evaporation area as possible(3)His appetite became ravenous and his caloric intake doubled, yet he lost 10 kg.(4)Why permit such a criminal to speculate on some plan of escape?(5)Obesity is one of the leading causes of accelerated aging, according to Cooper.(6)They had to skimp (on everything) to send their sons to college(7)It is a cliché to say that money can't buy happiness, butthe old saying seems to besupported by research.(2)While intelligent people can often simplify the complex, a fool is more likely tocomplicate the simple.(3)It would be appreciated if you could give us a prompt answer to solve the problem.(4)Only products manufactured with sophisticated skill and high in quality can win praisefrom numerous customers.(5)Analysts estimate sales could reach $ 300 million a year once regulatory hurdles arecleared and full marketing gets under way.(6)So the company canceled its initial call for bids and issueda second one, to whichother three companies eventually responded.Unit 10(2)The scene of the previous night now came back to his mind with startling clearness(3)A senior Asian executive asked his American buddy half jokingly whether Asians orAmericans are more prone to corruption.(4)Some of the members have been intriguing to get the manager dismissed.(5)They had announced that they would oppose any attempts of the Federal Governmentto coerce the states.(6)Listening skills allow one to make sense of and understand what another person issaying.。

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1、2、4、8、10)

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。

对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。

特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).

对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。

特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读A第234513单元答案+课文翻译(全)

Unit 2Vocabulary Study：1.advocated2.extravagant3.vulnerable4.guru5.potential6.dispel7.shunned8.acclaimed9.enthusiasts 10.stave off 11.attendant 12 eventuredCLOZE: CBDAD CDBAC BBCCD ABCAC.Translation:1.有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。

Some cyber gurus claim that internet will prevent wars reduce pollution and combat several of inequality.2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但它却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。

Although, the internet can undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to wars. Since wars are by no means caused by the failure of different people to understand each other adequately.3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。

The internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution, only if doing things online genuinely replaces real-world activities.4.穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是心为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。

研究生英语课后close翻译

研究生英语课后close翻译第一篇：研究生英语课后close翻译第一章《视窗》这个网站杂志包含世界著名作家的诗歌和文学作品，其中不乏有解释这个世界的发人深思的文章。

甚至还有来自联合国秘书长科菲·安南的文章。

令我们吃惊的是这个杂志的编辑是一个12岁的小女孩，乔治·南丁格尔。

她因为《视窗》这个杂志而获得1999年有线和无线儿童网络奖项的一等奖，这些奖每年由年轻人颁发给最善于应用网络的年轻人。

他们强调虚拟世界是网络最受欢迎的一个方面。

孩子们进入到网络空间仿佛他们天生都会使用网络。

或许因为孩子们接受这些技术很自然，而大人不得不需要费一番脑筋才能理解。

无论什么原因，但孩子们已经建立起网站并向世界各地的朋友发邮件时，而大人仍在询问“请告诉我一边，网络空间究竟在哪”。

当然，孩子们在网络空间中可以远离父母的监管，这个问题日益受到关注。

很多父母为了应对这件事已经安装了可以组织孩子们进入暴力和色情网站的软件。

儿童网站采取了更积极的策略，它是一扇通往教育世界和娱乐世界的大门。

网络文化的迅猛发展已经引起分析家的推测：社会很快就会分成两个阵营——信息丰富阵营和信息贫乏阵营。

为此儿童网站将尤为重要，为那些因为贫困或者残疾而处在社会边缘的孩子们能在虚拟网络中有机会像一个正常公民一样享受同等权利。

第二章当你舒服地坐在花园里给你的同时发邮件时，你不需要经历一个难受的旅行去和他们交谈。

如果你需要一份重要文件，你可以通过卫星传真到你的手机上，并且可以在笔记本电脑上观看。

即是来自其它大洲的文件，你也可以立即接收到它。

随着科技成本的日益降低，生产所有权变成了现实。

由于拥有电脑﹑手机﹑传真机﹑打印机作为远程工作者的物质工具，他们变成了真正的电子农民。

像传统农民一样，在同一环境里生活和工作。

他们不仅亲手耕耘“土地”，而且收获丰富的脑力资源成果。

然而，没有在第25层楼上的豪华办公室，微型企业家无法证明他们的信誉。

无论对和错，人们认为在漂亮的大办公室办公是身份地位的象征。

研究生英语-cloze及答案

3单元ADB is an international development institution whose mission is to help its developing member countries poverty and the quality of their people .Headquartered in Manila , and establish in 1966 ,ADB is owned and financed by its 67 members , of which 48 are from the region and 19 from other parts of the globe .ADB’s main partners are goverments ,the private sector , nongoverment organizations, development , community- based organizations, and foundations.Under Strategy 2020, a long-term strategic framework adopted in 2008 .ADB will follow three complementary strategic agendas : inclusive growth, enviornmentally growth , and.In pursuing its vision , ADBs’ main comprise loans ,technical assistance , grants ,advice, and knowledge.Althought most lending is in the public sector ----and to goverments ---- ADB also provides direct assistance to private of developing countries through equity investments , guarantees , and loans,. In addition , its triple-A credit rating helps funds for deveopment .1, integration 2, regional 3, enterprise 4, instrument 5, reduce 6, agency 7, improve8, mobilize 9, sustainable 10, financeUnit 51.manifestation2.sphere3.misfortune4.sacrifice5.involve6.accomplish7.exquisite8.object9.exchange 10.realmLove is an activity，not a passive affect；it is a“standing in”，not a“falling for”.In the most general way，the active character of love can be described by stating that love is primarily giving，not receiving.The most important of giving，howevver，is not that of material things，but lies in the specifically human .What does one person give to another？He gives of himself，of the most precious thing he has，he gives of his life.This does not necessary mean that he his life for the other-but that he gives him of that which is alive in him；he gives him of his joy，of his understanding，of his knowledge，of his humor，of his sadness—of all expressions and of that which is alive in him.In thus giving of his life，he enrichs the other person，he enhances the other’s sense of aliveness by enhancing his own sense of aliveness.He dose not give in order to receive;giving is in itself joy.But in giving he cannot help bringing something to life in the other person,and this which is brought to life reflects back to him;in truly giving,he cannot help receiving that which is given back to him.Giving implies to make the other person a giver also and they bothShare in the joy of what they have brought to life.In the act of giving something is born,and both persons are grateful for the life that is born for both of them.Specifically with regard to love this means：love is a power which produces love；impotence is the inability to produce love.This thought has been beautifully expressed by Marx：“Assume”，he says，“man as man，and his relation to the world as a human one，and you can love only for love，confidence for confidence，etc.If you wish to enjoy art，you must be artistically .If you wish to have influence on other people，you must be a person who has a really stimulating and furthering influence on other people.Every one of your relationships to man and to nature must be a definiteexpression of your real，individual life corresponding to the of your will.If you love without calling forth love，that is，if your love as such does you not produce love，if by means of an expression of life as a loving person you do not make of yourself a loved person，then your love is impotent，a .”6 单元When settiers began pouring into Western lands ,the advantages of inproved transportantion became obvious . Fast and powerful , reaching everywhere, the railroad came to the American landscape and the American imagination . Trains became the of modern America , epitornizing American’s economic superiority in an ind ustrial word.From the outset , goverment participation was viewed as essential . The East Coast intercity lines required relatively modest financial backing and quickly paid for themselves . By , the anbitious east-west lines were very costly and time-consuming . Therefore more than half of track laid in the 1840s served the densely parts of New England and New York . By 1850 the East Coast ----Great Lakes connection had been and some nine thousand miles of railroad had been built.With the completion of the New York Central to Chicago in 1853，the Midwest had direct service to the East Coast. Other trunk line connections soon followed : the Baltimore and Ohio to St. Louis and the Central Virginia to Memphis in 1858. Virtually every productive farm in the Midwest was into the East Coast trade . During this second railroad construction boom the South held its own. Cotton-making centers in the interior of Mississippi and Alabama were by rail to New Orleans and Mobile , and an all-southern east-west railroad hooked Memphis and Nashville to the East Coast . By !860s railroad mileage 30,000 miles，and America had half the world’s total railroad mileage at a cost of perhaps $ 1 billion----- five times as much as invested in American’s canais.Well before 1860s ,congress was covinced of the feasibility of a railroad to the West Coast ,but years passed before constrution began because of rivalry for the eastern terminus of the line . Form Minneapolis to New Orleans cities the Mississippi River vied for the position of gateway to the West , boasting of their advantage while deprecating the claims of their rivals . In 1862，the northen Platte River route was selected _ it was used by the pony express, stages, and freighter wagons.1, connect 2, along 3, populate 4, because 5, tie 6, contrast 7, symbol8, dominate 9, finish 10, exceed9 单元President Obama’ a frist in confronting the economic is to put Americana back to work . The American and Reinvestment Plan signed by the President will job creation while making long-trem in health care ,education, energy, and . Among otherobjectives , the recovery plan will increase production of energy , modernize and weatherize buildings and homes, broadband technology across the country , and the health care systern . The recovery plan will save or create about 3.5 million jobs while jobs while investing in priorities that create economic growth for future.1, expand 2,infrastructure 3, investments 4, spur 5, priority 6, recovery 7, crisis8, computerize 9, alternative 10, sustainable11单元Personal health depends on the social structure of one’s life . The maintenance of strong social reationships is to good health conditions , longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude . This is due to the fact that social interaction many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits.Prolonged psychological stress may negatively health ,and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging , depressive illness , and disease.Stress is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase to stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to stress. Psychological methods include congnitive therapy, meditation , and positive thinking which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills and abilities confidence, which also reduces the stress to situations where those skills are applicable.1,management 2, partially 3, linked 4, build 5, positive 6, reaction 7, relieve8, tolerance 9, impact 10, increaseUnit 131. overtax2.bring on3.although4.determinant5.predecessor6.moreover7.flood8.decline9.to 10.raiseThe effect of the baby boom on the schools helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education in the 1920’s.In the 1920’s，but especially in the Depression of the 1930’s，the United States experienced a ，birth rate.Then with the prosperity by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed，young people married and established households earlier and began to larger families than had their during the Depression.Birth rate rose 102 per thousand in 1946，106.2 in 1950，and 118 in 1955. economics was probably the most important ，it is not the only explanation for the baby boom.The increased value placed on the idea of family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940s and became aby 1950.The public school system suddenly found itself .The war time economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. large numbers of teachers left their profession during that period for better-paid jobs elsewhere.Unit 151.ethnic2.alternative3.lifestyle4.vision5.opportunity6.search for7.corruption 8.on behalf of 9.look forward to 10.disputeIn 1933 when James Hilton wrote the classic Lost Horizon，he probably never expected to leave generations asking the question：“Where is Shangri-La？”or that his book would fire up a tourism in western China over which region could call itself Shangri-La for tourist dollars，simultaneously sparking an scene for China’s art and culture circles creative space.But believe it or not，that’s exactly what happened.In answer to Hilton’s riddle，Shangri-La，a place can be found in China anywhere in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau or regions showing values of this culture，regions sacred to the ______minorities inhabiting them，whose protects still uncontaminated parts of our eco-system.The tragedy is Shangri-La may be lost very soon.Therefore to those people，I must plea myself，the Tibetans，the Buddhist Lamas，and the monks whose lives are yet untouched by development andand whose environment is yet uncontaminated，and on behalf of all those people who will not in their life time have the to visit Shangri-La but to whom it is a ，a dream，a hope of something better to ，yet unattained，to better protect Shangri-La.Unit31. finance2. reduce3.improve4. agencies5. sustainable6. regional7. integration8. instruments9. enterprises 10. MobilizeUnit52.sphere 10.realm 4.scarifices 1.manifestations 7.exquisite 5.involved 9.exchange 6.accomplished 8.object3.misfortune Unit61. dominate2. symbol3. contrast4. populated5. finished6. tie7. connected8. exceeded9. along 10. BecauseUnit95. priority 7. crisis6. Recovery 4. spur 3. investments2. infrastructure 9. alternative 1. expand 8. computerize 10. SustainableUnit112. partially3. linked 5. positive 10. increase 9. impact 1. management 8. tolerance 7. relieve4. builds 6. reaction Unit131.declining2.brought on3.raise4.predecessors5.to6.although7.determinant8.flood9.overtaxed 10. moreover Unit151. dispute2. alternative3. searching for4. ethnic5. lifestyle6. on behalf of7. corruption8. opportunity9. vision 10. look forward to。

(完整版)lesson1-研究生英语阅读教程(提高级_第三版)原文及翻译

Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk漏油经济:低估风险David LeonhardtPublished： June 1, 2010[1］ In retrospect， the pattern seems clear。

Years before the Deepwater Horizon ［həˈraɪzn］ rig[rɪɡ］blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money。

An explosion at a Texas [ˈtɛksəs］refinery [rɪˈfaɪnəri] killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A。

Baker III, the former secretary of state， said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year， a corroded ［kəˈrəʊd] pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay，upbraided［ʌpˈbreɪd] BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues. [’ɪʃju：z］"[1] 回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。

早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年，BP石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。

2005年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15名工人丧生。

联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1、2、4、8、10)

对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。

特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

科技文献阅读与翻译原文及答案-推荐下载

科技文献阅读与翻译原文红色字体为参考答案，自己酌情修改一下，以免雷同。

Section AI Read the text carefully, and try to sum up (in one sentence if possible) the two or three main points, which the writer is makingGun controlA student of the gun control issue will readily perceive the arena is indeed a broad one, in which we must struggle to preserve the right to keep and bear arms. It is a struggle which will test whatever there might be of genius in any of us and it is one which will merit the devoted efforts of every citizen who in the broadest sense can perceive the relationships which our Bill of Rights liberties bear one to another.I suggest we begin our affirmative role immediately in the area of crime control. The truth is that gun control does not equate with crime control. We have an advantage in this fact which we have neither exploited nor advanced convincingly. It is demonstrable that in those sections of the country where gun possession is most prevalent, crime is least. Encouragingly, many moderate and reasonable men among our opponents are beginning to see that our problem is crime control and that gun control is not going to have much, if any, effect upon it. Of course,for reasons-of their own, some of them still say gun control is desirable. For these people we can only wonder, as would any good citizen, what it is they have in mind for us that our possession of guns makes them so nervous.As long as we concur that any measure of gun control equates with some measure of crime control we are in agreement with those who would eliminate our rights. We would then again be backed into defensive position, held for forty years, always losing a little here and a little there unfit finally nothing would be left us.No group of good citizens has ever struggled more conscientiously along the narrow pathway, between hope and moderation on one hand, and the cold facts of efforts to abolish our rights on the other, than the leaders of the National Rifle Association. Every gun owner in America should applaud the action taken by the Executive Committee of the NRA in Washington, D.C. on July 12, 1974: ‘...the NRA opposes any proposed legislation, at any level of government, which is directed against the inanimate firearm rather than against the criminal misuse of firearms.A reasonable degree of order in society must prevail first. Criminals must be controlled first. we are the decent people. We try to be reasonable and we are not fools even though we have so often made mistakes in the past 40 years.many people turn to England as an example for crime control. The fact isthat in England, for hundreds of years, a man found guilty of any one of number of crimes was promptly hanged. Now that a more humanistic generation of Englishmen has lately abolished these stern but effective methods, crime-including armed crime - is sky-rocketing. Recently armed Englishmen, amid a hail of their own bullets, attempted to kidnap the eldest daughter of the reigning Queen of England! Unbelievable! (From an article in Guns and Ammo by Harlan Carter)Suggested answer.The writer believes that gun-owners are good citizens, and everyone should be free to own guns. If we wish to reduce crime, we should not ban guns, but impose harsher punishments for criminals.II In a paragraph of not more than 100 words, say simply what the witnesses thought happened, and what really happened.A séanceA good example of this technique of investigating the reliability of reports is an experiment reported by S·J Davey. He was interested in the kind of phenomena reported during séances and, using quite simple trickery, which he had planned in advance, he reproduced some of the effects popular among the mediums of the day. His audiences were asked to write down accounts of what they had witnessed, and these observations were then compared with what actually happened. Here is a report written by one witness of such a séance. `On entering the dining-room where the séance was held’, so the report runs, every article of furniture was searched and Mr. Davey turned out his pockets.The door was locked and seated, the gas turned out, and they all sat round the table holding hands, including Mr Davey. A musical box on the table played and floated about. Knockings were heard and bright lights seen. The head of a woman appeared, came close and dematerialized. A half-figure of a man was seena few seconds later .He bowed and then disappeared through the ceiling with a scraping noise..’Another witness also described the searching of the room, the sealing of the door, and the disposition of the medium and sitters round the table. the medium and sitters round the table, She alleged that a female head appeared in a strong light and afterwards a bearded man reading a book, who disappeared through the ceiling.A11 the while Mr. Davey’s hands were held tightly by the sitters on either side, and when the gas was relit the door was still locked and the seal unbroken.A third witness’s account was even more sensational. He reported that ‘nothing was prepared beforehand, the séance was quite casual’. Having described the locking and sealing of the door, he went on to say that he was touched by a cold, clammy hand and heard various raps. After that he saw a bluish-white light which hovered over the heads of the sitters and gradually developed into an apparition that was ‘frightful in itsugliness, but so distinct that everyone could see it .... The features were distinct ... a kind of hood covered the head, and the whole resembled the head of a mummy’. After this an even more wonderful spirit appeared. It began with a streak of light and developed by degrees into a bearded man of Oriental appearance. His eyes were stony and fixed, with a vacant listless expression. At the end of the séance the door was still locked and the seal was intact.So much for some of the reports. Now for the reality. The séance was not a casual affair at all, but had been carefully rehearsed beforehand. At the beginning, Mr Davey went through the motion of apparently locking the door, but he turned the key back again so that the door was actually left unlocked. The ‘props’ for the materializations had been stowed away in a cupboard underneath a bookshelf; this was not looked into by the witnesses who searched the room because, just as they were about to do so, Mr Davey diverted their attention by emptying his pockets to show that he had nothing hidden on his person. The phenomena were produced by a confederate who came in by the unlocked door after the lights had been turned out, and while the musical box was playing loudly to drown the noise of his entry. The ‘apparition offrightful ugliness’ was a mask draped in muslin with a cardboard collar coated with luminous paint. The second spirit was the confederate himself, standing on the back of Mr Davey’s chair, his face faintly illuminated by phosphorescent light fromthe pages of a book he was holding. The rasping noise made when the spirits seemed to disappear through the ceiling was caused accidentally, but interpreted by the witnesses according to their conception of what was happening. When the light was turned on the gummed paper that had been used to seal the door had fallen off, but Mr Davey quickly pressed it back into position and then called the witnesses’ attention to the fact that it was ‘still intact.’ Mr Davey’s performances were so convincing that some leading investigators, including the biologist A. R. Wallace, F. R. S., refused to believe him when he said that he had no mediumistic powers and it had all been done by trickery. In effect the conjurer was challenged to prove that he was not a medium!(From Sense and Nonsense in Psychology by H. J. EysenckSuggested answer.The witnesses thought the room was locked, and that they were alone with Mr Davey. They believed that they saw various supernatural phenomena, such as the spirits of a man and a woman, accompanied by strange lights and noises. In fact, the door was not locked, and the effects were produced by a colleague of Mr Davey who came into the room under cover of darkness and the noise of the musical box. He used materials which had been hidden in a cupboard that was not searched because Mr Davey distracted people’s attention at a crucial moment.Read the following text and make notes.HOW CHILDREN FAILMost children in school fail.For a great many this failure is avowed and absolute. Close to forty per cent of those who begin high school drop out before they finish. For college the figure is one in three.Many others fail in fact if not in name. They complete their schooling only because we have agreed to push them up through the grades and out of the schools, whether they know anything or not. There are many more such children than we think. If we 'raise our standards' much higher, as some would have us do, we will find out very soon just how many there are. Our classrooms will bulge with kids who can't pass the test to get into the next class.But there is a more important sense in which almost all children fail: except for a handful, who may or may not be good students, they fail to develop more than a tiny part of the tremendous capacity for learning, understanding, and creating with which they were born and of which they made full use during the first two or three years of their lives.Why do they fail?They fail because they are afraid, bored, and confused.They are afraid, above all else, of failing, of disappointing or displeasing the many anxious adults around them, whose limitless hopes and expectations for them hang over their heads like a cloud.They are bored because the things they are given and told to do in school are so trivial, so dull, and make such limited and narrow demands on the wide spectrum of their intelligence, capabilities, and talents.They are confused because most of the torrent of words that pours over them in school makes little or no sense. It often flatly contradicts other things they have been told, and hardly ever has any relation to what they really know - to the rough model of reality that they carry around in their minds.How does this mass failure take place? What really goes on in the classroom? What are these children who fail doing? What goes on in their heads? Why don't they make use of more of their capacity?This book is the rough and partial record of a search for answers to these questions. It began as a series of memos written in the evenings to my colleague and friend Bill Hull, whose fifth-grade class I observed and taught in during the day. Later these memos were sent to other interested teachers and parents. A small number of these memos make up this book. They have not been much rewritten, but they have been edited and rearranged under four major topics: Strategy; Fear and Failure; Real Learning; and How Schools Fail. Strategy deals with the ways in whichchildren try to meet, or dodge, the demands that adults make on them in school. Fear and Failure deals with the interaction in children of fear and failure, and the effect of this on strategy and learning. RealLearning deals with the difference between what children appear to know or are expected to know, and what they really know. How SchoolsFail analyses the ways in which schools foster bad strategies, raise children's fears, produce learning which is usually fragmentary, distorted, and short-lived, and generally fail to meet the real needs of children. These four topics are clearly not exclusive. They tend to overlap and blend into each other. They are, at most, different ways of looking at and thinking about the thinking and behaviour of children.It must be made clear that the book is not about unusually bad schools or backward children. The schools in which the experiences described here took place are private schools of the highest standards and reputation. With very few exceptions, the children whose work is described are well above the average in intelligence and are, to all outward appearances, successful, and on their way to 'good' secondary schools and colleges. Friends and colleagues, who understand what I am trying to say about the harmful effect of today's schooling on the character and intellect of children, and who have visited many more schools than I have, tell me that the schools I have not seen are not a bit better than those I have, and very often are worse.How children fail by John Holt, Pitman, 1965Suggested answer.HOW CHILDREN FAILMost children in school fail.o High School - forty per cento College - thirty three per cent.o Others in fact if not name - complete becausepushed, know anythingo But, more importantly, fail to developfull capacity for learning.Why ? Fail because: afraid, bored, and confused.o afraid of failing, disappointing adultso bored because they given trivial, dull, thingsto doo confused because most of school makes littleor no sense, flatly contradicts other things ,no relation to what they really knowHow? Search for answers to questions:o Strategy - ways in which children try to meet, ordodge, the demands made on themo Fear and Failure - interaction in children of fearand failure, + effect on strategy and learning.o Real Learning - compares what childrenappear to know with what really know.o How Schools Fail - ways: schools foster badstrategies; raise children's fears; producefragmentary, distorted & short-lived learning;fail to meet real needsRead the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?The Discovery of X-raysExcept for a brief description of the Compton effect, and a few other remarks, we have postponed the discussion of X-rays until the present chapter because it is particularly convenient to treat X-ray spectra after treating optical spectra. Although this ordering may have given the reader a distorted impression of the historical importance of X-rays, this impression will be corrected shortly as we describe the crucial role played by X-rays in the development of modern physics.X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. Using a cathode ray tube with a high voltage of several tens of kilovolts, he noticed that salts of barium would fluoresce when brought near the tube, although nothing visible was emitted by the tube. This effect persisted when the tube was wrapped with a layer of black cardboard. Roentgen soon established that theagency responsible for the fluorescence originated at the point at which the stream of energetic electrons struck the glass wall of the tube. Because of its unknown nature, he gave this agency the name X-rays. He found that X-rays could manifest themselves by darkening wrapped photographic plates, discharging charged electroscopes, as well as by causing fluorescence in a number of different substances. He also found that X-rays can penetrate considerable thicknesses of materials of low atomic number, whereas substances of high atomic number are relatively opaque. Roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of X-rays by using a system of slits to show that (1) they travel in straight lines, and that (2) they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays which showed that (3) X-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. In 1906 Barkla proved that (4) the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials.There is, of course, no longer anything unknown about the nature of X-rays. They are electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as visible light, except that their wavelength is several orders of magnitudeshorter. This conclusion follows from comparing properties 1 through 4 with the similar properties of visible light, but it was actually postulated by Thomson several years before all these properties were known. Thomson argued that X-rays are electromagnetic radiation because such radiation would be expected to be emitted from the point at which the electrons strike the wall of a cathode ray tube. At this point, the electrons suffer very violent accelerations in coming to a stop and, according to classical electromagnetic theory, all accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations. We shall see later that this explanation of the production of X-rays is at least partially correct.In common with other electromagnetic radiations, X-rays exhibit particle-like aspects as well as wave-like aspects. The reader will recall that the Compton effect, which is one of the most convincing demonstrations of the existence of quanta, was originally observed with electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of wavelengths.AnswersRead the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?1.18952.Roentgen3.1. they travel in straight lines2. they are uncharged3. they are a wave motion phenomenon4. the waves are transverseSection DTranslate the following passage into Chinese:When you are researching, write down every idea, fact, quotation, or paraphrase on a separate index card. Small (5" by 3") cards are easiest to work with. When you've collected all your cards,reshuffle them into the best possible order, and you have an outline, though you will undoubtedly want to reduce this outline to the essential points should you transcribe it to paper.A useful alternative involves using both white and coloured cards. When you come up with a point that you think may be one of the main points in your outline, write it at the top of a coloured card.Put each supporting note on a separate white card, using as much of the card as necessary. When you feel ready, arrange the coloured cards into a workable plan. Some of the points may not fit in. If so, either modify the plan or leave these points out. You may need to fill gaps by creating new cards.You can shuffle your supporting material into the plan by placing each of the white cards behind the point it helps support.当你正在研究,写下每一个想法,事实上,报价,或意译在单独的索引卡。

研究生英语阅读教程(第二版基础级)英语课后习题答案

Section A Guessing about Different OccupationsExercise 11. air hostess2. teacher3. dentists4.shop assistant5. tour guide6. salesman7. disc jockey8. traffic warden9. waiter 10. taxi driverExercise 21. airways, flight2. homework3. open up wide, filling, chipped4. larger size, fit, stock5. building, designed6. buys, products7. record, radio 8. yellow line, no-parking, traffic9. menu, chef 10. road, parkSection B Taking MessagesExercise 11. Meet Stacey at school at 4:30 .Stacey has told others.Bring volleyball and Stacey's money.2. Dinner with Tim on Thursday.Will meet at 7:00 instead of 6: 3 0.Will pick you up at your place.3. Dr White.Dental check-up.Thursday, 2 pm.Call if not convenient.4. Diane called.Ruth Lee needs a ride tomorrow.Can you take her?Call her 547-68925. Car ready next Tuesday.Car needed a lot of work.Replaced battery but still working on starter.Will cost around $ 350.You need new snow tires.Section C Leaving a MessageExercise 11. Petty.2. Jenny.3.4.Exercise 21. a hair-dryer2. ring3. the end of May4. shoeExercise 3 4.48 5 3 7 2 4 6 9 1Section D What's HappeningExercise 1A. 6B. 5C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 1Picture A: Yes, delicious, like to have some more.Picture B: Yes, good teacher.Picture C: Yes, great game. What a Play!Picture D: No, the service is so slow, expensive.Picture E: No, boring, terrible, bad.Picture F: No, awful, too crowded, too loud, terrible music.'Part III Listening Comprehension Test1. D2. C3. A4. B5. D6. C7. B8. A9. C 10. CUnit TwoPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about the Situation and SpeakerExercise 11. football match2. law court3. church4. quiz show5. airport6. weather forecast7. car showroom8. driving lesson9. school 10. tour (of London) Exercise 21. football commentator2. judge3. priest4. TV presenter5. announcer6. weather forecaster7. car salesman8. driving instructor9. school principal 10. tour guide Section B Looking for a FlatExercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 21. 34 New Street in Kanden2. $ 75 including gas and electricity3. one bedroom flat, central heating, small kitchen, bathroom, washing machine4. Mrs Green5. 4 o'clock this afternoonSection C Finding out the House RulesExercise 11. Landlord and tenant.2. The man is talking about house rules.3. She has agreed.Exercise 21. Don't allow the cat to go upstairs.2. No smoking in bedrooms.3. Don't stick pictures with sellotape on the wall.4. Close the window when you go out.5. Don't put the kettle on the chest of drawers.Section D Apartments for RentExercise 1Thomas Street University Avenue Taft Road Metcalf StreetExercise 21. Metcalf Street2. Thomas Street3. University Avenue4. Taft RoadPart Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. C4. B5. B6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. DPart I Listening PracticeSection A Listening for Specific. Information Exercise 11. Weight; 13 pounds2. A car; 6503. A cash-card; 89764. A fax; 593381; Code--4408655. A bank account; 609177186. A foreign exchange counter; 410 000 pesos; Exchange rate; 4 100 to 17. Weather; 83°F8. Waterloo; 1815Exercise 21. On a diet and doing a keep-fit class.2. Rusty, expensive.3. Yes.4. He'll contact him and talk about the new contract.5. Probably in a bank.6. For a holiday.7. Because Dave and Jane are there. 8. Quiz.Section B Describing Different People1. Sex: female Age: about 35 Height: about averageHair: long black Others: glasses, yellow flower2. Sex: male Age: an older man about seventyHeight: rather short, about five feet or five feet twoHair: grey, mustache Others: white flower in jacket3. Sex: female Age: quite young, about thirty.Height: really tall Hair: blond Others: carrying red flowers4. Sex: male Age: about forty-five Height: very tallHair: very long, dark Others: no flower; wearing a T-shirt saying "Bruce Springs Is the Boss!" Section C Taking a PhotoExercise 1A. 4B. 5C. 2D. 6E. 3F. 1Exercise 26 4 2 3 1 5 photos, coin, stool, dial, background, flashSection D Express Company1. Prepaid express bag servicemajor cities $ 10Buy a bag in advance.Call for a quick pick-up2. Same day serviceWithin the city $ 8They will go to you.3. Express road serviceAny townDepends on distance and weightFor larger packagesFor further details call: Tel: 33445656Ask: for the sales departmentPart III Listening Comprehension Test1.B2.D3.B4. B.5.B6. A7. B8. D9. C 10. CUnit FourPart I Listening PracticeSection A Telephoning about Jobs tonExercise 1Exercise 21. part-time, Saturday and Sunday, eight hours a day2. full-time, Tuesday through Sunday, from 5 to about 12. Pay is $3.35 an hour3. working nights; five or six days a week4. a weekend job; three evenings a week, hours are five to midnightSection B Talking about JobsExercise 1Diane--waitress Tracy—typist Gred--car salesman Joe--businessman Exercise 21. F2. T3. F4. F5. F6. F7. FSection C A Same Job or a New Job1. Liza new job2. Tom same job3. Brian new job4. Kay new job5. Janice new job Section D Interview about a JobAl Employment Agency1. Full Name: Jessica Richards2. Address: 33 Landseer Road, Newtown3. Tel: _______4. Date of Birth: March 19th, 19805. Education: Secondary6. Examinations passed: English, Chemistry, Maths, French, Physics, and Biology7. Interests (hobbies & sports): playing the piano, in a jazz band, water-skiing8. Experience? Previous posts: lab assistant9. Post or position required: lab assistant10. Any special requests: noPart Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. B4. C5. D6. C7. A8. C9. A 10. BUnit FivePart I Listening PracticeSection A Gussing the MeaningExercise 11. a pair of trousers2. a return ticket3. a newspaper and mints/sweets4. ballet or theatre tickets5. drinks6. tickets for a coach trip7. haircut8. soup and fish9. a game of squash10. medicine for the throatExercise 21. in a clothes shop2. at the station3. at a newsagent's4. at a box-office5. at a pub6. in a travel agency7. at a barber's8. in a restaurant9. at a sports club 10. at a chemist'sSection B ShoppingExercise 1gold pen $ 135 bracelet $ 545 ring $ 1,259 watch $ 23.75 calculator $ 7.85 Exercise 21. watch2. ring3. pen4. bracelet5. They are too expensive for her. Section C Paying for the Things1. personal check2. credit card3. personal check4. cash5. traveler's check Section D Andrew's ComplaintEquipment: electric fanNo. : BE 42703-02 Size: medium Color: blue Made in/date: 1985Fault: It doesn't work.Purchaser: Andrew Emmett Address: 5 Rainbow Terrace West Old-Field SurreyPhone No.: 77480Part Listening Comprehension Test1. B2. C3. B4. D5. D6. D7. C8. C9. C 10. CUnit SixPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about TopicsExercise 11. garden2. vending-machine3. microwave oven4. computer/word-processor/video game5. clothes6. hifi /music system7. art8. concert9. tennis10. holidaysExercise 21. lawn, flower beds, fence2. button, cold water, hot chocolate3. food, be cooked in no time, electricity4. switch, disc, programme5. fit, tight, shrink, suit6. compact, speaker, cassette player7. modern, abstract, colors and forms 8. singer, guitars, drums, records9. player, backhand, score 10. tan, beach, hotel, campingSection B Plans for Weekend1. Pat2. Jill3. Mary4. Sam5. Ted6. JaneSection C Discussing Plans for the Weekend1. B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. BSection D Making ArrangementsExercise 1A. 2B.4C. 3D. 1Exercise 21. bring: records meet: bus stop2. bring: sandwiches, fishing rod and drinks meet: at the river3. bring: white wine meet: at Pat's house4. bring: dessert--chocolate cake and soda meet: in front of his housePart III Listening Comprehension Test1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C6. B7. D8. B9. D 10. BUnit SevenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Owning a CarExercise 1Reason for owning a car:1. allows a person to move around freely2. a comfortable way to travel3. safe at nightReasons against owning a car:1. very expensive2. cause worry and stressExercise 21. check a bus schedule, a train2. warm, dry, cold, wet3. walk down, a stop, dark corner4. maintain, repair5. urban, park .A6. on the street, get stolen, something elseSection B The Self Drive Car Hire CenterExercise 1July 7th, after 4 o'clock on the FridayBy 10 o'clock on the Monday￡29.25First 300 milesExercise 21. F2. F3. T4. F5. FSection C Car PoolExercise 11. In a car near New York.2. The main part of New York is Manhattan which is an island.3. At tunnels or bridges.4. In a car with only one person.5. Park their cars outside the city and pick up public transport.Exercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. F8. TSection D Drunk DrivingExercise 11. A. 44 000 peopleB. drunk driversC. stricter laws2. a 30-year-old, CaliforniaA. 4 bottles of beerB. speedingC. ran through, crashed into3. A. justifiedB. too harshly, he had not planned the accidentC. not the first time he had been arrested for drunk drivingD. he had his driver's license suspended for 6 months his license has been revoked for life Exercise 21. Stricter laws have been passed.2. You will be considered a murderer.3. At the intersection.4. Five people.5. He was sentenced to 77 years in prison.Part Listening Comprehension Test1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. AUnit EightPart I Listening PracticeSection A Safari ParkExercise 1Exercise 21. They can pet the rabbits, sheep, and other animals.2. There are items from many parts of the world.3. They believe in taking care of the environment.4. It is both educational and interesting.5. Bats, owls and other animals.Section B Safari TourExercise 11. You mustn't get off the land-rover without permission.2. You must all stay close to the guide.3. You all have to sign these insurance declarations.4. You mustn't disturb the animals.Exercise 21. land-rover, could be attacked2. company regulation, sign3. disturb, wild, tame, zoos4. 50 miles, 805. insect repellent, drinking water, rolls of 35mm film, packed lunchSection C The Afternoon TourExercise 1The cathedral was built in 1241. It was designed by Hugo De-rash, a French, so it's in Norman style. You can see part of the wall, a small statue beside a fountain. It's in the market place and a regular Tuesday market is held. There is a flower market every two weeks on Saturdays in Summer. The worn statue represents Venus, and the water comes from the springs in the hills and is very clear.Exercise 21. 12412. Hugo Derash, France, brother3. Norman4. wall5. modern6. Venus, Goddess of Love7. flower, two8. Tuesday9. clear 10. springs in the hills Section D Julie's VacationExercise 11. urban holiday, camping2. Stanley park, aquarium, Grouse Mountain, museums, galleries3. ride over, deck, sat inside, read magazinesExercise 21. It's cold and miserable.2. It's much an elegant city with a lot of British influence.3. A pin with a tiny totem pole on it.Part III Listening Comprehension Test1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6. B7. C8. A9. D 10. AListening Test One1. C2. A3. D4. C5. B6. B7. C8. D9. A 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B16. Three stages: marriage by capture; marriage by contract or purchase; marriage based on mutual love.17. It symbolizes the period when the bridegroom hid his captured bride until her kinsmen grew tired of searching for her.18. The "wed" was the money, horses, or cattle which the groom gave as security and as a pledge to prove his purchase of the bride from her father.19. Blue was the color of purity, love and fidelity.20. Bridesmaids remind us of the days when there had to be ten witnesses at the solemn marriage ceremony.Listening Test Two1. B2. B3. D4. C5. A6. D7. C8. B9. A 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. B16. Primitive.17. Measure progress of students, show what they are lacking.18. Selection and promotion.19. Test results lack validity and reliability; Teacher and students work for high marks instead of learning.20. Some Asian students with very high TOEFL marks turn out to be poor in their communication skills in the US.Unit NinePart I Listening PracticeSection A Stress and Your HealthExercise 1Person 1: I can't sleep.Person 2: I eat mostly snack foods.Person 3: I can't stop smoking, drink more beer.Person 4: I can't eat.Exercise 21. fatigue2. listlessness3. sleeping problems4. loss of appetite or stomach disorder5. heart palpitationsSection B Student StressExercise 11. pressure, parents, myself, academically, exactly, track record2. quarter system, beginning, end, middle, screw up, messed up, well ordered, perfect3. eleventh week, ten-week, half-week, exams4. cumulative, incorporate, different problemsExercise 21. quiet, nervous, distracted, around, music, C’s2. library3. desk, room, straight, awake, comfortable4. night, quietSection C Techniques for Managing Stress (1)Exercise 11. What we can do with stress?2. Four points:a. Recognition of stress and welcome it.b. Be thankful, an attitude of gratitude to life for life. 0c. To set my body in position to take whatever comes along and to utilize it properly.d. To maintain the hormonal system in a proper state of balance.3. Because a thankful attitude maintains the hormonal system in a proper state of balance so that we are able to take whatever action necessary in a constructive way.Exercise 21. to become aware of potentially stressful situations and avoid them2. to reduce our workload and organize the work in a better way3. to get the proper rest and exercise4. to find a balance between work and playSection D Techniques for Managing Stress (2)Exercise 11. She can't lower her workload right now.2. Visualization or meditation, more positive outlook, mentally planning your day's activities in a less stressful way.3. How to deal with the stress.4. A sport called crew to achieve physical and mental balance.5. Do the emotions have a great deal to do with the disease and healing process?6. Dr Norman Cousins laughed himself back to health.Exercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5.F6. TPart III Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. D4. A5. B 6B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. CUnit TenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Personal HeroesExercise 1Dr Martin Luther Kingwon the Nobel Peace Prizeagainst racismwas peacefulMother Teresa of Calcuttahelped poor peoplewon the Nobel Peace Prizehelped sick peoplewas peacefulNavajo Code-Talkerssoldiersare well-known by native American peopleExercise 21. racism, discrimination, peaceful, guts2. send, receive messages, language, figured out3. poorest, Calcutta, India, feed, take care of,Section B Akio Morita (Mr Sony)Exercise 11. In Nagoya, Japan.2. A rice drink called sake.3. A very small radio.4. Walkman.5. Because of the high quality.6. In 1963.7. Mr Sony.Exercise 21. 1 22. 1 23. 2 14. 2 1Section C Discovery of Sigmund Freud (1)Exercise 11. hypnosis T2. long talks with patients3. study of dreams in order to learn the cause of mental and emotional problemsExercise 2young Greek man, sat by pool, looked down and saw his face in water, so pleased by his beautiful face, sat long, grew roots, became flower narcissusExercise 31. a. at birth, first, themselvesb. emotions, pass, there are other people around them2. a. warmth, security, loveb. attention, love, warmthSection D Discovery of Sigmund Freud (2)Exercise 1as a child, separated from parents; as an adult, killed his father, married his own mother without knowing, put out his eyes to punish himselfExercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. T7. TPart III Listening Comprehension Test1. B2. D3. A4. A5. A6. C7. D8. B9. B 10. DUnit ElevenPart I Listening PracticeExercise 2Section A Premonitions of the Sinking of the TitanicExercise 11. take the form of dreams or visions strong feelings, ideas, or guesses that come into people's minds for no apparent reason2. in the early morning of April 15, 1912 Titanic struck an iceberg and sank 150220 cases of premonitions3. FutilityFiction: Titan1898sank after hitting an iceberg unsinkable linerlifeboatsFact: TitanicApril 15, 1912sank after hitting an iceberg unsinkable linerlifeboatsExercise 21. a passenger on the doomed ship, over 20 years earlier2. nine people, in which a ship like the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank3. Two clairvoyants4. Several other people, something would go wrong5. would-be passengers, they canceled their tickets at the last minuteSection B The Titanic and the Andrea DoriaExercise 1Similarities:1. Both ships were transatlantic ocean liners.2. They were both luxury liners.3. As each ship was sinking, there were acts of heroism and acts of villainy.4. Both of these ships were considered "unsinkableDifferences:Titanic1. on her maiden voyage across the Atlantic2. struck an iceberg and sank3. not equipped with radar, only a lookout4. more than 1 500 people died, over 700 survivedAndrea Doria1. on her 101st transatlantic crossing2. collided with another ship and sank3. had radar to warn of the approach of another ship4. 60 people died, about 1 650 were savedExercise 21. I can infer it.2. I heard it.3. I can infer it.4. I cannot infer it.5. I heard it.6. I cannot infer it.Section C Senator Smith Questions a Survivor (1)Exercise 1Reason 1: We had far better save what few we had in my boat. ReasonReason 2: Our boat would be swamped by the crowds that were there..Reason 3: The whole crowd in my boat discouraged me to do that.Reason 4: They said it was rather a mad idea.Exercise 21 100 people, 700 people, 1 000 people, freezing, a few hundred yards, refused to return and try to save, in charge of, tied his lifeboat to another lifeboat, 60 more peopleSection D Senator Smith Questions a Survivor (2)Exercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 21. Smith is a senator and Pitman is a survivor of the Titanic disaster, who is in charge of a lifeboat.2. Not clearly told, but we know there was room for 60 more people in the two boats.3. The whole crowd in Pitman's lifeboat.Part III Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. B4. A5. C6. B7. C8. A9. D 10. AUnit TwelvePart I Listening PracticeSection A Telephone NumbersExercise 11. 3423-6070 3052. 911-1144 2163. 623-4030 3134. 505-6653 5045.610-1214 6176. 632-1010 2027. 211-4579 2128. 397-4231 6029. 974-0012 21510. 864-3079 206Exercise 21. 3132. 2023. 305-342-60704. student's numberSection B Telephone Quiz Exercise 110, 9, 1, 4, 6,2, 7, 8, 5, 3Exercise 21. The number you have dialed has been temporarily disconnected and is no longer in service.2. You can dial that direct.3. Please have her call me back at 654-9234.4. I have a collect call from Sue. Will you accept the charges?5. She isn't here right now. Can I take a message?6. What number did you dial?7. This number is unlisted.8. I'll connect your call. Please hold.9. This is a recording.10. There is no one here by that name.Section C Making ArrangementsSection D Telephone Use in BusinessExercise 11. True2. True3. False4. False5. FalseExercise 21. facial expressions2. gestures3. appearances4. what5. how6. manners7. the third ring8. pick up9. identify 10. put a customer on hold 11.45 seconds 12. personality 13. warmth 14. eagerness 15. voice16. mumble 17. tone of voice 18. minimum 19. hearing 20. commandPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. So that their customers may call them long distance free of charge.2. Dial 0, and ask the operator for the 800-number operator who can help you.3. sell products and services.4. charging very high rates, encouraging unauthorized callers to call.5. Ask your local phone company to block access to 900 numbers from your phone.Talk 21. Cell phone etiquette.2. Inappropriate use of the cell phone is widespread.3. Ten feet.4. Because the cell phone can be distracting or disruptive to others.5. it may interfere with the signals or other sensitive equipment.Unit ThirteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Personal ComputingExercise 1Interview 1 Interview 2Name John Steele Enrique VargasOccupation computer consultant studentType of PC used IBM PC Apple MacintoshReasons for choice1) knows them well 1) easier to use2) exchanges information with other users 2) GUI--lick on icons /no typing in commands3) a lot of software available 3) windows easier to set upExercise 2choose clone easiermouse standard iconscommands set upused toSection B Portable ComputersExercise 11. palmtop2. notebook3. clipboard4. laptop5. desktopSection C Computers in EducationExercise 11. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. FExercise 21. √2. X (you should check that there is good applications software available)3. X (not two factors but three factors, the third being the size of your budget)4. √5. X (the ideal is one computer per student and all computers linked by a local area network)6. X (free access = unlimited access)Section D Computer Security1. The network system isn't very secure.2. A modem.3. What people do with them, e. g. put passwords on scraps of paper on their computer terminals, use their own names or a partner's name, which makes life easy for a hacker.4. It shows a constantly changing number. It is safe as long as you don't leave the card lying around. j5. Steve seems to know a lot.Part IQ Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. Because his company changed the way the world perceived the computer and its role in society.2. 557 million.3. technology.4. technology could be made available to everyone.5. technology could be used to better people's lives and as a tool for creativity.Talk 21. It refers to the idea of marketing a product over the Internet.2. A website.3. it can save time and money.4. a broader market and lower overheads.5. Cybershoppers.Unit FourteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Radio AnnouncementsExercise 11. Event: Midweek Lecture on American HistoryDays: WednesdayTime: 7:00 p.m.Price: FreePlace: Johnson Hall2. Event: Modern Jazz Concert'sDays: Friday & Saturday.Time: 9:00 p.m.Price: $10Place: the New World Night Club3. Event: Houston International Film FestivalDays: Monday to SundayTime: 11:00 a. m.--10 p.m.Price: $ 2.50 eachPlace: the Academy of Arts4. Event: Independence Day FireworksDays: Saturday, July 4Time: 8:30 p. m.Price: FreePlace: City ParkSee the above.Section B Weather ReportExercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 2The following statements are true: 5, 7, 8, 10.Section C Family QuizExercise 11. D2.B3.A4.BExercise 2 (omitted) the way ;oddSection D Taking Time OffExercise 1Sentences 3 and 6 are not on the tape.Exercise 2thirteen, took time off, on several continentsdevelop his body and strength, learn interesting thingsby himself, encourage others to make a similar tripPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. conversational skills.2. Language in Focus.3. fluency.4. The most useful expressions, structures and word combinations used in the workplace today.5. eltradio@bbc. co. uk.Talk 21. To collect and preserve television and radio programs and to make them available to the public.2. 1976.3. artistic, cultural, and historical significance.4. By interpreting and analyzing radio and television programs.5. New York/ Manhattan, Los Angeles.Unit FifteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A AdvertisementsExercise 11. train service / British Rail2. washing powder / Blanco3. credit card / Spendcard4. shampoo / Shine5. car / Puma6. chocolate, sweets / Frolic bar7. whisky / Glengunnich Malt8. newspaper / Daily Herald9. face cream / Petal10. bank / Midwestern1. traffic jams, driving conditions, speed limits, parking, faster, delays, destination2. stains, whiter than white, housewives3. card, services and discounts4. hair, conditioner5. engine, aerodynamic lines, boot, test drive6. nuts, raisins, coconut, biscuity, toffee, delicious, scrumptious7. spring water, Scottish barley, flavour, wooden barrels, taste, tonic, soda8. objective reporting, current issues, news, colour supplement 9. looks, soft and gentle, skin, creamy and smooth, complexion10. invest, interest rates, bank charges, accounts, insurance, mortgages, pensionsSection B Job AdsAdvertisement 11.A2.C3.A4. A5.BAdvertisement 26. B7. A8. A9. C 10. CSection C Cellular Phone AdExercise 1Sentences 4 and 8 are not on the tape.Exercise 21. X2.√3. √4. X5. √6. X7. √Section D Northwest AirlinesExercise 1Sentences 4 and 7 are not on the tape.Exercise 21. √2. X3. √4. X5. √6. X7. XSemiticPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. commercials.2. Happiness, youth, success, status, luxury, fashion, and beauty.3. You can solve all human problems by buying things; modern things are good and traditional things are bad.4. Because it sometimes gives us useful information about different products.5. shopping cheers them up.Talk 21. vanity.2. Shoddy antiques.3. demonstrate her expertise.4. reproduction furniture and paintings.5. had an extensive knowledge of the antique business.Unit SixteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Popular TV Shows (1)。

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act line effort content summarizeown front accent require conclusionnext forth refuse thoughtful distractingout note value dimension advantageAuthor G. K. Chesterton once said, “There is no such thing as an uninteresting subject; there are only uninterested people.” Listening is a skill that 1) _requires___ coordination of the listener’s mental powe rs with an outside force (the person or thing which is being listened to). In addition, listening is three-2)__dimensional__; listen critically with the ears, 3)___thoughtfully___ with the mind, and understandingly with the eyes.1) Good listeners need to think around the topic by listening between the 4) __lines___, and anticipate the instructor’s 5) __next___ point.2) Good listeners 6) ___summarize _____ what has been said and put instructor’s thoughts into their 7)_own__ words.3) Good listeners listen with a pencil in their hands and take good 8) notes__ .4) Good listeners try to get as much 9) _out_ of a lecture as from a chapter in a book.5) Good listeners avoid supersensitive listening, i.e. not 10) __refuse____ to listen to anything they don’t agree with.6) Good listeners sit near the 11) _front__ so as not to miss anything.People who are good listeners manage to judge the 12) _ content __, and not the delivery. They realize that not all instructors are good lecturers. Some instructors have a very nervous demeanor ( 行为；举止) and may not 13)_act __ as though they are comfortable lecturing; it doesn’t mean that they have nothing of 14)_ value _ to say. And some instructors may have a(n) 15)__accent__ , or may speak softly. Again, while these things may be 16) __distracting___ to the listener, every 17)__effort__ should be made to ignore these physical problems and pay attention to the message.Another area that good listeners can take 18) _advantage___ of is non-verbal communication. Facial expressions, gestures, body posture: all of these add to a lecture. Even something so minor as the instructor pacing back and 19) _forth _, stopping only to emphasize a point, is important. A good listener will couple what is being said with what isn’t being said (non-verbals) and draw 20) __ conclusions ___ .right boarder homely extend familiareven touch wait maintain senseclose step turn plenty buildregular few mobile well keepbeyond by crucial different imaginePeople need homes: children assume their parents’ place as home; 1)___boarders_____ call school “home” on weekdays; married couples work together to 2)__build___ new homes; and travelers … have no place to call “home”, at least for a few nights.So how about people who have to travel for 3) ___extended______ peri ods of time? Don’t they have the 4) __right____ to a home? Of course they do.Some 5) __regular_____ travelers take their own belongings: like bed sheets, pillowcases and family photos to make them feel like home no matter where they are; some stay for long periods in the same hotel and asa result become very 6) __familiar_____ with service and attendants; others may simply put some flowers7)_by__ the hotel window to make things more 8)_homely______ . Furthermore, driving a camping car during one’s travel s and sleeping in the vehicle at night is just like home — only 9)__mobile____ !And how about 10)___maintaining____ relationships while in transit? Some 11) __keep___ contact with their friends via internet; some send letters and postcards, or 12)__even___ photos; others may just call and say hi, just to let their friends know that they’re still alive and 13)__well___ . People find ways to keep in 14)__touch____ . Making friends on the way helps travelers feel more or less at home. Backpackers in youth hostels may become very good friends, even 15) __closer___ than siblings.Nowadays 16)__few___ people are working in their local towns, so how do they develop a 17)__sense____ of belonging? Whenever we 18)__step__ out of our local boundaries, there is always another ‘home’ 19)__waiting__ to be found. Wherever we are, with just a little bit of effort and 20)___imagination___ , we can make the place we stay “home”.claim contain extinction extensive viewmajor store natural survive contribute dramatic isolate important develop numerous different only maintain urban nativeBiological diversity is the variety of all life forms — the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they 1)___contain_____, and the ecosystems to which they belong.Millions of years of 2) __isolation_______ from other continents have resulted in Australian plants and animals evolving in ways 3)___different_____ from elsewhere. As a result, about 82% of our mammal species, 45% of our land bird species, 85% of our flowering plant species, 89% of our reptile species, and about 93% of our frog species are found 4)_ only ____ in Australia.The 5)__major_ ___ threat to our biodiversity is the loss of habitat through clearing for agriculture, forestry, mining and 6)__urban____ development. This, combined with the effects of invasive plants and animals, and 7)__ _natural_____ events such as fire, drought and flood, threatens the survival of our 8)__ native species. Since European settlement, most of Australia’s ecosystems have been 9)_____extensively______ altered.The result has been 10)___dramatic______ declines in the distribution and abundance of many species, and the 11)____extinction_______ of at least 17 native mammal species and ten terrestrial (陆栖的) bird species. The effects on aquatic (水栖的) habitats have 12)___contributed_________ to a decline in our native fish populations.The benefits of conserving biodiversity are 13)____numerous_______. The world’s species provide us with all our food and many medicines and industrial products. There are also opportunities for14)____developing_______ new or improved food crops from our biological diversity. Biodiversity is also15)___important_______ for ecological processes such as regulating climate, producing soil, providing protection from erosion, 16)___storing_____ nutrients and breaking down pollution.Biodiversity is culturally important and it 17)____maintains______ the aesthetic values of our landscapes. There is also the 18)___ view__ every species on earth has the right to 19)___survive_____ and that no single species or generation can 20)__ claim____ the earth as its own.give create when with seriousassure previous include to wasterigid about trait face alonesince offer play initiative stayfuture for interest fluidThe 51 million members of Generation X, born between 1965 and 1976, grew up in a very different world than 1)___previous_____ generations. Divorce and working moms 2)__created_____ “latchkey” kids out of many in this generation. This led to 3)__traits_ __ of independence, resilience (弹性) and adaptability.At the same time, this generation expects immediate and ongoing feedback, and is equally comfortable 4)__giving____ feedback to others. Other traits 5)__include_____ working well in multicultural settings, desire for some fun in the workplace and a pragmatic (重实效的) approach 6)_to_ getting things done.Generation X saw their parents get laid off or 7)__face__ job insecurity. Many of them also entered the workplace in the early ’80s, 8)__when__ _ the economy was in a downturn. Because of these factors, a Gen Xer doesn’t 9)__waste_ ___ time complaining if he is dissatisfied 10)_with_ __ the company — he sends his resume out and accepts the best 11)_ offer___ he can find at another organization.At the same time, Generation X takes employability 12)___seriously_____. But for this generation there isn’t a career ladder. There’s a career lattice (格子). They can move laterally (横向的), stop and start, their career is more 13)__ fluid__.Biodiversity Members of Generation X dislike authority and 14)__ rigid___ work requirements. Therefore, providing feedback on their performance should 15)__play_ _ a big part, as should encouraging their creativity and 16)__initiative______ to find new ways to get tasks done. As a mentor, you’ll want Gen Xers to work with you, not 17)_ for__ you. Start by informing them of your expectations and how you’ll measure their progress and 18)___assure___ them that you’re committed to helping them learn new skills. (Members of Generation X are eager to learn new skills because they want to 19)_ stay___ employable.) Gen Xers work best when they’re given the desi red outcome and then left 20)__ alone___ to figure out how to achieve it themselves. This means a mentor should guide them with feedback and suggestions, not step-by-step instructions.extra seek accept afford factorrate fail satisfy size closeboost degree beyond probe static aspiration colleague complicated average skyrocketOver the last 70 years or so, researchers have been 1___probing_____ happy and unhappy people, and they’re finally focusing on the 2___factors_____ that make a difference.1) Wealth Money can buy a 3___degree_____ of happiness, But once you can 4___afford_____ to feed, clothe and house yourself, each 5___extra_____ dollar makes less and less difference. Scientists find that, on 6___average__ , wealthier people are happier. But the link between money and happiness is 7___complicated___. In the past half-century, average income has 8____skyrocket_____ in industrialized counties, yet happiness levels have remained 9___static_____ .Once your basic needs are met, money only seems to 10___boost______happiness if you have more than your friends, neighbors and 11__colleagues_____ . Dollars buy status, and status makes people feel better. This helps explain why people who can 12___seek____ status in other ways — scientists or actors, for example —may happily 13____accept_____ relatively poorly paid jobs.2) Desire How much stuff do you need to feel good? In the 1980s, political scientist Alex Michalos at the University of Northern British asked 18,000 college students in 39 countries to 14___rate______ their happiness on a numeric scale. Then he asked them how 15___close______ they were to having all they wanted. He found that the people whose 16___aspiration____ — not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health, the works —furthest 17___beyond___ what they already had, tended to be less happy than those who perceived a smaller gap. Indeed, the 18___size____ of the gap predicted happiness about five times better than income alone. This gap measures might explain why most people 19__fail__ to get much happier as their salaries rise. Instead of 20___satisfying____ our desires, most of us merely want more.How to Be an Effective Listenerno is who as itup read of form togrant find pass discover catchsecretly conclude will violation accessThe Internet grew at a fast pace in the 1990s as the general population 1)____discovered________ the power of the new medium. However, the sudden popularity of the Internet 2)___caught_________ the legal system unprepared. Before 1996 there was little federal legislation on this 3)____form________ of telecommunication. In 1996 Congress passed the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which made4)___it_________ illegal to read private e-mail. The act extended most of the protection already5)___granted______ to conventional mail to electronic mail.Just as the post office may not 6)___read________ private letters, neither can providers of private bulletin boards, on-line services, or Internet 7)__access______ read private e-mails. However, the act permits employers to read their workers’ e-mail. This provision 8)____was_______ intended to protect companies against industrial spying but has generated lawsuits from employees 9)___who________ objected to the invasion of their privacy.Federal courts, however, allowed employers to 10)___secretly________ monitor an employee’s e-mail on a company-owned computer system, concluding that employees have 11)____no_______ reasonable expectation of privacy when they use company e-mail system.Besides, the distribution 12)____of________ pornography became a major concern in the 1990s, as private individuals and businesses 13)___found_____ an unregulated means of giving away or selling pornographic images.In 1996 Congress 14)___passed______ the Communications Decency Act, which forbade the dissemination（传播）of obscene or indecent material 15)____to_____ children through computer networks or other telecommunications media. The act included penalties of 16)___up______ to five years imprisonment and fines of up to $250,000 for knowing 17)___violations______. First Amendment advocates and on-line services immediately brought lawsuit to challenge the act 18)____as______ an unconstitutional restriction on free speech.The Supreme Court agreed with these groups, 19)____concluding______ that the law was overly broad because, in attempting to protect children, it 20)____would_______ also limited the speech of adults.Perpetuate contain meet wear unwillingfair unfavorable threaten see rootassume resort total firsthand virtualview abundant continue portray stereotypicalA “stereotype” is a generalization about a person or group of persons. We develop stereotypes when we are unable or 1)____unwilling_____ to obtain all of the information we would need to make 2)___fair_______ judgments about people or situations. In the absence of the “total picture,” stereotypes in many cases allow us to “fill in the blanks.” Our society often innocently creates and 3)___perpetuate stereotypes, but these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is 4)__unfavorable___ .For example, if we are walking through a park late at night and encounter three senior citizens 5)__wearing____ fur coats and walking with canes, we may not feel as 6 )__threatened_____ as if we were 7 )__met______ by three high school-aged boys wearing leather jackets. Why is this so? We have made a generalization in each 8 )____case________ . These generalizations have their 9 )_____roots_______ in experiences we have had ourselves, read about in books and magazines, 10 )___seen_________ in movies or television, or have had related to us by friends and family.In many cases, these 11 )____stereotypical___ generalizations are reasonably accurate. Yet, in 12 )____virtually________ every case, we are 13 )___resorting_______ to prejudice by ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without knowledge of the 14 )___total_____ facts. By stereotyping, we 15 )___assume______ that a person or group has certain characteristics. Quite often, we have stereotypes about persons who are members of groups with which we have not had 16 )___firsthand_________ contact.Television, books, comic strips, and movies are all 17)__abundant___ sources of stereotyped characters. For much of its history, the movie industry 18)__portrayed___ African-Americans as being unintelligent, lazy, or violence-prone. As a result of 19)___viewing___ these stereotyped pictures of African-Americans, for example, prejudice against African-Americans has been encouraged.Biodiversity In the same way, physically attractive women have been and 20)__continue___ to be portrayed as unintelligent or unintellectual and sexually promiscuous.personal assess devote lower behindbeing prosecute define which referbenefit occupation summon respectable concern threaten commit perfectly perhaps address When the public demands “law and order” and when newspapers editorials talk about the “rising tide of crime,” they have in mind mostly street crime committed by the poor. Even the massive report of the President’s Crime Commission, the Challenge of Crime in a free Society, 1)___devoted_________ only two pages to the entire subject of white-collar offenders and business crimes. The deep 2) __concern__________ with street crimes is understandable. Unlike a swindler who merely takes the victim’s money, an armed mugger 3) __threatens____physical injury and even death.Yet the fact remains that a great deal of crime in American society —4) ___perhaps_________ most crime, and certainly the most costly crime —is committed by 5) ___respectable_________ middle-class and upper-class citizens. The term “white-collar crime” was first used by Edwin Sutherland in an 6) ___address_________ to the American Sociological Association in 1939. “White-collar crime,” he declared, “may be 7) __defined__________ approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his 8)___occupation________ .”Sutherland documented the existence of this form of crime with a study of the careers of 70 large, reputable corporations, 9)___which_________ together had committed 980 violations of the criminal law, or an average of 14 convictions apiece.10) __behind_________ the offenses of false advertising, unfair labor practices, restraint of trade, price-fixing agreements, stock manipulation, copyright infringement, and outright swindles, were 11)____perfectly_______ respectable middle-class executives.Sociologists now use the term “whitecollar crime” to 12)___refer_____ not only to crimes committed in the course of business activities for corporate 13)__benefit___. but also to crimes, such as embezzlement, typically committed by persons of high status for 14)___personal_________ benefits. As Sutherland pointed out, the full extent of white-collar crime is difficult to 15)___assess_________ .Sociologists Many corporate malpractices go undetected, and many wealthy people are able to 16)___commit_________ crimes like expense-account fraud for years without 17)____being________ found out. More important, white-collar crimes are usually regarded as somehow less serious than the crimes of the 18)__lower__________ class, and they attract less attention from police and prosecutors.Even the victims may be unwilling to 19)___prosecute____ because of the offender’s “standing in the community” and would rather out of court. A company that finds its safe has been burgled in the night will immediately 20)____summon________ the police, but it might not do so if it finds that one of its executives has embezzled some of its funds. To avoid unwelcome publicity, the company officials may simply allow the offender to resign after making an arrangement to repay the missing money.unjustifiable violated morally obedience verdict dissent to recognize opposition value dramatize focal tolerance just support maintain of by definition regardlessThe deliberate violation of constituted law (civil disobedience) is never morally justified if the law being 1)___violated___ is not the prime target or 2)_focal____ point of the protest. While our government 3)__maintains___ the principle of the Constitution by providing methods for and protection 4)__of___ those engaged in individual or group 5)__dissent___, the violation of law simply as a technique of demonstration constitutes rebellion.Civil disobedience is by 6)___definition_____ a violation of the law. The theory of civil disobedience 7)___recognizes____ that its actions, 8)___regard____ of their justification, must be punished. However, 9)___disobedience__ of laws not the subject of dissent, but merely used to 10)___dramatize__ dissent is regarded as 11)__morally__ as well as legally unacceptable. It is only with respect to those laws which offend the fundamental 12)__value___ of human life that moral defense of civil expressed individual dissent and disobedience can be rationally 13)___supported____.For a 14)__just__ society to exist, the principle of 15)__tolerance__ must be accepted, both by the government in regard 16)__to__ properly expressed individual dissent and 17)_by___ the individual toward legally established majority 18)__verdicts____ . No individual has a monopoly on freedom and all must tolerate 19)___opposition___ . Dissenters must accept dissent from their dissent. They must be given the respect and the latitude which they claim for themselves. To disregard this principle is to make civil disobedience not only legally wrong but morally 20)___unjustifiable____.。

研究生英语读写译cloze的电子版级答案

Unit 3ADB is an international development finance institution whose mission is to help itsdeveloping member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people.亚洲开发银行是一个国际开发金融机构，其宗旨是帮助其发展中成员国减少贫困，改善人民的生活质量。

Headquartered in Manila, and established in 1966,ADB is owned and financed by its 67members, of which 48 are from the region and 19 are from other parts of the global.总部设在马尼拉，和成立于1966年，亚行是拥有和它的67个成员国，其中48个来自亚太地区，19个国家来自全球的其他部分资金。

,forUnit 5Love is an activity, not a passive affect, it is a "standing in ",not a "falling for ".In the most general way, the active character of love can be described by stating that love is primarily giving, not receiving.The most important sphere of giving, however, is not that of material things, but lies in thespecifically human realm. What does one person give to another? He gives of himself, of the most precious thing he has, he gives of his life. This does not necessarily mean that hesacrifices his life for the other-but that he gives him of that which is alive in him, he gives him of his joy, of his understanding, of his knowledge, of his humor, of his sadness -of all expressions and manifestations that which is alive in him. In thus giving of his life, he enriches the otherperson, he enhances the other's sense of aliveness by enhancing his own sense of aliveness. He does not give in order to receive, giving is in itself exquisite joy. But in giving he cannot helpbringing something to life in the other person, and this which is brought to life reflects back to him, in truly giving, he cannot help receiving that which is given back to him. Giving implies to make the other person a giver also and they both share in the joy of what they have brought to life.In thecanbelifebecame obvious. Fast and powerful, reaching everywhere, the railroad came to dominate theAmerican landscape and the American imagination. Trains became the symbol of modern America, epitomizing American 's economic superiority in an industrial world.From the outset, government participation was viewed as essential. The East Coast intercity lines required relatively modest financial backing and quickly paid for themselves. By contrast, the ambitious east–west lines were very costly and time-consuming. Therefore more than half of track laid in the 1840s served the densely populated parts of New England and New York. By1850 the East Coast-Great Lakes connection had been finished and some nine thousand miles of railroad had been built.With the completion of the New York central to Chicago in 1853,the Midwest had direct service to the East Coast. Other trunk line connections soon followed: the Baltimore and Ohio to St. Louis and the Central Virginia to Memphis in 1858 . Virtually every productive farm in theMidwest was tie(tied???)into the East Coast trade. During this second railroad construction boom the South held its own. Cotton-making centers in the interior of Mississippi and Alabamainfrastructure.alternative energy, modernize and weatherize building and homes, expand broadband technology across the country, and computerize the health care system. The recovery planwill save or create about 3.5 million jobs while investing in priorities that create sustainable economic growth for the future.Unit 11Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one's life. The maintenanceof strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions, longevity, productivity, and apositive attitude. This is due to the fact that positive social interaction increases many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits.Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging, depressive illness, and disease. StressinAlthough economicsdeterminant ,it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940s and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945 .Moreover large numbers of teachers left their profession during thatperiod for better-paid jobs elsewhere.Unit 15In 1933 when James Hilton wrote the classic Lost Horizon, he probably never expected to leave generations asking the question: "Where is Shangri-La? "or that his book would fire up atourism dispute in western China over which region could call itself Shangri-La for tourist dollars, simultaneously sparking an alternative scene for China's art and culture circles searching for creative space. But believe it or not, that's exactly what happened.。

当代研究生英语读写教程上的close部分

Unit one: Born to SurfThe web magazine From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-know writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is even a piece from the Secretary General of the UnitedStates, Kofi Annan. It may come as some surprise to find out that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the window won Joy Nightingale the prize in the 1999 childnet internationaland Cable and Wireless awards. These are given annually for the best use of theInternet by and for young people. And they highlight one of the most welcomingaspects of the virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps this is because adults have had to change their understanding oftechnology while children simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, childrencan be found building websites an E-mailing friends across the world while adultsare still asking:” Tell me again-where exactly is cyberspace？”Of course there is growing concern about the fact that Children can travel far awayfrom parental supervision in cyberspace. In response, many parents have installedsoftware packages which pervert access to violent or pornographic websites.Childnet is taking a more positive line. The website is a gateway to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has led analysts to speculate that society willsoon be divided between the “information rich”and “information poor”. For Childnet it is especially important hat children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their place as equal citizens in the virtual world.Unit three:When 1998 began, East Africa should have been at its most beautiful: normally the short rainy season ends in December, the rivers subside, and the country sparkles; farmers raise crops, animals graze, tourists go on safaris. But this year was different.The rains were heavy and long. The water spread out for miles in places in Kanya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. Things quickly turned ugly. Camels, cows, sheep, and goats all stared dying of violent fevers. Some people, too, began to get sick. Somewent temporarily blind; others began bleeding uncontrollably.The disease was Rift Valley fever, caused by an obscure mosquitoborne virus. It pops up every few years in Africa when standing water encourages mosquitoeggs to hatch-this year’s huge floods brought a spectacular outbreak. According to official estimates, at least 89,000 people caught the disease. Two hundred died, but then the disease is not usually fatal to humans. Animal losses, however, were almost certainly vast-owners reported losing up to 90 percent of their herds.Yet catastrophic as the East Africa floods were, they had to jostle for the world’sattention with other cases of strange weather-with unusual occurrences of droughts, fires rains, cold snaps, and heat waves. Every year brings its own grab bag of such anomalies, but this year many of them could be linked to a phenomenon in the empty expanses of the equatorial Pacific-a change in the ocean currents and winds that began in the early months of 1997 and that altered weather patterns around the world. The change in the weather was, of course, the work of El Nino. By the end of 1997, El Nino had already become a celebrity of sorts. In 1998, however, El Nino’s effects on the world came into full flower. It helped make the year the hottest ever recorded. In addition to Rift Valley fever, El Nino has been linked to an upsurge in diseases ranging from cholera to malaria to dengue fever, in Kenya, Cambodia, Peru, and other countries scattered around the globe.Unit five:It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently-not just qualitatively but quantitatively-however the world works. We might imagine a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080elementary particles that make up a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon. To understand such a universe we would need a brain at least as massive as the universe. It seems unlikely that such a universe could have life and intelligence,because beings and brains require some degree of internal stability and order. But even if in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much greater than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.Fortunately for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable. Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have prepared us to understand something of the workaday world. When we go into other realms, however, common sense and ordinary intuition turn out to be highly unreliable guides. It is stunning that as we go close to the speed of light our mass increases indefinitely, we shrink toward zero thickness in the direction of motion, and time for us comes as near to stopping as we would like. Many people think that this is silly, and every week or two I get a letter from someone who complains to me about it. But it is virtually certain consequence not just of experiment but also of Albert Einstein’s brilliant analysis of space and time called Theory of Relativity. It does not matter that these effects seem unreasonable to us. We are not in the habit of traveling close to the speed of light. The testimony of our common sense is suspect at high velocities.The idea that the world places restrictions on what humans might do is frustrating. Why shouldn’t we be able to have intermediate rotational positions? Why can’t we travel faster than the speed of light? But so far as we can tell, this is the way theuniverse is constructed. Such prohibitions not only press us toward a little humility; they also make the world more knowable.Unit seven:I have always disliked being a man. The whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful,a little like having to wear an ill-fitting coat for one’s entire life. Even the expression“Be a man!” strikes me as insulting and abusive. It means: Be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient and soldierly, and stop thinking. An means”manly”-how can one think”about men”without considering the terrible ambition of manliness? And yet it is part of every man’s life. It is a hideous and crippling lie; it not only insists on difference and connives at superiority, it is also by its very nature destructive-emotionally damaging and socially harmful.The youth who is subverted, as most are, into believing in the masculine ideal iseffectively separated from women-it is the most savage tribal logic-and he spends the rest of his life finding women a riddle and a nuisance. Of course, there is a female version of this male affliction. It begins with mothers encouraging little girls to say (to other adults), “Do you like my new dress?”In a sense,girls are traditionally urged to please adults with a kind of coquettishness,while boys are enjoined to behave like monkeys toward each other. The 9-year-old coquette proceeds to become womanish in a subtle power game in which she learns to be sexually indispensable, socially decorative and always alert to a man’s sense of inadequacy. Femininity-being ladylike-implies needing a man as witness and seducer; but masculinity celebrates the exclusive company of men. That is why it is so grotesque; and that is also why there is no manliness without inadequacy-because it denies men the natural friendship of women.It is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that does not belittle women, and it begins very early. At an age when I wanted to meet girls-let’s say the treacherous years lf 13 to 16-I was told to take up a sport, get more fresh air, join the Boy Scouts, and I was urged not to read so much.Late next century, when scholars are scripting the definitive history of the PC, these last few years of high-octane growth may actually be depicted as the Dark Ages. Historians will marvel at how we toiled in front of monolithic, beige BUBs (big ugly boxes), suffering under the oppressive glare of cathode-ray tubes while our legs scraped against the 30-pound towers beneath our desks.They may also mark 1999 as the start of the PC renaissance, when manufacturers finally started to get it: design matters. This holiday season, computer shoppers will enjoy unprecedented variety in shapes, sizes and colors-and not just in Apple’sgroundbreaking line of translucent iMacs and iBooks. Nearly every major PC makernow has innovative desktop designs on the way to market, from hourglass-sculpted towers to flat-panel displays with all the processing innards packed into the base. Among industrial designers, who still think the PC has a long way before you’ll want to display it on your mantle, the only question is, what took so long?”the PC industry has ridiculed design for a long time,” says Hartmut Esslinger, founder of Frog Design. “They have not respected their customers and have underestimated their desires.”PC makers are finally catching on-and it’s partly out of desperation. Manufacturers used to sell computers by trumpeting their techno bells and whistles, like processor speed and memory. But since ever-faster chips have given us more power on the desktop than we could ever possible use, computer makers have been competing on price-astrategy that has dropped most units below $1,000 and slashed profits. Last week IBM limped from the battlefield, announcing it would pull its lagging Aptiva line from store shelves and sell it only on the Web. Competing only on proce”made an industry shakeout inevitable”, says Nick Donatiello, president of the marketing-research firm Odyssey.A symbol is not the same thing as a sign; that is a fact that psychologists and philosophers often overlook. All intelligent animals use signs, so do we. To them aswell as to us sounds and smells and motions ae signs of food, danger the presence of other beings, or of rain or storm. Furthermore some animals not only attend to signs but also produce them for the benefits of others. Dogs bark at the doo to be let in; rabbits thump to call each other; the cooing of doves and the growl of wolf areunequivocal signs of feelings and intentions to be reckoned with by other creatures.We use signs just as animals do, though with considerably more elaboration. We stop at red lights and go on green;we answer calls and bells, watch the sky for coming storms, read trouble or promise or anger in each other’s eye. That is animal intelligence raised to the human level. Those of us who are dog lovers can probablyall tell wonderful stories of how high our dogs have sometimes risen in the scale of clever sign interpretation and sign using.A sign anything that announces the existence or the imminence of some events, the presence of a thing or a person, or a change in the state of affairs. There are signs of the weather, signs of danger, signs of future good or evil, signs of what the past has been. In every case a sign is closely bound up with something to be noted or expected in experience. It is always a part of the situation to which it refers, though the reference may be remote in space and time.A symbol differs from a sign in that it does not announce the presence of the object, the being, condition, but merely brings this thing to mind. A sign causes us to think or act in face of the thing signified, whereas a symbol causes us to think about the thing symbolized. A sign is always embedded in reality, but a symbol may be divorced from reality altogether. It may refer to a mere idea, a figment, or a dream.。

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Is GM Food Safe To Eat ?Traditional plant breeding involves crossing varietiesof the same species in w ays they could crossnaturally. For example, disease-resistant varieties of wh eat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties. T his type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.Genetic engineering ( GE) involves exchanging genes between unrelated spe cies that cannotnaturally exchange genes with each other. GE can involve the exchange of genes betweenvastly different species— e.g. putting scor pion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes. It is po ssible that a scorpion toxin gene, even when it is in maize DNA1, will still g et the organism to produce scorpion toxin— but what other effects may i thave in this alien environment? We are already seeing this problem — addi ng human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow — but i t also gives them arthritis andmakes them cross-eyed, which was entirely un predictable.It will be obvious, for example, that the gene for human intelligence will n ot have the sameeffect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA — but what side-effect would ithave? In other words, is GM food2 safe to ? The answer is that nobody knows becauselong-term tests have not been carr ied out.Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatorybodies with results of their own safety tests. Monsanto’s3 s oya beans were apparently fed tofish for 10 weeks before being approved. Th ere was no requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing, for te sting on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic4 peopl e.The current position of the UK Government is that"There is no evidence of l ong-term dangersfrom GM foods."In the US, the American Food and Drug Ad ministration5 is currently beingprosecuted for covering up research that sug gested possible risks from GM foods.A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.Researchers - funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) - at the University of Edinburgh say the results explain why some holidaymakers find it so hard to achieve an even tan all over their body.The findings, published in the journal Experimental Dermatology, show that the buttock is much more resistant to sunshine but surprisingly when it does go red it tans less well than other areas.It was also found that people with no freckles tanned more easily than those without freckling.The study represents the first time that the depth of a person's tan, and not just skin redness, has been quantified.Scientists carried out the study to try and solve the puzzle of why different types of skin cancer tend to be found in different parts of the body, given that they are all caused by exposure to sunshine.The team aimed to identify whether this is linked to variations in the way different parts of the body develop a tan.The team analysed the skin of 100 volunteers, who were exposed to six dose of UVB on two areas of their body their back and their buttock.The volunteers were given an injection to minimise the rush of blood that naturally occurs after the skin is exposed to sunlight within the first 24 hours.Researchers say this redness is often confused with the start of tanning, but in fact is the skin's signal that it has been damaged.After seven days, the volunteers' skin was analysed to find what colour remained after the redness had died down. This colour recognised as a suntan comes from the skin's production of melanin, a defence that blocks the skin absorbing too much harmful UVB radiation.Jonathan Rees, Professor of Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh, who led the study said: "One A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.第三章New findings from the Monell Center reveal that weight gain of formula-fed infants is influenced by the type of formula the infant is consuming. The findings have implications related to the infant's risk for the development of obesity, diabetes and other diseases later in life. "Events early in life have long-term consequences on health and one of the most significant influences is early growth rate," said study lead author Julie Mennella, Ph.D., a developmental psychobiologist at Monell. "We already know that formula-fed babies gain more weight thanbreast-fed babies. But we didn't know whether this was true for all types of formula."While most infant formulas are cow's milk-based, other choices include soy-based and protein hydrolysate（水解物）-based formulas. Protein hydrolysate formulas containpre-digested proteins and typically are fed to infants who cannot tolerate the intact（完整的，原封不动的）proteins in other formulas.In adults, pre-digested proteins are believed to act in the intestine（肠）to initiate（创始，发起）the end of a meal, thusleading to smaller meals and intake of fewer calories. Based on this, the authors hypothesize that infants who were feeding protein hydrolysate formulas would eat less and have an altered growth pattern relative to infants feeding cow's milk-based formula.In the study, published online in the journal Pediatrics, infants whose parents had already decided to bottle-feed were randomly assigned at two weeks of age to feed either a cow's milk-based formula (35 infants) or a protein hydrolysate formula (24 infants) for seven monthes . Both formulas contained the same amount of calories, but the hydrolysate formula had more protein, including greater amounts of small peptides（多肽类，缩氨酸）and free amino acids.Infants were weighed once each month in thelaboratory , where they also were videotaped consuming a meal of the assigned formula. The meal continued until the infant signaled that s/he was full.Over the seven months of the study, the protein hydrolysate infants gained weight at a slower rate thaninfants fed cow milk formula. Linear growth, or length, did not differ between the two groups, demonstrating that the differences in growth were specifically attributable to weight."All formulas are not alike," said Mennella. "These two formulas have the same amount of calories, but differ considerably in terms of how they influence infant growth."When the data were compared to national norms for breast-fed infants, the rate of weight gain of protein hydrolysate infants was comparable to the breast milk standards; in contrast, infants fed cow's milk formula gained weight at a greater rate than the same breast milk standards.Analysis of the laboratory meal reveals the infants fed the protein hydrolysate formula consumed less formula during the meal."One of the reasons the protein hydrolysate infants had similar growth patterns to breast-fed infants, who are the gold standard, is that they consumed less formula during afeed as compared to infants fed cow's milk formula" said Mennella. "The next question to ask is: Why do infants on cow's milk formula overfed ?"The findings highlight the need to understand the long-term influences of infant formula composition on feeding behavior, growth, and metabolic health. Future studies will utilize measures of energy metabolism and expenditure（支出，花费）to examine how the individual formulas influence growth, and how each differs from breastfeeding.第四章NASA is planning a one-way mission to Mars in a programme called‘Hundred Years Starship’ in which, a manned spacecraft will take astronauts to Mars and leave them there forever.NASA Ames Director Pete Worden revealed that one of NASA’s main research centres, Ames Research Centre, has received 1 million dollars funding to start work on the project.Washington State University researchers had said that while technically feasible, a manned mission to Mars and back is unlikely to lift off anytime soon and so, a manned one-way mission to Mars would not only cut the costs by several fold, but also mark the beginning of long-term human colonization of the planet.Mars is by far the most promising for sustained colonization and development because it is similar in many respects to Earth and, crucially, possesses a moderate surface gravity, an atmosphere, abundant water and carbon dioxide, together with a range of essential minerals.“One approach could be to send four astronauts initially, two on each of two space craft, each with a lander and sufficient supplies, to stake a single outpost on Mars. A one-way human mission to Mars would be the first step in establishing a permanent human presence on the planet,” said Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a Washington State University associate professor.Colleague Paul Davies, a physicist and cosmologist from Arizona State University, added that they aren’t suggesting that astronauts simply be abandoned on the Red Planet for the sake of science; in fact they propose a series of missions over time, sufficient to support long-term colonization. The authors proposed that the astronauts would bere-supplied on a periodic basis from Earth with basic necessities, but otherwise would be expected to become increasingly proficient at harvesting and utilizing resources available on Mars.Eventually they envision that outpost would reachself-sufficiency, and then it could serve as a hub for a greatly expanded colonization programme.First, an appropriate site for the colony would be selected, preferentially associated with a cave or some other natural shelter, as well as other nearby resources, such as water, minerals and nutrients.“Ice caves woul d go a long way to solving the needs of a settlement for water and oxygen. Mars has no ozone shield and no magnetospheric shielding, and ice caves would also provide shelter from ionizing and ultraviolet radiation,” said Schulze-Makuch.The added that in a ddition to offering humanity a “lifeboat” in the event of a mega-catastrophe on Earth, a Mars colony would provide a platform for further scientific research. Schulze-Makuch and Davies acknowledge that such a project would require not only major international cooperation, but a return to the exploration spirit andrisk-taking ethos of the great period of the Earth’s exploration.“Informal surveys conducted after lectures and conference presentations on our proposal have repeatedly shown that many people are willing to volunteer for a one-way mission,both for reasons of scientific curiosity and in a spirit of adventure and human destiny,” they wrote第五章The latest comScore data reveals that during February 2010, 43 million videos were watched on Facebook – which is a 205 percent increase on the year. Last February only 14 million videos were watched via the site.Overall online video viewing in the UK has grown by 37 percent during the last 12 months – with 5.5 billion videos watched via websites during February 2010.Google properties, mainly driven by YouTube, were still the most popular online video destinations, recording1 2.5 billion video views during February 2010, which marked a 17 percent annual increase.The BBC websites ranked second with 140 million videos viewed across its web properties during February 2010, and was followed by Megavideo, which recorded 53 million video views - during the same month.Facebook came fourth in the list, closely followed by Microsoft’s collective web properties. Channel 4 came in sixth position with 39 million videos watched during February 2010 – which was a 76 percent increase on theyear. And ITV came in eighth position recording 29 million video views – which was a 134% increase on the year. Blinkx, the popular video search engine experienced the second largest growth spurt2（急剧增长） , behind Facebook, increasing its video views by 205 per cent over the year. During February 2010, 29 million videos were viewed via the site.Sky came in 10th position, experiencing a 139 percent increase in video views, with 20 million videos watched via its sites during February 2010.The UK video market has grown substantially over the last year, with several aggregators（整合器，聚合器） entering the market, as well as the UK broadcasters increasing their own video presence. Channel 4, for instance, is concentrating on developing its own catch up service, 4oD, whilesigning syndication（辛迪加组织） deals with the likes of YouTube, and new players, likeSeeSaw3.第六章Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it inyour pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased. Apple, for example, doesn’t want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research In Motion, BlackBerry’s manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters.If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls—Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿) minutes annually—earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers.Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled.Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average marks an increase in braincancer in the 20-to 29 age group and a drop for the older population.“Most cancers have multiple causes,”she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests low-energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer.Children are more vulnerable to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children,”she says.Henrry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains. Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone’s speaker. “Children should text rather than call,”she said,“and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen(腹部). ”第7章The complex fracture pattern created by the earthquake in Concepción (Chile) on 27 February 2010 was to a certain extent predictable（可预言的） . GPS observations from the years before the earthquake showed the pattern of stresses that had accumulated（累积的） through the plate movements during the past 175 years in this area. The stress distribution derived from theobservations correlates（关联） highly with the subsequent fracture distribution. In all likelihood the tremor removed all the stress that had accumulated since the last earthquake in this region, which was observed by Charles Darwin in 1835. An earthquake of similar magnitude in this area is therefore unlikely in the near future. This result was presented by scientists of the GFZ German Centre for Geosciences (Helmholtz Association) in the latest edition of the scientific journal Nature (09 September 2010). "The Maule earthquake near Concepción, Chile, on the 27 Februar registered with a momentum3（势头，动量） magnitude of 8.8, makes it one of the largest earthquakes to have been recorded in its entirety via a modern network ofspace-geodetic and geophysical instruments on the ground," says Professor Onno Oncken, head of theDepartment "Geodynamics" at GFZ. "It thus offers a unique opportunity to compare detailed4observations prior to the earthquake with those taken during and after it, and tore-evaluate hypotheses regarding the predictability of such events."Measurements using the satellite navigation system GPS showed that the seafloor of the Nazca plate in the Pacific Ocean does not slide evenly under the western boundary of the South American continent. Rather, it appears from the GPS measurements that some parts of the ocean floor got locked with the subsurface（地下的） of the continent. In the gaps, however, the Nazca plate continued to push under South America. The resulting uneven5 stress pattern was released by the earthquake of the 27 February in such a way that, just like a zipper6, the locked patcheswere ruptured7（破裂的） one after the other. As a result, this seismic8gap（地震空白区） off the Chilean westcoast is now closed, one last gap remains9 in northern Chile. Here, the GFZ scientists set up a plate boundary observatory10, in order to make use of the entire range of geoscientific instruments to record the conditions before, during andafter an earthquake- an important step in understanding the processes of plate tectonics（地质构造学）.Modern Earth science may still not be able to predict the location, time and magnitude of an earthquake. But the present study offers an optimistic perspective concerning the predictability of possible fracture patterns and magnitudes of expected earthquakes.第八章UC Irvine researchers have discovered that circadian rhythms —the internal body clock —regulate fat metabolism. This helps explain why people burn fat more efficiently at certain times of day and could lead to new pharmaceuticals for obesity, diabetes and energy-related illnesses.The study was headed by Paolo Sassone-Corsi, Donald Bren Professor and chair of pharmacology. A leading expert on circadian rhythms, he discovered many of the key molecular switches governing these biological processes. He and his colleagues found that one of these, a protein called PER2, directly controls PPAR-gamma, a protein essential for lipid metabolism. Since circadian proteins are activated by 24-hour, light-dark patterns, PER2 turns onand off PPAR-gamma’s metabolic capabilities at regular intervals.“What surprised us most, though, is that PER2 targets one specific amino acid on the surface of the PPAR-gamma molecule,”Sassone-Corsi said. “This kind of specificity is very rare in cell biology, which makes it exciting, because it presents us with a singular target for drug development.”Daniele Piomelli, Louise Turner Arnold Chair in Neurosciences at UCI, and Todd Leff, associate professor of pathology at Wayne State University in Detroit, collaborated on the study, which appears this month in Cell Metabolism.Twenty-four-hour circadian rhythms regulate fundamental biological and physiological processes in almost all organisms. They anticipate environmental changes and adapt certain bodily functions to the appropriate time of day. Disruption of these cycles can profoundly influence human health and has been linked to obesity, diabetes, insomnia, depression, heart disease and cancer.Last year, Sassone-Corsi helped discover that proteins involved with circadian rhythms and metabolism areintrinsically linked and dependent upon each other to ensure that cells operate properly and remain healthy. Rajesh H. Amin and James G. Granneman of Wayne State University and UCI’s Benedetto Grimaldi, Marina Maria Bellet, Sayako Katada, Giuseppe Astarita and Jun Hirayama contributed to the current study, supported by the National Institutes of Health.9单元A UFOA UFO is the reported sighting of an object or light seen in the sky or on land,whose appearance,trajectory(轨迹),actions,motions,lights,and colors do not have a logical,conventional,or natural explanation,and which cannot be explained,not only by the original witness,but by scientists or technical experts who try to make a common sense identification after examining the evidence.UFOs (sometimes called flying saucers) became widely discussed only after the first widely publicized U.S.sighting in 1947.Many thousands of such observations have since been reported worldwide.At least 90 percent of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects,although time-consuming investigations are often necessary for such identification.The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars,aircraft,birds,balloons,kites,aerial flares,peculiar clouds,meteors,and satellites.The remaining sightings most likely can be attributed to other mistaken sightings or to inaccurate reporting,hoaxes(恶作剧),or delusions,although to disprove all claims made about UFOsis impossible.From 1947 to 1969 the U.S.Air Force investigated UFOs as a possible threat to national security.A total of 12,618 reports was received,of which 701 reports,or 5.6 percent,were listed as unexplained.The air force concluded that “no UFO reported,investigated,and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security.” Since 1969 no agency of the ernment has had any active program of UFO investigation.In 1997 the U.S.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) admitted that the itary had deceived the American public in an effort to hide information about high-altitude spy planes.These planes,the Lockheed U-2A(美国头号军火商洛克西德-马丁公司(Lockheed Martin)生产的侦察机) and the Lockheed SR-71,accounted for over half of the UFO reports during the late 1950s and 1960s.Some persons nevertheless believe that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft,even though no scientifically valid evidence supports that belief.The possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations is not the stumbling block; most scientists grant that intelligent life may well exist elsewherein the universe.A fully convincing UFO photograph of a craftlike object has yet to be taken,however,and the scientific method(科学方法论) requires that highly speculative explanations should not be adopted unless all of the more ordinary explanations can be ruled out.UFO enthusiasts persist,however,and some persons even claim to have been abducted and taken aboard UFOs.No one has produced scientifically acceptable proof of these claims.10单元dreamsScientists think it will be possible to record people's dreams and then interpret them, according to a new report.They claim to have developed a system which allows them to record higher level brain activity.Dr Moran Cerf told the journal Nature: "We would like to read people's dreams."Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.Dr Cerf hopes to eventually compare people's memories of their dreams with an electronic visualisation of their brain activity.He told the BBC: "There's no clear answer as to why humans dream. And one of the questions we would like to answer is when do we actually create this dream?"The scientist believes his latest research shows that certain neurons or individual brain cells are linked with specific objects or concepts.He found that a particular neuron lit up when a volunteer thought about Marilyn Monroe.If a database was built up identifying various neurons with concepts, objects and people it would allow them to "read the subject's minds", according to Dr Cerf.However, Dr Roderick Oner, a clinical psychologist and dream expert, said that this kind of visualisation would be of limited help when it came to interpreting the "complex dream narrative".In addition to get a detailed picture of individual neurons su bjects had to have electrodes implanted deep in the brain u sing surgery.The Nature researchers used data from patients who had el ectrodes implanted to monitor and treat them for brain seizu res.However, Dr Cerf said he hoped that it would be possible at a later stage to monitor people without invasive surgery.He said it would be "wonderful" to be able to read the minds of coma patients who are unable to communicate.。