语言学导论术语解释英文版

Antonymy :the oppositeness of meaning between lexemes

Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.

Arbitrariness :a design feature of language which refers to the fact that there is no logical connection between the signifier and the signified of a sign.

Applied linguistics: the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.

Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.

A proposition :what is expressed by a declarative sentence when

that sentence is uttered to make a statement

A speech community : a community the members of which have or

believe they have at least one common variety of language

An utterance:a piece of language actually used in a particular context

An analytic proposition :one whose grammatical form and lexical meaning make it necessarily true, without reference to external criteria

Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. Anaphor a: the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation

Binary cutting : the practice to cut a grammatical construction into two parts and then cut each of the two parts into two and

continue with this segmentation until we reach the smallest

grammatical unit, the morpheme

Blending :word formed by combining parts of other words Bilingualism :the situation where at least two languages are used side by side by an individual or by a group of speakers, with

each having a different role to play

Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with

other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. Cognitive style:an individual’s preferred way of mentally processing (perceiving, conceptualizing, organizing, and

recalling, etc.) information. It often affect learners’ individual preferences or needs for different learning conditions, which are called learning styles.

Constatives : sentences which describe or state something; they are either true or false

Compounds:the words that are produced by stringing together words Constituent: any linguistic form or group of linguistic forms that

appears at the bottom of one of the lines in the tree diagram of

the syntactic analysis

Complementary distribution :the phenomena that allophones

occur in different phonetic environments

Creole :a language formed when a pidgin has become the primary

language of a speech community

Cultural transmission :the fact that the details of the linguistic

system must be learned anew by each speaker

Connotation :the additional meanings that a word or phrase has

beyond its central meaning

Conversational implicature: a kind of extra meaning that is not

literally contained in the utterance but is derived from observing

or flouting the maxims of CP

Derivation :the morphological process in which affixes are added

to the stem

Diachronic linguistics :the study of the language development or

change over time

Distinctive features : the features that a phoneme has and that

distinguish it from other phonemes

Design features: the framework proposed by Hockett, which

discusses the defining properties of human language as against

animal communication

Derivational morphemes :the bound morphemes which are

conjoined to other morphemes (or words) to derive or form a new

word

Deixis: a particular way in which the interpretation of certain

linguistic expressions is dependent on the context they are produced

or interpreted

Diglossia:a sociolinguistic situation where two varieties of a

language exist side by side throughout the community, with

each having a definite role to play

Displacement: the phenomenon that human language can cope with

any subject whatever, and it does not matter how far away the

topic of conversation is in time and space

Duality of structure :language is a system, which consists of two

sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of

meanings.

Endocentric construction :one whose distribution is functionally

equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its

constituents

Free morphemes :the morphemes which can constitute words by

themselves

Homonymy :the case that two, or more meanings may be associated

with the same linguistic form

International Phonetic Alphabe t :a standardized andinternationally

accepted system of phonetic transcription.

L anguage interference :the use of elements from one language

while speaking another.

Lexicology :the study of the vocabulary items of a

language,including their meanings and relations, their

classification and collocation, and changes in their form and

meaning through time

Logical semantics :the study of the meaning of a sentence in terms

of its truth conditions

Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies

the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are

formed.

Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Performatives :sentences that do not describe things and cannot be

said to be true or false

Presupposition :the kind of meaning which the speaker doesn't

assert but assumes the hearer can identify from the sentence

Psycholinguistics :the study of the relationship between language

and mind.

Registers:the type of language which is selected as appropriate to a

type of situation

Regional dialect :linguistic varieties used by people living in

different regions.

Registers :varieties of language that are related to use

Reference :the concrete entities that have the properties denoted by

words or phrases

Semantic feature : the basic unit of meaning in a word

Sociolect : the linguistic variety used by people belonging to a

particular social class

Sequential rules :the rules which govern the combination of sounds

in a particular language.

Selectional restrictions: the restrictions on the type of noun that

can be selected with each verb

Semantic anomaly :the case that one of the arguments or the

predicate of the main predication is self-contradictory

Standard dialect :a particular variety of a language, not related to

any particular group of language users

Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to

form sentences is called syntax.

The chain relation :the relation holding between one item and

others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all

present

The choice relation :a relation holding between elements

replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure

The syntagmatic relation :the one between one item and others in

a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present

The Whorf-Sapir hypothesis : the suggestion that different

languages carve the world up in different ways, and that as a

result their speakers think about it differently

Ultimate constituent :the smallest grammatical unit obtained

through binary segmentation

Utterance meaning :something conveyed by a sentence in a

context other than its literal meaning