学术英语写作
英文学术报告作文
英文学术报告作文英文：As an academic researcher, I have had the opportunityto attend and present at various conferences and seminars. One of the most important aspects of these events is the ability to communicate effectively with others in the field. In my experience, there are two key elements to successful academic communication: language proficiency and cultural awareness.Firstly, language proficiency is crucial for effective academic communication. This means not only having a strong command of the English language, but also being able to communicate complex ideas in a clear and concise manner. As a non-native English speaker, I have found that practicing my language skills through daily reading, writing, and speaking has greatly improved my ability to communicate effectively with others in the academic community.Secondly, cultural awareness is also important in academic communication. Understanding the cultural normsand expectations of others in the field can help to avoid misunderstandings and promote positive interactions. For example, in some cultures, it may be considered rude to interrupt someone during a presentation, while in others it may be seen as a sign of engagement. Being aware of these cultural differences can help to ensure that communicationis respectful and effective.In summary, language proficiency and cultural awareness are two key elements to successful academic communication. By continually improving our language skills and beingaware of cultural differences, we can promote positive interactions and advance our research in the field.中文：作为一名学术研究人员，我有机会参加和发表各种会议和研讨会。
学术英语写作课件Academicwriting概要
目录
• Writing Techniques for Academic Papers • Publication and evaluation of academic
papers
01
Introduction to Academic English
Writing
The Definition of Academic English Writing
VS
Method
Critical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of past research, and how the current study builds upon or challenges existing knowledge.
Research Method
对于学生和研究者来说，良好的学术 英语写作能力是获得学位、发表论文 和提升职业发展的关键因素。
Norms and Requirements for Academic English Writing
01
学术英语写作应遵循准确、清晰、简洁和规范的语言表达原则。
02
文章结构应包括引言、文献综述、方法、结果和结论等部分，
Academic English Writing
Courseware Academic Writing
Summary
目录
• Introduction to Academic English Writing • The structure and organization of academic
papers • The Language Characteristics of Academic
academic writing 学术英语写作
学术英语写作是学术界中常用的书面语言，主要用于发表研究论文、学术论文、会议论文等。
学术英语写作需要遵循一定的规范和格式，包括文献引用、语言表达、逻辑结构等方面。
学术英语写作要求清晰、准确、严谨地表达学术观点和研究成果，同时要遵守学术道德和规范，避免抄袭、剽窃等行为。
学术英语写作需要具备一定的学术素养和英语语言能力。
作者需要具备相关领域的学术背景和专业知识，能够准确理解和阐述研究问题、实验结果和结论等。
同时，作者需要具备较高的英语语言水平，能够清晰、准确地表达学术观点和研究成果，并能够正确使用相关的学术术语和表达方式。
学术英语写作需要注重逻辑性和条理性。
在写作过程中，作者需要遵循一定的逻辑结构和表达方式，确保文章思路清晰、条理分明。
同时，作者需要注重推理和论证的严密性，确保结论和观点的正确性和可靠性。
总之，学术英语写作是学术界中非常重要的技能之一，对于学术研究和成果的传播都具有重要意义。
作者需要不断提高自己的学术素养和英语语言能力，掌握学术英语写作的规范和技巧，才能写出高质量的学术论文和研究成果。
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构通常遵循一定的模式，以下是一种常见的结构：1.引言（Introduction）：在引言部分，作者简要介绍论文的主题、
研究背景、研究目的和研究问题。
此外，还可以提供一些相关的文献综述，以帮助读者更好地理解论文的背景和重要性。
2.文献综述（Literature Review）：文献综述部分对已有的相关研究
进行总结和分析，为论文的研究问题提供理论支持和背景信息。
这一部分应该包括对相关研究的批判性评价，以及当前研究的空白和需要进一步探讨的问题。
3.研究方法（Research Methodology）：在研究方法部分，作者详细
介绍研究设计、数据采集和分析方法、样本和抽样方法等。
这一部分应该清楚地说明研究是如何实施的，以及如何收集和分析数据的。
4.结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）：结果与讨论部分呈现研究
结果，并对结果进行解释和讨论。
这一部分应该包括对数据的描述性分析、推断性分析和解释性分析，以及对结果的讨论和意义。
5.结论（Conclusion）：结论部分总结论文的主要发现和贡献，并对
未来研究提出建议。
这一部分应该强调研究的局限性、对理论和实践的贡献，以及对未来研究的启示。
6.参考文献（References）：参考文献部分列出文中引用的各篇文献，
按照规定的格式编排，如APA、MLA等。
这一部分应该包括所有引用的文献，以便读者查阅和核实。
以上是一种常见的学术英语写作结构，但具体的结构安排可能因学科领域、论文类型和个人偏好而有所不同。
在写作时，作者应该根据论文的具体要求和规范进行适当的调整。
学术英语写作 范文17篇
Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas, Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native American influence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with Native Americans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”, had develo ped a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nations had joined together in a confederation called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under the league, each nation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had won their independence from Britain, someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly whathappened. As a result, the present from of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture. Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement: ___________________________________________________________II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB. _____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3. ______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb. _____________________________________________________c. _____________________________________________________c. ______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2. _____________________________________________________a. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches ("nations")Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa. _________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b. ______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!1 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on the aisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumes about his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are "detached observers"-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. "That's funny, because I'm a writer," Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. at the Cineplex Odeon at Universal CityWalk. "So that's what I do (observe people)." One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson's Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The "front row film fanatic": Extroverted, assertive, and competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others, not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers's Austin Powers or Julia Roberts's Erin Brockovich.5 The"middle-of-the-roaders": These are the people who like to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who are flexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow's Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. "We like the middle because it's not too far back and not too close to the front," Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the "middle-of-the-roader" label seems to fit them because "we're easygoing."6 The "invisible rebels": Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don't necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is Clint Eastwood's Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver's Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. "The back row is,where things happen; it's an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching," Dawson said in the Odeon report. "It tends to attract people who are rebellious."7 For some people, though, sometimes a chair is just a chair. "I don't knowwherever there's an empty seat," said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. "That works for me."Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesisstatement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer's opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as apattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a new environment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new sights, eating new food, hearing the foreign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns into discomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a new culture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make "small talk," so it is hard to carry on a casual, get-acquainted conversation. One day in the school cafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Are they laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren't always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn't been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, that your landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have some success in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You are able to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you can successfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Your self-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the foodin your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.Concluding Paragraph ATo sum up, culture shock is a very real phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negative feelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1.Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2.Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3.Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?Sample 4: Cause and EffectSample 5: Cause and EffectSample 6: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASED TEACHING Since the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attempts to draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reason for this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sitting at home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments, or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used to support taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similar to‘universities of the air’, such as Britain’s Open University, which have developed distance learning so successfully in the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to developon-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact of the classroom highly, despite its cost and inconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgent need for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement: _______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Boys______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a.Settling squabbles with siblingsb.Negotiating with opposite-sex parentC. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b.Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Girl_____________________________________________________________________c. Boys ____________________________________________________________________2. ______________________________________________________________________3. _________________________________________________________________________Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanations for the 'divorce phenomenon' and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be argued that the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with 'access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems' (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes in the legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place. It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart's explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very different implications for social policy, especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes. Furthermore, theexperience of social workers, working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple's access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable in the present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families (McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause for optimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broader socio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of one or both parents. This situation suggests that in studying the modern family, one needs to employ a historical perspective, including the possibility of looking to the past in searching for ways of dealing with problems in the present.Sample 10Discuss why assignment essays are common assessment tasks in undergraduate tertiary coursework, and evaluate the effectiveness of assignments as an avenue for learning. (Word limit 500 words - 10% leeway) Please note that the APA referencing style is used in this sample essay.Assignment essays are developed from set questions that give students a period of time to research a topic and produce their answer with references to their sources of information. While there are some disadvantages with using assignment essays as an assessment tool, there are sound educational purposes underpinning this practice. This essay examines the reasons why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers some of the problems with this method of assessment.Assignment essay tasks are set to assist students to develop mastery of their study subject. Firstly, assignment tasks enhance understandings about subject matter. Yang and Baker (2005) reason that "to master your learning materials and extend your understandings, you need to write about the meanings you gain from your research" (p. 1). Secondly, research (Jinx, 2004; Zapper, 2006) clearly demonstrates that students learn the writing conventions of a subject area while they are researching, reading and writing in their discipline. This activity helps them to "crack the code" of the discipline (Bloggs, 2003, p. 44). Thus, students are learning subject matter and how to write in that disciplinary area by researching and writing assignment essays. Using assignment essays for assessment supports student learning better than the traditional examination system. It is considered that course-work assignment essays can lessen the extreme stress experienced by some students over 'sudden-death' end of semester examinations:If we insist that all students write about everything theyhave learned in their study courses at the same time and inthe same place (e.g. in examinations), we are not giving allof our students equal opportunities. Some students are notdaunted by the exam experience while others suffer 'examnerves' and perform at the lowest level of their capabilities.(Wonderland University, 2006, p. 4)Additionally, Jones et al. (2004, pp. 36-37) propose that assignment essays can be used to assess student learning mid-course and so provide them with helpful feedback before they are subjected to the exam experience. Exams only provide students with a mark rather than specific feedback on their progress. Therefore, setting assignment essays for a substantial part of student assessment is a much fairer approach than one-off examination testing.As an assessment tool, assignment essays have some disadvantages for lecturers and students. It has been found that assignment essays consume a great deal of staff time and money to mark and student time to prepare (Sankey & Liger, 2005, p. 192). A consequence of this is that feedback to students is frequently delayed, and this is much less useful to students than rapid feedback (p. 294). It is partly because of these disadvantages of time and expense that other assessments such as multiple-choice tests and short answer questions have an enduring place in the tertiary learning environment.To conclude, it seems that assignment essays continue to have a prominent role in tertiary education as an assessment tool. This is mainly because they are very effective in developing knowledge and writing skills for subject areas. Also, assignment essays can be less stressful than。
学术英语写作的特点
学术英语写作的特点
学术英语写作具有以下几个特点：
1. 准确性：学术英语写作要求表达准确、清晰，避免使用模糊、
含混或错误的语言。
作者需要对所研究的领域有深入的了解，并使用
正确的术语和措辞来表达自己的观点。
2. 严谨性：学术英语写作需要遵循严格的逻辑和结构，包括引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分。
每个部分都需要有明确的目的和内容，并
且需要遵循相应的学术规范和标准。
3. 客观性：学术英语写作要求作者保持客观、中立的态度，避免
使用主观的语言和情感色彩较浓的措辞。
作者需要基于事实和证据来
阐述自己的观点，并对其他观点进行客观的评价和比较。
4. 正式性：学术英语写作通常使用较为正式的语言和措辞，避免
使用口语化、俚语化或过于简单的表达方式。
同时，学术英语写作也
需要遵循相应的文体和格式要求，如引用文献、标注出处等。
5. 简洁性：学术英语写作要求简洁明了，避免使用冗长、复杂或
晦涩难懂的语言。
作者需要用简洁的语言表达复杂的思想和观点，并
尽可能减少不必要的重复和废话。
学术英语写作需要作者具备扎实的专业知识、严谨的逻辑思维和良好的语言表达能力，以确保文章的准确性、客观性和正式性。
学术英语写作分类
学术英语写作分类？
答：学术英语写作主要有以下几种分类：
1. 研究论文（Research Paper）：主要用来报告复杂的研究，展示研究结果和过程，常常包括引言、文献综述、方法、结果、讨论等部分。
2. 综述论文（Review Paper）：对某一主题或领域进行全面的概述，通常包括对已有研究的批判性分析和综合。
3. 短篇报告（Short Communication）：比研究论文简短，通常用来报告初步的研究结果或者一项研究的进展。
4. 海报展示（Poster Presentation）：一种视觉化的学术报告方式，常常在学术会议上进行展示，包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论的简要说明。
5. 期刊论文（Journal Paper）：发表在学术期刊上的论文，通常经过严格的同行评审，包括原创性研究、综述、评论等。
6. 学位论文（Thesis or Dissertation）：为了获得硕士或博士学位而写的论文，通常包括大量的原创性研究和对该领域的深入理解。
请注意，以上分类可能会因不同的学科领域或期刊要求而有所不同。
另外，在撰写学术论文时，应遵循一定的格式和结构，并确保使用正确和专业的学术语言。
以上是关于学术英语写作分类的信息，希望对您有所帮助。
学术英语写作作文
学术英语写作作文英文回答：As an academic writer, I believe that academic English writing is a skill that requires practice and dedication.It is important to be able to express complex ideas and arguments in a clear and coherent manner. In my experience, I have found that one of the most important aspects of academic English writing is the ability to use a wide range of vocabulary and to use it accurately. This allows me to convey my ideas effectively and to engage the reader.In addition, I have also found that it is important to be able to structure my writing in a logical and organized way. This involves creating clear and concise introductions and conclusions, as well as using appropriate signposting and linking words to guide the reader through my argument. For example, when writing an academic essay, I often use phrases such as "on the other hand," "furthermore," and "in conclusion" to help the reader follow my line of reasoning.Furthermore, academic English writing also requires a strong grasp of grammar and punctuation. This is essential for ensuring that my writing is clear and easy to understand. For instance, I always pay attention to subject-verb agreement, verb tense consistency, and the correct use of articles and prepositions to avoid any confusion or ambiguity in my writing.中文回答：作为一名学术作家，我相信学术英语写作是一项需要练习和专注的技能。
学术英语写作_范文17篇
Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with Native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas, Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native American influence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with Native Americans. Art is another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of theNavajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver andturquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native craftssuch as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”, had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nations had joined together in a confederation called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under the league, each nation was autonomousin running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fightingamong themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations withother tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had won their independence from Britain, someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what happened. As a result, the present from of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB. _____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3. ______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb. _____________________________________________________c. _____________________________________________________C. ______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2. _____________________________________________________a. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________D. ______________________________________________________________1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches ("nations")Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa. _________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b. ______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________ Sample 2:Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a new environment, you somehow feel more alive: seeingnew sights, eating new food, hearing the foreign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressfulrather than stimulating, and delight turns into discomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a new culture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make "small talk," so it is hard to carry on a casual, get-acquainted conversation. One day in the school cafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Are they laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren't always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you waitfor a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, canyou exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn't been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, that your landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have some success in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You are able to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you can successfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Your self-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dressor behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.Concluding Paragraph ATo sum up, culture shock is a very real phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologists. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negative feelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesis statement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?Sample 3At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!1 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on the aisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are "detached observers"-people who like to have their own space, who are observersand tend to be quieter. "That's funny, because I'm a writer," Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. at the Cineplex Odeon at Universal CityWalk. "So that's what I do (observe people)." One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson's Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The "front row film fanatic": Extroverted, assertive, and competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others, not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers's Austin Powers or Julia Roberts's Erin Brockovich.5 The “middle-of-the-roaders": These are the people who like to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who are flexible andtry to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow's Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. "We like the middle because it's not too far back and not too close to the front," Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the "middle-of-the-roader" label seems to fit them because "we're easygoing."6 The "invisible rebels": Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don't necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is Clint Eastwood's Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver's Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. "The back row is, where things happen; it's an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching," Dawson said in the Odeon report. "It tends to attract people who are rebellious."7 For some people, though, sometimes a chair is just a chair. "I don't know wherever there's an empty seat," said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. "That works for me."Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer's opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?Sample 4: Cause and EffectSample 5: Cause and EffectSample 6: ComparisonSample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASED TEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this essay sets out toexamine the arguments on both sides and attempts to draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reason for this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sitting at home working on a computer may be economical, but clearlycannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments, or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used to support taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similar to‘universities of the air’, such as Britain’s Open University, which have developed distance learning so successfully in the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact of the classroom highly, despite its cost and inconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgent need for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximize its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)Sample 8: ArgumentNow complete the outline of the model essay: Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement: _______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____b.Boys _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________ Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parentC. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a. _______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______b.Girl____________________________________________________________________ _c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.______________________________________________________________________3.________________________________________________________________________ _Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the 'divorce phenomenon' and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changesin laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with 'access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems' (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place. It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Womenas a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart's explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy, especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes. Furthermore, the experience of social workers, working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple's access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favored by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economicsystem and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable in the present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families (McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause for optimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult tofind solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of one or both parents. This situation suggests that in studying the modernfamily, one needs to employ a historical perspective, including the possibility of looking to the past in searching for ways of dealing with problems in the present.Sample 10Discuss why assignment essays are common assessment tasks in undergraduate tertiary coursework, and evaluate the effectiveness of assignments as an avenue for learning. (Word limit 500 words - 10% leeway) Please note that the APA referencing style is used in this sample essay.Assignment essays are developed from set questions that give students a period of time to research a topic and produce their answer with references to their sources of information. While there are some disadvantages with using assignment essays as an assessment tool, there are sound educational purposes underpinning this practice. This essay examines the reasons why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers some of the problems with this method of assessment.Assignment essay tasks are set to assist students to develop mastery of their study subject. Firstly, assignment tasks enhance understandings about subject matter. Yang and Baker (2005) reason that "to master your learning materials and extend your understandings, you need to write about the meanings you gain from your research" (p. 1). Secondly, research (Jinx, 2004; Zapper, 2006) clearly demonstrates that students learn the writing conventions of a subject area while they are researching, reading and writing in their discipline. This activity。
学术英语考试写作范文模板
学术英语考试写作模板1Academic English examination writing templates play a crucial role in helping students organize their thoughts and present coherent and persuasive essays. At the beginning, it is common to introduce the topic with a thought-provoking question or a relevant anecdote to capture the readers' attention. For instance, one might start with "Have you ever wondered why effective communication in academic settings is so essential?" This creates intrigue and makes the reader eager to explore further.In the middle paragraphs, clear and well-defined main points should be presented. Each point is supported by solid evidence, such as research findings, examples from real-life scenarios, or quotations from authoritative sources. For example, when discussing the impact of technology on education, one could say, "Studies have consistently shown that the integration of digital tools in classrooms has significantly enhanced students' learning outcomes, as evidenced by improved test scores and increased engagement in class activities."Towards the end, a powerful conclusion is necessary to summarize the key points and offer a broader perspective or call to action. It could be something like, "In conclusion, as we navigate the ever-evolving landscapeof academia, mastering the art of effective writing is not just an option but a necessity. By adhering to a well-structured writing template, we can communicate our ideas with clarity and precision, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and the betterment of society."Overall, a well-structured academic English writing template provides a roadmap for students to present their ideas logically and compellingly, enabling them to achieve higher grades and make a significant impact in the academic world.2When it comes to the Academic English Examination, having a well-structured writing template can be extremely helpful. However, it is crucial to use these templates wisely to ensure the quality and authenticity of your writing.Firstly, for different types of questions, the selection of the appropriate template is key. For instance, in an argumentative essay, a template might start with presenting a clear thesis statement, followed by providing supporting evidence and counterarguments. On the contrary, in a descriptive essay, the template could focus on detailed descriptions of the subject matter.Secondly, to avoid stiffness in your writing when using templates, one must adapt and modify them based on the specific content and requirements of the topic. It is not advisable to simply fill in the blanksmechanically. Instead, flexibility should be maintained by adjusting the language and structure to fit the unique aspects of the task at hand.In conclusion, while academic English exam writing templates offer a useful framework, it is the writer's responsibility to make the most of them while still allowing for creativity and individuality in the expression of ideas. By doing so, one can increase the chances of achieving a high score in the examination.3Academic English exams often come with certain writing templates that students are encouraged to follow. These templates have both advantages and limitations.The main advantage of using writing templates in academic English exams is that they enhance the efficiency of writing. Templates provide a clear structure, guiding students on how to organize their thoughts and present the content. For instance, a typical template might include an introduction, body paragraphs with supporting evidence, and a conclusion. This structured approach ensures that the writing is coherent and logical, making it easier for the reader to follow.However, there are also limitations. Relying too heavily on templates can restrict the individual's creative and critical thinking. Students might find themselves simply filling in the blanks without truly exploring the depth and complexity of the topic. This can lead to rather formulaic andless original writing. Moreover, templates may not always fit the specific requirements or unique nature of every question or topic, forcing students to adapt in a way that might not be natural or effective.In conclusion, while writing templates in academic English exams offer valuable guidance and structure, it's essential for students to strike a balance and use them as a tool rather than being bound by them, allowing for the expression of personal insights and unique perspectives.4When it comes to academic English exams, having a suitable writing template can be a great help. Different writing templates are applicable in various scenarios. For instance, the template for argumentative essays is often employed when presenting and defending a particular viewpoint. It typically starts with a clear thesis statement, followed by supporting evidence and logical reasoning. On the other hand, the template for expository essays is useful for explaining complex concepts or processes. It usually begins with an introduction to the topic, then proceeds to elaborate on key points in a systematic manner.Let's take the topic of "The Impact of Technology on Education" as an example. In an argumentative essay, one might assert that technology has revolutionized education by enhancing accessibility and personalized learning. Evidence could include statistics on increased student engagement and improved test scores. However, in an expository essay onthe same topic, the focus could be on describing the specific ways technology is integrated into classrooms, such as through online courses and virtual reality tools.In conclusion, the choice of writing template depends on the nature of the topic and the purpose of the essay. Understanding the differences and applying the appropriate template can significantly improve the quality and effectiveness of one's writing in academic English exams.5When it comes to academic English exams, having a writing template can be a useful starting point. However, it is crucial to customize this template based on individual proficiency and the specific requirements of the examination.For students with a strong language ability, they can enhance the template by incorporating complex sentence structures. For instance, instead of using simple subject-verb-object sentences, they can employ subordinate clauses or compound sentences to demonstrate their advanced language skills. They might integrate relative clauses like "The book which I read yesterday was extremely fascinating" or use adverbial clauses such as "Although it was raining hard, he still went for a run."On the other hand, those who are still building their language foundation can focus on clarity and accuracy. They should ensure that the basic structure of the template is followed precisely, avoiding grammarmistakes and maintaining a logical flow of ideas.In conclusion, the key to success in academic English writing exams lies in tailoring the template to one's own level and the demands of the test. By doing so, students can showcase their best language abilities and increase their chances of achieving high scores.。
学术英语作文万能模板范文
学术英语作文万能模板范文Title: A Universal Template for Academic English Writing。
Academic writing is an essential skill for students and scholars in various fields of study. Whether it is for a research paper, a thesis, or a journal article, having a solid understanding of academic English writing is crucial for effectively communicating ideas and findings. In this article, we will discuss a universal template for academic English writing that can be applied to different types of academic papers.Introduction。
The introduction is the opening section of an academic paper where the writer introduces the topic, provides background information, and presents the research question or thesis statement. It is important to grab the reader's attention and provide a clear roadmap for the rest of the paper. The introduction should be concise, engaging, and informative.Literature Review。
学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)
学术英语论文范文精选3篇评价系统（The pprisl Systems）是对系统功能语言学的新进展。
系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。
评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上进展起来的。
该研究由Mrtin指导，Croline Coffin，Rick Iedem，Henrike Korner，Dvid Rose，Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。
这项研究是“写得得体”（Write It Right）科研项目的一部分。
评价理论包括三大次系统：态度，介入和级差。
三大次系统又可以次系统化。
态度系统指对文本，人类行为和现象所作出的推断。
态度有积极和消极之分。
任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。
态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。
态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。
态度可以通过表品质的词来表达，如hppy；可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达，如like；通过情态状语表达，如hppily。
态度包含三个系范畴：情感系统、推断系统和鉴赏系统。
推断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。
鉴赏系统又可分为：反应、构成和价值。
介入系统深受Bkhtin （1981，1986）对话性和多语性的影响。
从这个意义层面上讲，介入资源是一种方式，通过这种方式说话者或XX自己介入对话中，一定程度上展示加入、承认、回应、挑战或拒绝其他XX或说话者的声音，或者对其他说话者或XX的回应做出可能的预期。
介入分为对话扩展和对话紧缩。
对话扩展又可次系统化为包容和归属；对话紧缩可次系统化为弃言和借言。
介入可以通过情态词、言剧性表达、模糊语等来实现，如my，it is sid tht等。
级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源，包含语势和聚焦。
语势有强势和弱势之分，聚焦有明显和模糊之分。
级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现，如some，plusible等。
3.语料本项研究的语料是60篇英文4.研究结果及分析本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析：态度，介入，级差。
学术英语写作academic language
学术英语写作（Academic Language）是一种用于学术和专业领域的英语写作风格。
它具有以下特点：
- **准确性**：使用准确的词汇和语法，避免模糊或歧义。
- **专业性**：运用特定领域的专业术语和词汇，体现学术的专业性。
- **逻辑性**：结构清晰，段落之间有明确的逻辑关系。
- **客观性**：以客观的态度表达观点，避免主观情感和个人偏见。
- **正式性**：语言风格较为正式，避免口语化和随意的表达。
- **引用和参考**：正确引用他人的研究成果，以支持自己的观点并提供参考依据。
- **论证性**：通过论证和证据来支持观点，使文章具有说服力。
要提高学术英语写作水平，可以多阅读相关领域的学术文献，学习其写作风格和表达方式。
同时，注重语法和词汇的积累，不断练习写作，接受老师或同行的反馈，都有助于提升学术英语写作能力。
学术专著英语作文模板
学术专著英语作文模板英文回答：Chapter 1: Introduction。
Background and significance of the research。
Statement of the problem。
Research questions。
Scope and limitations of the study。
Chapter 2: Literature Review。
Review of existing literature on the topic。
Identification of gaps in the research。
Development of theoretical framework。
Chapter 3: Methodology。
Description of the research design。
Sampling strategy and sample characteristics。
Data collection methods。
Data analysis techniques。
Chapter 4: Results。
Presentation and analysis of the research findings。
Discussion of the key findings。
Chapter 5: Discussion。
Interpretation of the research findings。
Implications for theory and practice。
Recommendations for future research。
Chapter 6: Conclusion。
Summary of the research findings。
Restatement of the research questions。
Concluding remarks。
学术英语写作特点
学术英语写作特点学术英语写作是一种专门用于学术交流和研究的写作风格。
它在语法、词汇、语言结构和逻辑等方面具有独特的特点，以确保信息传递的准确性和权威性。
本文将介绍学术英语写作的几个主要特点。
正式性和客观性学术英语写作强调正式性和客观性，要求作者使用正规的语言和规范的文体。
在语法和词汇方面，学术英语使用较为正式和古典的词汇和句式，以展示研究的严肃性和权威性。
此外，学术写作强调客观性，避免主观情感和个人观点的表达，而是依靠事实和证据来支持论点。
结构清晰和逻辑严谨学术英语写作对逻辑性和条理性有较高要求。
学术文章通常由引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分组成。
每个部分都有明确的目的和内容，且之间的关系要清晰明了。
作者需要合理安排段落和句子的次序，确保逻辑严谨和信息的顺畅传递。
使用学术词汇和专业术语学术英语写作中常用大量的学术词汇和专业术语。
这些词汇和术语精确、准确地表达特定的概念和观点。
在使用这些术语时，作者需要明确其含义，并在适当的上下文中使用。
学术术语的使用不仅可以提升文章的准确性和权威性，也使读者更容易理解和接受作者的观点。
引用和参考文献学术英语写作非常重视引用和参考文献。
学术文章需要引用其他学者的研究结果和观点，以支持自己的论点。
在引用时，需要按照一定的引用格式进行，如APA、MLA等。
同时，学术文章还需要提供参考文献列表，详细列出引用的文献信息，以便读者查证和深入研究。
具备学术论证和批判思维学术英语写作注重论证和批判思维。
作者需要通过逻辑推理和事实论证，支持自己的观点和研究结论。
同时，学术写作还需要具备批判思维，对已有研究进行评价和批判，指出其不足之处，并提出自己的改进和贡献。
精确和准确的语言表达学术英语要求语言表达精确和准确。
作者需要思考每个词汇和句子的含义，选择最合适的词语和表达方式。
此外，学术写作还需要小心使用相关的语法和标点符号，以确保句子结构清晰、逻辑严密。
总之，学术英语写作具有正式性、客观性、结构清晰、逻辑严谨、专业术语使用、引用参考文献、学术论证和批判思维、精确和准确的语言表达等特点。
学术英语写作特点
学术英语写作特点学术英语写作是一种特殊领域的写作形式，其与其他形式的英语写作具有很多区别和特点。
本文将探讨学术英语写作的一些主要特点，并从语言、结构和格式等方面进行分析。
语言特点学术英语写作对语言的要求非常严格，要求表达精确、准确，避免使用模糊、主观的措辞。
以下是一些常见的语言特点：1. 专业术语的使用学术英语写作中，使用适当的专业术语是必不可少的。
专业术语在学术领域有明确的定义，能够准确地传达作者的意思。
作者应该熟悉并正确运用这些术语，以确保读者能够准确理解文章内容。
2. 无正式口语化表达学术英语写作应尽量避免使用口语化的表达和俚语。
相反，应使用正式、准确的语言来表达观点和内容。
避免使用缩写词、非正式的表达方式以及夸张、主观的措辞。
3. 第三人称和被动语态的使用学术英语写作通常使用第三人称和被动语态来传达客观、科学的观点。
这可以增加文章的客观性和严谨性，避免主观偏见的介入。
使用第三人称和被动语态需要注意适用的场景和语境，以确保表达清晰。
结构特点学术英语写作的结构要求清晰、有条理，能够逻辑连贯地展开观点。
以下是一些常见的结构特点：1. 前言、正文和结论学术英语写作通常包含前言、正文和结论三个部分。
前言介绍研究背景、目的和重要性，正文详细探讨问题并提出论证，结论总结研究结果和观点。
这种结构有助于读者快速了解文章的内容和目的。
2. 段落结构学术英语写作中，段落的结构至关重要。
每个段落应有明确的主题句，接着是相关的论证、解释和例证，最后进行总结或过渡。
合理的段落结构使文章更易于阅读和理解，有助于表达清晰的思想。
3. 逻辑连接词的使用学术英语写作中，逻辑连接词的使用是十分重要的。
逻辑连接词能够使文章的段落和句子之间产生连贯性，有助于表达逻辑关系和思路的清晰。
适当使用常见的逻辑连接词，如“而且”、“然而”、“因此”等，可以提高文章的可读性。
格式特点学术英语写作在格式上也有其独特要求。
以下是一些常见的格式特点：1. 缩写、缩略词和符号的使用学术英语写作中使用缩写、缩略词和符号是常见的。
学术英语写作summary范文
学术英语写作summary范文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: An Introduction to Academic WritingHi guys! Today we are going to talk about academic writing. Academic writing is super important because it helps us communicate our ideas in a clear and organized way.First, let's talk about the structure of academic writing. Usually, it has three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction is where you introduce your topic and thesis statement. The body is where you support your thesis with evidence and arguments. And the conclusion is where you summarize your main points and wrap everything up.Next, let's talk about the language of academic writing. It is important to use formal language and avoid slang or contractions. Also, make sure to use proper grammar and spelling.Another important thing in academic writing is to use citations. This means giving credit to the sources you used inyour writing. You can use footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citations to do this.Finally, make sure to revise and edit your writing. Check for any errors in grammar, punctuation, or spelling. It's also a good idea to have someone else read your writing to get feedback.So, that's a basic introduction to academic writing. Remember to practice and keep improving your writing skills. Happy writing!篇2Summary:In the article "The Effects of Technology on Children's Learning", the author explores the impact of technology on children's education. The author discusses how technology can enhance learning by providing access to a vast amount of information and resources. However, the author also highlights the potential negative effects of technology, such as decreased attention span and limited social interaction.The author suggests that it is important for parents and educators to strike a balance between using technology as a learning tool and encouraging traditional forms of learning. Thearticle emphasizes the importance of monitoring children's screen time and ensuring that technology is used in a way that benefits their educational development.Overall, the article acknowledges the benefits of technology in education but also emphasizes the need for caution and moderation. By being mindful of how technology is used, parents and educators can help children to harness the benefits of technology while also promoting healthy cognitive and social development.篇3Summary:Today, I want to talk about academic writing. Academic writing is like the superhero of writing because it is smart, proper, and super cool! When you write academically, you need to use big words and long sentences to show how smart you are. But don't worry, you can always use a dictionary or ask your teacher for help if you get stuck.In academic writing, you need to follow the rules. This means you have to use references and citations to give credit to the people who came up with the ideas you are talking about. This isimportant because it shows that you are honest and respectful of other people's work.Another important thing in academic writing is to stay focused on your topic. You can't just write about whatever you want – you need to stick to the main point and support it with evidence. This can be hard sometimes, but don't give up! Just keep practicing and you'll get better.So, next time you have to write an academic paper, remember to be smart, follow the rules, and stay focused. With these tips, you'll be a superhero of academic writing in no time! Good luck!篇4SummaryLast week, my teacher asked us to write a summary of an academic article for our English class. The article was about the impact of social media on teenagers' mental health. I learned a lot from reading the article, and I want to share some of the key points with you.Firstly, the article discussed how social media can have both positive and negative effects on teenagers' mental health. On theone hand, social media can help teenagers connect with friends and family, express themselves, and find support during difficult times. However, on the other hand, it can also lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and low self-esteem.Secondly, the article highlighted the importance of monitoring and limiting teenagers' use of social media. Excessive use of social media has been linked to a variety of mental health issues, including depression and addiction. Parents and educators play a crucial role in helping teenagers navigate the online world and develop healthy technology habits.Lastly, the article discussed the need for more research on the long-term effects of social media on teenagers' mental health. While some studies have shown a clear link between social media use and mental health problems, more research is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between the two.In conclusion, social media has a significant impact on teenagers' mental health, and it is important for parents, educators, and policymakers to address this issue. By promoting healthy online behaviors and supporting teenagers in developing positive coping strategies, we can help prevent the negative effects of social media on mental health.篇5Oh, hello everyone! Today I want to tell you about academic writing in English. Academic writing is like writing essays or reports for school, but it's more fancy and serious. You have to use big words and make sure your sentences are clear and logical.First, you need to have a good topic. It can be anything you want to learn more about, like animals, space, or even your favorite video game. Then, you have to do research to find information and facts to support your ideas. You can use books, articles, or the internet to find the information you need.Next, you have to organize your ideas into paragraphs. Each paragraph should have a topic sentence that tells the reader what the paragraph is about. You also need to use transition words like "first," "next," and "finally" to help your reader follow along.After you write your paragraphs, you need to write a conclusion to sum up what you've learned. This is where you tell your reader why your topic is important and what you want them to remember.Finally, you have to edit and revise your writing. Make sure your sentences are clear and easy to understand. Check for spelling and grammar mistakes, and make sure you've cited your sources correctly.So, that's how you write an academic paper in English. Remember to choose a good topic, do your research, organize your ideas, write a conclusion, and edit your work. You'll be writing like a pro in no time!篇6Today I read a really cool article about academic writing and I want to share a summary with you guys. The article talks about how to write a good academic paper and gives some tips and tricks.First, the article says that you should start by choosing a topic that interests you. This will make the writing process much more fun and you'll be more motivated to do a good job.Next, the article recommends doing some research on your topic. You should read a lot of books and articles to get a good understanding of the subject. This will help you come up with some original ideas for your paper.When you start writing, the article suggests making an outline first. This will help you organize your thoughts and make sure your paper flows well.After you finish writing, it's important to edit and proofread your paper. You should check for spelling and grammar mistakes, as well as make sure your ideas are clear and easy to understand.Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of writing clearly and concisely. You should avoid using too many fancy words or complicated sentences.I think these tips are really helpful and I'm going to try them out next time I have to write a paper. I hope you guys found this summary helpful too!。
学术英语写作特点
学术英语写作特点概述学术英语是一种特殊的语言，主要用于学术交流、研究报告和学术论文等领域。
与日常英语相比，学术英语具有一些独特的特点，这些特点使得学术英语的写作风格和表达方式与平时的英语写作截然不同。
本文将介绍学术英语写作的特点，帮助读者更好地理解和运用学术英语。
1. 主题明确学术英语写作以主题明确为基础。
在学术英语的写作中，作者需明确主题，并在整篇文章中贯穿这个主题。
与日常英语写作中可以灵活变换主题的特点不同，在学术英语写作中，主题的一致性是非常重要的，它使得整篇文章更加专业、清晰明了。
2. 对象结构化作为一种严谨的语言，学术英语写作通常采用结构化的方式来组织文章。
文章一般包含引言、正文和结论三个部分。
引言部分用于介绍主题和背景，正文部分用于阐述观点和提供证据支持，结论部分用于总结文章的主要观点和结果。
此外，学术英语写作还常常使用标题、小标题、列表和段落等方式对文章进行分层次的组织，使得读者能够更加清晰地理解内容。
3. 实事求是学术英语写作强调实事求是，追求客观和准确。
在学术英语写作中，作者通常使用准确的术语和专业的词汇来表达观点和论证。
避免主观的判断和个人色彩的加入，而是依靠客观的数据和实证研究来支持论点。
同时，学术英语中也经常使用被动语态和第三人称，以保持客观性和科学性。
4. 精确度和清晰性学术英语的写作风格以精确和清晰为特点。
学术写作中的观点和论证必须准确无误，以确保读者对文章内容的正确理解。
为了实现这个目标，学术写作通常使用清晰明了的语言，避免模糊和含混不清的表达方式。
此外，学术英语中通常避免使用复杂的句子结构和过多的修辞手法，以保持表达的简洁和精确。
5. 参考文献和引用学术英语的写作中，参考文献和引用是必不可少的部分。
在文章中，作者需要引用其他学者的研究结果、观点和数据，以支持自己的观点和论证。
同时，学术英语对于引用的要求也非常严格，需要遵守特定的引用规范，如APA、MLA等。
正确地进行引用和列出参考文献能够提高文章的可信度和学术性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
学术英语写作
学术英语写作范文
也许你的英语作文写的好，可是却不代表学术英语写作你就能写好。
下面，店铺为大家送上一篇学术英语写作范文及其提高技巧。
学术英语写作范文：
I disagree strongly with the idea that the same amount of money should go to university sports activities as to university libraries. Although playing sports is a wonderful way to learn about teamwork, strategy and reaching your goals, it should not be the principal focus of a university education.
Students need the most up-to-date library facilities available to get the best education. Many of those facilities are very expensive to buy and maintain. These include computerized programs and access to internet research databases that students can use to find information all around the world. If a university is only offering its students resources of a decade ago, it’s depriving those students of a tremendous amount of information.
Even the book and magazine budget of universities has gone up tremendously in last decade. More is being published on every subject, and every university wants to have this information available to its students.
It also costs money for universities to keep their libraries open. Students need to have access to all the libraries' research tools as much of time as possible. Because students are young and can stay up all night studying, many universities are starting to leave their libraries open all night during exam periods. This costs money, because the staff has to be paid extra to be there. It also costs money to run the building (electricity, heat) during
that time.
Students at universities are only going to benefit from their education if they can get to all the tools they need to learn. Sports are secondary to the resources that students need from university libraries. For this reason, libraries should always be better funded than sport activities.
学术英语写作提高技巧：
1.大量的读，而且要读最好的材料
在读写部分，阅读是输入，写作是输出，而输入部分包含以下层面：知识背景，思辨模式。
在知识背景的输入方面，中国学生的问题不大，主要缺乏的是思辨模式，如果让一个同学看完一本书后说出这本书里用了哪些思辨模式，包括这一段的功能是什么，跟上一段有什么联系，大部分同学都是不能总结出来的。
建议孩子可以抽空浏览国外的新闻网站，或者下载国外的新闻APP，比如：The New York Times、BBC、The Wall Street Journal、Economist等(其中一些app可能需要翻墙才能阅读哦)。
注意要挑孩子感兴趣的话题，如果文中包含太多术语，孩子不仅看不懂，也会觉得枯燥无味。
另外，感兴趣的话题可能还会激发孩子自觉地去查字典，增加词汇量。
2.有意识地储备背景知识
年纪比较小的同学平时看书看得较少，所以对社会话题的了解非常浅，经常说“这件事情我喜欢，那件事情我不喜欢”。
但是，喜欢与不喜欢是不可以写到学术写作当中去的.，除非能给出非常明确的理由。
比如，说清楚我不喜欢这件事的三点原因，并且每一点原因都有足够的证据支撑。
所以，建议学生在平时生活中，适当浏览社科类杂志，将一些能够作为论据的材料记录下来，扩大自己的背景知识储备。
这样，在写作时才能做到有理有据。
3.大量写作，训练清晰表达和严谨逻辑
很多同学看了很多书，也背了很多单词，但平时一个字都不写，觉得上考场写就行了，这样是不对的。
平时应该大量的写，并且批改。
日记、新闻总结及评论、书评/章评、文章评论等这些类型的文章都能写。
主要是要发表自己的看法，还可以跟家长讨论，不管用中文还是英文讨论，都对写作有好处。
不停地写完后就是不停地改，训练个性化的行文风格和表达逻辑，写作就是这么提高的，不是套用一个框架就够了。
一般来说，修改三到四稿后，才能说这篇作文已经写好了。
【学术英语写作范文】。