1995-2016英语专八改错题及答案

20162005年3月21日专业八级考试改错When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular showon ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round a the luxury of the 1. ______rink, my friend’s mother remarked on the “plush” seats we had beengiven. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my 2______ vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush”was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that 3. ______ much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I 4. ______started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, and so are the ice rink and the cos tumes of the skaters, aren’t they? Myfriend’s mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her 5. ______ expression that I had not got the word quite right.Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughlymeans, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6. ______new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our 7. ______own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should haveasked for Plush, and this is particularly true in the 8. ______ aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by 9______ .speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly, but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English.So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap. 10. ______2014改错There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerge d as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions (1) ______have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (2) ______l Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (3) ______l What is the explanation for the fact adults have (4) ______more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?l What motivates people to acquire additional language?l What is the role of the language teaching in the (5) ______acquisition of additional languages?l What social-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all (6) ______the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far have one thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do (7) ______so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under (8) ______focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlig ht is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning (9) ______or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. (10) ______2013 专八短文改错试题．Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in langu age. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) _____listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually (2) ______happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. (3) ______Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, (4) ______you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptionalcircumstances we might become aware of the complexity (5) ______involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it;if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has influenced (6) ______their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if (7) ______we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meetanyone else who is. As we shall see, all these examples (8) ______of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances”reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, (9) ______listening, writing and reading. But given that language processeswere normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful (10) ______experiments to get at what is happening.2012Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The arg ument has been going since at least the first (1) ______century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavored certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _______sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _______the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5) _______ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _______gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _______ literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) _____参考答案：2011年专八真题改错部分From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about 1__________seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did sowith the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that2___________soon or later I should have to settle down and write books.3___________I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4__________on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. Forthis and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developeddisagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my5_____________ schooldays. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6_________the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of7________being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with wordsand a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created 8________a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9________in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious — i.e. seriously 10________ intended —writing which I produced all through my childhood andboyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my firstpoem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年专八真题改错部分So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1________________the things their speakers want to say. 2________________ There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3________________ peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not allgroups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4_____________fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5______________ English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of thosesometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise andsubtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6______________in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7____________ environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8____________for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in whichEnglishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9_____________ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo languagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufactureor cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10____________2010年专八真题改错参考答案以及分词09专八改错原题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)___________ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse,learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the (2)___________ little listener has grown up, and has children of their own, or even (3)____________ grandchildren. The period between learning a nursery rhyme andtransmitting it may be something from twenty to seventy years. With (4)_____________ the playground lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed (5)___________ on within the very hour it is learnt; and in the general, it passes (6)_____________ between children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommonfor the difference in age between playmates to be more than fiveyears. If ,therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have beencurrently for a hundred years, or even just for fifty, it follows that it (7)__________has been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it has passed (8)___________ along a chain of two or three hundred young hearers and tellers, andthe wonder is that it remains live after so much handling, (9)____________to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10)____________答案分析：2008年专八真题短文改错The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent ____1____part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate ____2____a given language to show that they are distinctive from another ____3____race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States ____4____split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a ____5____different language from those of Britain. There was even one ____6____proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English ____7____and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone ____8____knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. ____9____Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world ____10____that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.07专八真题短文改错From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1__________ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2__________emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3_________ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4__________ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries 5__________than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in 6__________other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7___________such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8___________between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9____________ whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are 10___________wholly conventional2006专八短文改错We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1_______to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2_______ message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3_______set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4_______ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5_______speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses active-ly and that which he recognises, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6_________But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7_________ member of his linguistic community; he bas to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8____________ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9_____________ among most striking of human achievements. 10____________2005年专八真题短文改错The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuition increases for next year much steeper than the current,very low rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed becauseof a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common 1 ________ stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizesits net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2 _________ outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3 ___________ business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4__________ increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of beingin the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5 __________ graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor one's job prospects, 6 ___________ the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7 ___________ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. 8 _________Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students ascustomers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9 ___________ rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom t hey recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stoppe d by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best st udents, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purelyof need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10 ____________ customer20042003改错Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)__years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young (2)__adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)__but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. Fromthe 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)__and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (5)__Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who (6)__formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the (7)__divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)__as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious (9)__ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)__ Europe. Contr ary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned2002改错There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to th at existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact thatpronunciation is learnt…naturally‟ and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1._____ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remainthroughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds 2______like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when 3______we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, 4_______ whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. 5_____We begin the …natural‟ learning of pronunciation long before we start learningto read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously 6.___imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around usfor many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend 7.___learning even our difficult English spelling. This is …natural‟, 8.___therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle;after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community 9.___and giving a sense of'belonging'. We learn quite early to recognize a …stranger‟,someone who spe aks with an accent of a different community-perhaps only a few miles far. 1020011.20001999年The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.______human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2._____with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter- gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer‟s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.______studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.______edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.______Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6._______diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections or a ccidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7._______They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, o n heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8._______adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9.________style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10.________ healthier diet.1998hen a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in com mon with any infant, provided (1)_____neither of them have been damaged in any way either before (2)_____ or during birth. Firstly, a nd most obviously, new born children are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness lay using sound, there is nothing (3)_____the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Without care from some other human bein g or beings, be it mother,grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive. This helplessness of human infa nts is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet (4)_ _____within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few hours. Although young animals are cer tainly in risk, sometimes (5)______for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the humaninfant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. (6)______ It is during this very lo ng period in which the human infantis totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature (7) ______which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, acapacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggestthat language be "species specific" to the human race, that is (8) ______to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed (9) ______in such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies (10)that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in colour, and just as they are designed to stand upright rather than to move on all fours, so they are designed to learn and use language as part of their normal developments as well-formed human beings1997Classic Intention MovementIn social situations, the classic Intention Movement is "the chair-grasp". Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keepand can get away. His urge to go is 1______held in check by his desire not be rude to his guest. 2______If he did not care of his guest's feelings he would 3______simply get up out of his chair and to announce his4______departure. This is what his body wants to do, therefore5______his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him raise. It is at this point that he 6 ______performs the chair-grasp Intention Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him , but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push 7______himself upwards. This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not hesitating, 8______it would only last a fraction of the second. He would 9______lean, push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his "readiness-to-rise" post and 10______keeps on holding it. It is as if his body had frozen at the get-ready moment.1996The second most important constituent of the biosphere is liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0°C and boils at 1 00°C . This is only a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of some other pla nets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperatures (1) of the sun.As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a (2)planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. (3)The earth's supply of water probably remains quite fairly (4)constant in quantity. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main c onstituents of water, are lost by escaping from theatmosphere to out space, but they are probably just (5)about replaced by new water rising away from the depths of the (6)earth during volcanic action. The total quantity of water is not known,and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe (7)to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms. Most of it -97% - is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest is fresh,but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles (8)and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when (9)melted. Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer than (10) 1% of the whole, there is 10—20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on t he surface. There is also a minor, but extremely important, fraction of the water suppl y which is present as water vapor in the atmosphere.1995There are far too many road accidents in this country，too many deaths and too many people injured。