英语专业语用学试卷 新
大学英语语用学试题
序号: 姓名: 语用学课班号: 成绩:序号查看微信群里学生名单。
语用学课班号：周一3-4节课填1班；周二1-2节课填2班；周二3-4节课填3班。
特别注意：本试题是开卷考试必须在1小时内答完（9:00-10:00，10:05停止接收试卷）并以附件发到老师邮箱，超过时间拒收。
老师邮箱：。
发信的主题要写：序号-姓名-班号-语用学，如：1-李文龙-2-语用班。
答卷文档名改为：序号-姓名-班号-语用学，如：1-李文龙-2班-语用学。
答案全部写在后面的答题页上，注意写上题号语用学课随堂小测试题（全部用英语答题）I.简答题（60分，15小题，每题4分）注意：每道题的答案只需用一、两个词，或者一句话就可以，不要大段解释。
1.Study the following uses of English. Which category of speech acts does each belong to?A.(Priest): I now pronounce you husband and wife.B.I love this game.C.Why not have some more fish?D.Congratulations!2.The regulative force of the maxims in Cooperative Principle is so strong that when the speaker is aware that he might violate one of them he uses certain remarks to indicate the possible violation. These remarks are like licenses for him to violate any of the maxims. They are also cues for the hearer so that he can qualify his interpretation. The following are some common cues. Please point out which maxim is each cue directed at?A.I don’t know how exactly it happened, but ...B.I know this is long and involved, but it is really important ...C.That reminds me of something that ...3.Pragmatic presupposition is also frequently exploited in advertising. Analyze the following examples of advertising language and tell the use of presupposition in each case.A.女人，关系自己同样重要。
语用学测试题及答案
语用学测试题及答案一、选择题1. 语用学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的物理特性B. 语言的抽象结构C. 语言的交际功能D. 语言的演变过程答案：C2. 以下哪个选项是语用学中的合作原则？A. 说话要尽量简短B. 不要说自知是假话C. 说话要有条理D. 说话要尽量具体答案：B3. 根据格莱斯的合作原则，以下哪个选项是违反了量的准则？A. 说话要尽量简短B. 不要说自知是假话C. 说话要提供足够的信息D. 说话要尽量具体答案：A二、填空题根据语用学中的合作原则，说话者和听话者之间应该遵循以下准则：1. 量的准则：说话者应提供足够的信息，但不要提供比必要更多的信息。
2. 质的准则：说话者不应说自知是假的话，不应说缺乏足够证据的话。
3. 关系准则：说话者应保持话题相关性。
4. 方式准则：说话者应避免模糊不清，避免不明确的表达。
三、简答题1. 请简述语用学中的言外行为理论。
答案：言外行为理论是语用学中的一个重要概念，它指的是说话者通过言语行为所表达的超出字面意义的信息。
言外行为通常包括直接言外行为、间接言外行为和隐喻言外行为等。
2. 举例说明如何通过语境来理解话语的隐含意义。
答案：语境在理解话语的隐含意义中起着至关重要的作用。
例如，当某人在餐厅说“这里的菜真好吃”，在不同的语境下可能有不同的隐含意义。
如果说话者刚刚品尝了一道新菜，这可能是对菜品的直接赞美；但如果餐厅的菜品普遍不佳，这句话可能隐含着讽刺的意味。
四、论述题1. 论述语用学在跨文化交际中的重要性。
答案：语用学在跨文化交际中的重要性体现在多个方面。
首先，不同文化背景的人在交际中可能有不同的语言习惯和交际准则，了解这些差异有助于避免误解和冲突。
其次，语用学可以帮助人们更好地理解言外之意，即通过语境来解读话语的隐含意义。
此外，语用学还有助于提高跨文化交际的效率和效果，通过适当的言语行为来实现交际目的。
英语专业语用学考试笔记
一、名词解释1、Psychological distance: it may be that the truly pragmatic basis of special deixis is actually psychological. Physically close objects will tend to be treated by the speaker as psychologically close. Also ,sth that is physically distant will generally be treated as psychologically distant.2、Reference: reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.3、inference: Inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.4、Presupposition: a presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance, speakers, not sentences, have presupposition.5、Entailment: an entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance, sentences, not speakers, have entailments.6、Face,: face means the public self-image of a person. It refers that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize.7、Politeness: in an interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person's face.二、简答题1、what's pragmatics ? T ypes of it.P r agmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker( or writer) and interpreted by a listener{or reader}①pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.②pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.③pragmatics is the study of how more gets it communicated than is said.④pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.2、what's deixis ?Deixis is a technical term( from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterance. It means 'pointing' via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this 'pointing' is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexicals. They are among the first forms to be broken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis( me, you), or location via spatial deixis( here, there), or time via temporal deixis( now, then).3、T ypes of presupposition.①The existential presupposition is not only assumed to be present in possessive construction ( for example, ' your car '>> 'you have a car)②The presupposed information following a verb like ' know ' can be treated as a fact, and is described as a factive presupposition, such as …realize‟ and …regret‟..③General speaking, in lexical presupposition, the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another ( non-asserted ) meaning is understood, such as …stop‟, …star‟, and…again‟.④In addition to presupposition which are associated with the use of certain words and phrases, there are also structural presupposition. ( for example, when did he leave? >> he left. / where did you buy the bike ? >> you bought the bike. )⑤A non-factive presupposition is one that is assumed not to be true. ( example, I dreamed that I was rich.>> I was not rich/ we imagined we were in Hawaii.>>we were not in Hawaii. / hepretends to be ill.>>he is not ill. )⑥At end of the discussion of deixis, a structure that is interpreted with a non-factivepresupposition. Indeed, this type of structure creates a counter-factual presupposition, meaning that what is presupposed is not only true, but is the opposite of what is true, or ' contrary ' to ' facts'.( example, if you were my friend, you would have helped me.>>you are not my friend.)4.Cooperation and implicature.The cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at stage it which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.①Quantity,i.Make your contribution as informative as is required ( for the current purposes of theexchange).b)Do you make your contribution more informative than is required.②Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true.a)Do not say what what you believe to be false.b)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.③Relation. Be relevant.④Manner. Be perspicuous.a)A void obscurity of expression.b)A void ambiguity.c)Be brief( avoid unnecessary prolixity).d)Be orderly.Properties of conversational implicatures1.Conversational implicatures are deniable. They can be explicitly denied(or alternatively,reinforced) in different ways.2.Implicatures can be calculated by the listeners via inference. In terms of their definingproperties, then, conversational implicatures can be calculated, suspended, cancelled, and reinforced.Speech actThe action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts.1.Locutionary act, which is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguisticexpression,2.The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance.3.Depending on the circumstances, you will utter on the assumption that the hearer willrecognize the effect you intended. This is also generally known as the perlocutionary effect.Positive and negative politenessA positive politeness atrategy leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship,via expressions such as those in the following example(a. how about letting me use your pen? b.hey, buddy, I‟d appreciate it if you‟d let me use your pen.)However, in most English-speaking contexts, a face saving act is more commonly performed via a negative politeness strategy. For example(a. could you lend me a pen? B. I‟m sorry to bother you, but can I ask you for a pen or something? C. I know you are busy, but might I ask you if-em-if you happen to have an extra pen that I could,you know-eh-maybe borrow?)三、论述题1. Speech act classification.①Declaration are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance. ( example. Priest: I now pronounce your husband and wife./ Referee: you're out. / Jury Foreman: we find the defendant guilty.)In using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via words.②Representatives are those kind of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. ( example. The earth is flat. / Chomsky didn't write about peanuts. / it was a warm sunny day.)In using representative, the speaker makes the words fit the world( of belief)③Expressive are those kind of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. ( example. I'm really sorry. / congratulations / Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh. )In using an expression, the speaker makes words fit the world( of feeling).④Directives are those kinds of speech that speakers use to get someone else to do something. (example. Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black. / could you lend me a pen, please?/ don't touch that.In using a directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words( via the hearer).⑤Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. ( I'll be back/ I'm going to get it right next time/ we will not do that. ) In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via the speaker)These five general functions of speech acts, with there key features, are summarized in Table 6. I.The role of co-text1.The co-text clearly limits the range of possible interpretations we might have for a word like“Brazil”. It is consequently misleading to think of reference being understood solely in terms of our ability to identity referents via the referring expression. The referring expression actually provides a range of reference, that is, a number of possible referents.2.Of course, co-text is just a linguistic part of the environment in which a referring expression Iused. The physical environment, or context, is perhaps more easily recognized as having a powerful impact on how referring expressions are to be interpreted.3.Reference are depends on local context and the local knowledge of the participants. It maycrucially depend on familiarity with the local socio-cultural conventions as the basis for inference (for example, if a person is in a hospital with an illness, then he or she can be identified by nurses via the name of illness). These conventions may differ substantially from one social group to another and may be marked differently from one language to another.Reference, then, is not simply a relationship between the meaning of a word or phrase and an object or person in the world. It is a social act, in which the speaker assumes that the word or phrase chosen to identify an object or person will be interpreted as the speaker intend.。
九年级英语语用学单选题30题
九年级英语语用学单选题30题1. —Excuse me, could you tell me where the nearest post office is?—Sure. Go straight and turn left at the first crossing. You can't miss it.A. Certainly.B. Sorry, I don't know.C. No, I can't.D. I'm not sure.答案：A。
本题考查情景交际中问路的回答。
A 选项“Certainly.”表示“当然可以”，符合礼貌地回答别人问路的场景。
B 选项直接说不知道比较生硬，且没有尝试给出其他帮助。
C 选项“No, I can't.”不礼貌。
D 选项“I'm not sure.”也没有给出明确的指引。
2. —Would you like to go to the movies with me tonight?—_____. I have a lot of homework to do.A. Yes, I'd love to.B. Sorry, I can't.C. No problem.D. That sounds great.答案：B。
本题考查邀请的回答。
因为后面提到有很多作业要做，所以应该拒绝邀请，B 选项“Sorry, I can't.”符合语境。
A 选项和D 选项是接受邀请的回答，C 选项“No problem.”通常用于回应请求帮忙等情况，不适合此处。
3. —Thank you for helping me with my English.—_____.A. It's my pleasure.B. Don't mention it.C. You're welcome.D. All of the above.答案：D。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编27
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编27(总分：36.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using 1in language study.(中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：corpora）解析：解析：语料库语言学指论述语言研究中使用语料的原理和实践。
2.In the Phases IV of CALL Development, instead of writing specific programs for language teaching, 1has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：word processing）解析：解析：计算机运用到第二语言教学中的第四个阶段，文字处理不再是为语言教学编写具体的程序，而是适应语言教学，使学生用一种非永久性形式写作并能修改它们的作品。
3.MT can be divided into two types: 1and 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：unassisted MT，assisted MT）解析：解析：机器翻译可以分为两类：不需要帮助的和需要帮助的。
4. 1a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Corpus）解析：解析：语料库是一个语言数据的集合，可以由书面文本构成，也可以由录音言语的转写本构成。
语用学——精选推荐
语⽤学语⽤学试卷1.Answer the following question (20 points)What is your impression on pragmatic study? In what way do you think Pragmatic study is essential to our English learning? Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence. So an utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience2.why do you think one says to the gate-keeper “May we come in?” when he is alone?And w hy does he still say so to the gate-keeper when he and his company want to go into the park?(15?)the category of plural notion is not applied to the first person in the same way as it is to the person .Deixis is from a Greek word meaning …indicating? or…pointing?. In linguistics, it refers to certain aspects of context of utterance, including the role of participants in the speech event and their spatio-temporal and social location. It directly concerns the relationship between the structure of language and the context in which it is used. Typical examples are pronouns, demonstratives, time & place adverbs, and some grammatical categories such as tense.Some languages even make a distinction between “we-inclusive-of-addressee”and “we-exclusive-of-addressee.”Here, the person says to the gate-keeper "may we come in "when he is alone, the plural forms”us” includes the gate-keeper. By saying so, the person intends to show his friendness to the gate-keeper. It seems they have a close relationship.when he and his company want to go onto the park, by saying”may we come in ”, the plural forms ”us” just means the person and his company.3.There is a woman sitting on a park bench and a large dog lying on the ground in front of the bench. A man comes along and sit s down on the bench.(20?)Man:Does your dog bite?Woman:No(then the man reached down to pet the dog.the dog bites the man?s hand)The speaker's own questioning expression unclearConversation is the common interactions of speaker and hearer, however in order to research are often only pay attention to the hearer, the analysis for the hearer to specific inference, the purpose of the violation of cooperative principles more than from the Angle of the hearer guess what the speaker want to convey meaning. In this paper, the subjective factors include two aspects, one is the speaker's factor, 2 it is to the hearer. In some cases, the speaker words to express itself is not clear, easy to make the listener produce misunderstanding, confusion. Thereby, the unpredictability of the speaker said tend to be obedient people don't cooperate.In this scenario, lady with a clear violation of the cooperative principle in the amount of code, thus she can deduce the conversational implicature is: she doesn't want to communicate with the strange man. If you want to communicate well, she should say at the outset of this dog is not her. From the speaker, however, that this man's point of view to analysis, the man didn't clear from the start, he asked the question itself is not clear, is easy to be misunderstood. Assuming he ask is this your dog? Then ask the dog bite? Or directly ask the dog bite? Ms. I'm afraid I won't bring cooperation and dogs not friendly.4.What?s the importance of Grice?s theory of conversational implicature?a nswer this question with the following example (15?)Student A:How are you?Student B:I?m dead.The importance of the theory of conversational implicature in pragmatics is due to various sources or contributions.1.the theory of conversational implicature may provide come significant function explanation for linguistic facts.2.it provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually “said”, or more than what is literally expressed.3.it may help to simplify the content of semantic descriptions.4.it is essential if various basic facts about language are to be accounted for properly.5. it may offer an insight into the rhetorical use of language.The Cooperative Principle has four categories of maxims as follows:1. Quantity2.Quality3.Relation4.MannerIt is important to recognize these maxims as unstated assumptions we have in conversations. In this case, it violates the Quality of CP. Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true.(1) Do not say what you believe to be false.(2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.We can see the sentence “I?m dead” is not true, so it violates the maxim of quality in CP and products implicature.5.Xiao:(look around)（20’）Grocer:⽼师吃什么？(what would you like to have,teacher?)Xiao:西⽠多少钱⼀⽄？(How much is water melon?)Grocer:⼀块⼆(one yuan and twenty)Xiao:⼀块⼆？很贵的(one yuan and twenty?very expensive）Grocer:哦，我们进来就⼀块⼀，⼀天挣不了⼏个钱，你要我给你便宜⼀⽑Grocer:好，来⼀个。
大学语用学试卷
语用学考试试卷I.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): (15%)1.( ) Pragmatics is the study of language use, and more specifically, the study of speaker meaning asdistinct from word or sentence meaning.2.( ) Pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that takes into account the knowledge aboutthe physical and social world.3.( ) The typical verbal form of the positive politeness strategy in English is the interrogative with amodal auxiliary.4.( ) “Jack continues to act foolishly” presupposes “Jack is acting foolishly at present.”5.( ) Saying “I forgot my pen.” is the use of on-record strategy for borrowing a pen.6.( ) “And” in English equals the logical sign “&,” meaning plus.7.( ) The conventional implicature of “Even John came to the party”is that “It was contrary toexpectation that John came to the party.”8.( ) A counter-factual presupposition means that what is presupposed is not true like the utterance “Idreamed that I was rich.”9.( ) A social contrast encoded within person deixis is known as T/V distinction, in which T refers to“non-familiar” while V to “familiar.”10.( ) In the utterance “Let’s start at once,”“let’s” is the exclusive-of-addressee use of the first persondeixis.II. Match each of the items in the right column with the one in the left column by putting in the bracket the letter corresponding to the answer. (10%)1. John Lanshaw Austin: ( ) a. presupposing2. Geoffrey Leech: ( ) b. Clean up this mess.3. Herber Paul Grice ( ) c. independence4. Brown & Levinson ( ) d. implicating5. presupposition ( ) e. How to Do Things with Words6. negative face ( ) f.. I’ll be back soon.7. commissive ( ) g. cooperative principle8. +> ( ) h. face theory9. >> ( ) i. the projection problem10. performative hypothesis( ) j. politeness principleIII.Fill in the blanks with proper words: (27%)1. The social deictic center refers to the speaker’s social _________ and __________ to which the addressee and the referent are related2.“There” in “Hi, how are you getting on there?” is a ____________ use of the deictic expression; while in “I’d like to move the desk there,” it is a ___________ use.3. In “How do you like that? He stabs you in the back and then professes to be your friend,”“that” is known as _______________ reference.4. ______________ is a very important concept in the use of deixis, which may be ___________, near the speaker, or __________, away from the speaker.5. A conversational implicature is generated when one or more of the maxims of cooperative principle is ______________ with the hearer’s ______________.6. The hyperbole in “She’s the most beautiful girl in the world” can be interpreted as being produced through the violation of the maxim of ______________.7. The blessing expression “Happy new year!” is an example of __________ deixis.8. According to politeness theory, the more ____________ the linguistic form is, the higher degree of politeness it has when used to make a request.9. The locutionary act of an utterance is concerned with the basic act of its ____________ form; while the illocutionary act with its ____________. and the perlocutionary act with its_____________.10. The final phrase “I guess”in “It will clear up tomorrow, I guess.”is called a __________ device that exemplifies the speaker’s observation of the maxim of ___________.11. In saying “I don’t know if this is important, but some of the files are missing,” the speaker is observing the maxim of ________________.12. According to Halliday, language plays three functions, namely ______________ function, _____________ function, and ______________ function,13. A simple utterance like “I’m tired” may have different pragmatic meanings in different contexts. Write out the sentence semantic meaning，two of its possible pragmatic meanings and the corresponding contexts they are in.the semantic meaning: ____________________________________________pragmatic meaning 1: _____________________________________________(the relevant context):_____________________________________________pragmatic meaning 2: _____________________________________________(the relevant context):_____________________________________________IV.Briefly answer TWO of the following questions (around 50-60 words for each) Write your answer on the other side of the paper. (Attention: Indicate your choices among the questions by writing their corresponding letters at the beginning of your answers.). (48%)a)It is strongly believed that background knowledge, to which culture is closely related culture, plays avery important role in communication. What implications do you think this belief has for interculturalcommunication and foreign/ second language teaching?b)In what way is deixis or speech act theory or conversational implicature theory or presuppositiontheory, an important aspect of pragmatic study? (Give at least one example to illustrate your discussion) (15%)c)One of the properties of politeness is gradation. Do you think the more polite an utterance is, the betterit is? Why (not)? (15%)d)Point out TWO of the five features of conversational implicature discussed in class and use examplesto illustrate the features.Answer KeyI. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. FII. 1. e 2. j 3. g 4. h 5. I 6. c 7. f 8. d 9. a 10. bIII. 1. status, rank 2. symbolic, gestural 3.cataphoric 4. distance, proximal, distal5. violated, knowledge6. quality7. social8. indirect9. linguistic, force, effect10. hedging, quality 11. relation 12. interpersonal, ideational, textual 13. (omitted)IV. (omitted)。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编4
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编4(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil" , "root" is used in its conceptual meaning.（北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（这里的“root”是用了它的联想意义中的内涵义，不是概念意义。
)2.After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor. " with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped. " , you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.（北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（搭配意义是通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义；主位意义是通过顺序和重音这种信息的方式所传达的意义。
显然这里用的是主位意义。
)3.Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of " reference".（北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
指称理论指把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来，二者有其相似之处。
)4.When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker"s meaning, or contextual meaning.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（有时句子的意思要根据说话人想表达的意思而定，这也可称为语境意。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案（10套题）
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案（10套题）有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features.Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learnerfactors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basicprinciple is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It isgenerally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In mostpeople, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language,while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English,its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, butit does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
北京语言大学英语专业语言学 期末考试试题
第一次第一次期末考试提纲及解析Final examination for Introduction to Linguistics (June, 2008) Ⅰ.Translation(1x20=20%)Chinese into English=10English into Chinese=10Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks (2x15=30%)Fill in the blanks in sentences using linguistic termsⅢ.Answer briefly the following questions (5x4=20%)Ⅳ.Short Essays (15x2=30%)Preparatory work expectedⅠ. The list of terms for section Ⅰand Ⅱ.Chapter 1: 1.duality 2.arbitrariness 3.creativity 4.onomatopoeia 5.ideational or informative function 6.interpersonal function 7.displacement 8.pragmatics 9.psycholinguistics 10.emotive functionChapter 2:1.allophone 2.vowel 3.phoneme 4.stressed syllables 5.consonant 6.the international phonetic alphabet 7.nasalization 8.distinctive features 9.tone 10.aspiration 11.vocal cords 12.place of articulation 13.manner of articulation 14. peak or nucleus 15.open syllable 16.dental 17.voicing 18.assimilation 19. articulation 20.speech organsChapter 3:1.grammatical word 2.lexical word 3. particle 4.auxiliary 5.morpheme 6.affix 7.free morpheme 8.bound morpheme 9.inflection 10.derivation11.morphology 12.semantic change 13.root 14.stem 15.allomorphChapter 4: 1.syntactic relations 2.grammatical construction 3.immediate constituent 4.endocentric constructions 5.exocentric constructions 6.coordination 7.subordination 8.subject 9.prdicate 10.object 11.case 12.gender 13.tense 14.aspect 15.clauseChapter 5: 1.conceptual meaning 2.connotative meaning 3.thematic meaning 4.hyponymy 5. synonymy 6.antonymy 7.semantic features or components 8.metaphor 9.proposition 10. composite propositionⅡ. Short questions for section Ⅲ.1. What does the “emotive function” of language mean?2. What does duality as a design feature of language mean?3. What is the basic difference between the synchronic and diachronic studies of language?4. What is the difference between the descriptive and prescriptive studies of language?5. What is the difference between a free and bound morpheme? Give examples6. What is the difference between a root and a stem?7. What is the difference between tense and aspect?8. What is the difference between construction and constituents?9. What are the three categories of antonymy? Give examples.10. What is a preposition? Give examples.Ⅲ.Essay questions for section Ⅳ.1. Discuss “creativity” and “displacement” as two design features of language.2. How are phonemes identified in the study of language?3. Discuss 5 common ways of English word formation. Give examples.4. How is the grammatical subject identified in the study of English?5. Discuss the difference between conceptual and associative meanings. Give examples.Preparatory Work of LinguisticsI. the list of termsChapter 1:term meaningduality二层性 The two subsystems of sound and meaning. (from notes). By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary levels are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(from textbook)二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。
2012年大连外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷
2012年大连外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷(总分：154.00,做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：20,分数：40.00)nguage is a means of verbal communication which can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues,motivation,and socio-cultural roles.(分数：2.00)A.True √B.False解析：解析：考查语言的定义和影响语言交际的因素。
人们之间的有效沟通会受到语言、肢体语言、社会及文化等因素的影响。
2.Different words are used to describe the concept indifferent languages.This reflects the design feature of displacement concerning human languages.(分数：2.00)A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：考查语言的任意性。
任意性指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。
3.Adults enjoy reading poems for its sheer beauty and children take delight in repetitive rhythms. This reflects the informative function of language.(分数：2.00)A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：考查语言的娱乐性功能。
人们有时会因为纯粹的乐趣而使用语言。
4.Journalists keep writing about and reporting on important events. This better reflects the recreational function of language.(分数：2.00)A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：考查语言的信息功能。
英语专业语用学期末考试复习整理汇总.doc
Chapter 21.Deictic expression/ indexical : deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. It means "pointing" via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing" is called a deictic expression. For exampl e, when you notice a strange object and ask, "What's that?二you are using a deictic expression "that " to indicate something in the immediate context.2.Person deixis: forms used to indicate some people, eg, me you.3.Spatial deixis: forms used to point to location, eg. Here there.4.Temporal deixis: forms used to point to location in time, eg, now then.5.Proximal terms: indicate near speaker, this here now. For example, "now” is generally understood as referring to some point or period in time that has the time of the speaker's utterance at its center.6.Distal terms: indicate away from speaker, that there then.7.Deictic center: the speaker's location/ time.& Honorifics: expressions which indicate higher status.9.T/V distinction: the distinction between forms used for a familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some languages. For example, tu familiar vous non-familiar.10.Deictic projection: speakers acting as if they are somewhere else. Fro example, speakers may project themselves into other locations prior to actually being in those locations, as when they say^I will come later/'11.Psychological distance: speaker's marking of how close or distant something is perceived to be. For example, a speaker may wish to mark something that is physically close (for example, a per fume being sniffed by the speaker) as psychologically distant “I don^t like thaf\Chapter 4L Presupposition：a presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. Speakers, not sentences, have presuppositions. For example, in producing the utterance "Mary5s brother bought three horses：, the speaker will normally be expected to have the presuppositions that a person called Mary exists and that she has a brothe匚2.Entailment: an entailment is something that logically follows form what is asserted in the utterance. Sentences, not speakers, have entailments. For example, the sentence "Maryas brother bought three horses^ will be treated as having the entailments that Maryas brother bought something, bought three animals, bought two horses, bought one horse, and many other similar logical consequences.3.Constancy under negation: it means that the presupposition of a sentence will remain constant even when that statement is negated. For example, when "Everybody knows that John is gay，，is negated as in "Everybody doesn't know that John is gay”, the presupposition that "John is gay "is still true.4.Potential presupposition: an assumption typically associated with use of a linguistic form, eg. The use of the verb "regret" in "He regrets doing that" carries an assumption that he actually “did that,5.Existential presupposition: an assumption that someone or something, identified byuse of a noun phrase, does exist. For example, the noun phrase "your car55 assumes the presupposition that “you have a car".6.Factive presupposition: the assumption that information stated after certain words, eg, "know" "regref\ is true. For example, the utterance that 'Tm glad that it，s over^ assumes the truth that “It，s ovef\7.Lexical presupposition: the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning will be understood. For example, each time you say that someone "managed^ to do something, the asserted meaning is that the person succeeded in some way.& Structural presupposition: the assumption that part of a structure contained information being treated as already known. For example, the wh-question construction like “when did he leave?'； is interpreted with the presupposition that the information after the wh-form, "he left，： is already known to be the case.9.Non-factive presupposition: the assumption that certain information, like that associated with verbs "drearrT, "imagine^and "pretend^, is not true. For example, when you say^I dreamed that I was rich： the presupposition is that what follows the word "dreamed^ is not true. That is “I was not rich：10.Counter-factive presupposition: the assumption that certain information is the opposite of true. For example, a conditional clause like "If I had a car59 presents the truth that I dorf t have a car.11.Projection problem: the meaning of some presuppositions (as parts) doesn^t survive to become the meaning of some complex sentences (as wholes). For example, the presupposition "Kelly was ilF is assumed to be true in the simple structure “No body realized that Kelly was ilF\ But it is not true in the complex structure that “I imagined that Kelly was ill and nobody realized that she was ilF\12.Background entailments: all logical consequence of an utterance・ For example, the background entailments of "Rover chased three dogs” can be "something chased three dogs，；"Rover did something to three dogs'：or "Rover chased three of something^ and so on.13.Foreground entailment: the main logical consequence of an utterance. For example, when Rover is the foc us of the utterance "Rover chased three dogs”，the main assumption is that something chased three dogs.Chapter 51.Tautology: an apparently meaningless expression in which one word is defined as itself, eg. Business is business.2.Implicature/ Conversational implicature: an additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle, eg. If someone says “The President is a mouse ”，something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.3.Cooperative principle: a basic assumption in conversation that each participant will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required time, to the cuirent exchange of talk.Four sub-principles of the cooperative principle are called maxims:Quantity(1)make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).(2)do not make your contribution more informative than is required.QualityTry to make your contribution one that is true.(1)do not say what you believe to be false.(2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.RelationBe relevantMannerBe perspicuous.(1)avoid obscurity of expression.(2)Avoid ambiguity.(3)Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).(4)Be orderly.4.HedgesCertain kinds of expressions speakers use to mark that they may be in danger of not fully adhering to the principles.Show speakers be cautious of the ...maximQuality: as far as I know I may be mistaken Fm not sure I guessQuantity: as you probably know to cut a long story short I won't bore you with all the detailsRelation: I doift know if this is important, but this may sound like a dumb question, but Manner: this may be a bit confused, but Vm not sure if this makes sense I don^t know if this is clear at all.5.Generalized conversational implicature: an additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge. For example, phrases like a/an X are typically interpreted according to the generalized conversational implicature that: an X +> not speaker^ X6.Scalar implicature: an additional meaning of the negative of any value higher on the scale than the one uttered, e.g. In saying "some children"，I create an implicature that what I say does not apply to "all children^.7.Particularized conversational implicature: an additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge. For example, here is a dialogue. Rick: Hey, coming to the wild party tonight ? Tom: My parents are visiting. In order to make Tom's response relevant, Rick has to draw on some assumed knowledge that one college student in this setting expects another to have. Tom will be spending that evening with his parents, and time spent with parents is quiet (consequently +> Tom not at party). 8.Conventional implicature: as additional unstated meaning associated with the use of a specific word, e.g. “A but implies a contrast between A and B，so "contrast^ is a conventional implicature of “but：Chapter 61.Speech act: an action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request.2.Speech event: a set of circumstances in which people interact in some conventional way to arnve at some outcome.3- On any occasion, the action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts.Locutionary act: the basic act of utterance or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. If you have difficulty with actually forming the sounds and words to create a meaningful utterance in a language(for example,because iVs foreign or you are tongue-tied )，you might fail to produce a locutionary act.Illocutionary act/ force: the communicative force of an utterance. For example, we might utter 'Tve just made some coffee.^ to make a statement, an offer, an explanation or for some other communicative purpose.Perlocutionary act/ effect: the effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act. For example, you will utter “I have just made some coffee” on the assumption that the hearer will recognize the effect you intended (for example, to account for a wonderful smell, or to get the hearer to drink some coffee).4.IFIDs illocutionary force indicating device: indication in the speaker^ utterance of the communicative force of that utterance. It is an expression where there is a slot for a performative verb that explicitly names the illocutionary act being performed. Like I promise you that I will see you later. Other IFIDs which can be identified are word order, stress and intonation.5.Performative verb: a verb that explicitly names the speech act, e.g. The verb “promise" in the utterance "I promise to be there"\6.Felicity conditions: the appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended. For some clear cases, the performance will be infelicitous if the speaker is not a specific person in a special context. General conditions: preconditions on performing a speech act. For example, participants can understand the language being used and that they are not play-acting or being nonsensical. Content conditions: in order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g. A promise must be a future event. Preparatory conditions: specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to count as a particular speech act. For example, when I promise to do something, there are two preparatory conditions: the event will not happen by itself; the event will have a beneficial effect. Sincerity conditions: requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count as a particular speech act. For example, for a promise, the speaker genuinely intends to carry out the future action. Essential condition: in performing a speech act, a requirement that the utterance commits the speaker to the act performed. For example, by the act of uttering a promise,I thereby intend to create an obligation to carry out the action as promised.7.Performative hypothesis: a proposal that, underlying every utterance, there is a clause with a verb that identifies the speech act. The basic format is I (hereby) Vp you (that) UExplicit performative: a speech act containing a performative verb.I hereby orderyou that you clean up this mess.Implicit performative: a speech act without a performative verb. Clean up this mess!8.Speech act classificationOne general classification system lists five types of general functions performed by speech acts: declarations, representatives, expressives, directives, and commissives. Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance.E.g. A judge pronouncing a sentence.Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not, like assertions, conclusions, and descriptions. The speaker makes words fit the world of belief. For example, the earth is flat.Expresssives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels, like statements of pleasurejikes, painjoy and so on. The speaker makes words fit the world of feeling. For example, Fm really sorry!Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something, like commands, requests, orders, suggestions and so on. The speaker attempts to make the world fit the words via the hearer. For example, gimme a cup of coffee.Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action, like promises, threats, refusals and so on. The speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words via the speaker.9.Direct speech act: speech act where a direct relationship exists between the structure and communicative function of an utterance, e.g. Using an interrogative form (can you....?) to ask a question.10.Indirect speech act: speech act where an indirect relationship exists between the structure and communicative function of an utterance, e.g. The use of an interrogative (can you...?) not to ask a question, but to make a request (can you help me with this?) Chapter 71.Face means the public self-image of a person. It refers to that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize.2.Politeness in an interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person，s face.3.Face wants: a person's expectations that their public self-image will be respected.4.FTA/Face threatening acts: utterance or action which threatens a person's public self-image.5.Face saving act: utterance or action which avoids a potential threat to a personas public self-image. For example, Fm going to tell him to stop that awful noise right now! Perhaps you could just ask him if he is going to stop soon because it is getting a bit late and people need to get to sleep.6.Negative face is the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others.7.Positive face is the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by others.8.Negative politeness: a face saving act which is oriented to the personas negative face will tend to show deference, emphasize the importance of the other9s time or concerns.9.Positive politeness: a face saving act which is concerned with the person's positive face will tend to show solidarity, emphasize that both speakers want the same thing, and that they have a common goal.10・Off record: utterances not directly addressed to another.11.On record: utterances directly addressed to another.12.Bald on record: utterances, e.g. Orders, directly addressed to another where the illocutionary force is made explicit. For example, lend me your pen.13.Mitigating devices is expressions used to soften an imposition, eg please, would you.14.A positive politeness strategy leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship, via expressions like “How about letting me use your pen?”15.A negative politeness strategy is an attempt to demonstrate awareness of another's rights not to be imposed on. Like could you lend me a pen?16・Solidarity strategy is the tendency to use positive politeness forms, emphasizing closeness between speaker and heare匸Eg. Come on, let's go to the party. Everyone will be there・ We will have fun.17.Deference strategy is the tendency to use negative politeness forms, emphasizing the hearer5s right to freedom. Eg. There^s going to be a party, if you can make it, it will be fun.18.Pre-sequencesOne way of avoiding risk of threatening others' face is to provide an opportunity for the other to halt the potentially risky act.Pre-request: utterance before a request to check if a request can be made. Eg. Are you busy? Not really. Check over this memo. Okay.Pre-invitation: utterance before an invitation to check if an invitation can be made. Eg. Are you doing anything later? Oh, yeah, busy busy. Oh, okay.Pre-arniouncement: utterance before an announcement to check if an announcement can be made. Eg. Mom, guess what happened? Silence. Mom, you know what? Not right now, Jacy, Fm busy.(stop).。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.fricativesteralC.affricatesD.bilabial √解析：解析：（bilabial是根据发音部位划分的。
)2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（分数：2.00）ageB.grammarC.pronunciation √D.structure解析：解析：（英音和美音最大的区别就是发音和词汇，比如发音方面，美音有儿化音。
)3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n] √B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]解析：解析：（[m]，[b]，[p]都是双唇音，[n]是齿龈音。
)4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（分数：2.00）A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics. √C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.解析：解析：（发音语言学研究语音的发生。
)5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研) （分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic words √B.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes解析：解析：（多语素词可被分为词根和词缀，：而合成词是不可以被这样分的。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编25
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：quantity）解析：解析：格莱斯的数量准则指1．使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要求的那样信息充分；2．不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grice）解析：解析：格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. 1were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Performatives）解析：解析：施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the 1principle proposed by J. Grice.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cooperative）解析：解析：通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。
英语专业语言学期末复习资料
Phonetics (sound)语音学；phonology(sounds) 音系学；morphology(word) 形态学；syntax(words, sentence)句法学；semantics(meaning)语义学；pragmatics(meaning ina context)语用学1. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive (modern). If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.2. Synchronic static state grammer; diachronic dynamic historical developmentngue (language): the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, stable.; Parole (speaking): the realization of langue in actual use, concrete, specific, changeable. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole.sociological or sociolinguistic point of view4. American linguist N. Chomsky Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,stable,prerequisite; Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations,changeable.psychologically or psycholinguistically.5.Traditional grammar ---- prescriptive, written, Latin-based frameworkModern linguistics ----- descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design Features of Language.1:Arbitrariness2:duality:The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e. g. words in written language) and meaningless segments (e. g. sounds, letters in spoken language).1. Combine meaningless sounds into meaningful linguistic unitsbine small units into big units3.productivity/creativity:Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.4.Displacement: which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.5.cultural transmission7.Six Functions of language:Addresser---Emotive the addresser expressed his attitude to the topic or situation of communication; Addressee---Conative使动xx aims to influence the addressee’s course of action or ways of thinking；Context---referentia所指, xx conveys a message or informationl;Message---Poetic xx uses language for the sole purpose of displaying the beauty of language itself;Contact--Phatic communication寒暄, xx tries to establish or maintain good interpersonalrelationships with the addressee；Code--Metalingual xx uses language to make clear the meaning of language itself.8.M. A. K. Halliday.Metafunctions of Language:Ideational function:About the natural world in the broadest sense, including our own consciousness; Relates to the context of culture. Interpersonal function:About the social world, especially the relationship between speaker and hearer ; Relates to the context of situation. Contextual function:About the verbal world, especially the flow of information in a text; Relates to the verbal context.9.A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. But a phone doesn’t necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don’t. A phoneme is a phonological unit;It is aunit that is of distinctive value;It is an abstract unit;It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.10. phones are placed within square brackets: [ ], and phonemes in slashes: / /.11./p/ in [pi:k] (peak) : an aspirated [ph]12./p/ in [spi:k] (speak): an unaspirated [p]13.Both [ph] and [p] are called as allophones of /p/14. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones. [p, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.15. Minimal pairs: Pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound; More precisely: two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string.16.Sequential rules The patterning of sounds in a particular language is governed by rules;The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other.Refer to the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.17.Assimilation rule—assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in-18. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tried to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone.19.单元音monophthongs 双元音diphthongs20.Morpheme: the minimal unit of meaning. It is the smallest unit that carries grammatical and /or semantic meaning.Morphs:The smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.The phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes. Allomorphs:A member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.21.Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as “-s”in “dogs”, “-al”in “national”, “dis-”in “disclose”, “-ed”in “recorded”, etc.22.Derivational morphemes—the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class,or meaning of words. e.g. modern —modernizeInflectional morphemes:purely grammatical markers;signifying tense, number, and case;not changing the syntactic category; never adding any lexical meaningpounding (合成词) blackboard; Derivation(派生词) --ful ---able;Back-formation逆构词法television televise; Borrowing—loan words (外来词); Clipping（缩略词）labtory lab; Blending（混成法）motel; Acronym（词首字母）APEC；Coinage/Invention (Neologism) 创新词nylon24.Open: n. V. Adj. Adv. Bound morphemes :roots and affixes25.①traditional categories: n., v., adj., adv., prep., conj., aux., pronoun….②non-traditional categories: determiner (Det限定词), degree words (Deg程度词), qualifier (Qual修饰语).26.Three criteria are used to determine a word’s category: meaning, inflection, distribution.27.the structure or elements of phrases:XP rule specifier+head+complement28.NP (Det) + N + (PP)…29.VP (Qual) + V + (NP)…30.AP (Deg) + A + (PP)…31.PP (Deg) + P + (NP)…32.S →NP VP33.Deep structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called ds. Surface structure: corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called ss. Do insertion, WH movement.34.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformation. A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.35.Head: A V N P36. Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.37. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form And what it refers to (i.e.between language and real world ); rather, in the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Semantic triangle by ogden and richards: symblo/form, thought/ reference/, refrent.38.Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ---- elements closely linked with language behavior. JR forth39.Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. The relationship between sense and reference:And, if等只有sense, 而无reference.一个sense可以有许多reference同一referenece可有不同的sense，Mrs Thatcher, & the Iron Lady. Morning Star & Evening Star.40.Major sense relations: Synonymy (同义关系)Antonymy (反义关系)Polysemy (多义关系)Homonymy (同音/形异义) Hyponymy (上下义关系)41.Antonymy: Complementary antonyms (互补反义词)非A即B; Gradable antonyms (程度反义词) :AB有中间, very .. How..; Relational opposites （关系对立词）丈夫妻子42.Sense relations between sentences: Synonymy (同义关系) inconsistency (自相矛盾)Entailment (蕴涵)Presupposition (预设)X is a contradiction (自相矛盾)X is semantically anomalous (反常的43.man [+HUMAN +ADULT +MALE] women [+HUMAN +ADULT －MALE]girl [+HUMAN －ADULT －MALE] child [+HUMAN －ADULT OMALE]father: PARENT (x, y) & MALE (x)x is a parent of y, and x is male.take: CAUSE (x, (HA VE (x, y)))x causes x to have y.give: CAUSE (x, (~HA VE (x, y)))x causes x not to have y.44.predication analysis: G.leech: argument 名词predicate 动词45. Pragmatics --- the study of the intended meaning of a speaker (taking context into consideration). Pragmaticists regard meaning as something that is realized in the course of communication.Semantics --- the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).Semanticists take meaning to be an inherent property of language. Essential difference is that whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 不senmantics.46.Sentence meaning: It is abstract and context-independent; it’s the literal meaning of a sentence. Utterance meaning: It is concrete and context-dependent; It’s the intended meaning of a speaker.It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.47.John Austin’s speech act theory.Performatives (行事话语): I promise Constatives (述事话语)48.A locutionary act (言内行为) is the act of saying words, phrases, clause; it is an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act (言外行为) is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 关注A perlocutionary act (言后行为) is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.act performed by saying sth.49.Searle’s classification of speech acts:Representatives (陈述) Directives (指令)Commissives (承诺) Expressives (表达) Declarations (宣布)50.CP Grice:The maxim of quality: ck adequate evidence.The maxim of quantity信息充足; The maxim of relation继续下去; The maxim of manner方式表达清楚模糊词绕口1. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Pragmatics2. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.context3. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.abstract4. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Performatives1. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the actperformed in saying something.illocutionary2. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.commissive3. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.expressive4. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.quantity4. ____C______ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is _B_____.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. T3. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. F4. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F5. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century. T6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T7. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. F1. A __bound_____ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.2. On, before and together are__close_____words—they are words which do not take inflectional endings.3. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __affix__ and __root__ root.4. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions and articles are all_close__class items.5. handsome consists of 2 morphemes, one is the _free___ morpheme hand, the other is the __bound__ morpheme some.1.There are _C__ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. 3B. 4.C. 5.D. 62. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called___A_ morphemes.A. inflectionalB.freeC. boundD. Derivational1. Major lexical categories are___N__, __V__, __adj__and____prep_.2. The deep structure refers to ____.3. when the affirmative sentence "Jack sold his textbooks to jill after the final examination' is transformed into "When did jack sell his textbooks to Jill?", three transformational rules are applied. they are__Do insertion__, subject-aux inversion and __Wh movement__.4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called __transformation______.5. The head is the word __n v a p___.1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.F2. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F3. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.T1. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language. ( F )2. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels. ( T )3. In English, pill and bill are a minimal pair, and so are pill and till, pin and ping. ( T )4. The phoneme /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, therefore they’re in phonetic complementary distribution. ( F )5. The sequential rules in English can apply to all the other languages. For example, the velar nasal /N/ never occurs in the initial position in English nor in Chinese.( F )The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of the __C____.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords2. A sound produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration is said to be___B__.A. resonantB. voicelessC. voicedD. vowel3. The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sound ___A___.A. /t/ and /d/B. /k/ and /g/C. /p/ and /b/D. / N/ and / W/4. The phoneme is an abstract ___B_ unit.A. phonicB. phonologicalC. phoneticD. grammatical5. The sound /k/ and /g/ are separate __B____.A. allophonesB. phonemesC. morphemesD. Allomorphs。
语用学期末考试试题及答案
语用学期末考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语用学研究的核心是什么？A. 语言的语音学B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的交际功能D. 语言的词汇学2. 以下哪个概念不属于语用学研究范畴？A. 语境B. 语义C. 语用失误D. 语音3. 语用学中的“合作原则”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 乔姆斯基B. 格莱斯C. 索绪尔D. 奥斯汀4. 以下哪个选项不是语用学中的言语行为？A. 陈述B. 命令C. 询问D. 描述5. 语用学中的“隐喻”属于哪种言语行为？A. 陈述B. 命令C. 询问D. 描述6. 以下哪个选项是语用学中的“言语行为”理论？A. 乔姆斯基的生成语法B. 奥斯汀的言语行为理论C. 索绪尔的结构主义D. 格莱斯的合作原则7. 语用学中的“礼貌原则”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 格莱斯B. 奥斯汀C. 索绪尔D. 乔姆斯基8. 语用学中的“语境”是指什么？A. 语言使用的物理环境B. 语言使用的文化环境C. 语言使用的社会环境D. 语言使用的所有环境因素9. 以下哪个选项不是语用学中的“语境”因素？A. 参与者B. 地点C. 时间D. 语法结构10. 语用学中的“预设”是指什么？A. 语言使用的前提条件B. 语言使用的逻辑结构C. 语言使用的语境因素D. 语言使用的语义内容二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语用学中的“合作原则”。
2. 举例说明“言语行为”理论中的“言外行为”。
3. 解释“礼貌原则”在交际中的作用。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述语用学中的“语境”对语言理解和使用的影响。
2. 分析“隐喻”在交际中的功能及其在广告中的应用。
参考答案一、选择题1-5 C D B B D6-10 B D D C A二、简答题1. 合作原则是格莱斯提出的，它认为在交际中，参与者会遵循一系列原则以确保交际的有效性。
这些原则包括数量原则、质量原则、关联原则和方式原则。
2. 言外行为是奥斯汀言语行为理论中的概念，指的是言语行为中除直接表达的意义之外，还隐含的其他意义。
专业英语八级英语语言学知识(语用学)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语用学）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．Which of the following statement concerning context is NOT correct?A．It was first noted by the British linguist John Firth.B．It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.C．It determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.D．It is essential to the syntactic study of language.正确答案：D解析：语境这个概念由英国语言学家John Firth最先提出，一般认为它是由言者和听者的共享知识构成，它决定着言者对语言的运用和听者对他所听到话语的理解，它对语言的语用研究(而非句法研究)来说是必不可少的。
知识模块：语用学2．Which of the following is NOT correct?A．The meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized.B．The meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent.C．The meaning of a sentence is based on utterance meaning.D．Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context.正确答案：C解析：句子的意思是抽象的、非语境化的，而话语的意义却是具体的、依赖于语境的。
英语专业语用学试卷
英语专业语用学试卷英语语言学练习----语用学一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1.The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. ( )2.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics. ( )3.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language. ( )4.All utterances take the form of sentences. ( )5.Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. ( )6.Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. ( )7.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. ( )8.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by the hearer. ( )9.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. ( )10.The Cooperative principle was proposed by John Searle. ( )11.There are four maxims under the Cooperative principle. ( )12.The violations of the maxims make our language indirect. ( )13.All the utterances take the form of sentences. ( )14.Austin thought that stating was also a kind of act, and thatwe can perform with language. ( )15.According to the speech act theory, when we are speakinga language, we are doing something, or in other words performing acts; and the process of linguistic communication consists of a sequence of acts. ( )16.All the acts that belong to the same category act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force. ( )17.All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in the syntactic form. ( )18.Conversation participants nearly always observe the CP and the maxims of the CP. ( )19.A sentence is grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. ( )20.Utterance is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context. ( )21.As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. ( )22.Gradually linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left considered.23.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. ( )24.Without the shared knowledge both by the speaker and the hearer, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communicationcannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a semantic sense. ( )25.An perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )26.According to Paul Grice’s idea, in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. ( )27.An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance. 【Keys】:1. T2. T3.F4.F5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T 10.F11. T 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T 16. F 17. T 18.F 19.T 20.T21. T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26. T 27. F二、Fill each of following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. The shared knowledge which constitutes context is of two types; the knowledge of thel________ they use, and the knowledge about the w_______, including the general knowledge about the world and specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.2. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u________, and itshould be considered in the situation in which it is actually used.3. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to c_______, otherwise, it would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. The general principle is called the c________ p_________, abbreviated as CP.4. There are four maxims under the CP: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of q_________, the maxim of relation and the maxim of m____________.5. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must ber__________.6. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, p__________ can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.7. If c___________ is not considered, the study of meaning is restricted to the area of traditional semantics.8. The meaning of an u__________ is concrete and context-dependent.9. An i___________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.10. According to Seale, s__________acts fall into five general categories.11. C__________ are those speech acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.12. To ask someone to pass a book is obviously a d__________.13. According to Paul Grice, in making c__________ the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.14. Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to c___________ implicatures.15. The significance of Grice’s c___________ principle lies inthat it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.【Keys】:1. language, word2. utterance3. cooperate, Cooperative Principle4. quality,mannar 5. relevant6. pragmatics7. context8. utterance9. illocutionary 10. speech 11. Commissive 12. dirextive 13. conversation 14. conversational15. Cooperative三、There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. __________ resulted mainly from the eapansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism2. Once the notion of _________ was taken into consideration, semantics spiiled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance4. A ___________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical5. _______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken6. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of __________ acts.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech8. The illocutionary point of __________ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. directivesB. commisivesC. expressivesD. declarations9. All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _________ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic10. The cooperative Principle is proposed by ________.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ________ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above12. Of the three speech acts, linguistic are most interested in the _________.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above13. The maxim of quantity requires: ___________.A. make your contribution ad informative as required.B. Do not make contribution more informative than is required.C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.D. Both A and B.14. The maxim of quality requireds: do not say what you believe to be ________.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _______.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above.16. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey _________ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above.【Keys】:1. A2. B3. D4. C5. B6. C7. B8. C9. A 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. D 14.A 15. C 16. A四、Define the following terms.1. context2. utterance meaning3. locutionary act4. illocutionary act5. perlocutionary act【Keys】:1. Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer.2. Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context; it is concrete and dependent on the context.3. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.5. A perlocuionary act is the act performed or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or resulting saying something.。
(完整word)语用学试题
词组互译1.person deixis (人称指示)2.deixical items （指示词语)3.exophoric reference (文外照应)4.endophoric reference （文内照应）5.cohesion (粘连)名词解释1.Deixis: A technical term for one of the most basic things we do withutterances. It means “pointing" via language. It is a form of r eferring that is tied to the speaker’s context， with the most basic distinction being “near speaker” versus “away form speaker”。
2.Person deixis： person deixis is concerned with the identification of theinterlocutors or participant—roles in a speech event。
3.Time deixis: time deixis is concerned with the encoding of temporal pointsand spans relative to the time at which an utterance is produced in a speech event.4.Space deixis: space deixis is concerned with the specification of locationin space relative to that of the participants at CT in a speech event。
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英语语言学练习----语用学
一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.
1.The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. ( )
2.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics. ( )
3.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language. ( )
4.All utterances take the form of sentences. ( )
5.Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. ( )
6.Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. ()
7.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. ( )
8.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by the hearer. ( )
9.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. ( )
10.The Cooperative principle was proposed by John Searle. ( )
11.There are four maxims under the Cooperative principle. ( )
12.The violations of the maxims make our language indirect. ( )
13.All the utterances take the form of sentences. ( )
14.Austin thought that stating was also a kind of act, and that we can perform with language. ( )
15.According to the speech act theory, when we are speaking a language, we are doing something, or in other words performing acts; and the process of linguistic communication consists of
a sequence of acts. ( )
16.All the acts that belong to the same category act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force. ( )
17.All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in the syntactic form. ( )。