英语词汇学串讲(补充)
英语词汇学串讲2
3.6. Affixation
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses：prefixation and suffixation.
3.6.1 Prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. Exceptional prefixes：a-, en-, un-, de-
3.3.2. Bound Morphemes：
Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. Bound Morphemes include bound root and affixes; Affixes can be further divided into inflectional and derivational affixes.
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英语词汇学串讲6
Stylistic Features: Coloquialisms, Slang, Literary expressions
8.3.2Rhetorical Features Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in phonetic manipulation in lexical manipulation in figures of speech
The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom．Many idioms are semantically inexplicable．
(3). Idioms Verbal in Nature:
The structures of such idioms are quite complex and thus can be subdivided into phrasal verbs and other verb phrases: Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle. E.g. look into turn on
2003 8.Structural stability means the structure of an idiom is generally ______ . A．movable B．unstable C．unchangeable D．understandable 答案：C
《英语词汇学》串讲笔记3
Chapter 7Changes in Word Meaning一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：词义变化的种类，词义变化的原因。
通过对本章的学习考生应该了解词义变化的必然性，词义变化的主要方式和原因。
在历年考试中：常常以选择题，填空题，搭配题和名词解释题的形式对本章知识点进行考核。
二、【知识串讲】重点知识锦集：1. Extension(词义扩大) of meaning is also known as generalization.2. Narrowing of meaning is also called specialization.3. Of the modes of word-meaning change, extension and narrowing are by far the most common.4. Degradation（降格）or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation.5. The degraded meaning “sexual desire ”of the word “lust ”comes from its old meaning “ pleasure”.6. The name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo is extension.7. There are generally two major factors that cause changes in meaning: Extra-linguistic Factors and Linguistic Factors.（非语言因素和语言因素）8. The attitudes of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.9. The changes of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the Language system.10. The meanings of “lip”and “tongue”in “the lip of a wound”and “the tongue of a bell”have experienced associated transfer.（联想转移）11. The so-called “King’s English”serves as a class reason（阶级原因）in word-meaning change.12. The change of word-meaning is brought about by following internal factors: the influx of borrowing, shortening, analogy.13. Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.14. The four major modes of semantic change are: extension（扩大）, narrowing（缩小）, elevation （升华）and degradation（降格）.名词解释：1.extension（词义的扩大）: It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. In other words,the term has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept.2.narrowing（词义的缩小）: it is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general meaning becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.3.elevation（升华）: Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.4. degradation（降格）: Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It’s a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5. transfer（转移）: Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.论述问答题：1.What are the linguistic factors(语言因素) that have caused the changing of meaning? Try to explain it.答：Linguistic Factors that have caused the changing of meaning cover four:1) One type of such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole。
《英语词汇学》串讲笔记2
《英语词汇学》串讲笔记2Chapter 4Word Formation II一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：词缀法，复合法，转类法，拼缀法，截短法，首字母缩略法，逆生法，专有名词普通化。
通过对本章的学习，考生应该了解现代英语的主要构词法，这些构词法在英语词汇发展中的地位，提高构词能力，自觉扩大词汇量。
在历年考试中：常常以选择题，名词解释，填空题的形式对本章知识点进行考核。
二、【知识串讲】重点知识锦集：1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.2. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixes falls into two subclasses:prefixation and suffixation.（前缀和后缀）3. Affixation is also known as derivation.4. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.5. Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class.6. We shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.7. Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open.（连写的，加连字符号的，不连写的）8. Most compounds consist of only two stems but are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationships within the words are considerably complex.9. Conversion is also known as functional shift.（功能转换）10. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.11. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.12. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion,（完全转换）others are only partially converted, hence partial conversion.（部分转换）13. Blending（拼缀法）is a very productive process and many coinages resulting from blending have become well-established.14. As far as the structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head+tail, head+head, head+word, word+tail.15. The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns.16. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.17. There are four common types of clipping: front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, phrase clipping.18. Both intialisms and acronyms have become very popular since the Second World War and thus extremely productive.19. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.20. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance.21. Open compounds look like free phrases as the elements forming each word are writtenseparately.22. As a rule, the stress of compounds falls on the first element.23. A compound functions as a single grammatical unit, so the internal structure can not be changed.24. Conversion（转换法）refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.25. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.名词解释：1. affixation（词缀法）: Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2. prefixation（前缀法）: Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.3. suffixation（后缀法）: Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.4. compounding（合成法）: Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.5. conversion（转换法）: Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6. blending（拼缀法）: Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words.7. clipping（截短法）: Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping.8. acronymy（首字母拼音法）: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.9. initialisms（首字母缩略词）: Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.10. acronyms（首字母拼音词）: Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.11. back-formation（逆生法）: Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.论述问答题：1. In what aspects do compounds differ from free phrases?答：Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects:1). Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.2). Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.3). Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective.2. What is the best way to classify prefixes? Why?答：Prefixes do not usually change the word-class of the stem but only modify lts meaning. Although present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes, they make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary. It might be the best way to classify prefixes by their non-class-changing feature.3. In what way are compound verbs generally formed? Give examples to illustrate your point.答：Compound verbs are created either through conversion or back-formation. This could be illustrated by two words, nickname and chain-smoker. Nickname, which is originally anoun, can be used as a verb through conversion. Chain-smoker, which is originally a noun, can turn into a verb through back-formation.4. What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain them with examples. 答：When converted to nouns, not all adjectives can achieve a full noun status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion, others are only partially converted, hence partial conversion. When a noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of a noun, it can take an indefinite article or-(e)s to indicate singular or plural number. For example, adjective “white”can b e fully converted to a noun “white”, which can take indefinite article: a white. When a noun partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with the definite article, and they retain some of the adjective features. For example, the poor, the rich.5. Both back-formation（逆生法）and back-clipping（截后留前）are ways of making words by removing the endings of words. How do you account for the coexistence of the two? Can you explain the difference?答：Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. It’s considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. For example, “loafer”may be assumed to derive from the verb “loaf”’on the analogy of known derivatives, such as “swimmer” from “swim” or “driver” from “drive”. By removing the supposed suffixes –er from “loafer”, a verb “loaf”?is coined. Majority of back-formed words are verbs. Back-clipping is different. The deletion occurs at the end of the word(usually a noun). Both the original long word and its short form remain in the same word class. Indiffe rent context, one could be used in other?s place.6. After he comes back, he oiled machine.In above sentence, which word is the converted word? Explain the type of the conversion and the effect of the conversion.答：In this sentence, the word “oil”is the converted word. It is converted from a noun to a verb. When it was used as a noun, the meaning of it is that “油”. But in this sentence, it was used as a verb, the meaning is “给…加油”; As is often the case, a noun can be converted to a verb without any change. The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.Chapter 5Word Meaning一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：“意义”的意义，词义的理据，词义的类别。
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
英语词汇学串讲1
英语词汇学串讲<上>日期：2004-3-24 作者：Kevin英语词汇学串讲内容（分三讲）第一讲：1.考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是‘Theory’和‘Example’的结合。
Ⅱ.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples﹑Theory’而是考‘Exceptions’ .Ⅲ.（10分）考试内容：ⅰ.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类ⅱ.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。
ⅲ.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。
ⅳ. Features of idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 考试内容：ⅰ.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类ⅱ.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类ⅲ.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类ⅳ.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类Ⅴ. 名词解释 (10分)：Ⅵ. 简答题 (12分)：ⅰ.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。
ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:Affected Meaning 名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为： What is Affected Meaning, briefly exemplify it.ⅲ.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子Ⅶ.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。
二. 串讲内容：Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography 研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章部分：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
英语词汇学串讲资料（unit8-完）
Unit Eight: Changes in Word MeaningVocabulary is the most unstable element of a language. It has been undergoing constant changes both in form and content and these changes are characterized by the following modes:1 Extension/Generalization, a process in which the specialized meaning has become generalized1) from specific to general picture, a painting or drawing—photo film or anything beautiful rubbish, rubble—waste or worthless thing2) from proper to nouns to common nouns sandwich, Earl of Sandwich, an English nobleman—slices of bread with meat between champagne, a province of East France—white wine3) from concrete to abstract matter, timber, the hard part of tree—substance, material, importance business, state of being busy—one’s employment, trade and getting of money, duty4) words from technical terms to general catalyst, a chemical term—anything triggers an event bomb, a technical term—anything quick or particularly effective2 Narrowing/Specialization, a process by which the word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense1) from general to specific meat, food and drink—flesh of animals as food, excluding that of fish and birds garage, any safe place—building where cars are stored or repaired hospital, place for shelter or entertainment of travelers—place where people are treated for illness or injuries2) from abstract to concrete gear, habits, manners; then, equipment, apparatus—a set of toothed wheels working together in a machine catch, act of seizing and holding a ball—a hook or an apparatus for fastening something3) from common nouns to proper nouns Mediterranean, (of land) remote from coast or (of water) landlocked—The Mediterranean Seas far east, remote area in east—Far East, the area in east Asia3 Elevation/Amelioration, a process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance minister, the head of the government department—humble servant to the king diplomat, person with art and skill at dealing with people and getting them to agree—messenger sending official statement to another part4 Degradation/Deterioration, a process by which words with a commendatory meaning fall into derogatory sense villein, feudal serf—villain, scoundrel/wench, young woman—a lewd woman, prostitute5 SemanticTransfer, a process in which the word used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else paper, an African plant papyrus used to make paper—a flat sheet of substance for writing brigand, light-armed, irregular foot soldier—armed thief, dishonest and deceitful mani. associated transfer: lip of wound/tongue of a bell/nose of a plane ii. subjective and objective meaning transfer:pitiful/hateful/fearful/suspicious iii. transfer of sensation: sweet music/loud color6 Causes for Semantic Changes1) Extra-linguistic Factorsa Historical, change illustrated by a diachronic development car from Latin carrus meaning chariot, a four-wheeled carriage with back seats—a vehicle driven by a motor atom, originally regarded as the smallest indivisible particle of matter—proved to be further divisible with the discovery of proton, neutron and electronb Social, that reflecting the impact of social development intelligence, power of reasoning or understanding mainly referring to human—applied to that of machine as in artificial intelligence democracy, rule by people, in contrast with monocracy or autocracy—used with different senses in different societies and to different peoplesc Psychological, change deriving from various psychological motives of love, respect, courtesy, suspicion, sarcasm, contempt, hatred or respective euphemistic use and associated transfer clown, a performer who acts to amuse people by dressing funnily or with jokes, and tricks—person acts foolishly or stupidly with strong derogative sense copperhead, a venomous snake in North America—a despised person who were secretly aiding and abetting the South in the American Civil War angel, martyr and paradise all have their meanings elevated because of the influence of Christianity2) Linguistic Factorsa Ellipsis, word retained to represent the meaning of a phrase private for private soldier/bulb for light bulb b Associated Transfer, word whose meaning transfers by association fall, descend or go down freely—fall of leaves—autumnc Borrowing,word whose meaning changes because of borrowed words deer, formerly meaning animal—a large fast 4-footed animal, d Analogy, word whose meaning changes because of another word that is like it fortuitous, accidental of happening by chance —lucky, following fortunateUnit Nine: Semantic Changes from the Literal Use to Figurative UseParallel with the generalization and specialization of denotative meaning change and elevation and degeneration of connotative meaning change, another important semantic change is from literal to figurative1 Metaphor, a figure of speech which makes an implied comparison between two unlike elements without the connecting words of like or asImperialism is a paper tiger1) Anthropomorphic, comparison of inanimate objects to the parts of human bodyeye of needle/teeth of comb/lip of cup/mouth of river/nose of car/head of hammer/leg of table/foot of wall/arm of chair/hand of clock/ear of wheat/2) Animal, inanimate objects called after an animala dark horse, one who wins in a race out of expectation black sheep, one regarded with disfavor or shame as compared with others in a group3) Synaesthetic, a direct association between form and meaning of language based on similaritywarm and cold weather (literal)—warm and cold voice (metaphorical) a golden crown (literal)—a golden opportunity (metaphorical) a stormy day (literal)—a stormy quarrel (figurative)2 Simile, a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements with at least one point of resemblance in appearance, quality, action or effect, using connecting word such as like or as He looks like his brother Food is important to people as water to fish3 Metonymy, a language device involving substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it1) according to names of persons Uncle Sam, US government/John Bull, the English nation personified2) according to names of animals the Bear, the Soviet Union/the Dragon, Chinese3) according to names of parts of the body foot, infantry/mother tongue, native language/thumb of sth, the rule, principle of sth4) according to names of professions mass media, newspaper, magazine, TV and radio/bench, the judge5) according to location or building White House/Pentagon/Whitehall/Downing Street/Wall Street/Capitol Hill/Hollywood6) according to abstract words beauty, one who is very beautiful/7) according to the container for the thing bottle, wine/dish, food brought to table8) according to the material for the thing made board, a table where people sit around9) according to ellipsis a daily for daily paper/private for private soldier4 Synecdoche, a figure of speech involving the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part1) the part for the whole We are no longer short of hands (helper) 2) the whole for the part Australia beat Canada in cricket. (the team)5 Euphemism, the substitution of a word with more pleasant connotation for the one with unpleasant connotationwash-room for toilet; lavatory/sanitation engineer for cleaner the call of nature for pass water; urinate or empty the bowels; go on stooluntidy for dirty/unwise for foolish/untruthful for lyingTo h with it for To hell with it/Why on earth not for Why the hell notdownturn for recession for depression for slump for economic crisisFor Reasons of Taboo, a custom of avoiding using certain expressions for religious, cultural or other social concernsIn western countries, people tend to avoid using religious words, thus they say:Goodness/My Goodness/Goodness me/For Goodness’ sake/Thank GoodnessBy Heaven/Good Heavens/Heaven forbid/Heaven knows/Gracious HeavenGracious me/My Gracious/Gracious/My Gum/By Gum6 Personification, a figure of speech in which something impersonal is incarnated with life to act and conductThe pot calls the kettle black/Action speaks louder than words Fire and water are good servants but bad masters7 Rhetorical FeaturesRhetoric refers to the art of speaking or writing by ways of arrangement of word and its sound so as to produce special effect1) Phonetic Manipulation, an arrangement of words with similar or same sound to produce a particular effecta alliteration, the appearance of the same sound in the first two words as in might and main/part and parcelb rhyme, the ends of the same sound in words as in kith and kin/fair and square/A little pot is soon hot2) Lexical Manipulation, the arrangement of words to produce a particular effecta reiteration, the duplication of synonyms pick and choose; select with much care/odds and ends; remnantsb repetition, the reuse of the same word in an expression all in all; totally/out and out; thoroughlyc juxtaposition, the placement of antonyms side by side hit or miss/treat or trick/rain or shine/sooner or laterd miscellaneous manipulation for syntactic effects as contrast/parallelismUnit Ten: Word Meaning and ContextContext of situation refers to the whole set of external world features considered to be relevant in the analysis of an utterance at different levels. It states the meaning of a word in terms of the speech in which it is used. There are following examples:A phatic communion, a speech situation in which the words do not express meaning but a purely social action as “How are you?”B language deictics, expression identifying objects, persons and events in terms of their relations to the speaker in space and time as a spatial relations of here and there/this and that/come and go/bring and take b time relations of now andthen/yesterday and tomorrow c social relations denoting politeness, familiarity or seriousness. They reflect the style of speech which mainly entail the following features4 " > a ) p r o v i n c e , c o n c e r n e d w i t h e x p r e s s i o n s o f o c c u p a t i o n o r p r o f e s s i o n a l a c t i v i t y b ) s t a t u s , r e l a t e d t o f o r m a l i t y a n d u s e o f p o l i t e a n d c o l l o q u i a l l a n g u a g e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g s o c i a l o c c a s i o n s c ) m o d a l i t y , p e r t a i n e d t o t h e c h o i c e o f e x p r e s s i o n a p p l i c a b l e t o r e l e v a n t l a n g u a g e b o d y s u c h a s p o e t r y a n d p r o s e , e s s a y a n d s h o r t s t o r y , m e m o r a n d a , t e l e g r a m s o r j o k e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 15 " > T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s o f c o n t e x t s : l i n g u i s t i c a n d e x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c . T h e f o r m e r i n c l u d e s l e x i c a l a n d g r a m m a t i c a l o n e s a n d t h e l a t t e r c o m p r i s e s t h a t o f s i t u a t i o n , c u l t u r e a n d s t y l e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 16 " > W o r d m e a n i n g v a r i e s a n d t h e v e r y s e n s e o f t h e w o r d i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e c o n t e x t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 17 " > 1 E x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c w h i c h i n v o l v e s t h e s p e a k e r s i n t e n t i o n , t h e h e a r e r s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d t h e o c c a s i o n o f t h e u t t e r a n c e .A n d i t m a y e m b r a c e t h e e n t i r e c u l t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 8 " > 2 L i n g u i s t i c w h i c h c o m p r i s e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 9 " > 1 ) L e x i c a l , t h e s t a t e i n w h i c h o n e w o r d m e a n i n g i s a f f e c t e d a n d d e f i n e d b y t h e n e i g h b o r i n g w o r d s A s h e e t o f p a p e r / a w h i t e p a p e r / a t e r m p a p e r / e x a m i n a t i o n p a p e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 0 " > 2 ) G r a m m a t i c a l , t h e c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d i s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e s t r u c t u r e w h e r e t h e w o r d a p p e a r s T h i s s o r t o f b e h a v i o r s e l d o m b e c o m e s a p e r s o n i n y o u r p o s i t i o n ( s u i t ) W h a t w i l l b e c o m e o f y o u i f t h e c o m p a n y g o e s b a n k r u p t ? ( h a p p e n t o ) D a y d r e a m s h a v e b e c o m e r e a l i t i e s . ( t u r n i n t o ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 1 " > 3 T h e R o l e s o f C o n t e x t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 2 " > 1 ) E l i m i n a t i o n o f A m b i g u i t y H e i s a h a r d b u s i n e s s m a n ( a m b i g u o u s ) H e i s a h a r d b u s i n e s s m a n t o d e a l w i t h I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n J e a n ( a m b i g u o u s ) I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n J e a n l i k e s M a r r y . I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n I d o J e a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 3 " > 2 ) I n d i c a t i o n o f R e f e r e n t s I w a n t t o t e l l . ( a m b i g u o u s ) I w a n t t o t e l l t h i s t o h i m n o w h e r e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 4 " > 3 ) P r o v i s i o n o f C l u e s f o r I n t e r p r e t a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 5 " > a d e f i n i t i o n : P e r h a p s t h e m o s t s t a r t l i n g t h e o r y t o c o m e o u t o f k i n e s i c s , t h e s t u d y o f b o d y m o v e m e n t , w a s s u g g e st e d b y D r . C o l e m a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 6 " > b e x p l a n a t i o n : I t s j u s t o n e m o r e i n c r e d i b l e r e s u l t o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s t h o s e t i n y p a r t s o f a c o m p u t e r c o m m o n l y k n o w n a s s i l i c o n c h i p s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 7 " > c e x a m p l e : M a n y U N e m p l o y e e s a r e p o l y g l o t s . M s . M a r y , f o r e x a m p l e , s p e a k s f i v e l a n g u a g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 8 " > d s y n o n y m y : T h e i r g r e a t e s t f e a r w a s o f a c o n f l a g r a t i o n , s i n c e f i r e w o u l d d e s t r o y t h e i r f l i m s y w o o d e n s e t t l e m e n t b e f o r e h e l p c o u l d a r r i v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 9 " > e a n t o n y m y : A s t h e f i g h t i n g o n a l l f r o n t s r e a c h e d i t s p e a k , t h e e c o n o m y n e a r e d i t s n a d i r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 0 " > f h y p o n y m y : T h e v i l l a g e h a d t h e u s u a l a m e n i t i e s : a p u b , a l i b r a r y , a p o s t o f f i c e , a v i l l a g e h a l l , a m e d i c a l c e n t e r a n d a s c h o o l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 1 " > g w o r d s t r u c t u r e : C o p e r n i c u s b e l i e v e d i n a h e l i o c e n t r i c u n i v e r s e , r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e g e o c e n t r i c t h e o r y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > h R e l e v a n t d e t a i l s : D o g e t m e a c l o p , s h e s a id , s m a c k i n g he r l i p s , b u t h e r b r o t h e r , w i t h a s c o r nf u lg l a n c e u p a t th e b r a n c h e s , s ai d t h a t t he r e w e r e n o n e r i p e y e t . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 3 3 " > U n i t E l e v e n : E ng l i sh I di o m s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 34 " > I d i o m s c o n s i s t o f s e t p h r a s e s a n d s h o r t s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h a r e p e c u l i a r t o t h e l a n g u a g e i n d i s c u s s i o n a n d l o a d e d w i t h t h e n a t i v e c u l t u r e s a n d i d e a s . T h e r e f o r e , i d i o m s a r e c o l o r f u l , f o r c i b l e a n d t h o u g h t - p r o v o k i n g . T h e y a r e t h e e x p r e s s i o n s n o t r e a d i l y u n d e r s t a n d a b l e f r o m t h e i r l i t e r a l m e a n i n g s o f i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s . I n a b r o a d s e n s e , i d i o m s i n c l u d e c o l l o q u i a l i s m s , c a t c h p h r a s e s , s l a n g e x p r e s s i o n s , p r o v e r b s , e t c . . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 35 " > 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 36 " > 1 ) S e m a n t i c U n i t y : A n i d i o m m a y c o n s i s t o f m o r e t h a n o n e w o r d , b u t e a c h i s a s e m a n t i c u n i t y , w i t h t h e w o r d s i n v o l v e d l o s i n g t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 37 " > 2 ) S t r u c t u r a l S t a b i l i t y : U n l i k e t h a t o f f r e e p h r a s e s , t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a n i d i o m t o a l a r g e e x t e n t i s u n c h a n g e a b l e . T h e w o r d o r d e r c a n n o t b e i n v e r t e d n o r w o r d r e p l a c e d ; t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s c a n n o t b e d e l e t e d o r a d d e d t o ; a n d m a n y i d i o m s a r e g r a m m a t i c a l l y u n a n a l y s a b l e T h e i d i o m a t i c i t y o f e x p r e s s i o n s i s g r a d a b l e o n a s c a l e w i t h f o r m s o f t r u e i d i o m s , s e m i - i d i o m s a n d f r e e p h r a s e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 38 " > 2 C r i t e r i a o n I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 39 " > 1 ) S h i f t / S p l i t T e s t: T h e m a c h i n e t u r n s o n t h e c e n t r a l p i v o t ( r o t a t e ) P o p m u s i c t u r n s m a n y p e o p l e o n ( e x c i t e ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 2 ) P a r t i c l e D e l e t i o n T e s t : R o b e r t d r e w o u t 2 0 p o u n d s f r o m h i s s a v i n g s a c c o u n t ( w i t h d r a w ) H i s p r o m o t i o n s t e p p e d u p h i s s o c i a l s t a t u s ( e l e v a t e ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 3 ) R e p l a c e m e n t T e s t : T h e w e a t h e r r e a l l y m u c k e d u p o u r w e e k e n d ( m e s s u p ) O n e s h o u l d n e v e r t u r n s u p h i s n o s e a t a n y o n e h e d i s l i k e s . ( s h o w d i s d a i n f o r ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > 3 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = "1 4 3 " > I n t e r m s o f s t r u c t u r e , i d i o m s f a l l i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s : 1 ) L e x e m i c I d i o m s ; t h o s e f o r m e d a r o u n d m a i n w o r d s a s l i k e t h e b r e e z e m e a n i n g e a s i l y2 ) P h r a s e o l o g i c a l I d i o m s ; t h o s e c o m i n g i n t o a n e n t i r e c l a u s e s i n l e n g t h a s f l y o f f t h e h a n d l e m e a n i n g l o s e c o n t r o l o f o n e s e l f3 ) S e n t e n c e I d i o m s ; t h o s e e s t a b l i s h e d p o p u l a r s a y i n g s a n d p r o v e r b s a s A l l i s n o t g o l d t h a t g l i t t e r s / p > p b d s f i d = " 14 4 " > S t y l i s t i c a l l y , i d i o m s t a k e t h e f o r m s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 45 " > 1 ) c o l l o q u i a l i s m , a f a m i l i a r , i n f o r m a l w a y o f c o n v e r s a t i o n a s h a n g i n m e a n i n g n o t g i v e u p 2 ) s l a n g , a k i n d o f e x p r e s s i o n n o t a c c e p t a b l e i n s e r i o u s s p e e c h a s b u c k f o r d o l l a r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 46 " > 3 ) l i t e r a r y e x p r e s s i o n , a f o r m o f l a n g u a g e n o t u s e d i n o r d i n a r y o c c a s i o n b u t f o r t h e l i t e r a c y i n t h e f o r m a l s t a t e m e n t a s b e i t t h a t m e a n i n g e v e n t h o u g h / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 47 " > F o r r h e t o r i c a l p u r p o s e s , i d i o m s a p p e a l i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w a y s : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 48 " > 1 ) p h o n e t i c m a n i p u l a t i o n a a l l i t e r a t i o n a s n e i t h e r f i s h , f l e s h , n o r f o w l m e a n i n g d i f f i c u l t t o c l a s s i f y b r h y m e a s f a i r a n d s q u a r e m e a n i n g j u s t o r h o n e s t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 49 " > 2 ) l e x i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n a r e i t e r a t i o n a s b i t s a n d p i e c e s m e a n i n g o d d s a n d e n d s b r e p e t i t i o n a s b y a n d b y m e a n i n g g r a d u a l l y c j u x t a p o s i t i o n a s r a i n o r s h i n e m e a n i n g u n d e r a l l c o n d i t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > A c c o r d i n g t o f i g u r a t i v e s p e e c h , i d i o m s t a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > 1 ) s i m i l e a s e a t l i k e a h o r s e m e a n i n g h u n g r i l y 2 ) m e t a p h o r a s c r o c o d i l e t e a r s m e a n i n g s h o w i n s i n c e r e s o r r o w 3 ) m e t o n y m y , a s m a k e u p o n e s p u r s e m e a n i n g r a i s e m o n e y 4 ) s y n e c d o c h e a s e a r n o n e s b r e a d m e a n i n g m a k e a l i v i n g 5 ) p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n a s A c t i o n s p ea k s l o u d e r t h a n w o r d s 6 ) e u p h e m i s m a s p e r f u m e d t a l k m e a n i n g i n d e c e n t t a l k / p > pb d s f i d = "1 52 " > U n i t T w e l v e : E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 53 " > A d i c t i o n a r y i s a r e f e r e n c e b o o k c o n t a i n i n g w o r d s u s u a l l y a l p h a b e t i c a l l y a r r a n g e d a l o n g w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r f o r m s , p r o n u n c i a t i o n s , f u n c t i o n s , e t y m o l o g i e s , m e a n i n g s a n d s y n t a c t i c a l a n d i d i o m a t i c u s e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 54 " > 1 T y p e s o f D i c t i o n a r i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 15 5 " > 1 ) m o n o l i n g u a l , b i l i n g u a l a n d m u l t i - l i n g u a l 2 ) l i n g u i s t i c a n d e n c y c l o p e d i c ; o n e d e f i n e s w o r d s a n d t h e o t h e r e x p l a i n s f a c t s a n d c o n c e p t s 3 ) u n a b r i d g e d , d e s k a n d p o c k e t 4 ) g e n e r a l a n d s p e c i a l i z e d / s u b j e c t 5 ) s y n c h r o n i c a n d d i a c h r o n i c6 ) p r i n t e d a n d e l e c t r o n i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 2 T h e H i s t o r y o f E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 57 " > T h e h i s t o r y o f E n g l i s h d i c t i o n a r y b e g a n w i t h g l o s s a r i e s i n t h e M i d d l e E n g l i s h p e r i o d a n d h a v e u n d e r g o n e f i v e p e r i o d s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 58 " > 1 ) M i d d l e A g e s - e n d o f 1 6 t h c e n t u r y , g l o s s a r y - m a k i n g ; T h o m a s C o o p e r s T h e s a u r u s L i n g u a e R o m a n a e o f B r i t a n n i c a e o f 1 5 6 5 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 59 " > 2 ) B e g i n n i n g o f 1 7 t h c e n t u r y , h a r d w o r d s d e a l i n g ; R o b e r t C a w d r e y s A T a b l e o f A l p h a b e t i c a l E n g l i s h W o r d s o f 1 6 0 4 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 3 ) M i d d l e - e n d o f 1 7 t h c e n t u r y , e t y m o l o g i c a l s t u d y ; S t e p h e n S k i n n e r sE t y m o l o g i c a l L i n g u a e A n g l i c a n a e o f 1 6 6 7 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 4 ) 1 8 t h c e n t u r y , s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n ; S a m u e l J o h n s o n s A D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 7 5 5 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > 5 ) 1 9 t h - 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , i m p r o v e m e n t a n d m a t u r i t y ; / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > a . C h a r l e s R i c h a r d s o n s A N e w D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 8 3 6 b . T h e O x f o r d E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y o f 1 9 2 8 c . T h e C o n c i s e O x f o r d D i c t i o n a r y o f 1 9 1 1 d . N o a h W e b s t e r s T h e A m e r i c a n D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 8 2 8 e . W e b s t e r s T h i r d N e w I n t e r n a t i o n a l D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 9 6 1 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > 3 C o n t e n t o f t h e D i c t i o n a r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 1 ) s p e l l i n g i n c l u d e s s t a n d a r d f o r m , a l t e r n a t i v e s a n d v a r i a n t s ; i r r e g u l a r v e r b s ; f o r m s o f c o m p o u n d - - - s o l i d , h y p h e n a t e d a n d o p e n ; s y l l a b i c a t i o n o f w o r d s ; a n d c a p i t a l i z a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 2 ) p r o n u n c i a t i o n : B r i t i s h d i c t i o n a r i e s g e n e r a l l y u s e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P h o n e t i c A l p h a b e t a n d A m e r i c a n o n e s e m p l o y W e b s t e r s s y s t e m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 3 ) d e f i n i t i o n , t h e m a i n b o d y o f d i c t i o n a r y i n w h i c h p o l y s e m a n t s a r e l i s t e d c h r o n i c a l l y w i t h e a r l y m e a n i n g c o m i n g i n f i r s t , a n d p r i n c i p a l l y l i t e r a l u s e a r r a n g e d b e f o r e f i g u r a t i v e , g e n e r a l b e f o r e s p e c i a l , c o m m o n b e f o r e r a r e . T h e a p p r o a c h t o d e f i n i t i o n m a y t a k e t h e f o r m s o f e x p l a n a t i o n s , s y n o n y m s , i l l u s t r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s a n d e v e n a i d i n g p i c t u r e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 4 ) u s a g e c o m p r i s e s u s a g e l e v e l : s t a n d a r d , s u b s t a n d a r d , n o n - s t a n d a r d , i l l i t e r a t e ; s t y l e : f o r m a l , i n f o r m a l , c o l l o q u i a l , s l a n g , b i b l i c a l , p o e t i c ; c u r r e n c y : o l d - f a s h i o n e d , a r c h a i c , o b s o l e t e ; r e g i s t e r : l a w , c h e m i s t r y , m e d i c i n e , B r E , A m E ; c o l o r i n g : a p p r e c i a t i v e , d e r o g a t o r y , e u p h e m i s m , h u m o r , p o m p o u s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 5 ) g r a m m a r c o v e r s w o r d c l a s s e s , i n f l e c t i o n s a n d s y s t e m o f v e r b p a t t e r n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 6 ) u s a g e n o t e s a n d l a n g u a g e n o t e s U s a g e n o t e s e x p l a i n t h e s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n w o r d s o f s i m i l a r m e a n i n g s ; d i f f i c u l t p o i n t s o f g r a m m a r / p > / d i v > / d i v > d i v c l a s s = " m o r e - b o e " b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > d i v c l a s s = " r e a d _ m o r e _ m a s k " b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > / d i v >。
《英语词汇学》串讲笔记1
13. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are stable.14. In Old English there was more agreement between sound and form.15. A word is a symbol that represents something else in the world.form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning foran existing word in the language11. argot（黑话）: It generally refers to the jargon of criminals.12. content words（实词）: Content words denote clear notions including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.13. terminology(术语): Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.14. native words（本族语）: Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the German tribes.论述问答题：1. With the development of the Language, why do more and more differences occur between the Sound and Form?答：It is generally agreed that the written form of a natural Language is the written record of the oral form. But with the development of the Language, more and more differences occur between them, the reasons are as follows:①. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the Language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.②. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.③. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.④. Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. When English borrowed words from other Languages , it borrowed spelling as well.2. What are the obvious characteristics of the words of the basic word stock（基本词汇）?①. All national character.（全民性）②. Stability（稳定性）③. Productivity（多产性）④. Polysemy（多义性）⑤. Collocability（搭配性）Of course, not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability. Therefore, ‗all national character‘is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.3. Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other features, what are they?答：①. Neutral in style（文体上中性）. Since native words denote the commonest things in human society, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. Therefore, they are not stylistically specific.②. Frequent in use（使用频繁）. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. The proportion of its use in relation to borrowings is perhaps just the opposite of its number.4. Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.答：A word is phonetic symbol that stands for something in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is ‗no logical relationships between the sound which stands for a things or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself‘. For example, woman is represented by the sound Frau in German, femme in French, and funv in Chinese.5. Explain neologisms（新词语）with examples.答：Neologisms are newly created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. For example, ―emil‖(electronic mail, the sending of messages via computer systems) is a word newly coined against the background of rapid development in information technology. The word ―mouse‖ might examplify the words taking on new meanings : now a mouse is indispensable for computer users.6. How are English words generally classified? Elaborate on it.答：V ocabulary can be classified by different criteria into different types.①By use frequency（使用频率）, words may fall into the basic word stock（基本词汇）and nonbasic vocabulary（非基本词汇）. Basic vocabulary is small in number but forms the core of the language and enjoys the high frequency of use. Nonbasic vocabulary contains such words as terminology, jargon, which have a relatively limited use；②By notion（实义）, words can be divided into content words（实义词）and functional words（功能词即虚词）, content words have clear notions such as nouns, verbs. Functional words cover prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc, whose major functions are to help make sentences；③By origin（起源）, words can be grouped into native words（本族语词）and borrowed words（外来语词）. Native words refer to the words of Anglo-Saxon origin, which are small in number but form the main stream of basic word stock. Borrowed words are words taken over from other languages and make up 80%of the whole English vocabulary. These three criteria are the most widespread and popular. There are other ways too, for example, by morphological structure, formality, emotionality, and so on.Chapter 2The Development of the English Vocabulary一、【考情分析】16. Modern English（当代英语）began with the establishment of printing（印刷术）inEngland.2. What are the causes of more new words appearing today?答：the rapid development of modern science and technology.；inflectional affixes, derivational affixes.12. The plural morpheme ‗s‘ is realized by /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/ and by /z/ after /d, b, g, l/in a compound like ―handcuff‖. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixationalmorphemes as in ―mouthful‖. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind cab be added.2. Analyze the morphological structure of the following words in terms of free morpheme and bound morpheme, then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.UnhappilyIdealistic答:①Each of two words consists of three morphemes:unhappily(un+happy+ly), idealistic(ideal+ist+ic).②―happy‖ and ―ideal‖ are free morphemes; un-, -ly, -ist and –ic are bound morphemes.③free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Bound morphemes must be bound to other morphemes to form words.3. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out types of the morphemes. recollection, nationalist, unearthly.答：recollection, nationalist, unearthly1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes:recollection(re+collect+ion), nationalist(nation+al+ist), unearthly(un+earth+ly).2) Of the nine morphemes, only ―collect‖―nation‖ and ―earth‖ are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3) All the rest are bound morphemes as none of them can stand alone as words.。
英语词汇学串讲9
1.2. Sound and Meaning
The relation between sound and meaning is not logical， but arbitrary and conventional.
出题形式：选择, 填空，定义。
2002年
9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that( )
A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field
1.3. Sound and Form
English sound is an imperfect representation of the spoken form.
(1) in English there are more phonemes than letters. (2) The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling
Woman (English) Frau ( German) femme (French ) funu ( Chinese)
英语词汇学串讲
英语词汇学串讲<上>英语词汇学串讲内容（分三讲）第一讲：1.考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是‘Theory’和‘Example’的结合。
Ⅱ.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples﹑Theory’而是考‘Exceptions’ .Ⅲ.（10分）考试内容：ⅰ.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类ⅱ.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。
ⅲ.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。
ⅳ. Feathers of idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 考试内容：ⅰ.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类ⅱ.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类ⅲ.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类ⅳ.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类Ⅴ. 名词解释(10分)：Ⅵ. 简答题(12分)：ⅰ.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。
ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:Affected Meaning 名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：What is Affected Meaning,briefly exemplify it.ⅲ.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子Ⅶ.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。
二. 串讲内容：Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章部分：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳教学文稿
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）thepronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of thedifference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot （暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc. （2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-， mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman) (2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixespounding复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ： e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ： e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）4.Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：1).Front clippings删节前面 (phone from telephone)2).Back clippings删节后面 (dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)6.Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.:BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at thecentre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g: face, neck)2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word movegradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning. Inconcatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy.Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words whichare identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the samein denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent) Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand. Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity ofmeaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotivecolouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference in usage insimple terms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter)Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them . (e.g: single/married)2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms（关系反义词）： this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’) The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language. e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes bothin form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble （粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的） sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)1.Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g: pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context（语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)The role of context(语境的作用)1.Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little2.Indication of referents(限定所指)如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）1.Stylistic features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举 [scream and shout]（2）repetition 重复[out and out]（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置 [here and there]3.figures of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one’s pen（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one’s bread（5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：1.addition增加2.deletion删除3.replacement替换4.position-shifting位置转移5.dismembering分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia(<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)3.Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典)（1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意) <Webster’s Third New International Dictionary>（2）Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000]（3）Pocket D: 只有拼写、发音和最重要的意义，很少或者几乎不举例。
英语词汇学串讲2
第五章：Word MeaningThe meanings of‘Meaning’ 指的是哪三个层次的内容?意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:What are the meanings of ‘Meaning’?1) Reference (有reference 的词必然具有sense, 也必然具有Concept )2) Concept( 能够形成Concept 的词必然有reference )3) Sense (有sense 的词未必具有concept , 也未必具有reference)(Conjunction , prepositions, adverbs, 它们都是具有sense 的词,但是未必具有reference , 也未必具有concept, 例如：if, but, probably : 它们有sense, 但没有concept )What is the relationship between the reference and the thing outside the language?等同于：What is relationship betweensound and form ）答: Arbitrary and conventional名词解释: reference名词Concept : 1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical .They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind .3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.4. a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.重点: sense 的名词解释：Sense : 1. ‘ sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. ‘ The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction.*3. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)重点：What are the type of motivation？1) Onomatopoeic motivation2) Morphological Motivation3) Semantic Motivation4) Etymological Motivation填空:1.some of the words when edited with prefixes and suffixes, it will become another new word, either new in meaning or new in sense, this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )2. Compounds are totally different in the meaning before it was carried out with different elements, so the meaning of a compound can not be deduced from component constituted this compound ,this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )3. pen in old English , refers to the feather, but with the development of technology, fountain was invented , but the name of this material was kept up to this day, people still used the pen to refer to writting tool, this motivation is called (etymological motivation)4. Conceptual meaning also know as (denotative meaning )conic answer (简短回答),laconic 的形成是属于哪一种理据(etymological motivation)问题: pingpong ball , cuckoo 是靠哪一种理据形成的新词?答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation问题:at the foot of mountain, the mouth of river, 此时采用了哪一种理据构成?答案: Semantic movtivation论述题: 1. What are the types of motivation?2. What are the types of meaning?按大的分支来分分为: (1)grammatical meaning (2)Lexical meaning分析题:*’The dog is chasing a cat’, analyze the sentence based on grammatical meaning.Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.(语法意义上分析没考过, 但从词汇意义上分析考过)语法意义指一个词的词性, 句中充当的成份, 句子的时态,单复数形式等.1)’Dog, cat’ are nouns, and ’chase’ is transitive verb.2) The sentence is used in present continuous tense.3) ’The dog, a cat’ are singular form.问题:The pen is mightier than sword? 请从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?Both ’pen and sword’ are nouns.’mightier’ is an adjective, and ’than’ is preposition.The sentence is in simple present tense.这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?’Mightier than’ is comparative degree.’pen and sword’ are in singular form.’The pen’ is subject, and ’sword’ functions as an object to preposition ’than’.’mightier’ is predictive.重点名词解释:Conceptual meaning:1) Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communiation as the same word has the same conceptual meaing to all the speakers of the same language.*Associative meaning :(一定要把它的四种分支答上)1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated.3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc.4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.问题: Connotative meaning is not the same to everybody, every situation and every time, analyze the statement?答案: e.g. A child is prejudiced against, often jeered at, beaten or scolded at home, then home to his is nothing but ’ a hell’, hence unfavourable connotatitions,问题: 某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？答案：e.g. A phrase like ’son of a 娃哈哈’ whic h normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey theconnotation of ’friendliness’ and ’intimacy’ used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time.问题:Stylistic meaning 根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据The Five Clocks 划分,有几种划分?答案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked as ’formal’, ’informal’, ’literary’, ’archaic’, slang’.Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of formality: ’frozen’, ’formal’, ’consultative’, ’casual’ and ’intimate’.问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?答案:1)formal 2)neutral 3) informal注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.在情感意义affective meaning, 考试往往要落脚在affective meaning 的两个分类:(年年affective meaning 例子都考)(1) appreciative meaning(2) pejorative meaningCollocative meaning 中的例子要记好: pretty , handsomeGreen 搭配的例子记好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy , green-eyed monster.复习:问题: Blackmail 从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词?答案:ComplexMorphological motivation问题: 有reference 的词必然具有sense and concept ( 正确)有sense 的词一定具有reference.(错误)The word which have meaning does not have necessarily reference.问题: ’Forget, forgot, forgetting , forgotten , forgets’这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?答案: Grammatical meaning问题: ‘frozen, ‘formal’ , ‘consultative’, ‘casual’ and ‘intimate’ 这五个词是总结了什么的划分，是根据什么的划分?答案: stylistic meaning , 是根据The Five Clocks written by Martin Joos.问题:But in daily life , we always refer to (formal), (neutral) , (informal).问题: ’Pretty boy, pretty woman , pretty garden, pretty garden , pretty car’，请解释这些词的意义一样不一样？如果不一样请加以理论分析？答案:Collocative meaning, when pretty is used to modify different nouns both animate and inanimate , their collocative meaning are totally different.问题：Table tennis can be replaced by pingpong ball and the name of the bird is also called cuckoo , which can also be reused to refer to the sound of the bird , so their two words are (onomatopoeically) motivated.问题：’Unexpected, expectation, expecting’, these three words are (morphologically) motivated.问题：’Hopeless, jobless, dislike’, 这三个词是靠什么motivated. ( morphologically motivated)问题：’East or west , home is best’ and ’there is no place like home’. 这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的？答案: Connotative meaning第六章: Sense Relations and Semantic Fieldpolysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.五种关系的名词解释要记住）Two Approaches to Polysemy:1) Diachronic approach2) Sychronic approachTwo Processes of Development1) radiation(1) radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.(2) the meaning are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.e.g. face, neck2) concatenation(1) meaning ‘ linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning .(2) In plain terms the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost.e.g. treacle注意：这两种模式的名词解释照样要记这两种模式只在填空，选择，出过题，还没有以名词解释形式考过）问题：In the linguistic study, what are the sense relations and what are the types of sense relations ?答案: A word which is related to the other words is related to them in sense, so it is called sense semantic relations.types of sense relations : polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.五种关系的名词解释要记住）问题：Fruit 与apples bananas, pineapples, lychees 是什么语义关系？答案：Hyponymy?问题：Fruit 这一类里包含apples, bananas, pineapples, grapes 它们形成了一种什么样的理论？答案：Semantic field问题：有的时候在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象，那就是反义词的不共容的现象，那么这种不能够相互溶合，这样的词在反义词当中被称作什么词。
英语词汇学串讲(补充)
6. What are the characteristics of basic word stock? 1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polysemy 5) Collocability 7. What is the definition of native words? Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.
IV. 指出词或词组所反映的语言现象（10分）：共10个小题。 Study the following words and expressions and identify … 历年考题中涉及的内容包括 1)types of context clues; 2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning changes; 4)rhetorical features of idioms; 5) types of affixes; 6) types of dictionaries; 7) types of idioms ; 8) types of meanings 9) types of motivation; 10) types of bound morphemes underlined; 11) processes of meaning development; 12) formation of compounds ; 13) historical stage of English vocabulary; 14) origins of homonyms; 15) sources of synonyms; 16) causes of ambiguity
《词汇学》教案
《词汇学》教案英语词汇学课程Chapter I The basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.1 What is a word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。
1.2 What is vocabulary?The total number of the words in a language.All the words used in a particular historical period.All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.1.3 Sound and meaningWhat’s the relationship between s ound and meaning? Arbitrary, Conventional1.4 Sound and formWhat causes the differences between sound and form?More morphemes than letters,Stabilization of spelling,Deliberate change of spelling by early, scribes for easier recognition,Borrowing of foreign words.1.5 Classification of wordsCriterion: by use frequency：Basic word stock，Non-basic vocabularyCriterion: by notion：Content words，Functional wordsCriterion: by origin：Native words，Borrowed words1. Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇Five basic features of the basic word stockAll national character 全民性, Stability 稳定性, Productivity 能产性, Polysemy 多义性, Collocability 搭配能力强Non-basic vocabularyTerminology 专业术语, Jargon 行话, Slang 俚语, Argot 隐语, Dialectal words 方言词, Archaisms 古语词, Neologisms 新词语2. Content words and functional words 实义词和功能词Content words/Notional words/Lexical wordsConstitute the main body of the English vocabulary, numerous and the number is ever growingFunctional words/Empty/form words/Grammatical wordsConstitute a very small number of the vocabulary; stable3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词Native words / Angle-Saxon wordsThe features of native wordsBorrowed words/ loan words / borrowingsDenizens同化词Aliens 非同化词Translation-loans 译借词Semantic loans 语义借词Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. 同化词指早期借入, 其拼写和读音完全符合本族语词规范的借词。
英语词汇学讲义
英语词汇学讲义高级英语词汇词源记忆指南何伟编著重庆大学外国语学院2009年9月1st Week1st DayNew words: voracious indiscriminate eminent steeped repleteReading WiselyThe youngster who reads voraciously, though indiscriminatel y, does not necessarily gain in wisdom over the teenager who is more selective in his reading choices. A young man who has read the life story of every eminent athlete of the twentieth century, or a coed who has steeped herself in every social-protest novel she can get her hands on, may very well be learning all there is to know in a very limited area. But books are replete with so many wonders that is often discouraging to see bright young people limit their own experiences.1.voracious a. 贪婪的；贪吃的(词源分析：vor: eat, swallow + acious)同源词：devour carnivore （carni-=flesh）herbivorous insectivore n.omnivorous2.indiscriminate a. 不加选择的；无系统的，紊乱的(词源分析：in (not) + dis (away) + crimin (区分、确定、分开) + ate (v.)同源形式：cern-,cert-,cret- = 区分、确定、分开同源词：discern discerning discreet discrete concern ascertain discernable discernment indiscreet certificate discriminate indiscriminate3.eminent a. 闻名的，杰出的(词源分析：e (out) + min (伸、突、爬、上升)+ ent (a.) →伸到外面的)→闻名的，杰出的同源形式：min-,mon-, mount- = 伸、突同源词：imminent menace mount surmount dismount mountain preeminent eminence prominent promontory amount insurmountable paramount mountainous preeminence tantamount4.steep vt. 浸泡；沉溺于…之中；对…熟悉（造诣深）(联想：deep →浸泡得很深的；又→steep a. 险峻的，陡峭的；急剧升降的；难以接受的; 又→stoop v. 俯身，弯腰；降尊；堕落)5.replete a. 充满的（with）；饱足的(词源分析：re (again) + plete (满))同源形式：plen- ple-, plet- = to fill, 同源词：plenty comply replete implement accomplish supplement ample plenipotentiary complete compliant deplete accomplish compliment supply surplus plus1st Week2nd DayNew Words: abound prognosticate matron automaton disposeSolving the Servant ProblemThe worlds of science-fiction abound with wonders. Yet modern technology progresses so rapidly that what may betoday's wild dream may be next year's kitchen appliance. A British scientist has prognosticated that within ten years every suburban matron will have her own robot servant. One task this domesticated automaton will not have to contend with will be scouring the oven because even today the newest ranges can be "programmed" to reduce their own baked-on grime to easily disposed of ashes.1.abound vi. 丰富，富于（词源分析：ab-(away ) + unda-, = water, wave）→把水加满，几乎溢出→丰富同源词：undulate abundantinundate redundant2.prognosticate vt. 预示，预言（词源分析：pro-(before) + gno-, = know ）→预先了解、知道→预言同源词：agnostic diagnose recognize ignore prognosticator prognostication agnosticism diagnosis recognition ignorant prognosis connoisseur3.matron n. 主妇，已婚妇女（词源分析：matro-, mater- = mather ）同源词：maternal maternitymatrimony Alma Mater4.automaton n. 机器人，机械装置（词源分析：auto- (self) + maton ）→自己动→机器人同源词：automatic automobileautobiography autonomous5. dispose vt.vi. 部署；处置；处理；使倾向于（词源分析：dis-(away) + pose (put) →把… 放在一旁→部署、处置、处理）同源形式：pos-, pon-, pound- = to put同源词：pose decompose expose impose postpone expound propound compound discompose disposable imposter deposit compose component depose oppose opponent compound propose proponent indisposition disposition postpone depot 1st Week3rd DayNew Words: paradoxical realm annals compound tingeIt's a Man's WorldHow paradoxical that the world's greatest chefs have all been men! Cooking wou1d clearly seem to be a fie1d which lies exclusively within women's realm; yet the annals of cookery are replete* with masculine names: Brillat Savarin, Ritz, Diat, Larousse. To compound the puzzle, there has rarely been a tinge of rumor or scandal casting doubts on the masculinity of these heroes of cuisine.1. paradoxical a. 似非而是的，自相矛盾的(词源分析：para- (beyond ) + dox- (teach) + ical ) 超出教义以外的说法→似非而是的说法，自相矛盾的荒谬说法)同源词：orthodox heterodoxdoctrine indoctrinatedogma dogmatism2. realm n. 王国；领域，范围(词源分析：源于词根regi- = to rule, straight ) 同源形式：rect-, regi-= to rule, straight同源词：rule regiment reign regime rigid correct erect corrigible regulate surge insurgence right ruler regent sovereign region royal direct rectify incorrigible irregularity upsurge resurrection upright3. annals n. 编年史，历史记载，史册(词源分析：ann-,enn-, = year )同源词：anniversary annualsuperannuate perennial4. compound v./a./n 使混合，使合成，使复合；混合的，复合的，化合的；混合物化合物(词源分析：com-(with) + pound- (= pos-，pon- : to put ) →把… 放在一起→使混合、合成、复合)同源词：见1st Week, 2nd Day: dispose5.tinge n./v. 色调，色彩；稍带有某种成分、味道等（联想：1、ink →使沾上墨水→使带有某种色彩；2、tang →使具有味道）1st Week4th DayNew Words: badger implore drudgery interminable perceive How Not to Get Your WayIt is difficult to change someone's opinion by badgering him. The child who begs his mother to "get off his back" when she implores him for some assistance with the household drudgery, may very well plead interminably for some special privilege when he wants something for himself. How paradoxical* that neither is able to perceive that no one likes being nagged.1.badger vt. 使困恼，纠缠不休(词源分析：badger: 獾→因其头上白色的斑纹而困恼)联想：badge→徽章；标志→獾头上的斑纹是其标志，也是使其困恼的原因）2. implore vt. 恳求(词源分析：im-(into) + plore- (tears, weep; to make to flow) →流着泪请求：恳求)同源词：imploration imploringdeplore deplorableexplore explorer3. drudgery n. 乏味的工作，苦差事(词源分析：源于drag v. 拖，拽；拖宕→乏味的工作就象一个人在拖着重物一样显得漫长) 同源词：drudge drudgingly4.interminably ad. 没完没了地，无穷地(词源分析：in- (not) + term- (limit, boundary) + ably →没有限制地、没有边际地→没完没了地)同源词：terminate terminalterm terminusdetermine determinedexterminate pre-determinate5.perceive vt. 察觉；看出；领悟(词源分析：per-(through) + ceive- (take) →透过…而取得→领悟；觉察)同源形式ceive-, capt-, cept-, cip-, cup- = to take, to catch同源词：conceive receive receptive accept incept susceptible anticipate emancipate capable captivate caption inception occupy deceive deceptive conceive inconceivable conceptinsusceptible intercept precept preceptor captive captious inciptient recuperate1st Week5th DayNew Words: laconic throng intrepid accost reticentTo the PointCalvin Coolidge, our thirtieth president, was named "Silent Cal" by reporters because of his laconic speech. One Sunday, after Mr. Coolidge had listened to an interminable* sermon, a throng of newsmen gathered around him. An intrepid reporter accosted the Chief Executive: "Mr. President we know that the sermon was on the topic of sin. What did the minister say ?" "He against it," the reticent Coolidge replied.1. laconic a. 简洁、精练的，干脆利落的(词源分析：源于Laconia：是Sparta 斯巴达人的一族，以说话简洁而著称。
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
02 03
பைடு நூலகம்
Cultural studies
English vocabulary and cultural studies are also closely related, and the origin and development of many vocabulary are closely related to cultural backgrounds.
Functional classification
Dividing words based on their function in the presence, such as nouns, verbs, objections, or advertisements
Context classification
Etymological classification: Organizing words according to their physiological origin, such as Latinate or German words
Classification methods for English vocabulary
The Development of English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology research mainly focused on word origins and meanings, with less attention paid to the composition and changes of vocabulary.
Classifying words based on the context in which they are used, such as formal or informational language
英语词汇学串讲
The Application and Teaching of English Vocabulary Outlook on English Lexicology Research
01
CHAPTER
Introduction to English Lexicology
Definition
English Lexicology is a discipline that studies English vocabulary, exploring its origin, development, changes, and the relationship between vocabulary, culture, history, and other aspects.
单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的为了最终呈现发布的。单击此处添加正文文字是您思。文字是您思。单击此处添加正文文字是您思。文字是您思。4行*21字
Media outlets and popular culture: Media outlets and popular culture often come in new words or phrases that have become widely used and accepted in the language
04
CHAPTER
The Changes and Development of English Vocabulary
Innovation in Word Formation
English vocabulary has merged numerical changes in word formation, adapting new suffixes, prefixes, and compounding techniques to create new words
英语词汇学串讲4
The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.
In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.
2005 1. There are two approaches to the study of polysemy. They are____. A. primary and secondary B. central and peripheral C. diachronic and synchronic D. formal and functional 答案：C 48. What is polysemy? Illustrate your points.
E.g. lie: distort the fact（euph)
(4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
E.g. help lend one a hand
5.3.3 Discrimination of Synonyms: Difference in denotation,
5.3.1 absolute synonyms and relative synonyms. Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i. e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings. Relative synonyms also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.
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5. Classification of Words (本课程的重点, 年年考试都出现) What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics? Three criteria : 1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可划分为：the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary By notion 可划分为：Content word and Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability By origin可划分为： native words and borrowed words.
Ⅲ.（10分） 匹配题：Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to… 历年考题中涉及的内容包括 1)rhetorical features of the idioms; 2)sense relations; 3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic word stock; 5) types of motivation; 6) types of context , 7) modes/types of word-meaning changes; 8) stylistic meanings; 9)language groups; 10)degrees of inflections; 11) onomatopoeic motivation; 12) word origin; 13) types of word formation; 14) types of synonyms or antonyms; 15) types of figures of speech; 16) meaning of prefixes; 17) types of idioms
Chapter One Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
3. What is word ? 词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。 1) A word is a minimal free form of a language; 2) A sound unity; 3) a unit of meaning; 4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 4. What is the relationship between sound and meaning? 1)There is „no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing. e.g. dog. cat 2)The relationship between them is arbitrary or conventional.
12. Sound and form reached their concord in Modern English period. 13. The English language has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language (Modern English). 14. Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Three main sources of new words : 1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes; 3)The influence of other cultures and language 15. Modes/Forms/Types of Vocabulary Development 1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing
Chapter Two The development of the English vocabulary
10. 务必搞清楚 Indo-European Language Family的上下关系。 （详见教程的23、24页） 11. 清楚English Vocabulary 的三个历史阶段的时间段 Old English (450-1150) has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. Middle English (1150-1500) The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of French words into English. French, Latin, English coexist in Middle English period Modern English (1500-up to now) began with the establishment of printing in England. Early Modern English (1500-1700) appeared in the Renaissance. Late Modern English (1700-up to now)
8. 什么叫borrowed words? Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. 9. borrowed words可以分为四类 (according to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing): denizens（同化词）、 aliens（非同化词）、translation-loans（译借词）和semantic loans（借义词）。每一类词书本上都举了一些例子，务必记住。 比较繁琐，因时间有限，不再赘述。
6. What are the characteristics of basic word stock? 1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polysemy 5) Collocability 7. What is the definition of native words? Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.
《英语词汇学》 串讲补充
主讲人:杜景芬
内容安排
•考情分析
•出题倾向
•考情预测
考情分析
继续沿用7大题型： 考试题形式分为： I.选择题(30分)：15个小题，完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的 结合,也就是 ‘Theory‟和 ‘Example‟ 的结合。 II. 填空（10分）：5个小题，考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples和 Theory‟，而是考‘Exceptions‟ III. 匹配题（10分） ：共10个小题。考试内容包括词意变化的种类、 词义的种类、语系与语族等等。该部分的涉及的点比较繁琐，在下 面的内容中再详细说明。 IV. 指出词或词组的所反映的语言现象（10分）：共10个小题。内 容包括词缀的种类、构词法的种类等等。该部分的涉及的点比较繁 琐，在下面的内容中再详细说明。 V. 名词解释 (10分)：共5个小题。考查词汇学中的重要基本概念。 VI. 简答题 (12分) ：共3个小题。通常为比较题或名词解释扩展题。 VII.分析题(18分)：共2个小题。给出例子，让你用理论进行分析。
IV. 指出词或词组所反映的语言现象（10分）：共10个小题。 Study the following words and expressions and identify … 历年考题中涉及的内容包括 1)types of context clues; 2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning changes; 4)rhetorical features of idioms; 5) types of affixes; 6) types of dictionaries; 7) types of idioms ; 8) types of meanings 9) types of motivation; 10) types of bound morphemes underlined; 11) processes of meaning development; 12) formation of compounds ; 13) historical stage of English vocabulary; 14) origins of homonyms; 15) sources of synonyms; 16) causes of ambiguity