2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义
2015考研英语语法大全(语法看这个基本够了,适合打印)
英语基础语法体系对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。
其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。
著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。
因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。
一、英语动词的时态(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:英语的词类与汉语的不同。
汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。
英语就不同了,book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。
有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。
同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。
(二)英语动词的形式:英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。
因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。
英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:(1)动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。
主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成,这是规则动词。
规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。
如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。
因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中,动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时;在“They have done their exercises.”这句中,动词由原形do 变成have done的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,所以叫现在完成时;在“They always do their exercises.”中,动词用原形do 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现在时。
2015考研英语解析:搞定长难句,从断句开始
2015考研英语解析:搞定长难句,从断句开始2015年全国研究生入学考试今天拉开帷幕。
今天是考研的第1天,下午进行了英语的考试,新东方在线考研辅导名师团队第一时间通过酷学网对考研真题进行直播解析,敬请持续关注。
以下是新东方在线考研名师田静为2015考生带来的考研英语写作深度解析:各位同学大家好,欢迎来到新东方在线网络课堂,我是考研语法老师田静。
在刚刚结束的2015年考研英语真题考试当中,我们出现了很多之前我们在网络课堂中讲过的知识点,所以2015年的考生千万别着急,只要大家认真学习我们之前的内容一定会在这次考试中取得好的成绩。
总体分析一下这次的考试趋势,给大家看一些数据。
在2015年全国研究生的报名人数达到了164.9万,比去年减少了6.5万人,降幅达到了3.8%,从2009年开始一直到2015年的考研当中,之前一直呈现上升的趋势,但是只有最近两年,也就是说2014年、2015年的考研开始出现了下降的趋势。
大家会发现虽然整体的报名人数呈现了微微下降的趋势,但是在我们专业硕士考试人中出现了上涨的趋势。
今年报告专业硕士人数达到了72.6万,比去年增加了5万人,已经达到了总的报名人数的44%,所以总体来讲,硕士报名人数在下降,但是专业硕士人数在上涨。
所以各位同学在准备下一年考研的时候可以以这这个数据为参考。
大家一定要注意一点,专业硕士考察英语的时候不一定都考察英语二,大家需要仔细确认自己报考的学校考察的是考察英语一还是英语二。
大部分是英语二,相对它的难度比英语一简单一些。
大家会发现无论考英语一还是英语二的同学,一定要做到一件事,就是在准备后期课程的时候,一定要在之前先学好基础,也就是我们的词汇和语法课。
很多人都会觉得很郁闷,明明我们在考研考试当中不考语法,为什么还要学呢?大家会发现,无论大家响应任何类型的考试,无论是阅读题还是完形填空,还是写作的时候,会发现大家都需要具备的一个基本的能力是一定要会读句子和写句子。
【2015考研英语】语法完整讲义
【2015考研英语】语法完整讲义第一部分:考研语法导学一、考研语法考什么?二、考研语法讲解(预告篇)(一) 句子的结构(二) 句子的省略——非谓语动词(三) 句子的补充三、考研真题应用(预告篇)第二部分:考研语法讲解一、句子的结构(一) 简单句1. 简单句的构成:一主一谓2. 简单句的分类:谓语动词的分类3. 简单句的变化:谓语动词的时态/语态/情态(二) 并列句(三) 复合句复合句1 ——名词性从句1. 宾语从句2. 表语从句3. 主语从句4. 同位语从句复合句2 ——定语从句复合句3 ——状语从句二、句子的省略——非谓语动词三、句子的补充(一) 成分的补充:定语/状语/同位语(二) 句式的补充:倒装/强调(三) 考点的补充:it/as第三部分:考研真题应用一、读句子(一) 基本结构的长难句分析(二) 特殊结构的长难句分析1. 分裂结构2. 嵌套结构3. 平行结构4. 省略结构二、写句子第一部分:考研语法导学一、考研语法考什么?二、考研语法讲解(预告篇)(一) 句子的结构1. 一个句子(一件事)——简单句(1) 最核心的简单句:N. + V.(2) 简单句的变化:例如:句子连接的核心?例:We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. (2010 年阅读Text 1)(二) 句子的省略——非谓语动词He is lying in bed, while he is reading a book.He is lying in bed, a book.A woman who was wearing a black coat asked me the way to the nearest hospital.A woman a black coat asked me the way to the nearest hospital.例:Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. (2011 年阅读Text 3)(三) 句子的补充1. 成分的补充例:The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in 2009. (2011 年阅读Text 1)请划出补充的成分:例:One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. (2010 年翻译)例:Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. (2008 年翻译)2. 句式的补充:倒装/强调3. 考点的补充:it / as三、考研真题应用(预告篇)1. 读句子(完形+阅读)2. 写句子(写作):写的对/写的好根据讲解,在下面的例句上划出分析的部分:例:The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (2011 年阅读Text 3)例:While traditional “paid”media – such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. (2011 年阅读Text 3)例:... what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence.” (1992 年翻译)例:It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. (2010 年翻译)例:Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. (2008 年翻译)第二部分:考研语法讲解一、句子的结构(一) 简单句1. 简单句的构成:N. + V.(一主一谓)简单句的核心部分?2. 简单句的分类:取决于的分类简单句的分类练习:1)Yesterday morning I went to the church.2)Most boys in my class liked playing football.3)Some schools give their students a long summer vacation.4)Watching fun movies allows me to take a break from my busy routine.5)Computers have become very useful tools in modern life.简单句的分类真题应用:例:On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. (2008 年翻译)例:Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. (2006 年阅读Text 3)3. 简单句的变化主要研究谓语动词的变化:时态/语态/情态(1) 谓语动词-时态的变化考研中最常用的时态:特别注意:1) 现在完成时He has left.We have studied English for ten years.They have tried to help him hundreds of times.例:The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low. (2006 年阅读Text 2)例:The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (2006 年阅读Text 3)例:The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. (2011 年阅读Text 1)2) 过去完成时vs. 一般过去时例:Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in twoor three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirtyyears. (2008 年翻译)3)现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)例:The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s email. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. (2003 年阅读Text 1)4)过去将来时(would do ; was/were going to do)(2) 谓语动词-语态的变化:被动语态1) 被动语态跟时态相结合be + done例:The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. (2007 年翻译)例:It has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.(2005 年完形填空)2) 被动语态跟情态动词相结合例:It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009 年翻译)(3) 谓语动词情态的变化例:In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. (2011 年阅读Text 3)例:Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping, baby-size holes in their lives. (2011 年阅读Text 4)注意:掌握谓语动词的时态/语态/情态的变化,是为了帮助大家更加准确的定位谓语动词(谓语动词不一定是一个单词,有可能是几个单词构成),进而看懂句子。
2015年公共英语讲义-语法讲解
语法一、虚拟语气高频考点:(1)口诀1:常规虚拟句,看“时态、时状”时间If条件句中谓语形式主句中谓语形式将来(常考)were to +动词原形(最常考),should +动词原形,动词过去式 (be用were)would / could / might / should + 动词原形过去(常考)had +动词过去分词would / could / might / should + have + 动词过去分词现在动词过去式 (be用were) would / could / might / should + 动词原形试题规律:①条件句中were、should、had、could等词放到句首时,if通常省略,主语与上述词替换位置,采用倒装句式。
②注意对现在、将来的假设,形式上(主句、从句)的共同点;特别提示,若句中无相关时间状语,看不出是对现在抑或将来假设,而主句中为would + 动词原型,从句中时态往往为一般过去时。
③主句对过去假设,选项中若出现would / should / might / could + have + 动词过去分词中的两个以上,则要根据句意选择。
特别提示,往往would选的最多,should选的最少。
④条件句用“should+动词原形”时,主句谓语可用“should (would, could, might)+动原”,有时也可用陈述或祈使语气。
例:If I should see him, I’ll tell him.Should you find yourself in a condition of being troubled or worried about some trifles, please cultivate a hobby.⑤句中出现right now,right away(马上,立刻),表示虚拟将来,条件句的时态选:were to do;for the time being(目前,暂时),虚拟现在,条件句的时态选:一般过去时。
2015年考研考研英语语法考察重点真题解析参考书考研真题考录比
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2015年考研考研英语语法考察重点真题解析参考书考研真题考录比从1994-2008年语法知识点翻译统计分析中,我们可以得出如下结论:1、从句是考查的重点,在翻译试题中占的比重最大。
分析清晰地反映出:从句和非谓语形式是历年考研英语翻译考查的重点,而从句是必考内容:几乎每年的翻译题目都会以不同形式对从句进行考查。
从1994到2008年,75个句子有69个都涉及到对从句的考查,这有力地说明了从句在整个考研英语翻译中的重要性。
2/11【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 开设课程:【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】22、从句涉及的范围比较广,主要的从句类型有十几种,考研英语中最常考的当属定语从句。
75个句子中有35个是定语从句,占到了45%的比例。
这足以说明定语从句在整个考研英语翻译中的重要性。
因此定语从句翻译的好坏直接影响到考研翻译的分数。
3、仅次于从句,翻译中考查的另一个重点是非谓语形式。
75个句子中有36个句子涉及到非谓语形式,占48%.而在各种非谓语形式中,过去分词又是考查的重中之重,36个句子中有19个考查了过去分词,占非谓语形式的52.8%.其次对现在分词的考查也占据较大比重,36个句子中有12个句子考查了这一语法点,占非谓语形式的33%,不容忽视。
2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义
2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义2015考研英语关键语法第一部分:核心语法一、分词(V+ing,V+ed)1.区别动名词(1)作主语和宾语Saying is easier than doing.(说比做容易。
)(2)作介词宾语We get pleasure from loving and being loved.(我们从爱别人和被别人爱中得到快乐。
)2.分词作定语(1)前置①The beginning student should be given more encouragement.(初学者应多给予鼓励。
)②A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.(均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养。
)(2)后置①Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.(靠山吃山)②Children disciplined when they are youn g will become good citizen.(小时候受过良好教育的儿童长大会成为好公民。
)3.分词作状语①Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.(听到这个消息,他们立即出发到上海去了)。
②Seen from the pagoda,the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.(从这个塔上远眺,紫金山南麓是树的海洋。
)③Printed white,the house looks bigger.(漆成白色后,这房子像是更大了。
)④Having written an important letter,I listened to the music for a while.1/doc/4816542008.html,(写完一封重要的信之后,我听了一会儿音乐。
韩苏15考研英语基础班语法讲义
2015考研基础讲义之语法解绝真题课程目的:词汇+语法=句子+句子=文章,故有了语法,解决根本问题。
引言:语法的意义何在(什么是语法)(1997年翻译)On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (2006年阅读4)happiness more often than not ends in sadness.(2012年翻译)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.指导:如何解决考研语法:一个核心:三种残缺:两种顺序:五种从句:五种结构:一、语法核心——谓语(一个核心)1.谓语的意义:(2002 年阅读)Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips thenorthern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.2.谓语判断原则:提示记录区:动词分类1)2)3)3.谓语判断举例:(1996年翻译)This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.二、非谓语动词(三种残缺)1. 非谓语动词来源: 非谓语动词 谓语类型谓语来源残缺部分谓语含义非谓语翻译可做成分to do doing done done doing2. 非谓语动词举例: 1)做主语+宾语(2012年翻译)T o filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.2)定语Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.(2012年阅读TEXT1)3)状语Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.(2012年阅读TEXT2)3. to do 的形式用法 1)形式主语(2005年翻译)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history.2)形式宾语:(2007年新题型)All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.3)that 形式主语(2004年阅读TEXT2)It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.提示记录区:简单句的成分提示记录区:done 和doing 作定语4) 强调结构: (2009Text2)It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.三、定语与状语(两种顺序)1. 定语成分与顺序 1)定语成分一览表2)定语翻译举例举例一:(2011年text1)The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.举例二:(1997年text5)Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science.2. 状语分类与顺序 1)状语分类2)状语成分定语成分 形容词 名词 代词 分词 不定式 介词短语定语从句前置定语 后置定语状语分类时间地点原因目的条件让步结果比较方式代表位置状语成分状语举例提示记录区:定语翻译顺序状语位置3)状语的翻译中文状语语序:英语状语语序:4)条件状语的真伪(虚拟语气)真题举例一:(2003年text1)Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.41. The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession四、五种从句1. 从句概念与分类2. 引导词A.关系代词B.关系副词3. 从句特征一览表从句类型特征引导词举例翻译方式主语从句宾(表)语从句定语从句同位语从句状语从句4. 定语从句的特殊性1)限定性定语从句He likes his father who gives money to him.2)有介词的定语从句举例一(2003年text3)It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.举例二(2003年翻译)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.3)使用关系副词的定语从句举例三(2010年text1)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.举例四(2010年翻译)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.五、五种结构1. 代词指代核心三原则:1. 2. 3.(2012年翻译)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.2. 平行比较结构1)平行原则:1. 2.(1995年翻译)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.2)比较原则:1. 2.(1995年翻译)Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.3. 省略(1)重复省略1.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.(2012年TEXT4)2.The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.(2012年TEXT4)3.Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? (2005年TEXT2)(2)简洁省略A B C DB. European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.(2010年TEXT4)C.The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.(2012年TEXT2)D.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.(2012年TEXT1)4. 分隔结构(1)Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.(2002 年阅读TEXT1)(2)Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. (2012 年阅读TEXT4)(3)And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.(2012 年阅读TEXT1)5. 倒装结构1)部分倒装:a b c(1986年text1)Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.(2009年text3)Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.(1996年text5)And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.2)完全倒装:a. b. c.At the core of this debate was chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.(1997, passage 4)Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. (1998passage 5)。
2015考研英语:如何过语法这道关卡
2015考研英语:如何过语法这道关卡语法是考研生的一道关卡,很多考研生找不到好的复习方法,所以复习效率上也不太乐观。
下面太奇考研小编整理了语法复习的一些建议,希望能对各位考研生有所帮助。
对于那些语法基础知识较差的考生,一本正规的语法书就像一本词典,随时可以帮助大家重拾记忆。
考生可以根据语法书中系统复习一遍,找找当时学习英语的感觉。
其中,句法的理解分析对阅读及翻译写作都十分重要。
通过对大纲的研读,以及对历年真题的分析和统计,得出考研英语常考的重点的语法知识包括:名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;常用连接词的词义及其用法;非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;虚拟语气的构成及其用法;各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法等。
复习中要重点把握考研考查的语法体系,而不要陷入了盲目学习的误区。
如果单纯地看语法书,那一定会很枯燥,学习效果也不好,跟真题中出现的语法长难句结合起来复习,不仅可以检验语法知识的掌握情况,还有助于深刻地了解真题中语法的考查角度。
看语法书的同时,要对基本的语法知识进行整理,形成一个体系,也要对一些特殊的语法现象进行归纳,要手眼并用,不能只看不动手。
另外,语法复习重在语法现象本身,而不是记住那些枯燥无味的术语。
对于英语成绩不好的同学,可能是语法基础不扎实,也可能是囫囵吞枣,对语法知识一知半解,不能很好的应用到阅读和做题中。
如果在阅读中面对一个长难句,能快速准确地抓住这个长难句的主干,理清各个成分之间的关系,并能正确翻译,那就说明对这部分的语法知识掌握的不错;如果达不到这个要求,就说明掌握的还不好,还需要强化复习。
语法是考研英语的重难点,其在阅读理解、写作中都有考查,建议各位考研生一定要重视起来,不能知难而退。
希望各位考研生能在复习过程中总结出适合自己的复习方法,打赢考研这场战役。
2015考研英语冲刺班冲刺串讲讲义(谭剑波)
[B] habitually [C] constantly [B] put [B] effective [C] build [C] idle
2013 真题 People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsoho speculated that an inability to consider the big soft 6 To 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of 4 , he theorized that a judge 7 5 of appearing too he had already sentenced 9 information they were working with.
connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand Now, a new Web based company has taken it a step The Web based program attention skills. The program keeps 17 20 enhances the games you play to 1.[A] where 2.[A] improves 3.[A] If 19 15 16 and developed the first “brain 14 .
2015年英语要点解读
2015年湖南省普通高中学业水平考试要点解读英语湖南省普通高中学业水平考试大纲编写组二〇一四年八月前言《2015年湖南省普通高中学业水平考试要点解读》(以下简称《解读》)是在《2014年湖南省普通高中学业水平考试要点解读》的基础上修订完成的,是与《2015年湖南省普通高中学业水平考试大纲》(以下简称《考纲》)配套使用的学业水平考试复习指导丛书。
《解读》面向全体高中学生,旨在帮助高中教师与学生理解《考纲》,对高中教学加以积极的影响,减轻高中学生的学业负担,推进高中新课程,促进高中学生的全面发展和素质教育的全面实施。
《解读》所要“解读”的不只是学业水平考试的内容和形式,更重要的是要体现建立这一考试制度的目的和任务——回归基础教育的本源,构建一个衡量高中教育教学质量,促进学生全面发展的质量评价体系。
因此,《解读》面向全体高中学生,特别注重各学科学习方法指导,特别注重训练能力层级和难度的梯度分布。
《解读》大体上分为考试目标、知识清单、要点解读、达标练习和综合测试等五个板块,各板块的内容依据《考纲》和高中教材的必修学分模块编写。
由于各学科特点的不同,编写体例也根据需要做了些小调整。
像所有的新生事物一样,学业水平考试作为一种新的考试制度也有一个逐步完善的过程,因此,欢迎来自各个方面,特别是高中师生的建设性的意见。
当然,《解读》也要听取大家的意见与建议,才不会停下不断完善的脚步。
《2015年湖南省普通高中学业水平考试大纲》专家组2014年8月目录Module 1 Unit 1 School life ............................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
Module 1 Unit 2 Growing pains .. (6)Module 1 Unit 3 Looking good, feeling good (9)Module 2 Unit 1 Tales of the unexplained (14)Module 2 Unit 2 Wish you were here (17)Module 2 Unit 3 Amazing people (20)Module 3 Unit1 The world of our senses ...................................... 错误!未定义书签。
2015考研英语语法讲义
考研语法讲义——长难句分析策略2 / 38总论:一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现:1.阅读:定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。
2.完形:定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。
3.翻译:定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同位语从句、表语从句。
二、英语句法规则:一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。
㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子,构成并列句;多个句子之间是平等关系;多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。
㈡复合句分为主句和从句两部分,由从属连词连接;主句的动语是核心动词;主从句之间属于上下级关系。
三、长难句分析六步走1. (2010Text4) These (changes) gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets (非流动资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements (损益计算).2. (2001完形)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.3. (2005Text1)Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question.(2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.4. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1. 句子成分:主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分——定语、状语和补语例:When it comes to English test, he, who is a college student, considers grammar most important.2. 由词到句的扩展:除谓语和补语外,任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。
2015考研英语语法—讲义
n. + v.
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We#are#even#farther#removed#from#the# unfocused#newspaper#reviews#published#in# England#between#the#turn#of#20th#century# and#the#eve#of#World#War#Ⅱ,#at#a#8me#when# newsprint#was#dirt:cheap#and#stylish#arts# cri8cism#was#considered#an#ornament#to#the# publica8ons#in#which#it#appeared. 2010#
13 5 21
#Text#1
We#are#even#farther#removed#from#the# unfocused#newspaper#reviews#published#in# England#between#the#turn#of#20th#century# and#the#eve#of#World#War#Ⅱ,#at#a#8me#when# newsprint#was#dirt:cheap#and#stylish#arts# cri8cism#was#considered#an#ornament#to#the# publica8ons#in#which#it#appeared. 2010#
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I. Use of Language
10 60/65
II. Reading Comprehension A. B. C. III.Writing 40 10 10/15 30/25
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2015考研英语复习指导:语法篇【2】
2015考研英语复习指导:语法篇【2】(四)下列两类名词只有复数形式,与动词复数连用表示由两部分组成的物体名词,如:calipers(卡钳)glasses scales(磅秤)pantspliers(钳子)scissors trousers shoesjeans shorts(短裤)这些名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式,前有a pair of修饰时,谓语的单复数由pair的单复数决定。
例句: I m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?译文:我想把行李过一下磅,有磅秤吗?例句: The girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.译文:姑娘戴着从眼镜行买来的太阳镜,而那副旧眼镜已经折断了。
另外还有: arms goodsclothescontents headquarters minutes(会议记录)regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意,问候)thanks fireworks(烟火)archives(档案)例句: My wages are the principle source of my income.译文:薪金是我收入的主要来源。
(五)有些名词虽以s结尾,却表示单数概念,谓语动词用单数形式1. 学科名称:politics linguisticsphysics economicsmathematics ethicselectronics informaticsmechanics(力学) statisticsacoustics(声学)athleticsphonetics(语音学)例句: Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (2000年第8题) 分析:该句是复合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that引导宾语从句,since引导时间状语从句。
2015在职联考英语基本语法 考研英语(二)写作
6) If you happen to come across my lost papers while you're looking for your book, please let me know at once by telephone. 7) The inconvenient truth is that if we don't solve the engineering problem, we're helpless.
复合句
三大: 名词性从句;(主/宾/表/同位) 形容词性从句;(定) 副词性从句(状) 六小:主语从句;宾语从句;表语从句;同位语从句 定语从句 状语从句 从句是不是句子? 从句不是句子,从句是句子中的某一个成分。 它们名称是如何来的?由其位置得来其名称。 从句中什么最重要?引导词最重要。
例:
1)a language difficult to master 2)a leaning tower about 180 feet high 3)a man alive 4)the first beautiful large long new red Chinese concrete bridge 5) Do you know the man talking with a black there? 6) There will be many people to help you. 7) Have you read the book written by Jules? 8) The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
will + v. would + v. had + Vp.p
2015考研英语真题+答案+解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)①Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. ②That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .①The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. ②The same people were used in both5 .①While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. ②As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”①The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. ②Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.③10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. ④There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !①One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving15 than other genes. ②Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.①The findings do not simply explain people‟s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. ②Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. ③The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1. [A] what [B] why [C] how [D] when2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] by [D] on4. [A] separated [B] sought [C] compared [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] know [D] seek8. [A] surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D] resemble9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12. [A] limit [B] observe [C] confuse [D] drive13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] benefits [D] missions15. [A] faster [B] slower [C] later [D] earlier16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] express [D] understand17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] tendency [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] endeavor19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don‟t abdicate, they die in their sleep.”②But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. ③So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? ④Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?①The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. ②When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.①It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs‟ continuing popularity as heads of states. ②And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). ③But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.①Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. ②Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. ③At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.①The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. ②Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). ③Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe‟s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.①It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy‟s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. ②The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. ③He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. ④Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‟s worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain _______.[A] used to enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] eased his relationship with his rivals[D] ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly _______.[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats‟ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility‟s adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles _______.[A] takes a tough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2①Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? ②The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.①California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. ②It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.①The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California‟s advice. ②Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.①They should start by discarding Cal ifornia‟s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect‟s purse. ②The court has ruled that police don‟t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. ③But exploring one‟s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. ④A smartphone may contain an arrestee‟s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. ⑤The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.①Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. ②But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. ③Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution‟s prohibition on unreasonable searches.①As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn‟t ease the challenge of line-drawing. ②In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. ③They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. ④The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.①But the justices should not swallow California‟s argument whole. ②New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution‟s protections. ③Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_______.[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents[B] search for suspects‟ mobile phones without a warrant[C] check suspects‟ phone contents without being authorized[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The author‟s attitude toward California‟s argument is one of_______.[A] disapproval[B] indifference[C] tolerance[D]cautiousness28. The author believes that exploring one‟s phone contents is comparable to_______.[A] getting into one‟s residence[B] handling one‟s historical records[C] scanning one‟s correspondences[D] going through one‟s wallet29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_______.[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed[B] the court is giving police less room for action[C] citizens‟ privacy is not effe ctively protected[D] phones are used to store sensitive information30. Orin Kerr‟s comparison is quoted to indicate that_______.[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution[C]Cal ifornia‟s argument violates principles of the Constitution[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3①The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. ②The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.①“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. ②Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE).③Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‟s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. ④The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.①Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the …statistics board‟ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science‟s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”①Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a member of the SBoRE group. ②He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”③He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. ④This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”①John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”②“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. ③I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. ④But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.①Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. ②Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engagin g reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. ③Vaux says that Science‟s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to id entify …the papers that need scrutiny‟ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that _______.[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to_______.[A] found[B] marked[C] revised[D] stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _______.[A] pose a threat to all its peers[B] meet with strong opposition[C] increase Science‟s circulation[D] set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _______.[A] adds to researcher s‟ workload[B] diminishes the role of reviewers[C] has room for further improvement[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors‟ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4①Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‟s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. ②Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.③But “it‟s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.①Driving her point home, she continued: “It‟s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” ②This same absence of moral purpose waswounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .①As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stand. ②Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. ③This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. ④Others await trial. ⑤This long story still unfolds.①In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. ②One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. ③The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.①In today‟s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. ②Perhaps we should not be so surprised. ③For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. ④The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. ⑤Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.①The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. ②It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. ③Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_______.[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies‟ financial loss due to immoral practices[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_______.[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions38. The author believes the Rebekah Books‟s defence_______.[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows_______.[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral code40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central in news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) ______________________________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where?The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) ______________________________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) ______________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _____________________ This doesn‟t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)____________________ Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn‟t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a givencourse? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on atrain or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age andsocial class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presentedin the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, imageor reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, orabout its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, notnecessarily as mouthpieces for the author‟s own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might calltextual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text‟s formal structures (so especiall y its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough foodallotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues‟ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists‟ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2015年试题精读透析Section ⅠUse of English (10 points)1. A2. B3. D4. C5. C6. A7. C8. D9. B 10. D11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A 16.D 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. A Section ⅡReading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. A 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. C Part B (10 points)41. C 42. E 43. G 44. B 45. APart C (10 points)46. 这场移民运动由各种强大的动机所推动,在一片荒野之中创立了一个国家,并且,就其本质而言,它也塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和决定了它的命运。
2015年考研英语语法押题资料(专家整理,命中率98%)
目录考研英语必备语法基础 (1)第一章词性 (1)1.1 名词 (1)1.2 代词 (3)1.3 动词 (39)1.4 形容词和副词 (39)第二章时态与情态动词 (40)2.1 现在完成时态的三种用法 (40)2.2 与完成时态搭配的时间状语 (42)2.3 过去完成时的三种用法 (43)2.4 将来完成时 (45)2.5 完成进行时 (45)2.6 情态动词 (48)第三章被动语态 (48)3.1 被动语态的一般用法 (49)3.2 用于各种时态的被动语态 (49)13.3 各种形式的被动语态 (52)3.4 主动形式、被动意义的表达 (55)3.5 被动语态的翻译 (58)考研英语必考的语法知识 (58)第四章动名词与不定式 (58)4.1 动名词与不定式作主语 (58)4.2 动名词与不定式作宾语 (62)4.3 动名词的复合结构 (68)4.4 动名词复合结构与作后置定语的现在分词短语的区别 (73)4.5 不定式的完成式(TO HAVE DONE) (75)4.6 THERE BE的动名词及不定式形式 (77)第五章分词 (79)5.1 分词的意义与作用 (79)5.2 分词作定语 (81)5.3 分词作状语第六章主谓一致 (88)6.1 主语和谓语的一致关系 (89)6.2 确定主语单复数的三个原则 (90)6.3 主谓一致的具体原则 (92)第七章虚拟语气 (114)7.1 虚拟条件句 (115)7.2 名词从句中的虚拟 (123)考研英语必考的句法知识 (125)第八章倒装和强调 (125)8.1 倒装语序 (125)8.2 强调 (141)第九章省略结构 (150)9.1 并列结构中的省略现象 (150)9.2 主从结构中的省略现象 (151)第十章否定句 (153)10.1 用NOT构成否定句 (153)10.2 用NO构成否定句 (156)10.3 用某些副词构成否定 (158)10.5 用否定的连词构成否定 (160)10.6 用形容词构成否定 (161)10.7 用介词构成否定 (161)10.8 具有否定意义的动词和动词短语 (162)310.9 用肯定的形式表示否定的概念 (162)10.10 用否定式的形式表示肯定的概念 (163)10.11 部分否定 (164)10.12 否定的转移 (167)第十一章定语从句 (169)11.1 理解定语从句的关键:找到先行词 (170)11.2 关系代词与关系副词 (178)11.3 关系代词 WHICH/THAT/WHO/WHOM (180)11.4 关系代容词 WHOSE (181)11.5 关系代词 WHAT (182)11.6 关系代词AS (189)11.7 关系代词 THAN (193)11.8 关系副词WHEN (196)11.9 关系副词 WHERE (202)11.11 介词+关系代词 (213)11.12 带有插入误的定语从句 (229)11.13 并列定语从句 (232)第十二章名词从句 (233)12.1 名词从句的本质:3 种句子充当 4 种成分 (233)12.2 主语从句 (237)12.3 宾语从句 (242)12.4 表语从句 (245)12.5 同位语从句 (246)第十三章 THAT专题 (248)13.1 指示形容词THAT (249)13.2 指示代词THAT (249)13.3 连词 THAT (251)13.4 关系代词THAT (251)13.5 THAT引导定语从句与同位语从句的区分 (252)13.6 THAT从句的并列结构 (253)第十四章状语从句 (261)14.1 状语从句的本质 (261)14.2 时间状语认句14.3 地点状语从句 (275)14.4 原因状语从句 (276)14.5 目的状语从句 (279)14.6 结果状语从句 (282)514.7 条件状语从句 (287)14.8 让步状语从句 (294)14.9 比较状语从句 (309)14.10 方式状语从句 (330)第十五章 THERE BE句型 (330)15.1 THERE BE结构中的主语具有非限定性 (331)15.2 THERE BE结构的否定形式 (331)15.3 THERE BE句型中BE的各种时态 (331)15.4 THERE BE句型中主语的修饰成分 (332)15.5 THERE BE句型的几种特殊结构 (332)15.6 THERE BE结构作状语和介宾 (333)第十六章AS专题 (334)16.1 AS用作介词 (334)16.2 AS用作副词 (341)16.4 AS用作连词 (343)16.5 有关AS的结构 (357)第十七章 THAN专题 (362)17.L在MORE THAN结构的理解与翻译 (362)617.2 NOTHING MORE THAN 结构的理解与翻译 (367)17.3 NO MORE THAN/NOT ANY MORE THAN结构的理解与翻译 (368)17.4 NO LESS THAN/NOTHING LESS THAN 结构的理解与翻译 (370)17.5 RAINER THAN VS. OTHER THAN 结构的理解与翻译 (371)17.6 THAN引导定语从句 (376)第十八章长难句的读写和翻译 (377)18.1 认清句中的并列平行结构 (377)18.2 关注名词从句的连词 (380)18.3 正确分析定语从句关系词所指的先行词内容 (382)18.4 熟记各种状语从句的逻辑关系连接词 (383)18.5 熟悉分词结构的用法 (384)18.6 熟练掌握英文的固定介词搭配以及OF的语义结构关系 (385)18.7 注意句中代词的所指内容 (389)7考研英语必备语法基础第一章词性1.1 名词在研究生考试试题中,对于名词这一语法项目的测试除了主谓搭配问题以外,还涉及名词的其他一些用法。
2015考研英语语法基础班讲义—何威威
(十)现在完成进行时
【用法】比现在完成时更加强调动作的不间断进行,该动作可能仍在进行,也可能已经完成。 【谓语形式】have / has been doing 例:We've just been talking about you. I've been sitting here all afternoon. How long has it been snowing?
2015 考研英语语法基础班讲义(何威威老师主讲)
(五)过去进行时
【用法】表示过去某个时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作。 【谓语形式】was / were + doing 例:He was practicing the piano this time yesterday evening. When I called him, he was having his breakfast.
(三)一般将来时
【用法】一般将来时主要表示准备做的事、将要发生的动作情况、按计划安排要发生的事。 【谓语形式】1.be going to do 2.will / shall do 3.be to do 4.be about to 例:I shall/will call you tomorrow. We are going to the zoo tomorrow. The factory is to go into production. He is about to leave.
(十二)将来完成进行时
【用法】比将来完成时更加强调动作的不间断进行。 【谓语形式】shall/will have been doing 例:I shall have been working as a teacher for ten years by)过去将来时
2015考研英语强化班完型辅导讲义(谭剑波)
1考研英语一完型填空讲义——文都网校谭剑波1. 考研完型什么时候做?(考研整体做题顺序是什么?)2. 考研完型重要吗?3. 完型考什么:4. 考研完型的趋势: 1) 单词难度增加 2) 单词趋向考察偏生意思 例1:charge v. 例2:accommodate v. 例3:share the idea…5. 考研完型考多少分合适? 考研完型究竟能否突破?6. 考研完型实用解题法第一招:原词复现Comparison were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much happened 21 . As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that...(考研真题) 21. A. between B. before C. since D. later第二招:同义替换(同义复现)Most of them are not serious; fainting and dizziness are the most frequent complaints. *同义替换还经常出现在主系表结构当中。
Growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition.(考研真题) 23. A. careB. nutritionC. exerciseD. leisureAs was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 ofthe periodical. (考研真题)23. A. means B. method C. medium D. measure24. A. process B. company C. light D. form第三招:反义替换(反义复现)空的前后出现相反的内容:前后为反义替换。
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2015考研英语关键语法第一部分:核心语法一、分词(V+ing,V+ed)1.区别动名词(1)作主语和宾语Saying is easier than doing.(说比做容易。
)(2)作介词宾语We get pleasure from loving and being loved.(我们从爱别人和被别人爱中得到快乐。
)2.分词作定语(1)前置①The beginning student should be given more encouragement.(初学者应多给予鼓励。
)②A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.(均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养。
)(2)后置①Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.(靠山吃山)②Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizen.(小时候受过良好教育的儿童长大会成为好公民。
)3.分词作状语①Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.(听到这个消息,他们立即出发到上海去了)。
②Seen from the pagoda,the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.(从这个塔上远眺,紫金山南麓是树的海洋。
)③Printed white,the house looks bigger.(漆成白色后,这房子像是更大了。
)④Having written an important letter,I listened to the music for a while.1(写完一封重要的信之后,我听了一会儿音乐。
)⑤Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.(持极端观点的人认为,人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,所以对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
)⑥An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.(对于计算机课堂教学,人们在观点上存在着一条无形的界线:有人认为应从学生的就业前景来考虑这一问题,而另一些人认为应从推行彻底的教育改革方面来更加全面地考虑计算机进入教室这一问题。
)(区别动名词短语作主语)Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.(2005-49)(创造一种能够尊重不同文化与传统的欧洲特色并不是一件很容易的事情,而这些文化传统将会成为维系欧洲大陆的基础结构,这需要一种战略性的选择。
)4.独立主格结构Mary coming back,they discussed it together.(=When mary came back…)(玛丽回来后,他们一起讨论了那件事。
)Health and persistence given,one can do great things.(=If health and persistence are given…)(有健康的身体和顽强的毅力的话,一个人能做出伟大的事情。
)The moon having risen,they took a walk in the fields.(=When the moon had risen…)(月亮升起后,他们在田野里散步。
)So much time having been spent,the work is only half done.(=Though so much time has been spent…)(虽然花了这么多时间,这项工作才做了一半。
)But with homework counting for no more than10%of their grades,students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.(但是由于作业在成绩中所占的比例不超过10%,学生很可能少做一半的作业,而在他们的成绩单上也不会有什么差别。
)二、定语从句A:He has one sister who is working in the city.B:He has one sister,who is working in the city.2考研讯息 C:All the people in the auditorium who had enough of classical music start to leave.D:All the people in the auditorium,who had enough of classical music,start to leave.E:The bookstore which sells this book is the largest one in Nanjing.F:The bookstore where I work is the largest one in Nanjing.1.Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture”,like the concept of“set”in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.(2003-50)(因此,人类学中的“文化”就象数学中的“集”一样,是一个抽象概念,这种抽象概念使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
)2.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.(2006-46)(我将其定义为这样一个人:他以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题,并将此当作人生的主要责任和乐趣。
)3.Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,…(2003-46)(而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,…)4.It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.(2010)(这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种,然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。
)5.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.(这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕作方式很难在农业中继续下去,而这种耕作方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
)6.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.(现在,既然对智力的评估是比较性的,那么,在对我们的对象进行比较时,所采用的尺度就应当是“有效的”或“公平的”。
)7.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invited you to think that animals should be treated either with consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.(这在一开始就将问题引向极端,它让人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么象对待人类自身那样去关怀,要么完全冷漠无情。
)38.On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.(在另一层面上,许多医学界人士承认,关于辅助自杀的争论的升温的部分原因在于病人的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学事实上延长了临终前身体的痛苦。