学术英语写作(1)

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英语科技论文写作(一)

作业
• 结合你导师给定的课题查文献，列出相关的文献：中、英文综述文章，中、英文博士硕士论文、权威书籍、重要杂志文献。 • 查相关的专利、国内外目前开展的项目。
如何写科技学术论文
如何写英语科技学术论文
四川大学制造学院苏真伟教授
Brief CV of Zhenwei Su
• 2004-2009: Sichuan University, professor • 1997-2004: UK Universities visiting scholar,post-doc, research fellow • 1982-1997: Sichuan University, PhD, lecturer, associate professor • 1978-1982: Xian Jiaotong University, Mechanical Engineering Department • 1970-1978: Farmer or worker in Sichuan
如何了解我所在领域最具影响力的研究人员?
如何选择合适的期刊发表论文？
当我们完成了某项研究之后，通常需要选择一个合适的途径发表自己的研究成果，那么怎样找到最合适自己研究领域的期刊发表发表论文呢？您可以利用Web of Science数据库的检索结果分析功能 (Analyze)来解决这一问题。

眼睛犀利，才能飞得高！
为什么要阅读文献
我们很多的时候，闷在实验室闭门造车，实在不如稍抽出一点时间看看文献。我的大老板说，要想有成绩，别无他法，只有读，读，大量的读文献，尤其国外的。
主要的信息源
• 学术期刊（中文、英文） • 博士、硕士论文（中文、英文） • 学术网站（中文、英文） • 专利网站（中文、英文） • 书籍（中文、英文）对低级研究人员：中文第一对高级研究人员：英文第一

English Academic Writing 学术英语写作 unit 1

Aim of the course
This course is expected to achieve the following aims in general. Prepare you for your graduate thesis. Prepare you for your future research. Prepare you for your future publications
Chapter one Course Introduction
Aims of the course(Concrete aims)
This course is expected to help you develop the following knowledge
Know how to select a topic Know how to read an academic paper critically Know the process of academic paper writing
Aim of the course (why do we have this course？ Approaches to the course (what we will do？) Course evaluation (howБайду номын сангаасwill your be evaluated )
Chapter one Course Introduction
Chapter one Course Introduction
Home work of the week
Go to the library or search the internet for any journals you like. Find five academic journals in the field of linguistics, or literary studies, or language learning and teaching or translation. Browse the table o contents of the journal.

学术英语写作讲义

学术英语写作讲义Lecture 11.1Features on the lexical level（词汇层⾯）(1) The analysis didn’t yield any new results. (Informal)The analysis yielded no results. (Formal)(2) These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, etc. (Informal)These semiconductors can be used in robots, and CD players. (Formal)1.1.2Nominalization（名词化）(1)[Everyday English]If a potential is applied to gas at low pressure, ionization of the molecules will result. [Academic English]The application of a potential to gas at low pressure will result in ionization of the molecules.(2)[Everyday English]The progress of the work will depend on how modern the equipment is.[Academic English]The progress of the work will depend on the modernization ofthe equipment.1.1.3Hedging（模糊语）(1)On the evidence of the findings presented in Figure 1, it would appear that students in Hong Kong generally have little need to speak in English outside the classroom.(2) Weismann suggested that animals become old because, if they did not, there could be no successive replacement of individuals and hence no evolution.1.1.4 Use of single verbs （使⽤单⼀动词）(1)The material amenities of life have gone up in Western society.( increased )(2)A primary education system was set up throughout Ireland as early as 1831.(establish)其他如look into（investigate）;get rid of（eliminate）1.2.1⼤量使⽤被动语态(1) Any container can be filled by these as they diffuse and spread out to fill them. The atoms or molecules of gases move very rapidly and are widely spaced..(2) Using a simplified input-output (I-O) framework, the aggregate economic output of the non-energy sector (Yt) can be formulated as the sum of value-added in the non-energy sector (Vane,t) and inter-industry payments for energy and transport services.1.2.2客观语⾔（1）I chose this method because it is less complex. (personal)This method is chosen because it is less complex.（2）The conclusions are appalling and account, to a large extent, for the terrible morbidity and mortality statistics of this community.Text 2This paper presents the findings of an analysis of teamwork development. The group selected for this assignment (the survey team) is a small team of four people working in a small department of Advance Tours. The performance of the team and the team members’attitudes to their team were measured using two questionnaires developed by Cacioppe (1998). An analysis of the findings is then presented and recommendations are made as to what measures can be employed to improve the overall teamwork and performance of the team.客观语⾔，句⼦改写Lecture 2Being brief and concisee.g. (1a) Preliminary observations on the effect of Zn element on anticorrosion（防腐蚀）of zinc plating layer (镀锌层) (wordy)(1b) Effect of Zn on anticorrosion of zinc plating layer (concise)e.g.《中国近代纸币史》中⼏个学术问题的探讨(2a)Discussion on Several Academic problems in the Book The Modern History of Chinese Pa per Money(wordy)(2b)Several Questions in Modern History of Chinese Banknotes(concise)2.3 Keywords(1)Functions of keywordsKeywords of a research paper are the most frequently used words and the most important words and phrases of the paper. They are representative of the theme of the paper. As it mainly functions for easiness of retrieval, “keywords”is also variously called “indexing terms”(索引词), “keywords index”, “keywords and phrases”.(2)Form and number of keywords◇Keywords of research paper appear in the form of nouns, not verbs, For example, “investigation”is used instead of “investigate”.◇In general, the number of keywords ranges from 2 to 8. The normal limited number of keywords is four to six in one paper ◇As usual, keywords are chosen from the “title”and/or “abstract”, where the key terms of words and phrases are usually contained(3)Location of keywordsThough keywords can be either above or below the abstract of a paper, they are yet, in most cases, placed below the abstract. They are in lowercase except abbreviations.(4)Methods of spacing keywordsThere are three methods of spacing keywords:using comma ,semicolon ;larger partitionFull stop could not be used to space keywords.如：（1）“software component,(;) UML, (;) rational database”.2.4Common scientific foundation elements in Acknowledgements.1.⾼技术研究发展计划资助项⽬（863计划）（No.）National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No.)2．⾃然科学基⾦（⾯上项⽬：重点项⽬：重⼤项⽬：）No.National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program; Key Program; Major Program)3.教育部博⼠点基⾦资助项⽬（No.）Ph.D Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China.4重点基础研究发展规划项⽬（973计划）（No.）The Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 program)5. “⼗⼀五”攻关项⽬National Key Technologies R & D Program of China during the 11th Five Year Plan Period (No.)Lecture 3Descriptive Abstract(1) This paper presents an analysis of the principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air-conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusions concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.(2) The purpose of this project is to measure environmental equity in Salem, Oregon, with an aim to contribute to a growing body of literature concerned with the unequal distribution of environmental hazards .The project analyzes important previous studies and then conducts an investigation that centers around a series of GIS (Geographic Information System) maps that reveal correlations between environmental hazards and demographics(统计学), such as race and income level. The results will be revealed and discussed.(3) The Postmodern Appeal of complementary and Alternative medicines (CAM) to Australian Consumers: A Review of the LiteratureThe increasing popularity of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) amongst health consumers and orthodox service providers in Australia is well documented. However, understandings about the reasons for increasing consumer use of CAM in Australia and elsewhere are poorly developed and invite further research.This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review on reasons for CAM use by the Australian population. There are four main themes: 1) criticism of conventional medicine, 2)attraction to the holistic model（整体模型）of health, 3) treatment options for chronic and terminal illness, and 4) lifestyle factors which are identified and explored through social change theory, namely, globalization and post-modernization(4) Mechanism of Angiogenesis(⾎管⽣成) and Arteriogenesis （动脉⽣成）Endothelial（⽪细胞）and smooth music cells interact with each other to form new blood vessels. In this review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms（细胞分⼦机制）underlying the formation of endothelium-lined channels (angiogenesis) and their maturation via recruitment of smooth muscle cells (arteriogenesis) during physiological and pathological（病理学的）conditions are summarized, alongside with possible therapeutic applications. Informative AbstractThe major components of an informative abstract:(1)PurposeThe purpose of the study introduces the reason, the origin, the importance and significance of the study in question, including the premise, purpose and tasks and scope of the research. The purpose section of an informative abstract might also contain the hypothesis of the experiment.(2)MethodologyResearch methods present the methods or techniques of the research, including the model, theory, conditions, objects,sampling method, sample size，materials, technology, means, equipment, procedures (study design (e.g., survey), data collection and analysis.(3)ResultResults report the results of the study, including data, identified relationship, observation results, effectiveness and performance achieved.(4)ConclusionsConclusions comment on the main contribution or value of the research paper. It includes an analysis, comparison, evaluation of the research results (e.g. interpret the results as supporting or not supporting the theory or hypotheses), new issues raised, further studies of the future, assumptions, inspirations, recommendations and forecasts.当今绝⼤部分的科技期刊和会议论⽂都要求作者提供信息性摘要）:信息性摘要主要报道论⽂的研究⽬的、研究法、研究结果与结论。

学术英语写作unit1conferencenotice

Title of the conference
Participation ·Innovation ·Transformation Notice of an International Conference on School Development Planning
Conference Description/Objectives
Achievement SDP and National Curriculum Reform (School Based
Curriculum, Teacher Development and Appraisal etc.)
Background Information
The Gansu Basic Education Project (GBEP) started in 1999. The purpose of the project is to increase enrolment in poor minority areas － thereby helping achieve universal basic education (UBE) －and to reduce the inequalities which exist in the education system. The project’s lessons are being disseminated provincially, nationally and internationally. GBEP is mainly operated in four of Gansu’s poorest counties in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture (a majority Muslim area): Kangle, Hezheng, Jishishan and Dongxiang. It is funded by the British Government Department for International Development (DFID) and managed by the Gansu Provincial Education Department with support from a team of international and national consultants provided by Cambridge Education Consultants(CEC), UK

学术英语写作English Academic Writing

Step 3: Development of Outline
Decide on organization of paper Arrange notes by subheadings Develop paper outline
Step 4: Writing
Study and follow outline for first draft Make adjustments as needed
apparatus, models of structures, etc. 2.5.2.3 Types of figures 1) Line charts 2) Bar charts 3) Pie charts
2.6 Cause and Effect
2.6.1 Cause-Effect Paragraph Development Pattern:
its relevant description. --- Provide each table with a number (eg:
Table1, Table2, etc.) and a title. --- The title should be clear, concise, complete
--- The author’s voice tends to be objective and neutral. unemotional
--- The style tends to be formal. academic periodicals, accurate information
--- Appropriate diction. colloquialisms and slang expressions be avoided, technical terms, abbreviation

学术英语写作1

I. Compile resume A. List relevant coursework B. List work experience C. List volunteer experience
Examples of outlines : a.topic outline b. sentence outLliOnGeO
• 3. The thesis statement usually appears at the end of the first paragraph of a paper.
• 4. Your topic may change as you write, so you may need to revise your thesis statement to reflect exactly what you have discussed in the paper.
facets which can be developed into a research paper. • (4) Formulating the final topic • 2. Collecting Information • (1) Using the library • (2) Reading • (3) Taking notes
Thesis Statement Examples
LOGO
• An analysis of the college admission process reveals one challenge facing counselors: accepting students with high test scores or students with strong extracurricular backgrounds.

学术英语词汇

学术英语写作（一）：动词及动词短语的运用(2011-03-10 11:05:51)标签：杂谈分类：10学术英语写作学术英语写作（一）：动词及动词短语的运用Put succinctly学术英语写作（Academic Writing)是一个很复杂的过程。

母语是英语的人尚如此--美国大一新生都要求选修大学英语阅读与写作课程，就更不要说把英语当外语学的人。

然而，随着英语在全球的广泛应用与学习，特别是在学术、经济、科技等领域中的国际交流地位，学术英语写作不仅成为在海外留学的中国学生必修课，也是欲在国际期刊、会议中发表学术论文的研究人员和大学教师必须面对的问题。

如何写好一篇论文？大到文章结构、内容安排，小到语法、词汇应用，每一部分内容都需一一学习、了解。

而且学科领域的不同，在大方面的写作“习俗”也会有所不一样。

本文所针对的是词汇、短语在写作中的具体运用问题，突出学术英语写作与其它类型的写作（如小说、散文）及口语之间的差异。

写作也是一种人与人之间的言语沟通。

作者的用词不仅在传达意思，也在反应作者本身的学术文化修养。

这个过程在母语学习中是比较水到渠成的，然而在外语学习里，却需要学习者的额外意识。

学术写作中要注意的问题，在商业、法律等正式文书写作里也是通用的。

我们从动词说起...凡是进行学术写作的人都知道，书面语言总是要比较正式。

但是如何在言语中体现正式呢？动词的选用就能帮你结决部分问题。

如：口语里，我们会说：He said something. 或者，He told them something else. 那么在学术写作里，当你要表达同样意思时，就需要把动词换成描述性更强，更具体的词。

如：He explained something. 或者，He stressed something else.第二点就是要注意语气，根据语气来选择具体单词。

emphasize和insist的语气就要比write 和state强。

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans? ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages1words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas,Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native Americaninfluence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with NativeAmericans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured2part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area inwhich Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and croprotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”,had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nationshad joined together in a confederation3called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under th e league, eachnation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had wontheir independence from Britain,someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆happened. As a result, the presentfrom of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native4Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________ II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB._____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3.5______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb._____________________________________________________c._____________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2._____________________________________________________a._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________6D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches (“nations”) Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa._________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b.______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!71 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on theaisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are “detached observers”-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. “That?s funny, because I?m a writer,” Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. atthe CineplexOdeon at Universal CityWalk. “So that?s what I do (observe people).” One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson?s Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The “front row film fanatic”: Extroverted, assertive, and8competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others,not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers?s Austin Powers or Julia Roberts?s ErinBrockovich.5 The”middle-of-the-roaders”: These are the people wholike to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who areflexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow?s Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. “We like the middle because it?s not too far back and not too close to the front,” Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the “middle-of-the-roader” label seems to fit them because “we?re easygoing.”6 The “invisible rebels”: Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don?t necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is ClintEastwood?s Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver?s Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. “The back row is,where things happen; it?s an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching,” Dawson said in the Odeon report. “It tends to attract people who are rebellious.”97 For some people, though, sometimes a chair i s just a chair. “I don?t knowwherever there?s an empty seat,” said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. “That works for me.”Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer?s opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网10,您的在线图书馆pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a newenvironment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new11sights, eating new food, hearing theforeign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns intodiscomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a newculture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs12of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make “small talk,” so it ishard to carry on a casual, get-acquaintedconversation. One day in the schoolcafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Arethey laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren?t always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn?t been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock13when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, thatyour landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have somesuccess in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You areable to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you cansuccessfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Yourself-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.14Concluding Paragraph A百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆To sum up, culture shock is a veryreal phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negativefeelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the15difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 4: Cause and Effect百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 5: Cause and Effect16百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 6: Comparison百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASEDTEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this17essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attemptsto draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and18encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reasonfor this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sittingat home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments,or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used tosupport taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similarto ,universities of the air?, such as Britain?s OpenUniversity, which have developed distance learning so successfullyin the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are19generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact ofthe classroom highly, despite its cost andinconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgentneed for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 8: Argument百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement:20_______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____b. Boys____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________21Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parent百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆C. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls___________________________________________________22_____________________________________________________________________________ ______ b.Girl________________________________________________________________ _____ c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________________________ __3.____________________________________________________________________ _____百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce;23nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society,is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the …divorce phenomenon? and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do notnecessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married24couples with …access to a legal solution to pre-existentmarital problems? (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart?s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur25in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy,especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also beingdetermined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this riseis to make them less obtainable. This approach, oneimagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes.Furthermore, the百度搜索”就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网26,您的在线图书馆experience of social workers,working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple?s access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable inthe present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families27(McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause foroptimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of。

研究生学术英语写作第一部分

Six Considerations
Audience Purpose & Strategy
General-Specific
Organization
2 underlying structures
Problem-Process-Solution Problem Solution Evaluation
Situation Single Verbs
caused investigating determine develop constitute eliminate reached maintain decreased reviews
Key to Exercise: P.8 1. created / developed 2. encountered / faced 3. raised / introduced 4. appeared / emerged 5. examined / investigated
2) this + 总结性词汇
Key to Exercise: P.15 1. b. d. 2. a. 3. d. Key to Exercise: P.15 1. view 2. finding 3. problem 4. process 5. disruption 6. situation 7. method / approach 8. conclusion 9. phenomenon 10. trend / tendency
Six Considerations
• • • • • • Audience （对象） Purpose and strategy（目的与策略） Organization（组织结构） Style（文体特征） Flow（表达连贯） Presentation（论文宣讲）

英语学术写作

英语学术写作写作是很多同学最头疼的作业之一。

对留学党来说，从出国前的标准化考试、申请文书，到留学后的学业要求，都需要用到英语学术写作。

可以说，英语学术写作对留学生涯有着重要影响。

然而，这却是令很多中国学生头疼的问题，中国学生往往在数学、物理等科目上成绩突出，而在“writing”面前却败下阵来。

提早了解国外写作套路，或许能减少一些留学中的学习压力。

无论你是文科生还是理科生，将来从事的工作是金融还是医生，写作是基础，是人人都要掌握的技能。

在哈佛，自1872年以来，写作课就成了每个学生都需要上的一门课。

英语学术写作 1学术英语应用在相对正式的场合，学术写作要求学生有着优秀的语言能力，同时还要考虑论点论据分析、批判性思考、有效说服等手法的运用。

这类文章对我们其实并不陌生，因为学术写作广泛存在于生活和学习中，典型例子包括：• SAT/TOEFL/IELTS中的学术类阅读文章和论证性作文。

•美高以及大学课堂中的小论文、毕业论文、报告等。

•国际顶尖期刊的研究论文。

—中国学生在学术英语写作时存在哪些问题？—<a href="">留学作业写作</a>之所以让中国留学生们十分头疼，是因为中外写作思维、表达方式的差异，再加上语言本身的障碍，确实是一个不小的麻烦。

而学术写作能力低下或缺失，直接造成中国学生学术能力表现差。

下面我们就来看看中国学生在进行学术英语写作时存在的问题：用语不够正式学术写作中强调的正式性，指的是在学术英语中应采用惯用的词汇、结构、搭配等，不能像说口语一样随意发挥。

所有的学术作文都是需要进行修饰的。

看看这个例子：√ The Internet is dangerous because the large amount of information on it can be private information. Such information may be useful tools to criminals.互联网很危险，因为上面的大量信息都可能是个人隐私。

学术英语写作_范文17篇

Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with Native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas, Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native American influence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with Native Americans. Art is another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of theNavajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver andturquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native craftssuch as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”, had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nations had joined together in a confederation called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under the league, each nation was autonomousin running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fightingamong themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations withother tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had won their independence from Britain, someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what happened. As a result, the present from of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB. _____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3. ______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb. _____________________________________________________c. _____________________________________________________C. ______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2. _____________________________________________________a. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________D. ______________________________________________________________1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches ("nations")Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa. _________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b. ______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________ Sample 2:Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a new environment, you somehow feel more alive: seeingnew sights, eating new food, hearing the foreign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressfulrather than stimulating, and delight turns into discomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a new culture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make "small talk," so it is hard to carry on a casual, get-acquainted conversation. One day in the school cafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Are they laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren't always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you waitfor a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, canyou exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn't been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, that your landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have some success in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You are able to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you can successfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Your self-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dressor behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.Concluding Paragraph ATo sum up, culture shock is a very real phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologists. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negative feelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesis statement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?Sample 3At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!1 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on the aisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are "detached observers"-people who like to have their own space, who are observersand tend to be quieter. "That's funny, because I'm a writer," Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. at the Cineplex Odeon at Universal CityWalk. "So that's what I do (observe people)." One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson's Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The "front row film fanatic": Extroverted, assertive, and competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others, not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers's Austin Powers or Julia Roberts's Erin Brockovich.5 The “middle-of-the-roaders": These are the people who like to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who are flexible andtry to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow's Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. "We like the middle because it's not too far back and not too close to the front," Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the "middle-of-the-roader" label seems to fit them because "we're easygoing."6 The "invisible rebels": Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don't necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is Clint Eastwood's Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver's Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. "The back row is, where things happen; it's an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching," Dawson said in the Odeon report. "It tends to attract people who are rebellious."7 For some people, though, sometimes a chair is just a chair. "I don't know wherever there's an empty seat," said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. "That works for me."Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer's opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?Sample 4: Cause and EffectSample 5: Cause and EffectSample 6: ComparisonSample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASED TEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this essay sets out toexamine the arguments on both sides and attempts to draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reason for this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sitting at home working on a computer may be economical, but clearlycannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments, or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used to support taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similar to‘universities of the air’, such as Britain’s Open University, which have developed distance learning so successfully in the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact of the classroom highly, despite its cost and inconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgent need for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximize its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)Sample 8: ArgumentNow complete the outline of the model essay: Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement: _______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____b.Boys _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________ Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parentC. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a. _______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______b.Girl____________________________________________________________________ _c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.______________________________________________________________________3.________________________________________________________________________ _Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the 'divorce phenomenon' and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changesin laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with 'access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems' (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place. It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Womenas a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart's explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy, especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes. Furthermore, the experience of social workers, working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple's access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favored by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economicsystem and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable in the present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families (McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause for optimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult tofind solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of one or both parents. This situation suggests that in studying the modernfamily, one needs to employ a historical perspective, including the possibility of looking to the past in searching for ways of dealing with problems in the present.Sample 10Discuss why assignment essays are common assessment tasks in undergraduate tertiary coursework, and evaluate the effectiveness of assignments as an avenue for learning. (Word limit 500 words - 10% leeway) Please note that the APA referencing style is used in this sample essay.Assignment essays are developed from set questions that give students a period of time to research a topic and produce their answer with references to their sources of information. While there are some disadvantages with using assignment essays as an assessment tool, there are sound educational purposes underpinning this practice. This essay examines the reasons why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers some of the problems with this method of assessment.Assignment essay tasks are set to assist students to develop mastery of their study subject. Firstly, assignment tasks enhance understandings about subject matter. Yang and Baker (2005) reason that "to master your learning materials and extend your understandings, you need to write about the meanings you gain from your research" (p. 1). Secondly, research (Jinx, 2004; Zapper, 2006) clearly demonstrates that students learn the writing conventions of a subject area while they are researching, reading and writing in their discipline. This activity。

学术英语写作大纲

学术英语写作大纲(共8页) -本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-Academic Writing (3 credits )Module syllabus1.Unit descriptionAcademic writing is the study of how to organize a research paper appropriately, including the choosing of a topic, the layout of the thesis and the outline, using of the library and computer to do the research, revising of the rough draft and recognizing of three systems of documentation (MLA, APA, and CMS).This course is designed to help students learn how to write aresearch paper and to lay a foundation for writing more advanced academic papers in English for their future career. The course is an essential guide to effective academic writing in English.Through the course, the students will learn to write a research paper, which has great benefits to their future research fields. Meanwhile, students can develop their abilities of strong logic and critical thinking towards an issue, and it means more for their work and study. The academic writing skills and reasoning ability absolutely will lay the forceful foundation for the students’ future career.On successful completion of the module, learners will be able to:• List the basic information about the research paper• Set up a sensible framework of a research paper• Carry out a research with the help of the computer• Transform the notes into a rough draft and navigate the revision process• Recognize the documentation styles of the MLA, APA, and CMS2.Pre-requisite units and assumed knowledgeNone.3.Learning aims and OutcomesLearning outcome 1List the basic information about the research paper.ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:a. Define the research paper.b. Differentiate the report paper and the thesis paper.c. State the steps and schedule of writing the research paper. Learning outcome 2Set up a sensible framework of a research paper.ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:a.Manage to choose a proper topic.b.Write the thesis statement accurately.c.Construct the outline reasonably.Learning Outcome 3Carry out a research with the help of the computer.ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:a.Judge the credibility of online sources.b.List useful internet sites.c.Assemble a working bibliography.d.Collect information through skimming.Learning Outcome 4Transform the notes into a rough draft and navigate the revision process.ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:a.Write the rough draft with unity, coherence, and emphasis.b.Revise the opening paragraph.c.Revise sentences for variety and style.d.Revise words: Diction.Learning Outcome 5Recognize the documentation styles of the MLA, APA, and CMS.ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:a.Memorize the format for “worked Cited” (MLA).b.List the format for “References” (APA).c.Recall the footnotes and endnotes in CMS.4.Weighting of final gradeAttendance 10%Class Participation 10%Final Exam 20%Midterm Exams 20%Written assignments 40%5. GradingA 100- 95 A- 94-90 B+ 89-87B 86-83 B- 82-80 C+ 79-77C 76- 73 C- 72-70 D+ 69-67D 66-63 D- 62-60 F 59 or low6. PoliciesAttendance PolicyAttendance in class is mandatory for all students enrolled in the course. Any excused absence must be discussed directly with the teacher. Being late to class within 15 minutes will be recorded as 1 LATE and being late over 15 minutes will be recorded as l ABSENCE. 3 LATES equal to 1 ABSENCE. 20 % absences of the total teaching hours will cause an F (a failing grade ) directly . However, students are still welcome to continue to attend class. F students have no right to drop this course anymore. Each unexcused absence will result inthe lowering of the attendance grade by 1 point. Each excused absence will result in the lowering of the attendance grade by point.Participation PolicyStudents should participate in their chosen classes actively and effectively. The Participation Grade is related to the Attendance Grade. Students' final attendance grade is the maximum of their participation grade. Participation grade will be based on a variety of factors including, but not limited to taking part in class discussions and activities, completing assignments, being able to answer questions correctly, obeying class rules, and being prepared for class, frequent visiting your instructors and chatting in English during their office hours is highly recommended.Policy on Assignments and QuizzesStudents should finish their assignments completely and punctually. Assignment should be submitted on the date appointed by the instructor. If a student cannot hand in the assignment on time, the reasonable excuse will be needed. Late assignments will receive a maximum grade of 80. An assignment that is late for 3 days will be corrected but receive 0.You are recommended print all your assignment in the uniform format with the heading of Student’s Pledge of no cheating. Written assignment or printed ones without the uniform heading of pledge will receive a maximum grade of 80.It is mandatory to have weekend assignment every week. Any weekend assignment should be submitted on first class of next week.It is mandatory to have holiday assignment on the public holidays. Any holiday assignment should be submitted on the first day on returning to school. Students are required to do a multitude of presentations during the course.PlagiarismAny form of Cheating is NEVER tolerated. Any Student ONCE Caught Cheating assignment or examination will receive a 0 for that particular work of the whole semester. At the beginning of the semester the definition of plagiarism will be carefully explained. When any thoughts or writings of another person are used, the sources must be clearly identified (using quotes, bibliography and giving reference) .Classroom Polices1.No eating, cellular phones, electronic dictionaries, smoking,chatting or drowsing in class.2.Please speak in English rather than Chinese in class.3.Students are not allowed to attend class without textbooks.4.Stand up when answering questions.5.Respect classmates’ ideas, opinions, and questions of yourclassmates.6.You are welcome to visit the instructor’s office in his/heroffice hours.7.Take good care of the laboratory facilities. Do not splash wateron the desktop.8.When each class is over, hang the earphone on the hanger. Put thetrash into the trash-bin.9.All your classroom involvement, performance and after-classcommunications with instructor will affect your participationscore.10.All communications with the teacher must be in English, bothinside and outside class time.7. Texts and other resourcesWinkler, Anthony C；McCuen-Metherell, Jo Ray(2008), “Writing the Research Paper: A Handbook”, Seventh Edition, Wadsworth Cengage Learning.8. Teaching methodsAssigned readings, class discussions, writing assignments, and revisions9. Week by week topic and study guideBasic Information about the Research PaperDefinition of the researchpaper. (1a)Format of the research paper.Reasons for the researchpaper.The report paper and thethesis paper. (1b)Drafts of the research paper.Writing the research paper:steps and schedule. (1c)Choosing a TopicHow to choose a topic. (2a)Topics to avoid.Narrowing the topic.The Thesis and the Outline The thesis: definition andfunction. (2b)The outline. (2c)Choosing an outline form.Using the Computer in Your ResearchComputers and the researchpaper.Online resources.Researching with searchengines.Evaluating internet sources.(3a)Using the Computer in Your ResearchRunning a research.Useful internet sites. (3b) Doing the ResearchWhat information to look for.Where to look forinformation.Assembling a workingbibliography. (3c)Doing the ResearchSelecting your sources:skimming. (3d)Note-taking.Plagiarism and how to avoidit.Transforming the Notes into aRough DraftPreparing to write the roughdraft: a checklist.How to use quotations toexplore and discover. (4a)Writing with unity,coherence, and emphasis. (4b)Transforming the Notes into aRough DraftUsing the proper tense. (4c)Using graphics in yourresearch paper. (4d)Writing the abstract.Revising Your Rough DraftPrinciples of revisionRevising the openingparagraph. (4e)Revising Your Rough DraftRevising sentences forvariety and style. (4f)Revising Your Rough DraftRevising words: Diction. (4g)Rules for writers.Introduce to Individual Assignment: Write a short research paper(less than 3000 words). Hand in both the rough draft and the reviseddraft.(Outcome 4)The MLA System of DocumentationFormat for “Works Cited”(MLA). (5a)Content notes.Finished form of thepaper.The APA System of DocumentationFormat for “References”.(5b)Finished form of the paper.Peer review checklist.The Traditional System of DocumentationFootnotes and endnotes. (5c)Subsequent reference infootnotes and endnotes.Finished form of the paper.Individual Assignment Due。

学术英语写作(I)作业1

班级：（课程序号）姓名：学号：Academic style: practiceIn the following sentences, underline examples of bad style and rewrite them in a more suitable way.(a) Another thing to think about is the chance of crime getting worse.(b) Regrettably these days lots of people don’t have jobs.(c) Sometime soon they will find a vaccine for malaria.(d) A few years ago the price of property in Japan went down a lot.(e) You can’t always trust the numbers in that report.(f) Sadly, the high inflation led to poverty, social unrest and so on.(g) He was over the moon when he won the prize.(h) I think we should pay students to study.(i) A few years ago they allowed women to vote.(j) What were the main causes of the Russian revolution?Rewrite the following paragraphs in an academic style.These days a lot of kids are starting school early. Years ago, they began at 5, but now it’s normal to start at 4 or younger. Why is this? One thing is that mums need to get back to work. Is it good for the kids? Jenkins (1989) has studied this and says that early schooling causes social problems like stealing, drug taking etc. I think he’s right and we should pay mums to stay at home.Why are there so many jams on the roads these days? One thing is that public transport like trains, buses, etc. is so dear. A long time ago cars cost a lot but now, unfortunately, they’ve got a lot cheaper. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.。

学术英语写作练习题

学术英语写作练习题一、词汇运用（1）The study provides a ________ analysis of the current situation in the field.（2）________ of the risks involved, they decided to proceed with the experiment.（3）The findings of the research are ________ to our understanding of the topic.（4）This topic has sparked a ________ debate among scholars.二、语法填空2. 请根据句子意思，选择恰当的词语或形式填空：（1）________ (be) the main cause of climate change is widely accepted scientists.（2）The data ________ (collect) from the survey will be analyzed next month.（4）If the experiment ________ (conduct) properly, we would have obtained better results.（5）________ (base) on the evidence, we can conclude that the hypothesis is correct.三、句型转换3. 请将下列句子转换为学术英语句型：（1）Many researchers think that climate change is a serious problem.（2）The study shows that exercise can improve mental health.（3）This theory is supported a lot of evidence.（4）People who smoke are more likely to get lung cancer.（5）The experiment was carried out in a controlled environment.四、段落写作（3）支持论点的理由：greater connectivity, spread of misinformation, influence on language usage.五、全文写作题目：The advantages and disadvantages of online education.提纲要求：包含引言、三个主体段落（分别论述优点、缺点和结论）以及结论。

学术专著英语作文模板

学术专著英语作文模板英文回答：Chapter 1: Introduction。

Background and significance of the research。

Statement of the problem。

Research questions。

Scope and limitations of the study。

Chapter 2: Literature Review。

Review of existing literature on the topic。

Identification of gaps in the research。

Development of theoretical framework。

Chapter 3: Methodology。

Description of the research design。

Sampling strategy and sample characteristics。

Data collection methods。

Data analysis techniques。

Chapter 4: Results。

Presentation and analysis of the research findings。

Discussion of the key findings。

Chapter 5: Discussion。

Interpretation of the research findings。

Implications for theory and practice。

Recommendations for future research。

Chapter 6: Conclusion。

Summary of the research findings。

Restatement of the research questions。

Concluding remarks。

学术英语写作课件1 Understanding Academic Writing

I’d prefer not to have this particular vegetable again, if it’s possible. Does anyone really enjoy this combination of mushrooms and broccoli?
Indiana Jones films are really very popular with your age group. Critics can’t decide why such an old character is so appealing.
enjoy this combination served again within this
of mushrooms and
calendar year, or the
broccoli?
servers will be killed.
Read and Decide 2
Consultative tone
Very few people enjoy this broccoli and mushroom dish. Therefore, it will not be served again within this calendar year, or the servers will be killed.
Hollywood is perplexed at the reasons why Indiana Jones is so favored by such young audiences. The answer remains a mystery.
going to enforce the rules
students. Penalties for overdue strictly. You have been

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Introduction to Academic Writing
1.Purposes of Academic Writing
1)To advance knowledge in a research field with evidence
2)To explain new ideas and make them accessible to others
3)To solve practical problems
2.Genres of Academic Writing
Research papers Research reports
Theses/dissertations Short communications
Review articles Oral presentations/posters
3.Features of Academic Writing
1)Formality:Academic writing is formal.
2)Objectivity:Academic writing sets a high value on objectivity.
3)Accuracy:Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately.
4)Complexity:Academic writing involves a highly specialized vocabulary and rigorous sentence structures
5)Hedging:An important feature of academic writing is the use of cautious language.
References
1.Winkler,Anthony and Jo Ray Metherell.Writing the Research Paper:
A Handbook.Beijing:Peking University Press,2017.
2.胡庚申.论文写作与国际发表.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2016.
3.胡友珍.英语学术论文写作教程.北京：中国农业大学出版社，2013.
4.刘振聪，修月祯.英语学术论文写作.北京：中国人民大学出版社，2009.
5.张俊东，杨亲正，国防.SCI论文写作和发表：You Can Do It.北京：
化学工业出版社，2016。