2023年医学考博英语真题及答案

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考博医学英语-389.doc

考博医学英语-389(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、PartⅠ Listening Comp(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：3，分数：15.00)（分数：5.00）A.Exercise and warming.B.Warming and chilling.C.Heat and cold.D.Absorption and distribution.A.Smelly.B.Scattered.C.Blocking doors and store shutters.D.Put in bags and boxesA.Most benign tumors needn"t be called to the attention of a physician.B.People suffering from cancers were born with them.C.The distinction between benign and malignant tumors is consequently always impossibleD.Some tumors change their nature in the course of years, after a period of benign growth.A.The play will be performed at another location.B.The woman didn"t intend to attend the play.C.It isn"t possible to cancel the play.D.The play was going to be performed outside.A.She"d prefer to go to a different restaurant.B.She"ll join the man for dinner.C.She has been to the restaurant before.D.The man should order spaghetti at the restaurant.（分数：5.00）A.She thought the furniture would be promptly bought.B.She doesn"t remember how much the furniture cost.C.They bought the furniture after considerable thought.D.They bought the furniture on a credit basis.A.She"d like to watch television with the man.B.The man shouldn"t waste his time watching television.C.The man should wash dishes.D.The television program doesn"t start until later in the evening.A.Help the woman repair her car.B.Help the woman find a job.C.Cancel the woman"s appointment for her.D.Take the woman to her doctor"s office.A.His housemate doesn"t want the windows closed.B.His housemate is responsible for paying the electric bill.C.The windows are hard to close.D.He"s anxious for the weather to warm up.A.A bridge to Manhattan.B.Skyscrapers at dusk.C.A lot of things in Manhattan.D.A classical night view in Manhattan.（分数：5.00）A.He moved into his new apartment a couple of months ago.B.He"d like the woman to help him pay the rent.C.He and Peter have downloaded a new apartment.D.The apartment might be too expensive for him.A.The mirror is only half done.B.They could take the mirror back to the store next week.C.The mirror is on 50% discount.D.Look for a bigger mirror on sale.A.To order some medicine for the man.B.To get something for Aunt"s birthday.C.To buy some items.D.To see some car models.A.Try to switch hours with someone else.B.Look before you leap.C.There has to be a trade-off between job and pastime.D.Do the extra work without complaining.A.Roomy and comfortable.B.Nice but expensive.C.Cheap and comfortable.D.Roomy but expensive.三、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）A.Because he had felt severe pain on both sides of the abdomen.B.Because he could not stand the intolerable pain in the back.C.Because he had brought up what he had.D.Because he has got diarrhea.A.His time was fully occupied.B.He had some urgent cases to deal with.C.His boss asked him to do extra work.D.Two tablets of analgesics killed his pain.A.First in the fight abdomen and then it went to the lower abdomen.B.First in the lower abdomen and then it shifted to the fight lower abdomen.C.First in the left abdomen and then it shifted to the right lower abdomen.D.First in the upper abdomen and then it shifted to the fight lower abdomen.A.He has got acute appendicitis.B.He has got acute diarrhea.C.He has a duodenal ulcer.D.He has got an acute gastric ulcer.A.He will go through the formalities of admittance to hospital.B.He will go to the operating room.C.He will go to the outpatient department.D.He will go to the inpatient department.五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）A.Every child in hospital receives some teaching.B.Not enough is known about hospital teaching.C.Hospital teaching is of poor quality.D.The special children"s hospitals are worst off.A.Hospital teaching across the country is similar.B.Each hospital has at least one part-time teacher.C.All hospitals surveyed offer education to children.D.Only one-fourth of the hospital has full-time teachers.A.Hospital teachers.B.Schoolmates.C.Parents.D.School teachers.A.The author is unfavorable towards children receiving education in hospitals.B.The author is in favor of the present state of teaching in hospitals.C.The author is unsatisfied with the present state of hospital teaching.D.The author is satisfied with the results of the latest survey.A.Doctors and nurses.B.Finding a hospital teacher.C.The school teacher.D.New medical instruments.六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）A.How birds learn to build nests.B.Why birds lay eggs.C.How birds" nests have evolved.D.Why some birds" nests are considered primitive.A.Their flying ability improved greatly.B.They became warm-blooded.C.They began to lay eggs.D.They changed their migration patterns.A.On the ground.B.In cold places.C.On the highest branches of trees.D.Inside tree trunks.A.A primitive type of nest.B.An elevated nest.C.A typical cup-shaped nest.D.A nest of twigs and branches.A.To avoid predators.B.To expose tile eggs to stronger sunlight.C.To have a better view of predators.D.To save labor.七、PartⅡ Vocabulary(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：10，分数：5.00)1.Already the class is ______ about who our new teacher will be.（分数：0.50）A.foreseeingB.speculatingC.fabricatingD.contemplating2.For many patients, institutional care is the most ______ and beneficial form of care.（分数：0.50）A.pertinentB.appropriateC.acuteD.persistent3.The automatic doors in supermarkets ______ the entry and exit of customers with shopping carts.（分数：0.50）A.furnishB.induceC.facilitateD.allocate4.If you want this painkiller, you"ll have to ask the doctor for a ______.（分数：0.50）A.inscriptionB.transcriptionC.descriptionD.prescription5.The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been ______.（分数：0.50）A.identifiedB.guaranteedC.notifiedD.conveyed6.We should ______ all advanced science and technology to develop our economy.（分数：0.50）A.draw onB.draw inC.draw upD.draw out7.There had been another prison breakout. Five men got away and are still ______.（分数：0.50）A.in detailB.at lengthC.at largeD.at a loss8.Helicopters rushed to where Shenzhou 5 ______ for the rescue of China"s first astronaut.（分数：0.50）A.settled downB.shot downC.touched downD.turned down9.I can"t possibly mark your homework: your handwriting is ______. You must spend time in improving it.（分数：0.50）A.illogicalB.illicitC.illegibleD.illusive10.The president gave a ______ for the visiting heads of the countries.（分数：0.50）A.recessionB.reflectionC.recognition九、Section B(总题数：10，分数：5.00)11.The rosemary plant is an emblem of fidelity and remembrance.（分数：0.50）A.thoughtfulnessB.tendernessC.faithfulnessD.happiness12.Proper exercise plays a significant role in the rehabilitation of patients with various back ailments.（分数：0.50）A.equationB.recoveryC.distressD.relaxation13.The patient who takes interest in everything and everybody is a formidable adversary for disease.（分数：0.50）A.dreadfulB.principalC.potentialD.imaginary14.The scientists at the University of Bern in Switzerland have used a weakened virus that is not infectious and has proved safe and effective.（分数：0.50）A.dangerousB.harmfulC.contagiousD.invading15.The doctor did not rule out the possibility of food poisoning.（分数：0.50）A.includeB.excludeC.foreseeD.question16.In the final straight Meyers stumbled , and although he didn"t fall it was enough to lose his first place.（分数：0.50）A.staggeredB.screamedC.startledD.rebuked17.The coach explained the regulations at length to make sure that none of his players would become violators.（分数：0.50）A.in generalB.at bestC.in detailD.at last18.The mental patient fluctuates between great excitement and deep depression.（分数：0.50）A.stabilizesB.recoversC.worsensD.alternates19.Because he wore a strange collection of clothes and often talked to himself, his neighbor considered him eccentric .（分数：0.50）B.energeticC.exoticD.peculiar20.It is true that the alleged power of dreams to predict future events still remains unproved.（分数：0.50）A.supposedB.well-knownC.trueD.legal十、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The injection that the girl had been given was beginning to work. Her head 1 heavy, and she was very sleepy. Once she opened her eyes and saw two nurses. They were placing her on another bed. Then she had the feeling of moving down a long hall. Once 2 a while, she thought that she heard people talking around her. The last time she opened her eyes, she saw a large round lamp above her. Then everything was dark, and she 3 into a deep sleep.The doctor was 4 to begin. First he opened the chest 5 around the heart. Meanwhile, another doctor connected the special machine to her. Next, the first doctor used an electric shock to stop the girl"s heart. Working very carefully, he repaired the passage that was 6 . Then, using another electric shock, he 7 the heart again. He closed her chest, and the operation was 8 . No additional blood had been needed. The 9 operation lasted ninety minutes. The girl was taken to another room. She would be watched until she was conscious.As she opened her eyes, the girl saw her mother"s face. Her mother smiled. "It"s all over," she said. "The doctor promised to make you better and he has succeeded. In a few weeks you"ll be 10 home."（分数：10.00）A.feltB.feelC.becameD.turnedA.atB.ofC.inD.forA.wentB.fellC.gotD.becameA.sureB.eagerC.readyD.quickA.areaB.fieldC.pointD.portionA.damagedB.hurtC.injuredD.woundedB.beganC.startedD.ceasedA.overB.upC.allD.offA.fullB.allC.entirepleteA.sentB.takeningD.going十一、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十二、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Women"s minds work differently from men"s. At least, that is what most men are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter of frustration or a joke. Now the biologists have moved into this minefield, and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women. But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse.There is, however, a definite structural variation between the male and female brain. The difference is in a part of the brain that is used in the most complex intellectual processes —the link between the two halves of the brain.The two halves are linked by a trunk line of between 200 and 300 million nerves, the corpus callosum (胼胝体). Scientists have found quite recently that the corpus callosum in women is always larger and probably richer in nerve fibers than it is in men. This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men and it must have some significance. The question is "What?", and, if this difference exists, are there others? Research shows that present-day women think differently and behave differently from men. Are some of these differences biological and inborn, a result of evolution? We tend to think that is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong?Research showed that these two halves of the brain had different functions, and that the corpus callosum enabled them to work together. For most people, the left half is used for word-handing, analytical and logical activities; the right half works on pictures, patterns and forms. We need both halves working together. And the better the connections, the more harmoniously the two halves work. And, according to research findings, women have the better connections.But it isn"t all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis. In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at "language subjects" and boys better at maths and physics. If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunk line, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.We shan"t know for a while, partly because we don"t know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subject and the functioning of the two halves of the brain, and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involved in intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing.（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following statement is CORRECT?（分数：1.00）A.Biologists are conducting research where psychologists have given up.B.rain differences point to superiority of one sex over the other.C.Results of scientific research fail to support popular belief.D.The structural difference in the brain between the sexes has long been known.(2).According to the passage it is commonly believed that brain differences are caused by ______ factors.（分数：1.00）A.biologicalB.psychologicalC.physicalD.social(3)."These differences" in paragraph 5 refer to those in ______.（分数：1.00）A.skills of men and womenB.school subjectsC.the brain structure of men and womenD.activities carried out by the brain(4).At the end of the passage the author proposes more work on ______.（分数：1.00）A.the brain structure as a wholeB.the functioning of part of the brainC.the distinction between the sexesD.the effects of the corpus callosum(5).What is the main purpose of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.To outline the research findings on the brain structure.B.To explain the link between sex and brain structure.C.To discuss the various factors that cause brain differences.D.To suggest new areas in brain research.十三、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence "suggests a casual link" between extremelylow-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very longwave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as "a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans".The report is no reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces onsurrounding objects. For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth"s own magnetic field. The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate. How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such "ionizing" radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.The Pentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having "biased the entire document" toward proving a link. "Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that electromagnetic fields present in the environment induce or promote cancer," the Air Force concludes. "It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report." Then Pentagon"s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modem military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.（分数：5.00）(1).The main idea of this passage is ______.（分数：1.00）A.studies on the cause of cancerB.controversial view-points in the cause of cancerC.the relationship between electricity and cancerD.different ideas about the effect of electricity on caner(2).The view-point of the EPA is ______.（分数：1.00）A.there is casual link between electricity and cancerB.electricity really affects cancerC.controversialD.low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer(3).Why did the Pentagon and White House object to the release of the report? Because ______.（分数：1.00）A.it may stir a great deal of debate among the Bush AdministrationB.every unit of the modem military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipmentC.the Pentagon"s concern was understandableD.they had different arguments(4).It can be inferred from physical phenomenon ______.（分数：1.00）A.the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmfulB.the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generateC.electromagnetic field may affect healthD.only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body(5).What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments?（分数：1.00）A.They are indifferent.B.They are worried very much.C.The may exercise prudent avoidance.D.They are shocked.十四、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Here"s a familiar version of the boy-meets-girl situation. A young man has at last plucked up courage to invite a dazzling young lady out to dinner. She has accepted his invitation and he is overjoyed. He is determined to take her to the best restaurant in town, even if it means that he will have to live on memories and hopes during the month to come. When they get to the restaurant, he discovers that this ethereal creature is on a diet. She mustn"t eat this and she mustn"t eat that. Oh, but of course, she doesn"t want to spoil his enjoyment. Let him by all means eat as much fattening food as he wants: it"s the surest way to an early grave. They spend a truly memorable evening together and never see each other again.What a miserable lot dieters are! You can always recognize them from the sour expression on their faces. They spend most of their time turning their noses up at food. They are forever consulting calorie charts; gazing at themselves in mirrors; and leaping on to weighing-machines in the bathroom. They spend a lifetime fighting a losing battle against spreading hips, protruding tummies and double chins. Some wage all-out war on FAT. Mere dieting is not enough. They exhaust themselves doing exercises, sweating in sauna baths, being pummeled and massaged by weird machines. The really wealthy diet-mongers pay vast sums for "health cures". For two weeks they can enter a nature clinic and be starved to death for a hundred guineas a week. Don"t think it"s only the middle-aged who go in for these fads either. Many of these bright young things you see are suffering from chronic malnutrition: they are living on nothing but air, water and the goodwill of God. Dieters undertake to starve themselves of their own free will; so why are they so miserable? Well, for one thing, they"re always hungry. You can"t be hungry and happy at the same time. All the horrible concoctions they eat instead of food leave them permanently dissatisfied. Wonderfood is a complete food, the advertisement says. Just dissolve a teaspoonful in water. A complete food it may be, but not quite as complete as a juicy steak. And, of course, they"re always miserable because they feel so guilty. Hunger just proves too much for them and in the end they lash out and devour five huge guilt-inducing cream cakes at a sitting. And who can blame them? At least three times a day they are exposed to temptation. What utter torture it is always watching others tucking into piles of mouth-watering food while you munch a water biscuit and sip unsweetened lemon juice!What"s all this self-inflicted torture for? Saintly people deprive themselves of food to attain a state of grace. Unsaintly people do so to attain a state of misery. It will be a great day when all the dieters in the world abandon their slimming courses; when they hold out their plates and demand second helpings!（分数：5.00）(1).The best title for this passage is ______.（分数：1.00）A.On FatB.We Should All Grow Fat and Be HappyC.Many Diseases Are Connected with FatD.Diet Deprives People of Normal Life(2).Why do they never see each other again?（分数：1.00）A.Because it is a memorable evening.B.Because she lets him eat as much fattening food as he wants.C.Because she does not eat this and drink that.D.Because eating fattening food is the surest way to an early grave.(3).What"s the meaning of "lot" in the first line of Paragraph 2?（分数：1.00）A.Amount.B.Field.C.Fate.D.Group.(4).Which of the following ways is NOT mentioned for diet?（分数：1.00）A.Doing exercises.B.Not eating sugar.C.Not eating fat.D.Taking sauna baths.(5).What is the author"s attitude toward diet?（分数：1.00）A.Persuasive.B.Critical.C.Indifferent.D.Adversative.十五、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of PhDs. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph.D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph.D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph.D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D. "The results of our research," Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation. Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph.D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D."s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D."s shone in the $7,500 to $15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D."s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields. As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25% of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.（分数：5.00）(1).The author states that many educators feel that ______.（分数：1.00）A.steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campusB.the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their studyC.the Ph.D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropoutD.the high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members(2).Research has shown that ______.（分数：1.00）A.dropouts are substantially below Ph. D."s in financial attainmentB.the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph.D. studiesC.the Ph.D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops outD.about one-third of those who start Ph.D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree(3).Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D. ______.（分数：1.00）A.is the most frequent reason for dropping outB.is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidateC.is an essential part of many Ph.D. programsD.does not vary in difficulty among universities(4).After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that ______.（分数：1.00）A.optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degreeB.a Ph.D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degreeC.colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. Ｄ. dropoutsD.Ph. Ｄ."s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions(5).It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in ______.（分数：1.00）A.salary for Ph.D. too lowB.academic requirement too highC.salary for dropouts too highD.1,000 positions十六、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. The disease, which was first identified in Italy more than 100 years ago, occurs worldwide. All birds are thought to be susceptible to infection with avian influenza, though some species are more resistant to infection than others. Infection causes a wide spectrum of symptoms in birds, ranging from mild illness to a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease resulting in severe epidemics. The latter is known as "highly pathogenic avian influenza". This form is characterized by sudden onset, severe illness, and rapid death, with a mortality that can approach 100%. Fifteen subtypes of influenza virus are known to infect birds, thus providing an extensive reservoir of influenza viruses potentially circulating in bird populations. To date, all outbreaks of the highly pathogenic form have been caused by influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 and H7. Migratory waterfowl—most notably wild ducks—are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses, and these birds are also the most resistant to infection. Domestic poultry, including chickens and turkeys, are particularly susceptible to epidemics of rapidly fatal influenza. Direct or indirect contact of domestic flocks with wild migratory waterfowl has been implicated as a frequent cause of epidemics. Live bird markets have also played an important role in the spread of epidemics.Recent research has shown that viruses of low pathogenicity can, after circulation for sometimes short periods in a poultry population, mutate into highly pathogenic viruses. During a 1983-1984 epidemic in the United States of America, the H5N2 virus initially caused low mortality, but within six months became highly pathogenic, with a mortality approaching 90%. Control of the outbreak required destruction of more than 17 million birds at a cost of nearly US$ 65 million. During a 1999-2001 epidemic in Italy, the H7N1 virus, initially of low pathogenicity, mutated within。

2025年医学博士英语考试真题答案

2023年医学博士英语考试真题答案The 2023 National Medical Doctoral English Examination serves as a crucial milestone for many aspiring medical professionals, testing their proficiency in English language skills within the context of medical knowledge. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the answers to the actual examination questions, serving as a valuable resource for candidates preparing for future exams.Firstly, let's delve into the multiple-choice section. One question that stood out was: "There _______ some milk in the glass." The correct answer is "is," reflecting the basic grammar rule of using "is" with singular nouns. This underscores the importance of mastering fundamental grammar rules in the context of medical English.Another noteworthy question involved a traffic jam scenario: "We were caught in a traffic jam. By the time we arrived at the airport, the plane _____." Here, the appropriate response is "had taken off," highlighting the use of the past perfect tense to express an action thatoccurred before another past action. This question not only tests grammar but also comprehension of temporal sequences. Moving to the listening comprehension section, one conversation centered around a medical consultation. The question posed was: "What seems to be the problem?" The answer lies in the dialogue, where the patient mentions experiencing severe headaches for approximately two months. This type of question demands active listening skills and the ability to extract key information from a conversation. In the reading comprehension section, questions focused on medical terminology and concepts. For instance, a question asking about the largest glandular organ in the human body required the knowledge that the liver fulfills this role. Such questions assess the candidate's understanding of basic human anatomy.Moreover, questions testing comprehension of physiological functions were also present. One such question inquired about the organ responsible for insulin production, with the answer being the pancreas. This demonstrates the exam's emphasis on integrating English language skills with medical knowledge.The overall trend of the 2023 Medical Doctoral English Examination reflects a strong continuity in terms of question types and styles. Familiarity with past exam questions and their answers is crucial for candidates to formulate effective study plans and prepare effectively for the exam. The analysis of these answers provides valuable insights into the exam's focus and helps candidatesidentify areas of improvement.In conclusion, the 2023 National Medical Doctoral English Examination serves as a challenging yet rewarding experience for aspiring medical professionals. The answers to the exam questions, as analyzed in this article, offer a glimpse into the exam's content and format, highlighting the importance of a solid foundation in both medical knowledge and English language skills. Candidates should prioritize thorough preparation, leveraging past exam materials to enhance their understanding and performance. **2023年医学博士英语考试真题答案解析**2023年全国医学博士英语考试对于许多志在成为医学专家的考生来说，是一个至关重要的里程碑，它检验了考生们在医学知识背景下对英语技能的掌握程度。

医学考博英语统考听力真题

医学考博英语统考听力真题Conversation 1A.I have a really bad headache.What doyou recommend？B.You can purchase some over-the-counter pain relievers in aisle 6A:Do I need a prescription for those？B:No.You just pick whichever brand you prefer and pay for it at the register.A:Is there a difference between the name-brand pills and store- brand pills？B:Usually there isn’t.Just compare the labels and look for the active ingredientsA: The store- brand is less expensiveB:Usually itis just as effectiveA:I sure hope so because l want to save money and not have an headache1.Where would the woman find the pain reliever?2.What do we know about the store-brand pills?3.What are the two speakers mainly talking about?Conversation 2A: In the last few years， professor Laurie Santos from Yale University has been teaching students about the pursuit of happiness-the most popular course Yale has ever had. Welcome，professor SantosB:Morning.Thank you for having meA:I heard you’ve developed the high school version of this course. So why did you expand the curriculum to high schoolers？B: Well，I started the class by seeing mental health issues in college students.And I quickly realized that many students came to college with those issues.The health statistics for young people are really devastat-ingA: Really?B: Yeah. So l want to give the high school students the tool to improve their well-being and flourish a bit more4.What is the main topic of this conversation?5.What do we know about the health statistics for young people?6.How would Professor Santos’coursehelp high school students?Conversation 3A:As a pediatrician，what do you tell parents when they come in and beg you “Please give me antibiotics for my child? She's sick.B:l am a parent，too.So l understand you want to do something.But antibiotics wont work for viral infec-tions，but only for bacterial onesA:So what can we do in the case of viral infections?B:Unfortunately，we are sort of limited in what we can do.Good old-fashioned chicken soup，fluids and a hu-midifier in the room,elevating the head at bed at night so that they can breathe and sleep.Those are theihings that are really effective7.What do we know about the woman?8.What does the woman say about the treatment for viral infections?9.What are the speakers mainly talking about?Conversation 4A:Now a study finds hospitals that trained their operating room members in teamwork had a lower rate of surgical deaths than other hospitalsB:That's a quite important finding. No doctor wants to make a mistake.That's why doctors are required to be trained in teamwork and communication and tne training seeks to empower each team memberA:Right. The study suggests one of the key elements for training was flattening the hierarchy in the operating room So that everybody， the nurse， the surgeon and the anesthesiologist could bring up any concerns they had about the patientsB:And the more training， the better communications among team members，and the greater the chances that the patients would sunive10.What is the key element of training mentioned by the speakers711.Whatis mentioned by the speakers as the favourable outcome of the training?12.Whatare two speakers mainly talking about?Conversation 5A:Did you know that trees can communicate with each other?B:lnteresting! But how?A:A professor of forest ecology at University of British Columbia observed how logging companies would Cut down diverse forests and replace them with the single tree species. They believe that by removing comp etition， the favored trees would thrive as they would receive more space，water，and sun light.B:ls that so?A:However.the favoured trees were actually more prone to diseases.10%of them would die if the surroun ding trees were removed. Trees communicate through underground network of fungi. The fungi help conne ct trees of different species across the forestsB:That is amazing13.Why would logging companies remove some trees?14.What can be inferred about the result of tree removal?15.Whatis the subject of the conversation?。

考博医学英语真题答案解析

考博医学英语真题答案解析随着全球医学科研水平不断提升，考取医学博士已成为许多医学专业人士追求学术成就的目标。

医学博士入学考试中，医学英语是一个重要的科目，对于考生来说也是一大难题。

本文将通过对考博医学英语真题的解析，帮助考生更好地备考。

首先，让我们来看看一道典型的医学英语真题：Question 1: Which of the following conditions would put a patient at increased risk of developing a urinary tract infection (UTI)?a) Hypertensionb) Diabetes mellitusc) Enlarged tonsilsd) Otitis media在这道题目中，选择正确的答案对于考生来说至关重要。

我们逐一解析每个选项。

选项a) 高血压，与尿路感染无关，因此排除。

选项b) 糖尿病，是一种常见的慢性疾病。

许多患者长期处于高血糖状态，容易引起尿路感染。

因此，b)是正确答案。

选项c) 腺样体肥大，主要与儿童上呼吸道感染有关，与尿路感染无关，因此排除。

选项d) 中耳炎，是耳朵的感染或炎症。

虽然也属于感染，但与尿路感染无直接关联，因此排除。

通过以上分析，我们可以得出答案为b) 糖尿病。

选项b)是与尿路感染相关的疾病。

在真题的解析过程中，我们需要注意选项间的区别。

在本题中，a)、c)、d)三个选项与尿路感染无关，因此可以排除。

而选项b)糖尿病与尿路感染有着明显的关联，因此是正确答案。

此外，在解析过程中，我们也可以讨论一些相关知识。

比如，什么是尿路感染？尿路感染是指细菌感染泌尿系统的一种疾病，包括膀胱、输尿管和肾脏。

尿路感染的主要症状包括尿频、尿急、尿痛等。

糖尿病患者由于高血糖，尿液中的糖分会成为细菌滋生的温床，导致容易感染尿路。

通过以上分析，我们不仅可以正确回答考博医学英语的相关题目，还能够了解一些医学知识。

2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题

2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题题目一阅读理解针对下面的问题，请阅读以下材料：材料一1.The flu virus, also known as influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It spreads easily from person to person through tiny droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.2.The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine. The flu vaccine is designed to protect against the most prevalent strains of flu virus that are expected to circulate each year.3.In addition to getting vaccinated, there are other preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of getting the flu. These include washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.4.If a person does get the flu, it is important to rest, stay hydrated, and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist.5.The flu virus can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and nasal congestion. It can also lead to serious complications, especially in young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.材料二1.Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting thin needles at specific points on the body. It is believed to help restore the flow of qi (energy) and promote healing.2.Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to treat various physical and mental conditions, including chronic pain, migraines, anxiety, and infertility.3.The World Health Organization recognizes acupuncture as a valid treatment for over 100 different conditions, including but not limited to allergies, asthma, depression, and insomnia.4.In recent years, acupuncture has gained popularity in Western countries as a complementary therapy alongside conventional medicine.5.The effectiveness of acupuncture still remains a subject of debate in the scientific community. Some studies have found it to be beneficial for certain conditions, while others have found no significant difference compared to sham acupuncture or other placebo treatments.问题1.What is the most effective way to prevent the flu?参考答案The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine.题目二词汇与语法根据句子上下文或词汇提示，在横线上填入正确的单词或词组。

2023年医学考博英语听力解析

2023年医学考博英语听力解析English Answer:Passage 1。

1. What is the main idea of the passage?The main idea of the passage is that the use ofartificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is growing rapidly and is having a significant impact on the field. AI is being used to improve the accuracy of diagnoses, develop new treatments, and personalize care.2. What are some of the benefits of using AI in healthcare?Some of the benefits of using AI in healthcare include:Improved accuracy of diagnoses.Development of new treatments.Personalized care.Reduced costs.Increased efficiency.3. What are some of the challenges of using AI in healthcare?Some of the challenges of using AI in healthcare include:Data quality and bias.Regulatory and ethical concerns.Lack of trust and transparency.Limited interpretability of AI models.4. What is the future of AI in healthcare?The future of AI in healthcare is bright. AI is expected to continue to play a major role in improving the quality, efficiency, and accessibility of healthcare.Passage 2。

2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案

2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案2023 National Medical Doctor English ExamSection I Multiple Choice Questions (40 points)Directions: For each of the following questions, select the best answer from the choices given.1. What is the primary function of the mitochondria?A. Protein synthesisB. Energy productionC. Cell divisionD. Waste elimination2. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of diabetes?A. Increased thirstB. Weight lossC. Frequent urinationD. Blurred vision3. Which organ is responsible for filtering blood and removing toxins?A. LiverB. PancreasC. KidneysD. Lungs4. Which type of white blood cell is responsible for allergic reactions?A. NeutrophilsB. BasophilsC. EosinophilsD. Monocytes5. What is the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?A. G1, G2, S, MB. G2, M, S, G1C. S, M, G2, G1D. G1, S, G2, MSection II Short Answer Questions (40 points)Directions: Answer each of the following questions with a short essay.1. Explain the process of hemostasis and how it prevents excessive bleeding in the body.2. Describe the role of antibodies in the immune response and how they help the body fight off infections.3. Discuss the difference between a virus and a bacterium, including how each type of pathogen infects the body.4. Explain the function of the endocrine system and how it helps regulate various bodily functions.5. Describe the process of cellular respiration and how it produces energy for the body.Section III Case Study (20 points)Directions: Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow.Case Study: Mr. Smith, a 55-year-old male, presents to the emergency room with chest pain, shortness of breath, and sweating. His vital signs are as follows: heart rate 110 bpm, blood pressure 160/90 mmHg, respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation 92% on room air. An ECG shows ST-segment elevation in leads V2-V4.1. What condition is Mr. Smith likely experiencing, and what is the appropriate treatment?2. What is the significance of the ST-segment elevation on the ECG?3. What are the potential complications of this condition if left untreated?Answers:Section I:1. B. Energy production2. B. Weight loss3. C. Kidneys4. C. Eosinophils5. D. G1, S, G2, MSection II:1. Hemostasis is the process by which the body stops bleeding after injury. It involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. These mechanisms prevent excessive blood loss, maintaining hemostasis in the body.2. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. They bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps the body recognize and neutralize infections.3. A virus is a small infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells, while a bacterium is a single-celled organism that can replicate outside of cells. Viruses inject their genetic material into host cells, hijacking their machinery to produce new viral particles, whereas bacteria reproduce by binary fission.4. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones to regulate bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, coordinating physiological processes.5. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the body. It involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, producing ATP through the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.Section III:1. Mr. Smith is likely experiencing a myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack. The appropriate treatment includes immediate reperfusion therapy, such as thrombolytic medication or percutaneous coronary intervention, to restore blood flow to the heart muscle.2. ST-segment elevation on an ECG indicates myocardial ischemia or injury, suggesting acute coronary artery blockage in a specific region of the heart. It is a hallmark sign of a heart attack and requires urgent intervention to prevent further damage.3. Potential complications of a myocardial infarction include heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and even death if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications.Overall, the 2023 National Medical Doctor English Exam covers a wide range of topics in medicine and healthcare, testing candidates' knowledge and understanding of the human body, diseases, and medical interventions. Candidates are expected to demonstrate critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and a strong foundation in medical science to succeed in the exam.。

医学博士英语试题及答案

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案

2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案2024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersAre you preparing for the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam? Look no further! Below are some sample questions and answers that can help you ace the exam.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow:The human body is a complex system of organs and tissues that work together to maintain health. One of the most vital organs in the body is the heart. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to all the organs and tissues. It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle to keep the heart functioning properly.1. What is the main function of the heart in the human body?A) Pumping bloodB) Digesting foodC) Regulating body temperatureD) Filtering waste productsAnswer: A) Pumping blood2. Why is it important to maintain a healthy lifestyle?A) To stay young foreverB) To prevent diseases and illnessesC) To lose weight quicklyD) To increase stress levelsAnswer: B) To prevent diseases and illnessesSection 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions that follow:(Audio clip: A doctor is giving advice on how to prevent the flu)3. According to the doctor, what is the best way to prevent the flu?A) Getting enough sleepB) Eating junk foodC) Avoiding exerciseD) Washing hands frequentlyAnswer: D) Washing hands frequently4. What should you do if you start to feel symptoms of the flu?A) Go to workB) Stay at home and restC) Ignore the symptomsD) Exercise vigorouslyAnswer: B) Stay at home and restSection 3: Grammar and VocabularyChoose the correct answer to fill in the blank in the following sentences:5. The patient _____________ to the hospital last night.A) goB) goesC) wentD) goingAnswer: C) went6. The doctor _____________ the patient's blood pressure.A) is checkingB) checksC) checkedD) has checkedAnswer: B) checksSection 4: WritingWrite a short essay on the importance of vaccinations in preventing diseases. Include reasons why vaccinations are necessary, how they work, and any potential risks associated with vaccinations.Answer: Vaccinations are crucial in preventing diseases as they help to build immunity against harmful pathogens. They work by introducing a small amount of weakened or dead virus or bacteria into the body, allowing the immune system to recognize and fight off the pathogen more effectively in the future. Vaccinations have been instrumental in eradicating deadly diseases such as smallpox and polio. However, there are some potential risks associated with vaccinations, such as allergic reactions or rare side effects. Despite these risks, the benefits of vaccinations far outweigh the risks, as they protect individualsand communities from serious and potentially life-threatening diseases.Practice these sample questions and answers to prepare for the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam. Good luck!。

全国医学博士统一考试英语试题

2002patr II vocabulary31.An enormous number of people in the world‘s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation____A. capacitiesB. facilitiesC. authoritiesD. warranties32.Family-planing clinics give out ___advices to people who have decided to limit the size of their families.A..insensitiveB.interrogativeC.contraceptivemunicative33.Caffeine is the ___drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus.A.miracleB.mythC.trickD.legend34.Today investigators are still far from ___ a master map of the vasculature of the heart.A.constitutingB.decodingC.draftingD.encoding35.I have never seen a more caring, ___ group of piople in my life.A.emotionalB.impersonalpulsorypassionate36.By the time I reached my residency, I ___ treated the patient as a whole human being.A.yearned forB.broke intoC.pass forD.made for37.We now obtain more than two-thirds protein from animal resources, while our grandparents ___only one-half from animal resources.A.originatedB.digestedC.deprivedD.derived38.Obesity carries an increased risk of ____.A.mortalityB. mobilityC.longevityD.maternity39.The best exercise should require continuous ___ , rather than frequent stops and starts.passionB.accelerationC.frustrationD.exertion40.Environmental officials insist that something be done to ___ acid rain.A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn41.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland .A.take inB.make upC.cut downD.bring about42.To begin with ,it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage.A.explainB.opposeC.representD.propose43.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas.A.applicableB.favorableC.sensitiveD.reasonable44.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned.A.observeB.appraiseC.appreciateD.induce45.Through live television电视实况转播,the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen.A.reserveB.confirmC.perceiveD.transmit46.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on the country‘s economicproblems.A.indefiniteB.indispensableC.infiniteD.insignificant47.I don‘t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.A.omittedB.fabricatedC.pinpointedD.embraced48.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.A.formulationsB.standardsC.principlesnD.notions49.There must be a systematic approach to retrieving notes and analyzing them.A.regainB.relievingC.reversingD.rectifying50.To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the case on a map.A.markB.allocateC.eraseD.posepart III close (10%)You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your pattern of daily 51 may change: you find yourself52 and active at night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working .You stay in your room and have little contact with people 53 with those who speak your language .In your mind, you criticize the piople around you ----they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed,concerned with insignificant things, 54 stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. You became55 when you can‘t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you realy like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life 56 home.Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are brobably suffering culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects.It affects piople who have moved away from an invironment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them---the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of .51.A. way B.pattern C. method D.track52.A.sleepy B.happy C.awake D.sad53.A.for B.lest C.besides D.except54.A.even B.merely C.indeed D.rather55.A.offended B.uninterested C.frustrated D.isolated56.A.here B.there C.back D.away57.A.the same as B.different from C. similar to D.familiar with58.A.situation B.condition C.reflection D.position59.A.in B.at C.within D.into60.A.unwritten B.written C.spoken D.secretepassage oneScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through.I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I grow up? The answer is clearly , probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction.However,where would we be today, whithout science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to writer this essay on the computer ,if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year snd still be around today? Or dogs be the masters of humans? Would we be still the dominant species on the Earth?So many questions arise because the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99.99% fat free, that video gamecompany to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly , and that car company to alter the headlights of the car and call it the ―new‖ 98 car.where would we be whithout science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and doctors to make us the way we want to be.We depend on them to make us ―prettier‖,to perform triple bypass, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science.Science, in a way , keeps our society from falling apart. In our society science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need science progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science , they think of it as a laboratory ,white coats, and mixing all different-colored chemicals untill something blows up. But the fact is that science is a way of life and our future.61.The author‘s probable answer to the question where we would be today, without science is___A.it hard to imagineB.we would nowhere to findC.let‘s see what happensD.not every question has an answer in the world62.From the cookie to the car,the author is trying to tell us that science____A.would be nowhere without humansB.is picking up its developing paceC.raise so many present problemsD.is shaping our world63.The author impies that science____A.is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in our societyB.does not involve every professionC.needs us as much as we need itD.is benefiting everyone64.The author seems to draw a conclusion that science____A.does rather than it isB.is ubiquitous in our lifeC.does not exist in a laboratoryD.is not appreciated in the publix65.The author is most probably___A.a studentB.a socialistC.a professor of scienceD.a free-lance writer of sciencepassage 2Osteoporosis used to be called ―the silent disease‘‘because its victims didn‘t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether.For post-menopausal woman, the most common medical response to osteoporosis is hormonereplacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture.Unfortunately ,it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the of breast cancer.To passby such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs) emulate estrogen with slight modifications.Another drug ,alendronate reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs ,however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them.The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated.Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone stength by as much as 20 percent.Calcium, which is available in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is Vitamin D , which aides calcium absorbtion. Vitamin D comes from sunlingt, but dietary supplements may be helpful in northern climates and among those who don‘t get outside.The final component is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that body puts on it.These are the simple steps that can help make ―the silent disease‖truly silent.66.Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis____ed to effective in post-manopausal womanB.is most frequently priscribed by doctorsC.works perfectly on post-manopausal womenD.is most likely to be avoided for its side effects.67.The best treatment for osteoporosis , according to the passage.___A.is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB.is chosen by the patientC.possesses no side effectsD.is of individuality68.To preventing osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted____A.as early as childhoodB.when one is in his twentiesC.after bone mass accumulate stopsD.as soon as osteoporosis is diagnosed.69.By making ―the silent disease‖ truly silent, the author means that the actions suggested____A.can be the best therapy for osteoporosisB.can help eradicate osteoporosisC.can help prevent osteoporosisD.all of the above.70.The author of this passage focuses on the____of osteoporosisA.alternative treatmentsB.early diagnosisC.treatments and preventionD.resulting damagespassage 3If you are caught in a downpour, it is better to run for a shelter than walk, reaserchers in the US advise. This may sound obvious, but an earlier study in Britain suggested that you would get just as wet as walking.In 1995, Stephen Belcher of the University of Reading and his students calculated how much water falls on top of your head and how much you sweep up on your front as you move forward. Obviously, you would get wetest standing still, and less wet the faster you moved. But the Reading team found that the benefits of running faster than about 3 meters per second—which they described as a walking pace---were tiny.Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis ,meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, had a hunch that this was wrong.They realized that the Reading team had overestimated the average walking pace, so they reworked the calculations for a walking pace of 1.5metres per second and a running speed of 4 meters second.Peterson and Wallis conclude in the latest issue of weather that a walker would get 16 per cent wetter than a runner over a distance of 100 metres in drizzle. In heavy rain ,this would rise to 23 per cent.When the reseachers allowed for the way that runners tend to lean forward, sheltering the front of their bodies but increasing the rainfall on their backs, they found that a walker would get 36per cent wetter than a runner in heavy rain.Not content with theory alone, Peterson and Wallis decided to test their ideas. ―If verification requires an＄80million satellite, one may have to forgo verification,‖ says Peterson . ―But if it involves a simple experiment, that‘s another matter.‖Peterson and Wallis are roughly the same size, Wearing identical clothing, one ran 100 metres in heavy rain and the other walked.They weighed their clothes before and after the experiment. This showed that the walker had absorbed 0.22kgs of water,while the runner had soaked up only 0.13 kgs. This is about 40 per cent less ,in line with the model‘s predictions.Belcher says that his team‘s work was a bit of fun, and that apart from the confusion over what a typical walking speed is ,their results were similar to those of Peterson and Wallis. ―I‘m delighted to see that their experiments gave results in qualitative agreement with the model,‖ says Belcher.But why not just take an umbrells? For anyone thinking of taking the easy way out, Wallis has a warning: ―Running with an umbrella has a negative impact on your aerodynamics‖71.The reading team and the American meteorologists presented different results ininvestigating___A.how far people can run per second in a downpourB.the benefits of running for shelter in a downpourC.whether people can run fast in a downpourD.the average walking pace in a downpour72.According to the American researchers, the Reading team made an error in calculating___A.the average walking paceB.the amount of rainfallC.the time and distanceD.the running speed73.Which of the following, according to the American researchers, gets the least wet?A.Running in drizzleB.walking in drizzleC.Running in heavy rainD.walking in heavy rain74.They verified their model predictions by experimenting___A.on themselvesB.with satelliteC.on the twins of the same sizeD.with sophisticated calculating devices75.The simila results ,according to Belcher ,refer to___A.the amount of rain water absorbedB.the average running speedC.the average walking paceD.all of the abovepassage 4Englisher speakers pick up pitch in the right hemisphere of their brains, but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well.It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch, Donald Wong of the Indians School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week. Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes, the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action. This fits in with the idea that emotive nuances of language---which in English are often carried by the rise and fall of the voice----are perceived on the right.But in ―tonal‖languages like Thai, Mandarin and Swedish, Pitch not only carries emotional information,but can also alter the meaning of a word .Wong and his colleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain---in particular Broca‘s area ,which processes the linguistic content of language.To test this , the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen 80 pairs of Thai words, and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography.The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same, either by consonant or by tone ,In some cases, the words had on intelligible meaning.None of the words was emotionally charged, so even when Thai speakers could understand them, there was no right-side activation.But sure enough the Thai speakers could consistently lit up the left side of the brain, especially Broca‘s area, while the English speakers did not.The researchers are now planing to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences, complete with emotional information. ―Both hemispheres will be engaged,‖predict Wong.76.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere, according to the passage, is that __A.belongs to the English language exclusivelyB.is an emotive nuance of language nuance n.细微差别C.can be easily heardD.is a regular sound77.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test____A.were registered on the English speakers‘ right hemisphereB.slowed down the blood flow in the volunteers‘ brainsC.activated the Thai speaker‘s left hemispheresD.sounded the exactly the same to the volunteers78.A tonal language____A.possess no pitchB.carries pitch with dual functions双重职能C.is superior to the English languageD.holds more linguestic content than English.79.In Wong‘s future expetiment ,the volunteers____A.will use either their right or left hemispheresB.will use both English and a tonal languageC.will listen to emotionally-charged sentencesD.will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged words80.What is the passage mainly about?A.Two hemisphere to the sound of speechB.Two functions of pitch in languageC. Two hemisphere of the human braimD.Two languages and two hemispheresPassage 5We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us ,what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior ,and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their belief and interpretions of reality.We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called ―majority‖ of white, middle class, protestant heritage .The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity,and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The extent of an individual‘s or a family‘s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage.American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, and community healthnurse will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity.A particular family or a whole community may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse‘s own. Those community nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients‘beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness.Community health nurses can achieve this sensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand how it colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, and communities.Recognizing the clients individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reject stereotypical views of clients‘ethnic groups that can impede communication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client ,and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services. 81．We live in the social enviroment ___A.without different cultural experiencesB.of the same behavior and beliefC.with a shared cultureD.of the same race82．The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph___A.assimilation into a large societyB.identification with an ethnic heritageC.the conflict between identification and assimilationD.the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majority83．According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community___A.that reflects ethical and cultural diversityB.without asimilating into its ethnic heritageC.that is sensitive to his /her beliefs and behaviorsD.without recognizing its ethnical and cultural diversity84．Community health nurses are supposed to ____A.be sensitive to variations in clients‘ beliefs and behaviorsB.abandon the stereotypical views of clients‘ groupsC.examine their own cultureD. all of the above85．Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?A.identification with and assimilation into ethnic groupsB.Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groupsmunicatio and communityD.culture and health care.passage 6I‘m in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On the computer side, I‘m best known for my work virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980‘s , As a musician I write, perform,and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Wrchestra of Wroclaw ,Poland.All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big media companies see Napster as theft because they can‘t collect royalties when people use it. So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this , a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some record companies.Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for resons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They don‘t understand what I call the Law of the Exclude Digital Middle:Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between .An open digital tool is one that can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail ,meant to send text, might also---surprisingly ---be used to send music.A closed tool is one in which there are technical resteictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them;consequently,they tend to be more innovative.Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable: An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.86．The Napster issue___A.is one concerning copyright infringement of violationB.is a dispute bewteen music companies and the coutC.has been settled in favor of music loversD.will result in a boom of sales for music companies87．The designer of an open digital tool hardly knows___A.the risks it may encunterB.the potential ways of its usageC.the number of its usersD.the amounts of its net profit88．People who use closed digital tools end up____A.making huge profitsB.creating new techniquesC.paying for servicesD.facing legal punishment89．It implied that owners of digital tools will make more profits by___A.encouraging innovationsB.proteching copyrightsC.control costsD.charging customers90．The attitude of the auther towards the anti-Napster action is ___A.supportiveB.ambiguousC.indifferentD.negative2002FATMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A 50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A 60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C 70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C 80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.2003part II31.Sometimes you can get quite _____ when you are trying to communicate with someone inEnglish.A.frustratedB.depressedC.approvedD.distracted32.The company has ____ itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all.A.promisedmittedC.attributedD.converted33.I haven‘t met anyone ____ the new tax plan.A.in honor ofB.in search ofC.in place ofD.in favor of34.Salk won ____ as the scientist who developed the world‘s first effective vaccine against polio.A.accomplishmentB.qualificationC.eminenceD.patent35.This software can be ____ to the needs of each customer.A.tailoredB.administratedC.entailedD.accustomed36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergemcy but a hospital doesn‘t dare, for lives are____A.in circulationB.under considerationC.on handD.at stake37.As we need plain, ____food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the mind.A.wholesomeB.dietC.tastefulD.edible38.He never gave much thought to the additional kilorams he had ____ lately.A.shown upB.piled upC.put onD.taken on39.The teacher tried hard to read ____ handwriting in her students‘s test papers.A.irregularB.illiterateC.illegibleD.irrational40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term____ insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.A.denotingB.donatingC.relatingD.resorting41.Humans are using up the world‘s natural riches at an alarming rate.A.appallingB.appealingC.alertD.abnormal42.Dring water in many areas of the developing world is contaminated with bacteria.A.purifiedB.multipliedC.taintedD.blended43.One of the most noticeable features of U.S society is the diversity of its people.A.libertyB.democracyC.vatietyD.origin44.The controversy about abortion has been going on in the United States for mor than twenty years.A.resentmentB.consensusC.notionD.dispute45.As human settlement advance ,the tropical forests are retreating and becoming smaller every year.A.retrievingB.sprawlingC.consumingD.withdrawing46.The war‘s impact on the population of the country was cat ast rophic.A.influentialB.dis ast rousC.apparentD.criticala47.His physican told him that not to take much of the drug because it was very potent.A.bitterB.irritantC.effectiveD.powerful48.Certain drugs can cause transient side effects ,such as sleepiness.A.permanentB.residualC.irreversibleD.fleeting49.Nervous illness may stem from being treated inconsiderately in childhood.plainB. give rise toC.originate inD.dominate over50.Both a person‘s heredity and his surroundings help to shape his chacter.A.formB.correctC.modifyD.improvePart III Cloze(10%)There were red faces at one of Britain‘s biggest banks recently. They had accepted a telephone order to buy ＄100,000 worth of shares from a fifteen-old schoolboy (they thought he was twenty-one). The shares fell in value and the schoolboy was unable to 51. The bank lost ＄20,000 on the 52 that it cannot get back because ,for one thing, this young speculator does not have the money and , for another, 53 under eighteen, he is not legally liable for his debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount that they fell, he would have pocketed ＄20,000 54 . Not bad for a fifteen-yeat-old. It certainly is better than 55the morning newspaper. In another recent case, a boy of fourteen found , in his grandfather‘s house , a suitcase full of foreign banknotes .The clean, crisp banknotes looked very 56 but they were now not used in their country of origin or anywhere else. This young boy 57 straight to the nearest bank with his pockets filled with notes. The cashers did not realize that the country in 58 had reduced the value of its currincy by 90%, they exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate.In three days, before he was found out, he took ＄20,000 from nine different banks. 59 ,he had already spend more than half of this on taxi-rides, restraurant meal , concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends( at least he was generous! ) before the police caught up with him. Because he is also under eighteen the bank shave 60 a lot of money, and several cashiers have lost jobs.51.A.pay off B.pay up C.pay for D.pay out52.A.principle B.criterion C.custom D.deal53.A.to be B.having been C.being D.is54.A.profit B.advantage C.benefit mission55.A.sending B.transmitting C.delivering D.dispatching56.A.convincing B.valuable C.unusual D.priceless57.A.came B.pull C.headed D.pushed58.A.problem B.question C.talk D.saying59.A.Interestingly B.Unfortunately C.Particularly D.Amazingly60.A.kissed goodbye to B. got rid of C.lived up to D.made forPart IV(30%)Passage 1In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence.Without the vast advances made by chemists ,physicists, biologist , geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing., wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from disease that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminablywithout them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the caccines created by doctors, disease such as polio , measles,hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these disease may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition , science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine,our world could exist, but the convenience brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations,it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance,the light。

2023年考博英语真题及答案

2023考博英语真题及答案PART 1 TRANSLATION (Chinese to English )1.为了减缓交通，提高空气质量，北京公布了新的交通规章。

To relieve the traffic and improve the air quality, new traffic regulations have been issued in Beijing.考点一：减缓交通(relieve the traffic)考点二：公布(issue)2.有牢靠的证据说明，日光暴晒与皮肤癌之间有联系。

(evidence) There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sunlight and skin cancer.考点一：日光曝晒(exposure to sunlight)考点二：“皮肤癌”一词的翻译3.虽然他深知吸烟有害安康，但他对我们要他戒烟的忠告却置若罔闻。

(aware)Tough he is aware that smoking is harmful to health, he is always turning a deaf ear to our advice that he give up smoking.考点一：be aware of 的用法考点二：be harmful to 的用法考点三：对置若罔闻(turn a deaf ear to)4.科学家们不负众望，胜利放射了一枚人造卫星。

(live)The scientists successfully launched a man-made satellite, living up to peoples expectation.考点一：不负众望(live up to peoples expectation)考点二：放射卫星(launch a satellite)5.那场大雾直到11点钟才散去，延误了好几十个航班。

2020年全国医学博士英语统考真题及答案

年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题AERONEartI ListeningComprehension(30%)SectionAConversationOne1.A.Therightmedicationforthewoman. B.Theadvantageofregularmedication.C.ThepopularmedicationontheInternet.D.Thebestmedicationforhighbloodpressure.2.A.Toteachherhowioproperlyusedrugs. B.Toprescribehernewly-developeddrugs.C.Toaddadrugtothemedicationsheison.D.Toincreasethedosageofhermedication.3.A.Toprescribetwomedicationforher.B.ToallowhertobuymedicineontheInternet.C.Toadviseonthemedicineherfriendisusing.D.Toprovidesomemedicaladvicetoherfriend.ConversationTwo4.A.Japan. B.France. C.TheUK. D.SouthKorea.5.A.Lowobesityrates. B.Inadequatehealthresources.C.Advancedmedicaltechnology.D.Highlevelsofalcoholconsumption.6.A.Obesityratesindifferentcountries. B.Dietarypatternsindifferentcountries.C.Lifeexpectancyindifferentcountries.D.Alcoholconsumptionindifferentcountries.ConversationThree7.A.Hehadhadasuccessfulcareer. B.Hehadhadahappyfamily.C.Hehadshownmorelove.D.Hehadbeenwealthier.8.A.Intheirlate20s. B.Intheirmid-30s. C.Intheirmid-40s. D.Intheirlate50s.9.A.Theywerecarefree. B.Theywerepeaceful.C.Theywererelaxing.D.Theywerefulfilling.ConversationFour10.A.Theirpositiveeffects. B.Theirconstantmutation.C.Difficultyinidentifyingthem.D.Possibilityofinheritingthem.11.A.Youmaysufferfrommentalillnesses.B.Youmaybealonewithoutfeelingbad.C.Youmayhavehighlevelsofbloodpressure.D.Youmaydevelopgreatabilitytotoleratefailure.12.A.Becauseheisalwayscheerful. B.Becausehelikesoutdooractivities.C.Becausehefeltbadattheweekend.D.Becausehewasnotathomelastweek.ConversationFive13.A.Globaltrends. testadvances.C.Existingproblems.D.Technicalsolutions14.A.Itiscostly. B.Itisinefficient.C.Itsimplifiestasks.D.Itfacilitatestheirwork.15.A.Theyareunsafe. B.Theyareuser-friendly.C.Theyarebriefandconcise.D.Theyarelengthyandincomprehensible.PassageOne16.A.Howshechangedhercareer. B.Whatittakestobeavolleyballcoach.C.Howshewalkedoutofhercomfortzone.D.Whatisthebestroutetobeingadoctor.17.A.Becauseofahighsalary. B.Becauseofhermedicaleducation.C.Becauseofherfamilybackground.D.Becauseofherinterestinphysicaltherapy.18.A.AnMDdegree. B.Moremedicalknowledge.C.Eightyearsofmedicaleducation.D.Experiencewithavolleyballteam.PassageTwo19.A.MedicalinsuranceintheU.S. B.HealthcaresystemintheU.S.C.TelemedicineservicesintheU.S.D.HealthservicesfortheelderlyintheU.S.20.A.Becausetheythinkthatthedoctoronlineisunfriendly.B.Becausetheydonothavetrustinonlinemedicalservices.C.Becausetheyarenotaccessibletoonlinemedicalservices.D.Becausetheydonotknowmuchaboutcomputeroperation.21.A.Becauseitcanprovidequalityservices.B.Becauseitcanproviderichinformation.C.Becauseitcanofferpersonalizedservices.D.Becauseitcancutdownonhealthcarecost.PassageThree22.A.Theyaretoocostly.B.Theyarenotembracedbyworkers.C.Theymaynotproducethedesiredbenefits.D.Theymaydemandextraeffortsfromcompanies.23.A.Thewellnessprogrammightnotbeasbeneficialasexpected.B.Thewellnessprogramhelpedtoreducethehealthcarecosts.C.Thewellnessprogramsignificantlyimprovedtheworkers’health.D.Thewellnessprogramdidnotsignificantlychangetheworkers’behaviors.24.A.Todevelopmoreeffectivewellnessprograms.B.Tofindoutthelong-termeffectsofwellnessprograms.C.Toencouragemoreworkerstoenrollinwellnessprograms.D.Toconfirmtheemployers’expectationsforwellnessprograms.Four25.A.Hefelloffstairs. B.Healmostlosthislife.C.Hehadhisspineandarminjured.D.Hereceivedtwooperations.26.A.Itreducessurgeryhours. B.Itstabilizesbonefractures.C.Itreplacesrodsandscrews.D.Ithelpsbonegrowinashorttime.27.A.ItwaseffectiveinEllis’scase. B.Itcannotbewidelyappliedyet.C.Itonlyworksonseriousinjuries.D.Itwasusedforthefirsttime.Fiv28.A.Itdecreasestheriskofdiabetes. B.Itdisruptstheirdigestivesystem.C.Itimpactstheirmetabolism.D.Itdecreasestheriskofobesity.29.A.Itmaybeharmful. B.Itmaybeaddictive.C.Itmayimprovehealth.D.Itmaycauseinsomnia.30.A.Sleeplossandhealth. B.Recoverysleepandhealth.C.Weekdaysleepschedules.D.Weekendsleepschedules.rtⅡVocbulry(10%)SctionADirction:Inthissectionallthesentencesareincomplete.FourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C, andDaregivenbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence, andthenmarktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.31.If there is a good drug available,it is everyone’s responsibility to make sure patients can ________it.A.affordB.demandC.tolerateD.supply32.Cancercellshideamonghealthycellstoconcealtheir_______proteins.A.abundantB.malignantC.equivalentD.prevalent33.Ifthethoughtofleavinghomewithoutyourmobilephonecausesyouto_______coldsweat, youcouldbesufferingfromnomophobia:thefearofhavingnomobilephone.A.breakintoB.breakoutC.breakthroughD.breakup34.Measles virus can remain in the air for at least a couple of hours,infecting anyone who is susceptible,and_______causingdeadlyoutbreaks.A.particularlyB.positivelyC.potentiallyD.proficiently35.Thereareilleffectsonthehealthofolderpeoplewhentheiractivitiesarerestricted;_______, interventionthatincreasestherangeoftheiractivitiespromotestheirhealth.A.inadditionB.incontrastC.inturnD.inshort36.Heavymetalscanimpaircognitivedevelopmentinchildren,whoareespeciallyatriskbecause oftheirsizeand_______toabsorbmoreofthesesubstancesthanadultsdo.A.characterB.resistanceC.temperD.tendency37.Thedoctorsaidhisnewstrategyhadstartedto_______,predictingthatthepatient’scondition wouldimproveinthecomingmonths.A.payoffB.pickupC.showupD.sortout38.Blocked vessels have several_______symptoms:chest pain,shortness of breath,and an abnormalcardiacstresstest.A.classicB.conciseC.originalD.obscure39.Stemcellsare_______cellswiththeabilitytodivideanddevelopintomanyotherkindsofcells.A.infertileB.juvenileC.mobileD.versatile40.Beforeadrugisapprovedandlaunchedintothemarket,asignificantamountoftimeandmoney isspentinanefforttoselectthemosteffectiveonefromseveraldrug_______.A.adversariesB.candidatesD.volunteersC.manufacturersBDrs:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwords orphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosetheonethatwouldbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginal sentenceifitweresubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart,andthenmarktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANWERHEET.41.Hesaysthatconstantthirstisanundesirableeffectofchemotherapyforwhichnoremedyexists inWesternmedicalpractice,butcertainherbsdoprovidereliefforsuchpatients.A.protectionB.provisionC.theoryD.therapy42.Asanurse,Dorothyisanaturalhealerwhoisendowedwithcompassionandhasavarietyof modalitiestobenefitherpatientsofallages.A.braveryB.expertiseC.proficiencyD.sympathy43.Many problems that we face,such as depression,compulsive and addictive behaviors,and anxiety,resultfromhumaninherentdesiretoseekpleasure.A.consecutiveB.excessiveC.obsessiveD.possessive44.Virtually,everycellinthebodycontainsitsowncircadianclockmachinery.A.PracticallyB.NaturallyC.SuperficiallyD.Thoroughly45.The eradication of smallpox inspired the world to eradicate other infectious diseases.This optimismwasinvain,asinfectiousdiseasesarestillabigprobleminsomepartsoftheworld.A.callousB.deliberateC.futileD.negligent46.Thecommentsbythefamilymemberinvitedaseriesofresponsesfollowingtheunsuccessful rescueattemptsfortheinjuredintheemergencyroom.A.enquiredB.objectedC.promptedD.suppressed47.Fluoridedeterstoothdecaybyreducingthegrowthofbacteriathatdestroytoothenamel.A.inhibitsB.loosensC.hastensD.triggers48.This newly established fund has a range of medical programs undertaken by universities, industriallabs,oruniversity-industrycollaborativeprojects.A.cooperativeB.innovativeC.lucrativeD.representative49.Toreducethechanceofsuffocation,pillowsshouldnotbeplacedinthecradleofthekid.A.breathingB.chokingC.sweatingD.swallowing50.The community health nurse often notes the devastating effects on family members as the patient’schronicillnesstakesitscourse.A.developsgraduallyB.deterioratessuddenlyC.recoversultimatelyD.recursfrequentlyDirections:Inthispartthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks,foreachofwhichfourchoices markedA,B,C,andDarelistedcorrespondingly.Choosethebestanswer,andthenmarktheletter ofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.Scientists have long known a fairly51.A.as B.by C.for D.to reliable way to extend the life span in lab52.A.WhatB.Whetheranimals:reducetheamountofcaloriestheyeatC.Whateverby10to40percent.D.WhicheverThis strategy,known51caloric53.A.injectionB.invasionrestriction,hasbeenshowntoincreasethelifeC.intake spanofvariousorganismsandreducetheirrateofcancerandotherage-relatedailments.52 D.input itcandothesameinpeoplehasbeenanopen54.A.rankedB.rangedquestion.ButanintriguingnewstudysuggestsC.fluctuatedthat in young and middle-aged adults,D.measuredchronically restricting calorie53can55.A.enhanceaffecttheirhealth.B.entertainC.preserveIn this study,researchers looked at143D.practice healthymenandwomenwho54inage56.A.aswellasfrom21to50.Theywereinstructedto55B.assoonas caloricrestrictionfortwoyears.TheycouldeatC.solongas thefoodstheywanted56theycutbackD.sofarason the total amount of food that they ate toreduce the calories they consumed by2557.A.attestB.affirmpercent.Manydidnot57thatgoal.ButC.assert thegroupsawmanyoftheirmetabolichealthD.achievemarkersimprove58theywerealreadyin58.A.asifthenormalrange.B.sothatC.incaseSome of the benefits in the calorie-D.eventhoughrestricted group59from impressiveweightloss,onaverageabout16poundsduring59.A.tracedB.evolvedthestudyperiod.ButtheextenttowhichtheirC.stemmedmetabolic health got better was greater thanD.stimulated expectedfromweightlossalone,60thatcaloric restriction might have some unique60.A.suggestB.suggests biologicaleffectsondiseasepathways.C.suggestedD.suggestingIVRedingCompehensionDiecions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreach questiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswer,andthen marktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.ssgeOneGianlucaVialli,managerofChelseaFootballClub,expresseditexplicitlyenough:“Thefoot isthetoolofthetradeofthefootballer.”Youmightthereforeexpectfootballerstotakeparticularly goodcareoftheirfeet.ButresultspresentedatarecentconferenceofdermatologistsinAmsterdam suggestotherwise.Professionalfootballersseemaslikelytosufferfromfungalinfectionsofthe footasotherpeople.Onestudy,called,lookedat76,475pairsoffeetbelongingtopeoplefrom18 Europeancountries.Itfoundthat26%ofthesamplehad,betterknownasathlete’sfoot, while30%had,aninfectionthatcausestoenailstobecomethickened,discolored anddistorted.TheresultsshowedthatEastEuropeancountrieshaveconsistentlyhigherratesof infection.Onaverage,30%ofBritons,GermansandBelgianshadsomeformoffungalinfection, comparedwith85%ofRussians,andlessthan10%ofSpaniards.Furthermore,adultsundertheageof40whotookregularexercisehada40%greaterriskof fungalinfectionthanthosewhodidnot.Leisurecentersandswimmingpoolswereidentifiedaspotential health hazards to the very people who visit them to stay munal showers and changingroomsareperfectbreeding—groundsforthehighlyinfectiousfungithatspreadfootand nailinfection:upto1,500fungally-infectedskinfragmentspersquaremetershavebeenfoundinsome leisure facilities.Sweaty socks and warm,damp sports shoes provide equally hospitable environments.All of which goes some way to explaining the footballers.No doubt all that time spent in showers and changing-rooms is partly responsible.But Dr.Caputo,a dermatologist,also found anotherfactor:footballersareoftenreluctant,forsuperstitiousreasons,todiscardtheiroldboots. Hefoundthatplayersgetattachedtoparticularboots;iftheyscoreagoalwithone,theywillwear itagainandagain.Theriskofathlete’sfootmaybeasmallpricetopayforagoal.61.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A.Footballersdonotcarefortheirfeetasexpected.B.Footballers’feetaremoresensitivetofungalinfections.C.Footballersusuallycarefortheirfeetmorethanotherpeople.D.Footballers’feetaremorevulnerablethanthoseofotherpeople.62.Accordingtothepassage,“AchillesProject”wasdesignedto______.A.serveasaglobalscreeningforfootinfectionsB.collectasampleofinfectedathletesforresearchC.lookintotheconditionsoffeetinEuropeancountriesD.findmeasuresforreducinghighratesoffootinfections63.Fromthedescriptionof,wearesurethat__________.A.TineapedisaffectsathletesmorethanOnychomycosisB.TineapedisandOnychomycosisarebothfungalinfectionsC.TineapedisisamoreseriousinfectionthanOnychomycosisD.Tineapedisismoresensitivetoanti-fungaldrugsthanOnychomycosis64.Whichofthefollowingcanbesafelyinferredconcerningtheleisurecentersandswimmingpools?A.Theycouldhelppeopleinonewayandharmtheminanother.B.Theydonotspreadinfectionsasmuchasotherpublicplaces.C.Theydonotperformadequatecheck-upsfortheirvisitors.D.Theyareunlikelytospreadfungalinfection.65.WhatdidDr.Caputofindaboutfootballers?A.Theyplaytoomuchtokeeptheirfeetclean.B.Theyusuallydonotthrowawaycomfortableboots.C.Theybelievesomeshoesmaybringthemgoodluck.D.Theyoftensticktohigh-pricedshoesforscoringgoals.Passage TwoAdecadeago,mostpatientswereinformedoverthephoneorinpersonbythedoctors.Butin thepastfewyears,hospitalsandmedicalpracticeshaveurgedpatientstosignupforportals,which allowthemrapid,btestsarenowreleaseddirectlyto patients.Thepushforportalshasbeenfueledbyseveralfactors:thewidespreadembraceoftechnology, incentivepaymentstomedicalpracticesandhospitalsthatwerepartof2009federallegislationto encourage“meaningfuluse”ofelectronicrecords,anda2014federalrulegivingpatientsdirect accesstotheirresults.Policymakershavelongregardedelectronicmedicalrecordsasawaytofoster patientengagementandimprovepatientsafety.Areportalsdeliveringontheirpromisetoengagepatients?Oraretheseresultstoooftenasource of confusion and alarm for patients and the cause of more work for doctors because informationisprovidedwithoutadequate-orsometimesany-guidance?Althoughwhatpatientsseeonlineandhowquicklytheyseeitdiffers—sometimesevenwithin thesamehospitalsystem-mostportalscontainlabtests,imagingstudies,pathologyreportsandless frequently,doctors’notes.Itisnotuncommonforatestresulttobepostedbeforethedoctorhasseenit.Katharine Treadway,an internist,knows what it’s like to obtain shocking news from an electronicmedicalrecord.Theexperience,shesaid,hasinfluencedthewayshepractices.Morethanadecadeago-longbeforemostpatientshadportals-Treadway,withherhusband’s permission,pulleduptheresultsofhisMRIscanonahospitalcomputerwhilewaitingtoseethe specialisttreatinghissudden,unbearablearmpain.“Itshowedamassivetumorandwidespreadmetastaticdisease,”Treadwayrecalled.Shenever suspectedthather59-year-oldhusbandhadcancer,letaloneahighlyaggressiveandusuallyfatal formofadvancedlymphoma.Treadway,whosehusbandhasbeencancer-freeformorethanadecade,saidsheremembered intentlycheckingthenameanddateofbirth,certainshehadthewrongpatient,thenrebootingthecomputerseveraltimes“likeIwasgoingtogetadifferentanswer.”66.Whatisthetrendmentionedatthebeginningofthepassage?A.Morelabtestsareorderedthroughportals.B.Morehospitalsproviderapid,round-the-clockservices.C.Moremedicalconsultationsareconductedoverthephone.D.Morepatientsareencouragedtouseportalsfortheirmedicalinformation.67.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacontributingfactorfortheincreasinguseof portals?A.Popularacceptanceoftechnology.B.Lowerpaymentsforthepatientstoobtaintheirresults.C.Financialbenefitsforhospitaluseofelectronicrecords.D.Legalrequirementtoprovidepatientswithdirectaccesstotheirresults.68.Whatconcernstheauthorinrespecttotheincreasinguseofportals?A.Unsafeaccesstopatients’personalinformation.B.Inadequateguidanceforthepatientstouseportals.C.Improperdeliveryofthemedicalresultstothepatients.D.Differentcontentsprovidedtothepatientsbydifferentsystems.69.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutDr.Treadway’shusband?A.Hewasdepressedbythediagnosisofhisdisease.B.Hewasscreenedforahighlyaggressiveandfatalcancer.C.HewasmismatchedwiththeelectronicrecordsofhisMRIscan.D.HewasinformedoftheresultsofhisMRIscanviahospitalportals.70.TheauthorcitesKatharineTreadway’sexperienceto_______.A.explainthehiddenriskofportalsbeingillegallyaccessedB.exemplifythepotentialriskofmisinformingpatientsthroughportalsC.illustratetheprogressinthewayinformationisdeliveredtothepatientsD.showtheadvantagesofportalsoverphoneinreleasingpatients’informationPassage ThreeInplanningforthehealthneedsoftheseimmigrantfamilies,FrancescaWeissman,ahealthcare practitioner,askedtwoquestions:(1)“Whatarethemosturgentneedsofthispopulation?”and(2)“Howcanthispopulationbeinducedtousethehealthservicesthatareavailable?”Insomerespects, thesecondquestionismoreimportantbecausepersuadingimmigrantfamiliestoutilizeservicesis abasicproblem.Buildingtrustisaprimarygoal.Employingcaregiverswhocanspeaktheclients’language willdomuchtolowerethnicbarriersandreducesuspiciononthepartofthepotentialclients.Many traditionalfamiliesareslowtodeveloppersonalrelationships,andthisholdstrueintheinteractions withcaregivers.Unlessthefamiliescancommunicatewithcaregivers,theycannotbegintotrust them.Withouttrust,theyarenotlikelytoseekorevenacceptassistance.Communicationisatwo-waychannel.Caregivers,Francescarealized,haveanobligationto become acquainted with the culture of the growing ethnic populations,and of their diverse subgroups.Bybecominginformedandbyconveyingrespect,caregiverscanmakeinteractionswith immigrantfamilieslessfrighteningandmoreproductive.Awarenessoftheeconomicclimateandother conditions in the place of origin helps caregivers recognize that the suspiciousness of immigrantfamiliestowardsofficials.Afamilyapproachtohealthcareisrecommendedforimmigrantgroups.Ifthewholefamily canbeinvolvedinthehealthcareprogram,theindividualmembersarelikelytobelessfearful.Family-orientedprogramsmaybeginwithpracticaladviceabouttheneighborhood:locationsof grocerystores,wheretoapplyforfoodstamps,andhowtolookforwork.Anyprogramsdeveloped forimmigrantfamiliesmustbeofferedatconvenienttimesandplacesbecausetheymaynothave theknowledgeorresourcestotravelfreelyintheirnewcommunity.71.Thepassagebeginsbyimplyingthatimmigrantfamiliesmaynot_________.A.beawareoftheirownhealthneedsB.bewillingtousetheavailableservicesC.beentitledtothebasichealthcareservicesD.beabletoaffordservicesotherthanthemostbasic72.Itisdifficulttobuildtrustbetweenimmigrantclientsandcaregiversbecause_________.A.caregivershavelittleoverseasworkingexperienceB.caregiversmaynotspeaktheclients’nativelanguageC.caregivershaveastrongsenseofculturalsuperiorityD.caregiversareaversetotheclients’ethnicbackground73.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.Understandingdifferentculturesisnecessaryinofferinggoodservices.ckofinformationandrespectisacommonproblemamongcaregivers.C.Ethnicpopulationsaregainingsignificantinfluenceinthehealthcaresystem.D.Itisunreasonabletoemphasizespecificconditionsinimmigrants’nativehomes.74.Whichofthefollowingisimportantwhenthefamilyapproachisadopted?A.Sufficientresourcesshouldbeguaranteedtoensurethesuccess.B.Thedailylifeofthefamilyshouldbecaredforfirstandforemost.C.Fearamongfamilymembersshouldberelievedatthebeginningstage.D.Whatisincludedintheprogramsshouldbebothpracticalandpracticable.75.Whatdoesthepassagemainlyfocusonintermsofservicestoimmigrantfamilies?A.Howtoestablishanimmigrant-friendlyneighborhood.B.Howtohelpimmigrantsenjoyavailablehealthcareservices.C.Howtomakeanassessmentoftheexistinghealthcareservices.D.Howtoassistcaregiversinunderstandingimmigrants’familyinfluence.Passage FourThis year mark the100th anniversary of the deadliest event in U.S.history:the Spanish influenzaepidemicof1918.Althoughscienceandtechnologyhaveadvancedtremendouslyover thepastcentury,thePandemicperilremains;arecentexerciseattheJohnsHopkinsCenterfor HealthSecurityshowedthatanepidemicofaninfluenza-likeviruscouldkill15millionAmericans inasingleyear.Themedicalcommunity’sresponsetothisdangeris,understandably,focusedonresearchang response—discoveringnewvaccines,therapeutics,anddiagnosticsandfightingongoingepidemics, suchasthecurrentEbolaoutbreakinCongo.Buttheseurgentundertakingsarenotsufficient.Ifthe Worldistotacklemanyfactorsthatraiseourriskofadevastatingpandemic,themedicalcommunity mayhavetoentertheatresofoperationbeyondthelaboratorybenchandthetreatmentunitand publiclyengagewithcontroversialissuesthatsomeobserverswouldconsidernonmedical.Indeed, Ibelievethatonlysucheffortscansaveusfromthesocialtrends,politicalmovements,andpolicy failuresthatarcelevatingourriskofapandemic.Therearethreeaspectsinparticularwherethe medicalcommunity’sinterventionisurgentlyneeded.Firstistherisingtideofisolationismandxenophobia(排外)inmanyhigh-incomenations, particularlytheUnitedStatesandEuropeancountries.Thebeliefthatisolatingourselvesfromthe worldcanpreventthespreadofdiseasesisirrational:wecanbuildnowallhighenoughtokeepout infectiousdiseasesanddiscase-bearingvectors.Thesecondtrendisthegrowingtideofantiscientificthinkingandresistancetoevidence-based medicine.Inlow-incomecountries,skepticismaboutvaccinesisaneverlastingchallenge,butwhat weareseeingintheUnitedStatesandEuropeissomethingverydifferent,andverydangerous.The growing refusal of parents in high-income countries to vaccinate their children is the tip of an icebergthatcouldsinkusallintheeventofanepidemicdemandingrapidvaccinedeploymentand acceptance.Finally,andperhapsmostfundamentally,medicalprofessionalscanstepintothepublicarena totakeonunpleasantandcontentiouspoliticalissuessuchasclimatechangeandisolationism.Many membersofthemedicalcommunityprefertoavoidbecominginvolvedincontroversialissuesthat seemtobeoutsidethescopeofmedicalconcerns,buttheirvoicesareneededtoconfrontsuchissues.76.Whatdoestheauthormainlydointhefirstparagraph?A.Warntheworldagainsttheupcominginfluenzapandemic.B.Givecredittotremendousadvancesinscienceandtechnology.C.Remindthereadersofthepotentialdevastatingpandemicperils.D.ReflectontheseverityoftheSpanishinfluenzaepidemicof1918.77.Toaddresstheincreasingriskofpandemics,theauthorsuggeststhatthemedicalcommunity______.A.focusmoreontheurgentundertakingsB.paymoreattentiontoresearchandresponseC.makequickerresponseinfightingongoingepidemicsD.getmoreactivelyengagedwithissuesotherthanmedical78.AccordingtoParagraph3,whatdotheUnitedStatesandEuropeancountriesneedtodotoeventinfectiousdiseasesanddisease-beaingvectos?A.Tobuildhighwails.B.Tomaintainanoenmentality.C.Toisolatethemselvesfomeachothe.D.Toleanfomothehigh-incomenations.79.WhatcanbesaidofthesecondtendmentionedinPaagah4?A.Sketicismaboutvaccinescanbetackledeasily.B.Antiscientificthinkingisnotseiousinlow-incomecounties.C.High-incomecountiesshouldleanfomlow-incomecounties.D.Paentalesistancetovaccinatingtheichildencanbedisastous.80.Whatcanbeinfeedfomthelastaagah?A.Medicalconcensaeascontovesialasnonmedicalissues.B.Medicalofessionalsshouldbemoeconcenedwithmedicalissues.C.Moeandmoemedicalofessionalsaeinvolvedincontovesialissues.D.Themedicalcommunityshouldlayamoeactiveoleincontovesialissues.Passage FiveInmedicalteminology,thewodshistoyandhysicalalmostalwaysaeatogetheinthatode.Asahysician,youdonotengageaatientintheneuologicalexaminationuntilyou’ve gatheedthedetailsofhisohedebilitatingheadaches.Butatonetimeinoumedicalcaees,weaeinstuctedtoefomthemostthooughhysical examinationossiblewithoutleaningsomuchastheatient’sname.Allweaegivenisananatomy tablenumbe,anage,andacauseofdeath.Wewokouwaythoughtheanatomylab—insecting, seaching,andfeelingeveymuscle,bone,andogan-andwewiteouatients’histoiesouselves.Tobetteundestandthelifeofthewomanwhohaddonatedhebodyfomyeducation,I ceatedtheObituay(讣告）WitingPogamatGeogetownUnivesityduingmyfistyeaof medicalschool.Iwokedwithanobituaywite,EmilyLange,todeveloawokshotohel inteestedmedicalstudentseflectonthelivesthattheicosesmayhavelived.Sheinstuctedus ontheatofweavingdisconnectedmemoiesintoasinglestoy.Aseiesofceativewitingomts esultedinonestudent’sstoyofadamaticfootballinjuyoccuinginthemiddleofacometitivematch.Thismomentinhiscose’slifewasimaginedfomainkosthetic(假体的）hibeneath massivelayesofmuscle.Thefistconvesationwithmydono’ssonlastedoveanhoudesitemyinitialfeathatI wouldaskthewongquestionsooffethewongwodsofsymathy.Hismothewasasmall-town famgilfomWisconsin.D.CaolKennedy,GeogetownUnivesitySchoolofMedicine,Classof1972.ShewasadevoutCatholicwhoconsideedbeingahysicianaivilegeandanootunityto seve othes.She wanted to continue to seve even afte he death by donating he body to GeogetownUnivesityinodetoeducatefutuemedicalstudentslikeme.Wehavefinallyutthehistoyinitsightfullacebefoethehysical—studentsnowinteview thefamiliesoftheidonosbefoemakingthefistcutintheanatomylab.Oucosesaeoufistcounteats in the ivileged atient-hysician elationshi,and now we ae able to begin that atneshijustaswehoetodothoughouttheestofoumedicalcaees.81.Thestatementthat“thewodshistoyandhysicalalmostalwaysaeatogetheinthatode”canbebestinterpretedas__________.A.historytakingisusuallyprecededbyphysicalexaminationB.historytakingisusuallytaughtbeforephysicalexaminationC.historytakingisusuallyovershadowedbyphysicalexaminationD.historytakingisusuallyperformedbeforephysicalexamination82.WhatistheteachingapproachintheanatomylabdescribedinParagraph2?A.Identifyingtherealcauseofthepatient’sdeath.B.Learninganatomybytakingpatients’historiesintoaccount.C.Trainingstudentshowtodophysicalexaminationclinically.D.Writingpatients’historiesbasedonthephysicalexamination.83.What can be said of the Obituary Writing Program created by the author at Georgetown University?A.Ithelpedstudentsimprovetheirwritingskills.B.Itwasaimedtoarousestudents’interestinanatomy.C.Itwasahumanewayofpayingrespecttobodydonors.D.Itwasaimedtotrainthestudents’skillsinphysicalexamination.84.WhatcanbeinferredfromtheinformationtheauthorobtainedaboutDr.CarolKennedyfrom histalkwithherson?A.Shewasbornonafarminthe1970s.B.ShegrewupinGeorgetownasadevoutCatholic.C.Shewasagraduateoftheauthor’smedicalschool.D.Shedonatedherbodyasrequiredbyherreligiousbelief.85.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.HistoryTakingintheAnatomyLabB.WritingskillsformedicalStudentsC.Dr.CarolKennedy:aDevotedGeorgetownGraduateD.Patient-physicianRelationship:aHistoricalReviewPassage SixTheremaybenobetterexampleofwhatismeantbypreventivemedicinethanthestrategyof Vaccination.Ahealthypersonisgivenatinytasteofavirus—fluorpolio,say—that’stooweakto causeillnessbutjustenoughtointroducethebodytothepathogen.Iftheviruslatershowsupforreal,theimmunesystemisprimedandwaitingforit.That’sclosetohowacancervaccineworks,butnotprecisely.Mostexpertsseecancervaccines asahybridoftreatmentandprevention.Whileit’struethattheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration hasapprovedvaccinesagainstcervicalandlivercancer,botharedesignedtofightthevirusesmost responsibleforcausingthedisease,asopposedtotargetingcanceritself—humanpapillomavirus (HPV;人乳头瘤病毒)inthecaseofcervicalcancerandhepatitisBinthecaseoflivertumors.Usingvaccinestopreventnonviralcancersinsomeonewhoisdisease-freeisawholedifferent mater.For one thing,it’s much more difficult to determine a person’s chance of developing a。

2024年医学考博英语题回忆

2024年医学考博英语题回忆英文回答：1. Describe the major cellular components involved in the immune response and their functions:T lymphocytes (T cells): Recognize and destroy infected or cancerous cells. They can also help activate other immune cells.B lymphocytes (B cells): Produce antibodies that bind to and neutralize pathogens.Macrophages: Engulf and destroy foreign particles, including bacteria and dead cells.Neutrophils: Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and other small particles.Eosinophils: Attack parasitic infections.2. Discuss the role of cytokines in the immune response:Cytokines are small proteins that regulate immune cell communication.They can promote inflammation, activate immune cells, and enhance the production of antibodies.Examples of cytokines include interleukin-1,interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor.3. Explain the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity: Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells.They bind to specific antigens (molecules on thesurface of pathogens).This binding triggers a cascade of events that leads to the destruction of the pathogen.Mechanisms include opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.4. Describe the different types of hypersensitivity reactions and their clinical manifestations:Type I (immediate): IgE antibodies bind to allergens, causing mast cells to release histamine and other mediators that trigger allergic symptoms (e.g., sneezing, hives).Type II (antibody-mediated): Antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of cells, targeting them for destruction by the immune system (e.g., autoimmune diseases).Type III (immune complex-mediated): Antigen-antibody complexes accumulate in tissues, causing inflammation and damage (e.g., serum sickness).Type IV (delayed-type): T cells react to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells, leading to cell-mediated inflammation (e.g., contact dermatitis).5. Discuss the importance of vaccination in preventing infectious diseases:Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and T cells against a specific pathogen.Upon re-exposure, the immune system can rapidly recognize and mount an effective response against the pathogen, preventing infection or reducing its severity.Vaccines have played a critical role in eradicating or controlling many infectious diseases (e.g., smallpox, measles).中文回答：1. 描述参与免疫应答的主要细胞成分及其功能：T 淋巴细胞（T 细胞），识别并摧毁受感染或癌变的细胞。

医博士英语试题及答案

医博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a type of chronic disease?A. HypertensionB. DiabetesC. InfluenzaD. Arthritis2. The term "pandemic" refers to:A. A global outbreak of a diseaseB. A local outbreak of a diseaseC. An epidemic that is confined to a regionD. A disease that affects a single species3. The abbreviation "WHO" stands for:A. World Health OrganizationB. World Health OrganizationalC. World Health OfficialsD. World Health Order4. What is the primary function of the liver?A. To filter bloodB. To produce insulinC. To secrete bileD. To regulate body temperature5. The correct medical term for a broken bone is:A. FractureB. RuptureC. LacerationD. Sprain6. Which of the following is not a symptom of the common cold?A. CoughB. FeverC. HeadacheD. All of the above are symptoms7. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Medical Radiology ImagingC. Medical Research InstituteD. Magnetic Resonance Indicator8. Which organ is responsible for the production of red blood cells?A. HeartB. LungsC. LiverD. Bone marrow9. The term "vaccination" is associated with:A. The treatment of diseasesB. The prevention of diseasesC. The diagnosis of diseasesD. The spread of diseases10. The abbreviation "AIDS" stands for:A. Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeB. Acute Inflammatory Disease SyndromeC. Acquired Infectious Disease SyndromeD. Acute Immune Deficiency Syndrome二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The _______ is the study of the structure and function of the body.12. A person who specializes in treating diseases of the heart is known as a _______.13. The process of healing after an injury is called _______.14. The _______ is the largest organ of the body.15. The _______ is the study of the causes and effects of diseases.16. A person who specializes in the study of the brain is known as a _______.17. The _______ is the process by which the body gets rid of waste products.18. The _______ is the study of the causes and prevention of diseases.19. The _______ is the process of diagnosing a disease.20. The _______ is the study of the effects of drugs onliving organisms.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between a virus and a bacterium.22. What is the purpose of a clinical trial in medical research?23. Describe the role of the immune system in the body.24. What are the steps involved in the process of genetic inheritance?四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the importance of preventive healthcare in maintaining public health.26. Analyze the impact of modern technology on the field of medical diagnostics.五、案例分析题（每题10分，共10分）27. A patient presents with symptoms of fatigue, weight loss, and a persistent cough. Based on these symptoms, what could be the possible diagnosis, and what further tests might be required to confirm the diagnosis?答案：一、选择题1. C2. A3. A4. C5. A6. D7. A8. D9. B 10. A二、填空题11. Anatomy 12. Cardiologist 13. Regeneration 14. Skin 15. Etiology 16. Neurologist 17. Excretion 18. Epidemiology 19. Diagnosis 20. Pharmacology三、简答题21. A virus is a small infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism, while a bacterium is a single-celled organism that can live independently and reproduce by binary fission.22. Clinical trials are conducted to determine the safety and effectiveness of medical interventions, including drugs, devices, and therapies.23. The immune system defends the body against infections and diseases by identifying and eliminating harmful substances orpathogens.24. Genetic inheritance involves the process of passing genes from parents to offspring, including the replication of DNA, the separation of chromosomes during cell division, and。

全国医学考博英语统考试题听力

全国医学考博英语统考试题听力听力题一：题目：How does the woman feel about her new job?听力材料：Woman: I really wonder what my new job is going to be like. I mean, I'm excited about it, but nervous too, you know? I mean, I've never worked in a place like this before.参考内容：The woman is excited but nervous about her new job. 听力题二：题目：What is the man's suggestion about the paper?听力材料：Man: You should probably add some more evidence to support your argument. Maybe you could include some statistics, or even an example or two.参考内容：The man suggests adding more evidence to the paper, such as statistics or examples.听力题三：题目：What does the woman say about the cake?听力材料：Woman: This cake is delicious! Is it a family recipe or something?参考内容：The woman thinks the cake is delicious and wonders if it is a family recipe.听力题四：题目：What will the woman probably do with the vase?听力材料：Man: I got this vase in China a few years ago. You can have it if you like. Woman: Oh, I don't know. It's really pretty, but I don't really have any use for it.参考内容：The woman thinks the vase is pretty but may not have any use for it.听力题五：题目：What does the man say about the essay?听力材料：Man: Your essay was very well-written. You could have expanded on some of your points a bit more, but overall, I thought it was great.参考内容：The man thinks the essay was well-written but suggests expanding on some points.听力题六：题目：What does the man imply about the woman's painting?听力材料：Woman: I don't know if I like this painting or not. Man: Well, it's definitely unique. I don't think I've ever seen anything quite like it before.参考内容：The man implies that the woman's painting is unique and unlike anything he has seen before.听力题七：题目：What does the woman say about her suitcase?听力材料：Woman: Excuse me, could you help me lift my suitcase into the overhead compartment? It's really heavy.参考内容：The woman asks for help lifting her heavy suitcase into the overhead compartment.听力题八：题目：What does the man say about the traffic?听力材料：Man: I don't think we're going to make it in time. The traffic is really bad today.参考内容：The man thinks they may be late because the traffic is bad.听力题九：题目：What does the woman think about the movie?听力材料：Man: So, did you like the movie? Woman: Yeah, I thought it was pretty good. Definitely not one of my favorites, but it was enjoyable.参考内容：The woman thinks the movie was pretty good but not one of her favorites.听力题十：题目：What does the man say about the weather?听力材料：Man: It's such a nice day today! I don't think we could have asked for better weather.参考内容：The man thinks it's a nice day and couldn't have asked for better weather.。

全国医学考博英语试题

全国医学考博英语试题文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end ofeach conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once,After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the bestanswers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2.A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget allher troubles.3.A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4.A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5.A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8.A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9.A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day beforebreakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a dayafter meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hearfive questions. After each question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see ifhe has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see ifhe has a food allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in SanFrancisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part ofthe Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of theviruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .aregiven beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’semptying, produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD.consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulfof Mexico left my mind in such a ________ that I couldn’tget to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD.mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with highblood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and inthose _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD.subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD.relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ atthe lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD.vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical_______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD.endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for along time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest andgenerous, _______ people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD.pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health,Tai Chi has a strong ________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD.implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be_______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD.favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrasesbeneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlinedpart, Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-termaccumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to thedrinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD.emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest ingrowing children in the form of mental and physicalretardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD.insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself todifferent distances has been applied to automatic camera,which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was thepressure of religious persecution that exacerbated theirconflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried toobliterate the original composition by painting over it oncanvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deploredthe construction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD.decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strictstandards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD.stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent innot giving him a full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD.brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for awhole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with tennumbered blanks. For each blank, there are fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least onepositive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walkingaround with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of yourhead is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving upthat part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain.__54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if theradiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset ofAlzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are amarker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to theelectro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for twoone-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The luckythings.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease ifexposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to themice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phoneradiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing andtreating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the factthat the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones__60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’ssure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each ofwhich is followed by five questions. For each questionthere are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probablygive little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offerrock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paidThis is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods isnot the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, accordingto the passage, ________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy westbuy the tools of their trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, someof dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, butlittle scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraphrefers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred thatin many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from thelast paragraphA. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does notinvolve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then”statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook.This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play wellwith mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like itor not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institutein Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on howEarth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies,___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptable。

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2023年医学考博英语真题及答案
1、There _______ some milk in the glass. [单选题] *
A. is(正确答案)
B. are
C. have
D. has
2、We were caught in a traffic jam. By the time we arrived at the airport the plane _____. [单选题] *
A. will take off
B. would take off
C. has taken off
D. had taken off(正确答案)
3、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *
A. family
B. address
C. house
D. home(正确答案)
4、Sometimes Americans are said to be _____. [单选题] *
A superficially friend
B superficial friend
C. superficial friendly
D. superficially friendly(正确答案)
5、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *
A. boring; boring
B. bored; bored
C. boring; bored
D. bored; boring(正确答案)
6、8．Turn right ________ Danba Road and walk ________ the road, then you will findMeilong Middle school. [单选题] *
A．in...along
B．into...along (正确答案)
C．in...on
D．into...on
7、Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day [单选题] *
A. ever since
B. even if
C. soon after
D. in case(正确答案)
8、10．Mum, let me help you with your housework, so you ________ do it yourself. [单选题] * A．don’t need to(正确答案)
B．need to
C．don’t need
D．need
9、Betty works as a waitress to earn money for her education. [单选题] *
A. 服务员(正确答案)
B. 打字员
C. 秘书
D. 演员
10、I like booking tickets online，because it is _______. [单选题] *
A. boring
B. confident
C. convenient(正确答案)
D. expensive
11、She was seen _____ that theatre just now. [单选题] *
A. entered
B. enter
C. to enter(正确答案)
D. to be entering
12、His new appointment takes（）from the beginning of next month. [单选题] *
A. place
B. effect(正确答案)
C. post
D. office
13、--Do you often go to the cinema _______ Sunday?--No, we _______. [单选题] *
A. on; don’t(正确答案)
B. on; aren’t
C. in; do
D. in; don’t
14、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *
A. worthy
B. cost
C. worth(正确答案)
D. valuable
15、It’s raining heavily outside. Don’t leave _______ it stops. [单选题] *
A. while
B. since
C. until(正确答案)
D. when
16、( ) You had your birthday party the other day,_________ [单选题] *
A. hadn't you?
B. had you?
C. did you?
D. didn't you?(正确答案)
17、For more information, please _______ us as soon as possible. [单选题] *
A. confident
B. confidence
C. contact(正确答案)
D. concert
18、If you do the same thing for a long time, you'll be tired of it. [单选题] *
A. 试图
B. 努力
C. 厌倦(正确答案)
D. 熟练
19、Reading（）the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *
A. behind
B. between(正确答案)
C. along
D. among
20、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *
A. 赶快地
B. 尽能力
C. 一...就
D. 尽快地(正确答案)
21、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *
A．Who
B．What
C．When
D．Where (正确答案)
22、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *
A.in all
B. after all
C. above all(正确答案)
D. over all
23、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *
A. good at
B. good for
C. bad at
D. bad for(正确答案)
24、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *
A. look up it
B. look it for
C. look it up(正确答案)
D. look for it
25、I repeated my question several times. [单选题] *
A. 到达
B. 惊奇
C. 重复(正确答案)
D. 返回
26、Was（）that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *
A. it you(正确答案)
B. not you
C. you
D. that yourself
27、3．—Will you buy the black car?No, I won't. I will buya(n) ________ one because I don't have enough money. [单选题] *
A．cheap(正确答案)
B．expensive
C．high
D．low
28、This kind of banana tastes very _______. [单选题] *
A. nice(正确答案)
B. well
C. nicely
D. better
29、Bill Gates is often thought to be the richest man in the world. _____, his personal life seems not luxury. [单选题] *
A. Moreover
B. Therefore
C. However(正确答案)
D. Besides
30、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *
A. A police
B. The police
C. Police
D. A policeman(正确答案)。