3D打印技术及其应用毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
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文献出处: Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application [J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is becoming a trend and hot topic. Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis company (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion.Keywords: 3D printing; Application; Trend1 3D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology. And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on the technology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels outa certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue.At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state. After each spray layer, the processing platform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of computer chip cycle, until the real finished. After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path. Then hot nozzle will be controlled by computer according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform. Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section. The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space Company using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike. The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials. More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture parts first, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely. Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other.2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials combination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and compatibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, combined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drug development. Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment. The "3D food printer" usedsimilar routine computer printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out". For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food value. Using the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc. Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT applications. Using 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chess pieces can detect and display the current location. Although the monochrome screen compared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it has a 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process. In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors. These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has becomea widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap. It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production. In the next 10 years on the computer to complete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model. Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to complex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days. Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months. The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’imagination space. As long as you can on the computer design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better communicate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description. Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also willmake up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。
3D打印英文文献+翻译
Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31 (2011) 2543–2550Inkjet printing ceramics: From drops to solidB. DerbySchool of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,Manchester M13 9PL, UKAvailable online 16 February 2011AbstractInkjet printing is a powerful microfabrication tool that has been applied to the manufacture of ceramic components. To successfully fabricate ceramic objects a number of conditions must be satisfied concerning fluid properties and drop placement accuracy. It has been proposed that fluids are printable within the bounds 1 < Z < 10 (where Z is the inverse of the Ohnesorge number) and these limits are shown to be consistent with ceramic suspensions delivered by piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printers. The physical processes that occur during drop impact and spreading are reviewed and these are shown to define the minimum feature size attainable for a given printed drop diameter. Finally the defects that can occur during the drying of printed drops are reviewed (coffee staining) and mechanisms and methodologies to reduce this phenomenon are discussed.Keywords: Inkjet printing; Shaping; Drying; Suspensions1. IntroductionInkjet printing has major commercial applications in graph-ics output and other conventional printing operations. However, there has been developing interest in using inkjet printing to manufacture components with applications for: displays,1 plas-tic electronics,2 rapid prototyping,3 tissue engineering,4 and ceramic component manufacture.5 A significant and fundamen-tal difference between these new applications and the more widespread application of printing text or images is the behaiour of the printed ink droplets on the printed substrate. Most images are constructed by the deposition of discrete droplets and, in order to optimise resolution and contrast, these droplets are iso-lated and do not contact each other. In contrast, many of the new applications for inkjet printing envisage the manufacture of continuous 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional structures (1-, 2-, or 3-D). Such structures require a continuous distribution of material and this necessitates contact and adhesion between individual drops after printing.Inkjet printing constructs objects by the precision placement of picolitre volumes of liquid and thus the initial interac-tion between printed material and a substrate is a liquid/solid interaction. Ultimately, the printed deposit undergoes a solid-ification process that can occur through solvent evaporation,temperature induced solidification/gelation or chemicalreac-tion.Considerations of the relative timescales of drop spreading and solidification indicate that there will be a significant period of time afterprinting when a liquid is present on a surface6 and thus the morphological stability of coallescing liquid films must be examined, as must the effects of the solidification process.There has been a considerable number of publications on the use of inkjet printing in the manufacture of ceramics.7–17 These prior studies have used all inkjet drop generation technologies (continuous, thermal drop-on-demand and piezoelectric drop-on-demand) to successfully produce ceramic objects using both solvent evaporation and phase-change solidification. Industrial inkjet printing technology now uses piezoelectric drop-on-demand (DOD) generation technology and this is the chosen method for most applications in printing functional materials. The physical operation of these different printing technologiesand the reasons for the choice of piezoelectric DOD printing have been discussed in detail elsewhere6,18; hence here we willconfine our considerations to this technology. We will also only consider the printing of ceramic inks that solidify through sol-vent evaporation. Despite earlier work demonstrating that it is possible to successfully print cm scale objects using a wax based phase change ceramic ink,11–13 ceramic inks contain relatively low volume fractions of solid and thus there is considerable shrinkage and potential for distortion during dewaxing and sintering.14In order to fabricate ceramic objects using inkjet printing, it is necessary to satisfy a number of requirements. First there isa need to produce stable ceramic suspensions with defined fluid properties such that they can be passed through a droplet gener-ator and formregular drops. Second, these suspensions need to be delivered onto a substrate or onto a previously printed layer of solidified ceramic ink, with drops in sufficient proximity to each other to allow them to interact and form desired 2-D features. Next, the printed ceramic ink must undergo phase transition to a solid deposit. Finally, to produce 3-D structures the deposi-tion and drying/solidification processes need to be repeated on a layer of pre-deposited and dried material. Here we will consider each of these requirements and their optimization for the direct printing of ceramics.2. Ceramic inksManufacturers of DOD inkjet printing equipment normally state a range of viscosity and surface tension within which inks may be successfully printed. However, this information is nor-mally provided for the benefit of formulating graphics inks and may not be directly applicable to the development of ceramic inks. This is because inks containing a significant volume frac-tion of ceramic particles in suspension have much higher density values than typical graphics inks, which typically have densities in the range 800–1000 kg m−3 and the behaviour of a fluid during printing depends strongly on its inertial behaviour.The fluid rheological requirements for a printable ink are determined by the physics and fluid mechanics of the drop gen-eration process.6,18 The behaviour of fluids during inkjet printing can be represented by the Reynolds, Weber and Ohnesorge num-bers (Re, We, Oh):Re = vρa , (1a)ηWe = v2ρa(1b),γ√ηOh = We = (1c),Re (γρa)1/2where ρ, η and γ are the density, dynamic viscosity and surface tension of the fluid respectively, v is the velocity and a is a characteristiclength.Fromm identified the Ohnesorge number, Oh, as the appro-priate grouping of physical constants to characterise drop generation in an inkjet printer.19 Oh is independent of fluid velocity and is commonly used in analyses describing the behaviour of li quid drops. However, in Fromm’s publication, he defined the parameter Z = 1/Oh and from a simple model of fluid flow in a drop generator of simplified geometry, he pro-posed that Z > 2 for stable drop generation.19 Reis extended this through numerical simulation and proposed the following range, 10 > Z > 1, for stable drop formation.20 If Z < 1, viscous dissipa-tion prevents drop ejection from the printer and if Z > 10, droplets are accompanied by unwanted satellite drops. Jang et al. studied the DOD printability of a number of fluid mixtures of ethanol, water and ethylene glycol. Through this they explored a range of values of Oh and determined that the range of printability wasFig. 1. Fromm’s parameter Z (Z = 1/Oh) influences the printability of fluids. Dashed lines identify the limits for printability proposed by Reis et al.20 Experi-mental points are plotted for a number of ceramic suspensions/inks: grey symbols indicate successful inkjet printing, blacksymbols indicate that no drops were formed, and white symbols indicate the presence of satellite drops along with the main printed drop.4 < Z < 14,21 which is very similar to that determined by Reis’s numerical simulation.There is now a substantial body of literature describing the inkjet printing of a number of ceramic suspensions and other fluids for non-graphics applications; unfortunately not all publications report sufficient information on the rheologi-cal properties of the ceramic suspensions to test this proposed criterion for printability in all cases. Fig. 1 presents such data that either reported the value of Oh (or Z) or reported sufficient data that it is easily calculated. The vertical dashed lines on the figure at Oh = 1 and Oh = 10 represent the limits for stable inkjet printing calculated by Reis.20 The experimental data is presented from eight fluid systems with a grey symbol indicat-ing the successful printing of individual drops, a black symbol indicates that fluids with these properties could not be printed, and finally a white symbol shows the cases where a fluid drop was successfully ejected but accompanied by one or more satel-lite drops. It is useful to separate these data into two sets: fluid systems 1–6 were delivered using piezoelectric DOD printers, while fluid systems 7 and 8 were delivered using a thermal DOD printer. The data obtained from experiments using piezoelectric DOD printing shows reasonably good agreement with Reis’s model, however that obtained in the one study using a thermal DOD printer shows very poor agreement,17 at least with the upper bound for the prediction of the onset of satellite drop for-mation. Özkol considered that one reason for the discrepancy between Reis’s prediction and their results could be the differ-ence in actuation between piezoelectric and thermal DOD inkjet droplet generators.17The hypothesis that changes in actuation explain the dif-ferent behaviourobserved between thermal and piezoelectric DOD inkjet printing is supported by an experimental study of drop and satellite formation in a piezoelectric DOD printer by Dong et al.22 They found that the drop formation mechanism and the conditions under which a given fluid formed satellites is also controlled by the shape and amplitude of the drivingpulse applied to the piezoelectric actuator. The driving pulsein DOD printing is also known to control both the size of the ejected drop and its velocity.12,22,23 Reis demonstrated that forthe formation of drops using highly loaded ceramic suspensions, acoustic phenomena are important and that there are maxima in inkjet performance that correlate with acoustic resonances in the printhead.23 These are particularly important consider-ations given that typical industrial DOD printheads operate in the kHz regime. Other studies of inkjet printing for applications in graphics also emphasise the importance of acoustic phenom-ena and the need for these to damp before the drop generator is refilled prior to delivering subsequent drops.18 Indeed the shape and form of the actuating waveform is considered an important aspect of the design of piezoelectric DOD printing systems.However, from Fig. 1, we can see that for the studies that used piezoelectric DOD printers, Reis’s criterion for a printable fluid20 seems to show reasonable agreement with data and it is also in broad agreement with the only explicit study of inkjet printability of fluids by Jang et al.21 Thus despite a possible oversimplification of the conditions that lead to the formation of satellite drops, we suggest the condition 10 > Z > 1 (where Z = 1/Oh) can be used as a guide to the development of fluids for ink jetprinting.The suitability of a fluid for inkjet printing can be roughly assessed by its Ohnesorge number. However there are other lim-its of fluid behaviour that impose additional limits to practical drop generation. In order to generate a small radius drop, the sur-face tension and associated Laplace pressure must be overcome before a drop can be ejected from a printer. Duineveld proposed that this can be described by a minimum value of the Weber number, We > 4, below which there is insufficient fluid flow to overcome surface tension.24 A final bound to printability is given by the onset of splashing that occurs if a drop hits the substrate with velocity above a critical threshold. From the work of Stowe and Hadfield,25 this occurs when We1/2Re1/4 > 50. These limit-ing bounds define a region of the parameter space of We and Re, within which DOD inkjet printing is possible.5,6 Fig. 2 showsFig. 2. Inkjet printing is practical for a limited range of fluids and printing con-ditions. This is illustrated here in a parameter space defined by axes of Reynolds and Weber numbers. Based on a diagram originally published in Ref. 5.this parameter space and the region suitable for DOD inkjet printing. Drop velocity increases diagonally, as indicated and has lower and upper bounds that are defined by the appropriate limits of drop ejection and splashing, orthogonal to velocity is the Ohnesorge number, which defines the limits of the fluid prop-erties, thus Fig. 2 can be considered representing a guide to the limits of both fluid characteristics and drop dynamics consistent with the practical use of piezoelectric DOD inkjet printing.3. Drop impact, spreading and coalescenceAs discussed earlier, an important aspect of inkjet printing in manufacturing technology is the process by which adjacent drops interact to form a solid. In all cases the liquid drop will interact with a solid substrate. Following deposition there will be a period when the drop’s shape is controlled by fluid pro-cesses prior to solidification. Thus an important consideration is the appropriate time constants that apply to the mechanisms of surface spreading and solidification. Here we are confining our discussion to solidification through evaporation. Given that droplet solidification time scales are normally in the regime of around 1 s and droplet deposition rates are >1 kHz, we need to consider the interaction between many liquid droplets on the surface of the substrate. It is possible to use interlacing and sequential printing passes to deposit isolated drops, allow them to solidify and then fill in the gaps to produce a printed plane. However, thismethodology produces an irregular deposit with poor surface roughness for each printed layer,9 with a conse-quent risk of defects from poor penetration of the liquid. If printing occurs with appropriate drop spacing to allow over-lap before solidification, the interaction between adjacent liquid drops and the consequent influence of surface tension will tend to produce smooth surfaces and eliminate possible defects between solidified drops.When a liquid drop impacts a planar substrate it will deform and spread to cover the substrate, ultimately achieving an equi-librium sessile drop configuration. Yarin has recently reviewed the impact of drops over a size and velocity range that intersects those relevant to DOD printing.26 The typical range of drop size (radius from 5 to 50 mm) and velocity (1 < v < 10 m s−1) issuch that the initial deformation of the drop will be controlled by dynamicimpact and viscous dissipation processes.6,18,26 How-ever, this initial stage of drop deformation is expected to have finished after a few ms and subsequent spreading to equilibrium will be driven by capillary forces.27 A schematic representa-tion of the timescales associated with drop deformation after impact is presented in Fig. 3. The dynamic processes of drop impact occur over a time scale of ms.26 First the drop deforms on impact with its kinetic energy converted into new surface area as the drop deforms, some energy is absorbed through viscous dissipation. If the impact conditions are such that splashing does not occur (as is normal with the conditions of inkjet printing), the drop may recoil after expansion and oscillate briefly dissipating energy. Meanwhile the process of capillary spreading will occur, this has a time scale of ms for drop dimensions consistent with inkjet printing and the final equilibrium drop shape is normally controlled by this process.2546 Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of the time scales appropriate to the processes of drop deformation and spreading on a substrate after impact. Axes of diameter and time are to arbitrary non-linear scales. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 6.Once equilibrium has been reached, the drop can be modelled as a spherical cap because the Bond number is sufficiently low that we may ignore the influence of gravity. In which case the equilibrium contact diameter of the drop, deqm, can be calculated withdeqm = βd0,(2a)where β = 2tan θeqm 3 + tan2 θeqm−1/3(2b),2 2where d0 is the diameter of the drop in flight and θeqm is the equilibrium contact angle. For an isolated drop of pure solvent, we would expect the drop diameter to decrease and the contact line to retract at a constant receding contact angle during evap-oration. However, for the case of particles in suspension, the behaviour of a liquid drop is different. Solvent evaporation does not occur uniformly from the sessile drop. At low contact angles, the fluid close to the contact line is adjacent to a large dry surface and this enhances the transport of the solvent vapour promoting faster evaporation. This leads to a ring of particles coming out of suspension and the presence of this dried deposit pins the contact line and prevents it retracting. This contact line pinning results in the receding contact angle decreasing as solvent is removed. It can also result in a flow of particles to the contact line, leading to suspension segregation and a ring deposit; this is a phenomenon known as the coffee stain effect.28 We will return to the coffee stain phenomenon later in this article. One effect of contact line pinning during drying is that the footprint or equi-librium diameter of the spread drop of ceramic ink will define the diameter of the dried deposit on the surface after solvent evaporation.In order to print two-dimensional patterns it is necessary to allow adjacent droplets to interact and coalesce. It is advanta-geous for these drops to interact while in a liquid state because surface tension forces will result in a smooth deposit surface. If we consider the interaction of adjacent liquid drops in the absence of contact line pinning, two drops on merging would tend to form a large spherical cap to minimise surface area. However, if contact lines are pinned, fluid flow is limited anda train of interacting drops will form a linear feature. This was formalised by Davis who demonstrated that a liquid bead was stable against breakingup into isolated spherical caps if the receding contact angle was free to change but the contact line was pinned29; this was confirmed experimentally by Schiaffino and Sonin.30 Given this assumption of line stability it is possible to compute the width, w, of a stable liquid bead formed by theFig. 4. Schematic illustration of the coalescence of individual drops to form a track or liquid bead with a uniform cross section of a circular sector. Based on an illustration originally published in Ref. 31.Fig. 5, taken from the publication of Soltman and Subramanian,33 shows the behaviour of inkjet printed tracks as the drop spacing reduces. In Fig. 5(a), p > deqm, resulting inisolated and separated drops; while in Fig. 5(c), p < pmax and aparallel sided track is formed. Fig. 5(b) shows the intermediatestate where the pinned contact line results in an irregular contactline bounding the track. It should be noted that Fig. 5(d) showsthat, as the drop spacing reduces further, another limiting valueof drop spacing is encountered. When the drop spacing reducesbelow some minimum value, the track width no longer increasesuniformly but now a series of bulges appear along the previouslyparallel sided track. This bulge instability was first investigatedin detail by Duineveld, who modelled its features as the result of adynamic instability that occurs because of competing flow pathsfor a newly arrived drop.34 When a newly arrived drop begins tospread across the substrate and intersects the pre-existing liquidbead, fluid flow can either drive the spreading or else flow downthe bead. Duineveld demonstrated that at low drop centre spac-ing and when the drops arrived at relatively long time intervals,flow down the liquid bead was preferred. Conversely at largerdroplet spacing and rapid drop arrival rates, spreading flow was favoured. Bulging occurs because flow down the liquid beadleads to an increase in the local contact angle removing oneof the constraints that induces stability, proposed by Davis.29Thus this bulging instability is dynamic and the threshold for itsonset is a function of both drop spacing and the rate of arrivalof drops, which is the velocity at which the printhead traversesthe substrate, UT, divided by the drop spacing.Stringer adapted Duineveld’s model to obtain an analyticalexpression for the onset of the bulging instability,32 which canFig. 5. Four morphologies possible when individual drops are printed ontoa be expressed in terms of a dimensionless traverse velocity, UT ,falling below a function of the advancing contact angle, θadv andsurface at regularly spaced intervals: (a) drops are spaced p > deqm : no interactiona dimensionless drop spacing, g(p*, θ). Thus the condition for aoccurs, (b) pmax < p < deqm: a continuous track is formed but contact line pinningstable line is given byresults in an irregular edge, (c) p < pmax: parallel sided track is formed, (d) whendrop spacing is below a threshold determined by both contact angle and printing UT > g(p , θadv),(5a)speed, a bulge instability develops. Reproduced with permission of the AmericanChemical Society from Ref. 33. UT ηwith UT = (5b).overlap of a train of drops of diameter d0 and spacing p (Fig. 4), γwith31: The function g(p * , θ) is related to the inverse of the dropw = spacing and the contact angle and is given explicitly as Eq.2πd03(3) (16c) in Ref. 33. Fig. 6 shows Stringer’s formulation of Duin-3p((θeqm/ sin2 θeqm)−(cos θeqm/ sin θeqm)). eveld’s instability model, superimposed upon which are the datafrom three different fluids on a range of substrates including:Clearly if p > deqm n o continuous track or liquid bead isAg nanoparticle ink,33 polymer solution (PEDOT/PSS),34 andformed. Stringer developed this expression further to show that a ZrO2 ceramic suspension.35 With the exception of one setbecause the receding contact line is pinned, Eq. (3) is only valid of experiments from Duineveld’s initial study, the experimen-if w > deqm.32 If the drop spacing is such that w < deqm, thetal data shows excellent agreement with Stringer’s predictions.individu al drops have to recede to form a parallel sided track butThe data that does not fit the model comes from a fluid/substratebecause the contact line is pinned (the condition for stability ofsystem with a very low advancing contact angle and there isa liquid bead), the resulting liquid track has non-parallel sidesevidence that Duineveld’s model may not be applicable in such(Fig. 5(b)). Thus the maximum spacing of drops, pmax, to pro-cases; this is discussed in more detail elsewhere.32,34,36 How-duce a parallel sided liquid bead can be obtained by inserting ever, when the advancing contact angle is very low the minimumw = pmax into Eq. (3) and solving to givefeature dimension (as defined by Eq. (3)) will be very largepmax = 2πd0. (4) and such fluid substrate combinations are unlikely for practicalmanufacturing applications.3β 2 ((θeqm/ sin2 θeqm) − (cos θeqm/ sin θeqm))It is possible to combine the expressions for the two limit-ing bounds for droplet spacing by determining an appropriate value for g(p*, θa) at the value of p* that describes the max-imum allowable droplet spacing for parallel track formation,在网上欧洲陶瓷学会杂志》31(2011)2543 - 2550陶瓷喷墨打印:从下降到固体b .德比曼彻斯特大学材料学院,牛津大学,英国曼彻斯特M13 9 pl,网上2011年2月16日文摘喷墨印刷是一种强大的精密加工工具,已被应用于制造陶瓷组件。
关于3d打印的英文作文
关于3d打印的英文作文The Revolution of 3D Printing: Shaping the Future of Manufacturing.3D printing, often referred to as additive manufacturing, has revolutionized the way we create objects, challenging traditional manufacturing methods. This remarkable technology has the potential to reshape various industries, from healthcare to aerospace, and even impact our daily lives.The concept of 3D printing is relatively simple yet incredibly powerful. It involves the layer-by-layer deposition of material to build objects from digital models. This process allows for unprecedented customization and design freedom, as complex shapes and structures can be printed with ease. Materials used in 3D printing range from plastics and metals to biocompatible substances, each offering unique properties and applications.One of the most significant benefits of 3D printing is its ability to reduce waste. Traditional manufacturing often involves the cutting or machining of large blocks of material, resulting in significant amounts of scrap. In contrast, 3D printing only uses the material necessary to create the desired object, minimizing waste and optimizing resource utilization.In the healthcare industry, 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize patient care. Biocompatible materials can be used to print implants and prostheses that fit the patient's anatomy precisely. This personalization not only improves comfort and functionality but also reduces the risk of complications. Furthermore, 3D printing allows for the creation of complex tissue structures and organs for research and potential transplantation, offering new hope for patients awaiting transplants.In the aerospace industry, 3D printing is enabling the creation of lighter and stronger parts. By printing components with intricate internal structures, manufacturers can achieve superior mechanical propertieswhile reducing material usage. This not only improves the efficiency of aircraft and spacecraft but also reducestheir environmental impact.In addition to its industrial applications, 3D printing is also making its way into our homes. Consumer-grade 3D printers are becoming increasingly affordable, allowing individuals to create a wide range of objects from toys and jewelry to custom-fitted household items. This democratization of manufacturing is leading to a new era of creativity and innovation, where individuals can design and create the objects they need or desire.However, the rise of 3D printing also presents challenges and ethical considerations. One such challengeis intellectual property. With the ability to easily replicate objects, the issue of copyright and patent infringement becomes a pressing concern. Additionally, the use of 3D printing for illegal activities such as the production of weapons or counterfeit goods raises concerns about its misuse.Despite these challenges, the future of 3D printing looks bright. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more materials and applications to emerge. The potential for 3D printing to revolutionize manufacturing and transform our world is immense, and we are just at the beginning of this exciting journey.In conclusion, 3D printing is a transformative technology that has the potential to reshape various industries and impact our daily lives. Its ability to reduce waste, personalize products, and democratize manufacturing offers unprecedented opportunities for innovation and creativity. However, we must also address the ethical and legal challenges that arise from this technology's use. As we continue to explore the boundaries of 3D printing, we must remember to do so responsibly, ensuring that its benefits are maximized while minimizing its potential downsides.。
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
文献出处:Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application[J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is being a trend and hot topic.Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis pany (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion. Keywords: 3D printing;Application; Trend13D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology.And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on thetechnology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue.At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state.After each spray layer, the processing platform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of puter chip cycle, until the real finished.After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path.Then hot nozzle will be controlled by puter according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform.Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section.The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space pany using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike.The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials.More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture parts first, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely.Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other. 2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials bination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and patibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, bined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drugdevelopment.Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment.The "3D food printer" used similar routine puter printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out".For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food ing the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc.Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT ing 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chess pieces can detect and display the current location.Although the monochrome screen pared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it hasa 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process.In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors.These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has bee a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap.It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production.In the next 10 years on the puter to plete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model.Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to plex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days.Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months.The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’ imagination space.As long as you can on the puter design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better municate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description. Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。
关于3d打印技术的英语作文
关于3d打印技术的英语作文3D Printing: The Future of ManufacturingThe advent of 3D printing technology has revolutionized the way we approach manufacturing, design, and even our daily lives. This innovative process, also known as additive manufacturing, involves the creation of three-dimensional objects from a digital file by laying down successive layers of material. It has the potential to transform industries from healthcare to construction, and everything in between.One of the most significant advantages of 3D printing is its ability to produce complex designs that would bedifficult or impossible to create through traditional manufacturing methods. This opens up a world of possibilities for custom-made products tailored to individual needs, whether it's a unique piece of jewelry or a specialized tool for a specific job.In the medical field, 3D printing has already made a substantial impact. It is now possible to print prosthetics that are not only more affordable than traditional ones but also more comfortable and personalized to the patient. Moreover, researchers are pioneering the use of 3D printing to create human tissue and even organs, which could potentially save countless lives.The environmental benefits of 3D printing are alsonoteworthy. Since the process uses only the exact amount of material needed for each part, it significantly reduces waste compared to traditional manufacturing techniques. This precision also means less energy consumption, as fewer resources are used in the production process.However, the technology is not without its challenges. The cost of 3D printers and the materials needed for printing can still be prohibitive for some applications. Additionally, there are concerns about intellectual property rights and the potential for 3D printing to enable the production of counterfeit goods.Despite these issues, the potential of 3D printing is immense. As the technology continues to advance and become more accessible, it is likely to play an increasingly important role in a wide range of fields. From enabling space exploration through the printing of spare parts to revolutionizing the way we create and consume products, 3D printing is a technology that truly has the power to change the world.。
介绍3d打印技术作文英文
介绍3d打印技术作文英文英文：3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a revolutionary technology that has been gaining popularityin recent years. It allows for the creation of three-dimensional objects by layering materials such as plastic, metal, or ceramics. The process begins with a digital model of the object, which is then sliced into thin horizontal layers. The 3D printer then builds the object layer by layer, following the instructions from the digital model.There are several types of 3D printing technologies, including stereolithography (SLA), selective lasersintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). Each of these technologies has its own unique advantages and applications. For example, SLA is often used for creating highly detailed and intricate objects, while FDM is more commonly used for rapid prototyping and creating functional parts.One of the most exciting aspects of 3D printing is its versatility. It can be used to create a wide range of objects, from simple toys and household items to complex medical implants and aerospace components. For example, in the medical field, 3D printing has been used to create customized prosthetics and implants that perfectly fit the patient's anatomy. This level of customization and precision was previously impossible with traditional manufacturing methods.Another benefit of 3D printing is its ability to reduce waste and energy consumption. Traditional manufacturing processes often result in a significant amount of material waste, whereas 3D printing only uses the exact amount of material needed to create the object. Additionally, 3D printing can be more energy-efficient, especially when using sustainable and biodegradable materials.In addition to its practical applications, 3D printing has also sparked creativity and innovation in various industries. Artists and designers are using 3D printing tobring their ideas to life, creating unique sculptures, jewelry, and fashion pieces. Engineers and architects are using 3D printing to quickly prototype and test their designs, leading to faster and more efficient product development.Overall, 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize the way we design, manufacture, and consume goods. Its ability to create customized, complex, and sustainable objects makes it a powerful tool for the future.中文：3D打印技术，也被称为增材制造，是一项近年来备受关注的革命性技术。
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文3D XXX years。
especially in the field of industrial product design。
The manufacturing of digital product models through 3D printing has e a trend and a hot topic。
With the gradual maturity of -level 3D printing devices。
the rise of the global 3D printing market has been promoted。
According to a research report by Global Industry Analysis Inc。
the global 3D printing market XXX n by 2018.2 The ns of 3D printingThe ns of 3D XXX。
In the medical field。
3D printing has been used to create prosthetics。
implants。
XXX industry。
3D printing has been used to create XXX industry。
3D printing has been used to create unique and XXX possibilities of 3D printing seem endless。
and it is expected to XXX industries.3 The future of 3D printingThe future of 3D printing is promising。
with the potential to transform the way we XXX 3D XXX advance。
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
3D printing foreign literature translation in Chinese:
3D打印的外文文献翻译
3D打印是一种快速制造技术，可以通过逐层堆叠材料来创建三维物体。
这种技术已经被广泛应用于许多领域，如汽车制造、医疗保健和航空航天。
3D打印的流程包括设计、建模、切片和制造。
设计人员使用计算机辅助设计软件创建物体的虚拟模型。
然后，这个模型会被切片软件转换成多个薄层的图像。
最后，3D打印机会根据这些图像逐层堆叠材料来制造物体。
通过3D打印技术，制造复杂形状和结构的物体变得更加容易。
与传统制造方法相比，3D打印可以减少材料浪费和生产时间。
此外，3D打印还能够根据用户的个性化需求制造定制化的产品。
例如，在医疗领域，医生可以使用3D打印技术制造适合特定患者的假体和人工器官。
然而，3D打印也面临一些挑战和限制。
首先，3D打印仍然是一个相对昂贵的技术。
购买和维护3D打印设备需要大量的投资。
此外，目前可用的3D打印材料种类有限，制造出来的产品可能不具备足够的强度和耐用性。
另外，3D打印技术还面临知识产权和道德方面的问题。
例如，一些人可能滥用这项技术来制造非法产品，如武器。
此外，3D打印技术还可能导致版权侵犯和知识产权争议。
总而言之，3D打印是一项有潜力的技术，可以在许多领域带来革命性的变化。
然而，要充分发挥其优势，还需要克服一些技术和伦理方面的挑战。
关于3d打印技术的英语作文
3D Printing Technology: RevolutionizingManufacturing and DesignIn the realm of technological advancements, 3D printing has emerged as a transformative force, revolutionizing the way we approach manufacturing and design. This innovative technology, also known as additive manufacturing, has disrupted traditional methods of production, offering unprecedented levels of customization, efficiency, and creativity.The fundamental principle of 3D printing lies in the layer-by-layer deposition of material to create a three-dimensional object. This process allows for the production of complex geometries and intricate designs that would be challenging or impossible to achieve through traditional manufacturing techniques. The versatility of 3D printing is further enhanced by the use of various materials, including plastics, metals, ceramics, and even biocompatible substances.One of the most significant benefits of 3D printing is its ability to enable rapid prototyping. Designers and engineers can quickly iterate on their ideas, printingmultiple versions of a prototype to test and refine the design. This greatly reduces the time and cost associated with traditional prototyping methods, accelerating the product development cycle.Moreover, 3D printing has the potential torevolutionize the supply chain. With the ability to produce goods locally, it reduces the need for long-distance shipping and the associated environmental impacts. This distributed manufacturing approach not only decreases the carbon footprint of production but also enhances resilience against supply chain disruptions.In the medical field, 3D printing has opened up new possibilities for personalized healthcare. Custom-made prosthetics, implants, and surgical guides can be printed to precisely match the unique anatomy and needs of individual patients. This personalized approach improves patient outcomes and enhances the quality of life.The educational sector has also been transformed by 3D printing. Students can now have access to hands-on learning experiences, creating and manipulating three-dimensional objects to better understand complex concepts. Thistechnology has the potential to revolutionize STEM education, fostering a generation of innovators and creators.However, while the benefits of 3D printing are numerous, there are also challenges and limitations to consider. The technology is still relatively expensive, limiting its widespread adoption in some sectors. Additionally, the quality and strength of 3D-printed objects may not yetmatch traditional manufacturing methods in all cases.Despite these challenges, the future of 3D printing looks promising. With continued advancements in technology and materials science, we can expect to see even greater levels of customization, efficiency, and creativity in manufacturing and design. As the cost of 3D printing continues to decline and its capabilities expand, it islikely to become an integral part of our daily lives, transforming the way we produce and consume goods.**3D打印技术：重塑制造与设计**在科技进步的领域中，3D打印技术已崛起为变革性力量，彻底改变了我们制造与设计的方式。
3D打印机外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文翻译
3D打印机外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文翻译3D打印机3D打印技术（英语：3Dprinting），即快速成形技术的一种，它是一种数字模型文件为基础，运用粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料，通过逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术。
过去其常在模具制造、工业设计等领域被用于制造模型，现正逐渐用于一些产品的直接制造。
特别是一些高价值应用（比如髋关节或牙齿，或一些飞机零部件）已经有使用这种技术打印而成的零部件。
“3D打印技术”意味着这项技术的普及。
3D打印技术出现在上世纪90年代中期，实际上是利用光固化和纸层叠等技术的快速成型装置。
它与普通打印机工作原理基本相同，打印机内装有液体或粉末等“印材料”，与电脑连接后，通过电脑控制把“打印材料”一层层叠加起来，最终把计算机上的蓝图变成实物。
这一技术如今在多个领域得到应用，人们用它来制造服装、建筑模型、汽车、巧克力甜品等。
3D打印技术最突出的优点是无需机械加工或任何模具，就能直接从计算机图形数据中生成任何形状的零件，从而极大地缩短产品的研制周期，提高生产率和降低生产成本。
近年来,3D打印技术发展迅速,在各领域都取得了长足发展，已成为现代模型、模具和零部件制造的有效手段,在航空航天、汽车摩托车、家电、生物医学等领域得到了一定应用，在工程和教学研究等领域也占有独特地位。
具体应用领域包括：1、机械制造：3D打印技术制造飞机零件、自行车、步枪、赛车零件等。
2、医疗行业：在医学领域，借助3D打印制作假牙，股骨头、膝盖等骨关节技术应用也非常广，技术越来越成熟。
3、建筑行业：工程师和设计师们已经接受了用3D打印机打印的建筑模型，这种方法快速、成本低、环保，同时制作精美，完全合乎设计者的要求，同时又能节省大量材料。
4、汽车制造行业：用3D打印技术为汽车公司制造自动变速箱的壳体。
汽车公司会对变速箱进行各种极端状况下的测试，其中一些零件就是用3D打印方法做的。
定型了以后，再开模具，然后按照传统制造方法批量生产，这样成本就会大大降低。
3D打印外文文献
机械工程学院毕业设计(外文翻译)题3D printer designintroductionWith the progress of the times, our standard of living is increasing, at the same time, the population is growing rapidly, we need more and more items to meet the conditions of material life. This certanly will cause our requirements for goods will be more and more high, fine workmanship, unique and non production items will be affected by the broad masses of people's favorite. Now, we have the advanced technology of 3D printing, and we can print all kinds of what we need and want through the 3D printer. 3D printing technology applications, it can be used in the medical industry, scientific research, product model, architectural design, manufacturing and food and so on, a wide range of prospects.3D printing technology, is based on a digital model file, the use of powdered metal or plastic and other materials can be bonded by layer by layer, the way to construct the object technology. 3D printer appeared in the 90's of last century, that is, the use of light curing and paper laminating technology, such as rapid prototyping. It is basically the same with ordinary printer working principle, printer equipped with liquid or powder and other printed materials ", and computer connection, through the computer control to print materials a superimposed layers. At last, the computer on the blueprint into the physical. Now this technology has been applied in many fields, people use it to make clothing, building models, cars, chocolate desserts, etc..1.1 research status of 3D printers at home and abroadResearch status of 1.1.1 foreign 3D printerAfter more than ten years of exploration and development, 3D printing technology has made considerable progress, at present, it has been able to achieve the fine resolution of 600dpi in the single layer thickness of 0.01mm. At present, the international advanced products can achieve the vertical rate of 25mm thickness per hour, and can realize the color of the 24 color printing.Currently, in the global 3D printer industry, the United States Systems 3D and Stratasys two companies to occupy the vast majority of the market share. In addition, in this field has a strong technical strength and characteristics of the enterprise, Systems 3D is the world's largest rapid prototyping equipment development company. In November 2011 acquired the first inventor of the 3D printing technology and the original patent owner Corporation Z, Systems 3D has laid a leading position in the field of 3D printing. Stratasys company in 2010 with the traditional printing industry giant Hewlett-Packard Co signed a OEM cooperation agreement, the production of 3D brand HP printer. Following the acquisition of Solidscape in May 2011, Stratasys in April 2012 with Israel's famous 3D printing system provider Objet announced the merger. At present, the international 3D printer manufacturing industry is in a rapid merger and integration process, the industry giants are accelerating the rise.Currently in developed countries in Europe and America, 3D printing technology has initially formed a successful business model. As in the field of consumer electronics, aerospace and automotive manufacturing, 3D printing technology can be a lower cost, higher efficiency of the production of small quantities of custom components, complete the complex and sophisticated modeling. In addition, the application of 3D printing technology is the field of personalized consumer goods industry. Such as quirky New York a creative consumer goods companies through the online collection of user design, 3D printing technology to made physical products and sales through the electronic market, a year can be launched 60 kinds of innovative products, the annual income reached $100 million.Research status of 3D printer in China 1.1.2Since 1990s, many colleges and universities have carried out the independent research and development of 3D printing technology. Tsinghua University in modern molding science theory, laminated object manufacturing, FDM technology has some advantages of scientific research; Huazhong University of science and technology in the laminated object manufacturing technology advantage, and has launched a series of HRP molding machine and molding materials [1]; Xi'an Jiaotong University independently developed a 3D printer nozzle, and the development of the light curing molding system and molding materials, molding precision reached 40.2mm; University of science and technology of China developed eight nozzle combination injection device, is expected to in micro manufacturing, the field of optoelectronic devices are applied. But overall, the domestic 3D printing technology research and development level is still a big gap compared with foreign countries.In recent years, domestic enterprises have realized the 3D printer machine production and sales, the common features of these companies is returned from overseas team established, on a smaller scale, product technology and foreign manufacturers of similar products compared is still in the low-end. At present, the domestic 3D printer in the print accuracy, print speed, print size and software support is still difficult to meet the needs of the business, the technical level to be further enhanced. In the area of services, the eastern developed cities of our country have been generally have enterprise application of imported 3D printing equipment to carry out commercial rapid prototyping services. Its range of services relates to mold making, sample making, aided design and restoration of cultural relics, such as multiple fields. Compared with the mainland, China's Hong Kong and Taiwan 3D printing technology introduced earlier, the application is more extensive, but the Hong Kong and Taiwan mainly focus on technology applications, rather than independent research and development.1.2 development trends of 3D printers3D 1.2.1 printing industry's future development prospectsAccording to the international rapid manufacturing industry authority report, "Report Wohlers 2011" published findings, the global 3D printing industry output value in the 1988 ~ 2010 years to maintain an average annual growth rate of 26.2%. The report is expected, the future of 3D printingindustry will continue to grow rapidly, by 2016, including equipment manufacturing and services, the total output value of the industry will reach $3 billion 100 million in 2020 will reach $2 [5 billion 200 million].But 3D printing technology to further expand its industrial application space, the current3D打印机设计引言随着时代的进步，我们的生活水平日渐提升，同时，人口也在急剧的增长，我们需要越来越多的物品来满足物质生活条件。
3D打印技术的应用【英文】
Medical Procedures
• Custom hearing aids and braces. • Body parts, including ears, hips and even organs, in exact proportions to fit the patient. • In February 2012, surgeons successfully implanted an entire titanium jaw, made with 3D printing, in an elderly woman. • Customized Prosthetic Hands - ROBOHAND
Next Industrial Revolution The third revolution “is under way” and that consists of manufacturing “going digital.”
What is 3-D printing?
Manufacturing
• is a form of Additive Manufacturing – Process of joining materials to make an object from 3D model Data; layer-by-layer process
What is 3D Printing?
• • • • • • • • • Medical procedures Advances in research Product prototyping Historic Preservation Architectural Engineering Construction Advanced Manufacturing Food Industries Automotive Accessories
3d打印的应用英语作文
3d打印的应用英语作文3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a revolutionary technology that has transformed the way we create and manufacture products. It allows for the creation of complex and intricate designs that would have been impossible to produce with traditional manufacturing methods. In this essay, we will explore the various applications of 3D printing and its impact on different industries.One of the most significant applications of 3D printing is in the field of healthcare. 3D printing has enabled the creation of customized prosthetics, implants, and surgical tools that are tailored to the needs of individual patients. This has significantly improved patient outcomes andreduced the risk of complications. In addition, 3D printing has also been used to create models of organs and tissues, which has helped doctors to better understand the anatomyof the human body and develop new treatments.Another area where 3D printing has made a significant impact is in the manufacturing industry. 3D printing has enabled the creation of complex and intricate designs that were previously impossible to produce with traditional manufacturing methods. This has resulted in the development of new products and materials that are more efficient, durable, and cost-effective. In addition, 3D printing has also reduced the time and cost of prototyping, allowing companies to bring products to market faster.3D printing has also been used in the field of architecture and construction. 3D printing has enabled the creation of complex and intricate designs that were previously impossible to produce with traditional construction methods. This has resulted in the developmentof new building materials and techniques that are more efficient, durable, and cost-effective. In addition, 3D printing has also reduced the time and cost of construction, allowing architects and builders to create structures that are more innovative and sustainable.Another area where 3D printing has made a significantimpact is in the field of education. 3D printing has enabled students to create and test their own designs, allowing them to learn and experiment in a hands-on way. This has resulted in the development of new skills and knowledge that are essential for success in the 21st century. In addition, 3D printing has also enabled educators to create custom teaching aids and models that are tailored to the needs of individual students.In conclusion, 3D printing is a revolutionary technology that has transformed the way we create and manufacture products. Its impact can be seen in various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, architecture, and education. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more applications and innovations in the future.。
外文翻译 -中文译本
金属零件的3D打印工具及其应用程序塞缪尔·m·艾伦和伊曼纽尔·m·萨克斯材料科学与工程系,麻省理工学院的马萨诸塞大道77,房间8 - 309,马萨诸塞州,剑桥02139 – 4307美国麻省理工学院机械工程系3D打印是一个固体自由成型过程,创建的零件通过粉末分层扩散而来。
荷兰国际集团分层的粘结剂是喷墨印刷定义的一部分几何层。
重复这一过程的分层技术,可以创建非常复杂的几何形状的三维组件。
这篇论文描述了3D打印金属工具关键方面的应用，包括表面光洁度,尺寸精度、耐磨性和过程实施复杂性挑战约束在材料的选择和加工。
关键词:粉末冶金、3D打印、液态金属渗透,注塑1 引言十多年来，很多流程被用来确保使创建的三维零件直接来自于计算机辅助设计的模型。
不像传统加工的零件从大卷材料中去除材料。
各种各样的自由固体制造工艺被设计通过materials-additive技术组装小的材料,一步一步,构建一个大实体来创建产品。
较小的部分可以是薄片材料例如液体聚合物或纸或薄金属箔，正如熟练的有限元和叠层对象制造。
二者选一，添加物质微粒正如金属粉末和液态金属液滴通过表面凝固。
在不断发展的情况下，产生了在3D打印和熔融沉积造型3D打印过程创建的工件由薄层扩散粉和粘结剂构成，应用喷墨打印头定义所需的横断面几何中的每一层。
工件是由交替蔓延的粉层和印刷粘结剂通过适当的模式叠加材料,然后重复这个过程。
说明了这个过程的示意图在图1。
上面的一部分是建立的油缸包含一个活塞,可以逐步降低,从而通过平滑辊装置创建一个铺满了一层粉末的薄卷,。
喷墨打印头然后扫描粉末表面,应用粘结剂材料在所需的模式中。
活塞再次逐步下降并准备好接受下一个粉末层,重复这个过程,直到达到足够数量的层数。
直到完成所需的三维零件。
在实践应用中印刷过程的加快是通过平行地操作单独的打印头盒中的多个喷嘴来控制粘结剂。
图2显示了几个步骤，打印一个粘合剂层使用一个八个喷嘴的打印头。
你对三d打印的了解和看法用英语作文
The Evolution and Impact of 3D PrintingTechnologyIn recent years, 3D printing has emerged as a revolutionary technology that has the potential totransform various industries, from manufacturing to healthcare and beyond. This remarkable process allows forthe creation of three-dimensional objects from digital models, offering unprecedented levels of customization and innovation.The concept of 3D printing is not entirely new; however, its recent advancements in technology have made it more accessible and affordable. Initially developed in the 1980s, 3D printing has come a long way from its humble beginningsto become a crucial part of modern manufacturing processes.One of the most significant advantages of 3D printingis its ability to create complex shapes and structures that are difficult or impossible to achieve through traditional manufacturing methods. This capability opens up a world of possibilities in terms of design and customization,enabling engineers and designers to create parts and products that are optimized for specific applications.In the manufacturing industry, 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize supply chains and production processes. By printing parts directly from digital models, manufacturers can reduce the need for expensive tooling and machining,缩短产品上市时间, and minimize waste. Furthermore, 3D printing enables on-site production, which can becrucial in remote locations or in emergency situationswhere quick access to spare parts or equipment is essential.Beyond manufacturing, 3D printing is also making significant impacts in the healthcare industry. Custom-made implants and prosthetics that fit patients' unique anatomies can be created using 3D printing technology, improving comfort and functionality. Additionally, 3D printing is being explored for use in regenerative medicine, where it could potentially be used to create tissue and organs for transplantation.However, while the potential of 3D printing is immense, there are also challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. One major concern is the environmental impact of 3D printing, particularly the waste generated during the process. As the technology becomes more widespread, it iscrucial to develop sustainable practices and materials that minimize waste and environmental harm.Another challenge is the cost of 3D printing, which can be prohibitive for many small businesses and individuals. While the cost of 3D printers and materials has come downin recent years, it still remains higher than traditional manufacturing methods in some cases. To make 3D printing more accessible, further cost reductions and innovation in materials are needed.Despite these challenges, the future of 3D printinglooks bright. As the technology continues to evolve and improve, we can expect to see even more industries and applications embrace 3D printing. The potential for customization, innovation, and efficiency offered by this remarkable technology is only just beginning to be realized, and it is exciting to imagine what the future holds for 3D printing.3D打印技术的演变与影响近年来，3D打印技术作为一种革命性的技术崭露头角，有潜力改变从制造业到医疗保健等多个行业。
介绍3d打印技术作文
介绍3d打印技术作文英文回答：3D printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, is a revolutionary process that allows objects to be created by adding layer upon layer of material. It has gained significant popularity and has the potential to transform various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and even fashion.One of the key advantages of 3D printing is its ability to create complex and intricate designs that would be difficult or even impossible to achieve through traditional manufacturing methods. For example, in the aerospace industry, 3D printing allows for the creation oflightweight and highly efficient components with intricate internal structures that would be impossible to produce using conventional machining techniques.Another benefit of 3D printing is its cost-effectiveness, especially for low-volume production. Traditional manufacturing methods often require expensive tooling and molds, which can be a barrier for small businesses or startups. With 3D printing, there is no need for these upfront costs, as objects can be directly printed from a digital file. This not only reduces production costs but also allows for greater flexibility and customization.Furthermore, 3D printing enables rapid prototyping, which is vital for product development. Instead of waiting weeks or even months for prototypes to be produced, 3D printing allows for quick turnaround times. This means that designers and engineers can iterate and refine their designs much faster, ultimately accelerating the product development process.Additionally, 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize healthcare. It has already been used to create custom prosthetics, implants, and even organs. For instance, in the field of dentistry, 3D printing can be used to create dental models, crowns, and aligners, providing more accurate and personalized solutions forpatients.中文回答：3D打印技术，也被称为增材制造，是一种通过逐层添加材料来创建物体的革命性过程。
3D打印机英文论文
3D打印机英文论文Document serial number【UU89WT-UU98YT-UU8CB-UUUT-UUT108】TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYISSN1007 -0214 04/38 pp24-28Volume 14, Number S1, June 2009Perusing Piezoelectric Head Performance in a New3-D Printing DesignRAHMATI Sadegh,SHIRAZI Farid,**, BAGHAYERI HesamMechanical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering, AzadIslamic University, Majlesi Branch, Iran;Mechanical Engineering Department, Khaje Nasir ToosiUniversity, Tehran, IranAbstract: Rapid prototyping (RP) is a computerized fabricationtechnology that additively builds highly com-plex three-dimensional physical objects layer by layer using data generated by computer, for example CAD or digital graphic. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is one of such technologies that employ ink-jetprinting technology for processing powder materials. Duringfabrication, a printer head is used to print a liquid on to thin layers of powder following the object's profile as generated bythe system computer. This work looks at redesigning 3DP machine, using piezoelectric demand-mode technology head in order toimprove accuracy, surface finishing and color quality ofconstructed models. The layers created with aforesaid system are be-tween 25 to 150 μm (steps of 25 μm).Key words: prototyping; three-dimensional printing (3DP);piezoelectric headIntroduction Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technologies aremanufacturing/prototypingtechnologies that are char-acterized by layer-by-layeraddition of material to fab-ricate components. These techniques are also known as layered manufacturing and rapid prototyping. The layer-by-layer building approach allows significantly more complex parts to be built in one fabrication step than was previously possible thus simplifying process planning.SFF technology therefore can automate the process planning and fabrication of a part under computer con-trol so that the only input needed is a solid model of the part[1,2]. Over the last decade, many different technologies for SFF have evolved. Broadly, the SFF techniques available currently can be classified as stereo lithogra-phy, solid fusion and solidification, laminated objectReceived: 2008-11-09; revised:2009-03-30**To whom correspondenceshould be addressed. E-mail; Tel: 98-912-1350938manufacturing, and powder-based techniques. The ste-reo lithography technique selectively solidifies a liquid photopolymer while solid fusion and solidification fuse/melt the material and deposit it layer-by-layer. The laminated object manufacturing technology cuts out laminates from sheets of part material and glues or fuses them together. In most methods of SFF, specialsupport structures are needed to support overhanging features of the part[1,3].The two main powder-based techniques that have been commercialized are selective laser sintering and three-dimensional printing (3DP) printing. For powder-based methods, no support structures are typically re-quired to create complex shapes. Powder isselectively consolidated into a part and the remaining powder can be removed. In the SLS process, a thin layer of powder is deposited in a workspace container and the powderis then fused together using a laser beam that traces the shape of the desired cross-section. The processis re-peated by depositing layers of powder thus building the part layer-by-layer. In the 3DP process, abinder material selectively binds powder deposited in layers.RAHMATI Sadegh et al：Perusing Piezoelectric HeadPerformance in a New (25)Ink-jet printing head (IJH) technology is used to printthe binder in the shape of the cross-section of the part on each layer of powder (Fig. 1)[4,5].change causes pressure/velocity transients to occur inthe fluid and these are directed so as to produce a drop that issues from a nozzle (Fig. 3)[6,8]. A result of simu-lated droplet ejection is shown in Fig. 4.Fig. 1 3-D PrintingprocessTwo kinds of drop-on-demand heads can be used in IJH systems, piezoelectric and thermal heads[6], and the thermal heads are used in current 3DP systems. Since thermal heads have some drawbacks, hence piezoelec-tric head has been employed for new generation of 3DP machines. In addition,piezoelectric technology can help to inject the live cells in tovital textures in order to create bones, members and dentures without any chemical or physical changes in cells.1 Ink-jet Head Technologies 1.1Thermal headsIn thermal systems there is a heating element as a thin-film resistor. When an electrical pulse is applied to the head, a high current passes through thisresistor and the fluid in contact with it is vaporized, forming a vapor bubble over the resistor. This vapor bubble expands influid reservoir and is ejected as a droplet through the nozzle (Fig. 2)[6,7].Fig. 2 Schematic of athermal head1.2Piezoelectric headsIn this type of system a volumetric change in the fluid reservoir is induced by the application of a voltage pulse to a piezoelectricmaterial element that is cou-pled,directly or indirectly, to thefluid. This volumetricFig. 3 Schematic of apiezoelectric headFig. 4 A result of simulateddroplet ejection in piezo-electric heads[9]When a voltage pulse is applied inthe direction or-thogonal to thepolarization direction of thepiezoelec-tric element, it isdeformed and the fluid in thechannel reservoir is pressurized.When the pressure wave gen-erated inthe channel is reflected betweennozzle and common fluid chamber andresonated, the pressure ap-plied to the nozzle change in time,and as a result drop-let isejected[9].1.3Comparison betweenthermal andpiezoelectrictechnologyThermal demand-mode ink-jet systems can achieve ex-tremely high fluid-dispensing performance at a very low cost. However, this performance/cost has been achieved by highly tailoring the fluid: thermal ink-jet systems are restricted to fluids that can be vaporized by the heater element (without igniting the fluid) and their performance/life can be degraded drastically if otherfluids are used.In practice, thermal ink-jet systems are limited to use for aqueous fluids while the work of piezoelectric demand-mode ink-jet technology does not depend on thermal process and because of this reason, does not26create thermal stress on the fluids which is being jetted from the nozzles of head. Meantime, the diversity of fluids that can be jetted by the piezoelectric heads grows vastly[6]. In addition, some thermal ink-jet sys-tems in comparison with piezoelectric type produce more inconsistent droplets with satellite and misting, which causes dimensional error, rough surface finish-ing, and low color quality in constructed models[9].2Control of the Ejection and Impact PhenomenaAs the ink-jet printed models structures strongly de-pend on the velocity, the initial size and the path of the droplet just before spreading, it is essential to controlthese different characteristics as a function of the driv-ing parameters of the printing head[10]. To obtain thisdata, the mathematical equation was used based on two different voltages (5 and 12 V). This reveals that the increase of the amplitude (up to 12 V) leads to the formation of a satellite droplet, which catches up with the main one later. Moreover, this shows that the final volume increases with the amplitude of the pulse (Fig. 5).Fig. 5 Resonance frequency vs.droplet volumeThe equation is given as[10]V πr 2V /(2f )(1)dwhere V d is the volume of droplet, r is the radius of the nozzle, V is the velocity of droplet, and f is the reso-nance frequency. As can be inferred from Eq. (1), when V d is increased, the necessary velocity of droplet in-creases rapidly. Also, the frequency of head movement to print the layers decreases contemporary. Consider-ing these conditions, accurate dimensional layers of model are possible to be made. The only downside to these attitudes is the rate of building layers because theTsinghua Science and Technology, June 2009, 14(S1): 24-28frequency of working head hasdirect effect on the ve-locity of printing layers.3 NozzlesAnother important parameter tobuild accurate layers is the inner nozzle diameter. When a nozzle diameter is decreased, the droplet volume decreases, however, the viscous resistance in the nozzle is greatly increased, and the energy loss grows rapidly. Figure 6 shows the relationship between the nozzle diameter and the drop-let velocity.Fig. 6 Nozzle diameter vs.droplet velocity at differ-entviscosityIn a situation where the binder viscosity is increas-ing, if nozzle throat area gets smaller, velocity drop is significant. In other words, increasing binder viscosity has predominant effect on velocity drop compared with increasing velocity by changing nozzle cross sectional area. The relation between inner nozzle diameters, droplet size, and droplet volume is shown in Table 1.Table 1 Relation between inner nozzle diameter, drop-let size, and droplet volume[11]Inner nozzlediameterDropletsizeDropletvolume (μm)(μm)(pL)30352050559070701804 Binder PropertiesTo adjust the fluid properties of the organic suspen-sions to be compatible with the type ofprinting head, viscosity andsurface tension must be 5-20 mPa s and35-40 mJ/N, respectively. This will provide the ratio of R e / w e1/ 2 to be in the adequate range (1-10) forRAHMATI Sadegh et al ：Perusing Piezoelectric HeadPerformance in a New …27ejection of a consistent droplet.In fact successful drop ejection occurs when the ra-tio 1/2/e e R W has a value ranged between 1 and 10 with //e R We r σρη=,where Re is the Reynolds number (vrρ/η); We , the Weber number (V 2rρ/σ); ρ, η, and σ are the ink density, viscosity, and surface tension, respec-tively; r , the radius of the nozzle; and v the fluid veloc-ity [12]. When this ratio is too small, viscous forces are dominant which implies largepressure for ejection; in-versely, if this ratio is too large, acontinuous column is ejected that can lead to the formation of satellite drops behind the main drop.As demonstrated previously,piezoelectric head tech-nology is capable of jetting the binder from the nozzle continuously and more efficiently. Moreover, this tech-nology assures that the binder drops after leaving the nozzle, would rest accurately at theinterested position. Therefore, in general, piezoelectric technology is the most adapted of the ink-jet printing technologies to flu-id jetting or micro dispensing and in particular to rapid prototypingapplications [6]. Hence, apiezoelectric head with thesespecifications has characteristics as given in Table 2.Table 2 Piezoelectric head characteristicsPrint method: Drop-on-demand ink-jet Nozzleconfiguration : Monochrome: 48 nozzle (120dpi)Color (48nozzle×5 )Cyan, Magenta,yellow, lightcyan, light magnetPrint direction: Bi-direction with logic seeking Print speed: 238 CPS Print head life: 3000 million dots/nozzle Feed speed: 110 mm/s Maxresolution: (720×2880) dpiFigure 7 shows the nozzleconfiguration viewed from the back of the print head. The required energy to eject the binder droplet includes the energy to form theFig. 7 Nozzle configuration of piezoelectric headdroplet surface and the kinetic energy of the droplet. In addition, a considerable amount of energy is consumed for the flow of the binder in the nozzle. Fur-ther, even after droplet ejection, more energy is con-sumed until the residual oscillation of the binder is terminated.5 ConclusionsThe advantages and disadvantages of piezoelectric and thermal heads were investigated. Based on the results, parameters such as accuracy, life time and diversity of materials, and piezoelectric heads were recognized as the most adapted to rapid prototyping applications. Based on the new design, piezoelectric demand-mode technology was employed to jet the binder from noz-zles. The printed layer samples with piezoelectric head are shown in Fig. 8.Fig. 8 A single layer printedby new 3-D printerParameters such as dimensional accuracy, surface finishing, and color quality of fabricated models of the new 3DP system demonstrate a significant improve-ment over the common 3DP models. Moreover, the ca-pability of layer dispending mechanism is improved by up to 3 times (minimum layer thickness is 25 μm), and the surface finishing of fabricated models is also im-proved. The fabricated models arecolorful, with excellent accuracy and improved surface quality, compared with the fabricated models using current commercial 3-D printers. As a matter of fact, thin layer thickness has significant effect on surface texture quality of the model. Applying piezoelectric technology enables the binder to penetrate the required depth, resulting in layer thickness as thin as 25 μm and improving surface texture quality. This work is currently in progress and initial results have been promising.28References[1]Kumar A V, Dutta A, Fay J E.Electrophotographic printing ofpart and binder powder. RapidPrototyping Journal, 2004, 10:7-13.[2]Noorani R. Rapid PrototypingPrinciples and Application. NewJersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.,2006.[3]Waterman P J. Rapid Prototyping.DE March, 1997.[4]Bak D. Rapid prototyping orrapid production 3-D print-ingprocesses move industry towardsthe latter. Assembly Automation, 2007,23(4): 340-345[5]Jee H J, Sachs E. A visualsimulation technique for 3-Dprinting. Advances inEngineering Software, 2000,31(2): 97-106.[6]Piqué A, Chrisey D B. Direct-Write Technologies for RapidPrototyping Applications. ADivision of Harcourt, Inc.,2002.Tsinghua Science and Technology, June 2009, 14(S1): 24-28[7]Sachs E, Vezzetti E. Numericalsimulation of deposition processfor a new 3DP printhead design.Journal of Mate-rials ProcessingTechnology, 2005,161(2): 509-515.[8]Carrión A. Technology forecast onink-jet head technologyapplication. Rapid PrototypingJournal, 1997, 3(3): 99-115.[9]Takeuchi Y, Takeuchi H, KomatsuK, Nishi S. Improve-ment of drive energy efficiency in a shear mode piezo-ink-jet head. Hp CompanyReport, 2005.[10]K ar S, McWhorter S, Ford S M, etal. Piezoelectric me-chanicalpump with nanoliter per minutepulse-free flow delivery forpressure pumping in Micro-channels. Analyst, 1997, 123:1435-1441.[11]M icrodrop Technology Co., 2006,Brouchour.[12]N oguera R, Lejeune M, Chartier T.3-D fine scale ceramic components formed by ink-jet prototypingprocess. Jour-nal of the EuropeanCeramic Society, 2005,25(12): 2055-2059.。
3d打印技术在建筑行业的应用英文作文
3d打印技术在建筑行业的应用英文作文13D printing technology has brought revolutionary changes to the construction industry. It offers numerous advantages and has found diverse applications.One significant application is in the rapid construction of temporary housing. In areas affected by natural disasters or emergencies, 3D printing can quickly build shelters that meet the basic needs of people. This technology enables the production of housing units in a short time, providing immediate relief and accommodation.Another area is the production of customized building components. With 3D printing, complex and unique components can be fabricated precisely to meet specific architectural designs. This not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of buildings but also improves their functionality.Complex building structures that were once difficult to construct can now be realized through 3D printing. It allows for the creation of intricate geometries and shapes that were previously impossible or very costly to achieve. This opens up new possibilities in architectural design and enables architects to bring their most creative ideas to life.In conclusion, 3D printing technology is transforming the construction industry, offering efficient, customizable, and innovativesolutions that are shaping the future of building and construction.2As an architect in the construction industry, I have witnessed the remarkable potential of 3D printing technology and its impact on our field. 3D printing has brought about significant changes and holds great promise for the future.One of the most notable advantages of 3D printing in construction is the reduction of costs. Traditional construction methods often involve complex processes and a large amount of material waste. With 3D printing, materials can be precisely used, minimizing waste and thus lowering overall costs. Moreover, it enhances efficiency. Complex structures that were once difficult and time-consuming to build can now be fabricated quickly and accurately.However, there are also challenges that need to be addressed. The choice of materials for 3D printing in construction is limited. Not all materials have the strength and durability required for long-lasting buildings. Additionally, the technology is still in its relative infancy and not yet fully mature. There are issues related to the scalability and reliability of large-scale 3D printing projects.In conclusion, while 3D printing technology offers exciting possibilities for the construction industry, it is essential to overcome these challenges through continued research and development. With properadvancements, it has the potential to revolutionize the way we build and shape our built environment.3The application of 3D printing technology in the construction industry has become a topic of great interest and significance in recent years.This investigation aims to explore the current status and future trends of 3D printing technology in this field based on actual survey data.In our research, we found that a growing number of construction enterprises have started to embrace 3D printing technology.Some companies have successfully used it to create complex architectural components with high precision and efficiency.For example, one enterprise was able to print custom-designed decorative elements for a luxury building, reducing production time and costs significantly.However, the adoption of 3D printing technology is not yet widespread.Many companies are still hesitant due to factors such as high initial investment, limited material options, and technical challenges.Despite these obstacles, the potential benefits are undeniable.Looking into the future, we anticipate that 3D printing technology will continue to evolve and improve.It is likely to play a more prominent role in the construction of uniqueand sustainable buildings.With ongoing research and development, we expect to see more advanced materials and larger-scale printing capabilities.In conclusion, while 3D printing technology in the construction industry is still in its early stages, its potential is vast.Continued exploration and innovation are needed to fully realize its benefits and transform the way we build.4Recently, I had the privilege of visiting a remarkable construction project that showcases the revolutionary application of 3D printing technology. This project has truly set a new benchmark in the field of architecture.The building in question is a state-of-the-art residential complex. What makes it stand out is the extensive use of 3D printing for various structural components. The walls, for instance, were precisely fabricated using 3D printing techniques, resulting in not only enhanced strength but also unique and aesthetically pleasing designs. The complex curves and intricate patterns that were previously difficult to achieve through traditional methods are now effortlessly brought to life with 3D printing.Moreover, the time and cost savings are substantial. By eliminating the need for complex molds and manual labor, the construction process has been significantly accelerated. This not only reduces the overall projectduration but also leads to considerable cost efficiencies. The quality control is also improved, as 3D printing allows for greater consistency and accuracy.In conclusion, this project demonstrates the immense potential of 3D printing technology in the architecture industry. It is not just a novelty but a game-changer that promises to shape the future of construction.53D printing technology has emerged as a revolutionary force in the construction industry. This technology offers numerous advantages and has been adopted in various projects worldwide.In foreign countries, notable examples include the construction of unique and complex structures. For instance, a certain building in Europe utilized 3D printing to create custom-designed components, reducing construction time and costs significantly. The precise and efficient nature of 3D printing allowed for complex geometries that were previously difficult to achieve.In China, 3D printing technology is also making its mark. Some projects have incorporated 3D-printed elements in their designs, enhancing both the aesthetic appeal and functional aspects of the buildings. However, compared to international counterparts, the application is still in the process of rapid development and expansion.Despite the promising prospects, there are challenges to overcome.Issues such as the quality and durability of printed materials, as well as the scalability of the technology, need to be addressed. However, ongoing research and advancements are expected to solve these problems, making 3D printing an even more integral part of the construction industry in the future.。
3d打印技术在建筑行业的应用英文作文
3d打印技术在建筑行业的应用英文作文English:3D printing technology has revolutionized the construction industry by offering innovative solutions for architects and engineers. This technology has the capability to produce complex architectural designs with precision and efficiency. One of the key advantages of 3D printing in construction is the ability to create customized building components and structures. Architects can easily design unique shapes and forms that were previously impossible to achieve using conventional construction methods. Additionally, 3D printing allows for rapid prototyping and iteration, enabling architects to quickly test and refine their designs. Moreover, this technology also promotes sustainability in building construction by minimizing material waste and reducing carbon footprint. With the ability to use various materials such as concrete, plastic, and composites, 3D printing offers endless possibilities for creating sustainable and durable structures. Overall, 3D printing technology is reshaping the future of the construction industry by providing cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally-friendly solutions.Translated content:3D打印技术在建筑行业中颠覆性地提供了创新解决方案，使得建筑师和工程师能够进行更加复杂的设计。
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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料题目：3D打印技术及其应用文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14文献出处: Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application [J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is becoming a trend and hot topic. Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis company (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion.Keywords: 3D printing; Application; Trend1 3D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology. And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on the technology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue. At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state. After each spray layer, the processingplatform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of computer chip cycle, until the real finished. After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path. Then hot nozzle will be controlled by computer according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform. Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section. The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space Company using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike. The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials. More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture partsfirst, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely. Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other.2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials combination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and compatibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, combined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drug development. Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment. The "3D food printer" used similar routine computer printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out". For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food value. Using the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc. Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT applications. Using 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chesspieces can detect and display the current location. Although the monochrome screen compared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it has a 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process. In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors. These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has become a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap. It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production. In the next 10 years on the computer to complete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model. Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to complex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days. Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months. The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’imagination space. As long as you can on the computer design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better communicate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description.Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。