2 Logic and Reasoning(逻辑及其推理)

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逻辑推理题（Logicalreasoning）

逻辑推理题（Logical reasoning）Puzzle CollectionLogical reasoningFirst, beans problem5 prisoners, according to 1-5, with 100 catch mung bean mung bean sacks, each at least a catch, and grasp the most and the least people will be put to death, and no communication between them, but in the grasp of the time, can touch the remaining number of beans. Who is the most likely to survive?Prompt：1. they are all very smart people2., their principle is to seek protection first, and then to kill moreYou don't have to divide all 3.1004. if there are repeated cases, the maximum or minimum will be executed.Two, poker problemMr. S, Mr. P, and Mr. Q are both capable of reasoning. On this day, they're being interviewed for reasoning.They knew there were 16 cards in the drawer of the table:The A, Q, 4Spades J, 8, 4, 2, 7, 3K, Q, flower 5, 4, 6Diamonds A, 5Professor John picked out a card from the 16 cards and told Mr. P the number of the cards, and told Mr. Q about the color of the card. At this time, Professor John asked Mr. P and Mr. Q: you can infer this card or a suit from a known point is what brand?So Mr. S heard the following conversation: Mr. P: "I don't know this card.". "Mr. Q: "I know you don't know this card.". "Mr. P: "now I know this card.". "Mr. Q: I know that too. "After listening to the dialogue above,After Mr. S thought about it, what was the card that was correctly released?.Excuse me: what brand is this card?Three, sick dog problemThere were 50 families in a large courtyard, and every family had a dog, and the people in the yard had strong reasoning ability. One day they were told that there was a dog sick in the yard and asked all the owners to shoot the dog on the day when he found his dog was ill. However, all the owners and their dogs will not be able to leave the house, between the owner and the owner is not by any means of communication, they can do is through the window to observe others home dog is sick in order to determine their dog disease or not. That is to say, every host can only see whether the other 49 dogs are sick or notThere was no gunfire on the first day, and there was no gunfire on the second day. There was a gunshot on the third day and asked how manyThe dog was shot?Four, the classic hat problem1, there is a cell, there are 3 prisoners in it. Because the glass was so thick, the 3 people could only see each other and couldn't hear each other's voice."One day, the king wanted to give them a way, everyone was wearing a hat, just let them know that the color of the hat is not white is black, not let them know what the hat is what color. In this case, the king announced two items as follows:(1) who can see the other two prisoners wearing white hats and who can release them?;(2) who knows who is wearing a black hat and who will be released.In fact, the king gave them a black hat. They couldn't see themselves because they were tied up. So the 3 of them stared at each other without talking. But soon, the A of the mind decided by reasoning that he was wearing a black hat. How do you deduce that, you think?Five, hat problem twoThere are ten people standing in a column, each head has a hat, either red, or blue. Everyone can only see the color of all the hats standing in front of themselves. Now let everyone report a color,Please try to make the color that most people report is the color of his own hatFor example, the person in the even seat reports the color of the hat in front of him, starting from the tenth,The odd number can tell the color of your hat,So there are 5 people whose color is the color of his own hatNow, how do you make the nine person's color the color of his own hat?Six, one dollar billNote: coins in the American currency are 1 cents, 5 cents, 10 cents, 25 cents, 50 cents and 1 dollars.Go ahead and read the text, challenging the limits of your logical reasoning.A shop just opened shop, only three men and a woman shopkeeper. When the three men stood up at the same time to pay the bill, the following things happened:(1) each of the four people has at least one coin, but none of them is 1 cents or 1 dollars coins.(2) none of the four people can exchange any coin.(3) a man named Lu bills to pay the largest amount, a man called Mo bill to be paid the amount of a second, Ned, men's bills to pay the minimum amount.(4) every man, no matter how he pays the coin in his hand, the landlady can't find the money.(5) if the three men are equivalent to change the coin in the hand, everyone can pay their bills without change.(6) when the three men exchanged the two equivalents, they found that the coin in the hand was not the same as the coin they held.As things go further, the following is happening:(7) after paying off the bill and two men leaving, the men leftbehind bought some sweets. This man was originally availableHe paid for the coins left in his hand, but the landlady couldn't find the money with the coins she held.(8) so the man paid 1 dollars for the candy money, but now the woman owner had to give him all her coins.Now, please don't tube day female owner can change often in trouble, the three men who used 1 dollar bills for candy money?Seven, apple orange problemThere are 3 boxes of fruit, a box is a box full of apples, oranges, and a box of two mixed fruit. The three boxes are labeled, but all the labels are wrong. Now you're asked to take only one fruit to judge what's in the 3 boxesEight, take coins question16 coins, A and B take turns and take some, and each takes only 1, 2, 4 of the number.Who will take the coin and who will lose it?.Q: is there a strategy for A or B to ensure that they win? The assumptions are cleverNine, there are five houses in a row; all houses have different colors; all homeowners come from different countries; allowners have different pets; drink different drinks; smoke different cigarettesPrompt：1. The British live in red houses; the Swedes have a dog;2, Danish tea; green house on the left of the white house;3, green housing owners drink coffee; pumping Pall Mall cigarettes owner bird;4, yellow homeowners smoke Dunhill; at the middle of the house owners drink milk;5, Norwegians live in the first house;6. People who smoke Blend live next door to cats;7. The owner of a horse is next door to Dunhill's house.8, Blue Master homeowners drink beer;9, Germans smoke Prince; Norwegians live next door to the blue house;10, people who only drink boiled water live next door to BlendQuestion: who fish?Ten, five people from different places, living in differenthouses, raising different animals, smoking different brands of cigarettes, drink different drinks, like different foods. Who's the cat owner, according to the following clues?1, the red house is on the right side of the blue house, on the left of the White House2, the owner of the yellow house comes from Hongkong, and his house is not on the left.3, people who love pizza live next door to people who love mineral water.4, people from Beijing love to drink Moutai and live next door to people from Shanghai.5. Do people who smoke Hilton cigarettes live in horses? Right next door.6, people who love beer also like chicken.7, green house people keep dogs.8, next door to eat noodles live snake people.9, the neighbor from Tianjin, one who loves beef, and the other from ChengduEleven, three workers on a train, Smith? Jones? Robert, three as a firefighter,The engineer, the mechanic, has three passengers, the same name as three people.1. Robert lives in Detroit2. The operator lives in the middle of Chicago and Detroit3. Jones earns 20 thousand dollars a year4. There is a passenger and a taxi driver living in a place, and the annual salary is 3 times as much as that of a taxi driver.5. Smith plays billiards better than firefighters.6. The namesake passenger lives in Chicago.Who is the mechanic, please?Twelve, there are two rooms, one room has three lights, another room has control of the three lights switch (these two rooms are split, no connection). Now you're going to go into these two rooms once, and then decide which switch the three are controlled by, and can you figure out a way? (Note: each room can only be entered once.)Nine, the problem of wineThere are 1 8 liters of wine full of cups and two small cups, A and B two to split the 8 liters of wine, make two people feel fair is the first wine by A split into two small cups, until he considered himself regardless of the election which cup donot lose so far. Then let B choose the best one in the two small cups. The rest of the cup is for A. Now, there are two 8 liters of wine filled cups and 4 small cups, ABCD four people how to divide, so that everyone can feel fair?Ten, wine problem twoThere are three wine glasses, including two big wine glasses, each can hold 8, two wine, one can hold 3, two wine. Now the two big cups are full of wine. How can the three cups be evenly distributed to 4 people?Eleven. The problem of weighing balls(1) there are 12 balls in the same size, and only one weight is different from the others. (I don't know the weight), I'll give you a balance, only three times, find the ball with different weights(2) there are 13 balls in the same size, and only one weight is different from the others. (I don't know the weight), I'll give you a balance, only three times, find the ball with different weightsTwelve, the problem of drug nameThere are 10 cans of medicine, one of which has been deteriorated, known normal drug every grain of 10G, metamorphic each 9g, so how to say only once, which tank can be found deterioration?Sixteen, the choir in 17 minutes to arrive at the concert hall, on the way to cross a bridge, four people from the same end of the bridge, it was very dark and they only have a torch at the same time can be up to two people together across the bridge, and when crossing the bridge must hold a flashlight, flashlight only can't throw, four people walking across the bridge speed were 1 minutes, 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, how are they going to cross the bridge in 17 minutes.Intelligence problemFirst, it takes an hour to burn an uneven rope. How can we use it for half an hour?Please use only one stroke of four straight lines to connect all the points above 9.Two. Why is the lid of the sewer round?Three. How many gas stations are there in the United States? How many cars are there?Four, you let the workers work for you for 7 days, the return to the workers is a gold bar. Gold is divided into 7 connected pieces. You must give them a piece of gold at the end of the day, if you are only allowed to make two breaks in the gold bar, how do you pay your worker?Five, you have 4 jars with pills, each pill has a certain weight, the contaminated pills are the weight of the contaminated pills, +1. weighing only once, how to determine which jar of medicineis contaminated?Six, if you have an infinite number of water, a 3 quart and a 5 quart pail, how do you measure exactly 4 quarts of water?Seven. Insert the car key into the door. Turn in which direction can you turn on the car lock?Eight, if you want to get rid of any of the 50 states, which one do you take out? Why?Nine, the number of taxis in Shanghai accounted for the city's total number of vehicles is much more than?Ten. How to weigh the weight of a jet plane without using the balance?Eleven. Why are the images in the mirror upside down instead of upside down?Twelve. Why do you have hot water flowing out when you open the hot tap in your hotel?Thirteen, M & M is how to do it?Fourteen. You throw a box on the boat and will the horizontal surface rise or fall?Fifteen. How many piano tuners are there in the world?Sixteen. How many gas stations are there in the United States?Seventeen how much Mississippi River flows through New Orleans every hour?Eighteen. How heavy is the ice in a hockey field?Nineteen, if you can move any of the 50 states in the United States, which one will you move out of?Twenty, how many of these points on earth: go 1 kilometers south, walk 1 kilometers east, and then go 1 kilometers north, can you go back to the original starting point?Twenty-one. How many times does the clock overlap in a day?Twenty-two, Mike and Todd two people, a total of 21 dollars. Mike's money Bituode $20 each, how much money? There is no score in your answer.Twenty-three. In general, how many times can you turn the phone book in Manhattan to find the person you want to find?Mr. Q is playing a game with Mr. S and Mr. P. Mr. Q uses two small pieces of paper to write a number. These two numbers are allIs a positive integer, the difference is 1. He stuck a piece of paper on Mr. S's forehead and posted it on Mr. P's forehead. Therefore，Two people can only see the number on the forehead of the otherperson.Mr. Q kept asking, "who can guess the number on your head?" Mr. S said, "I can't guess."."Mr. P said, "I can't even guess."."Mr. S said, "I still can't guess."."Mr. P said, "I can't guess."."Mr. S still can't guess; Mr. P can't guess.Neither Mr. S nor Mr. P has ever guessed it for three times. But, for the fourth time, Mr. S shouted, "I know!"Mr. P also shouted, "I know!"Q: what are the numbers on the head of Mr. S and Mr. P?。

选择性必修3《逻辑与思维》教学计划

英文回答：Logic and thought， as an important part of the optionalpulsory three—course curriculum， is designed to help students develop the right way of thinking and logical reasoning。

The curriculum will focus on the principles of logic， subject logic，error and argument， so as to guide students to learnmon fallacy and argumentation techniques and help them to apply logical thinking to problems and problems in practice。

Through these teaching elements， the aim is to motivate students to think logically， to improve their analytical and reasoning skills and to lay a solid foundation for their future learning and work。

This is in line with the party ' s educational approach， which emphasizes the development of critical thinking among students， their capacity for problem resolution and the development of highly qualified personnel for socialist modernization。

高三英语哲学概念名称单选题30题

高三英语哲学概念名称单选题30题1.The concept of understanding the nature of reality is mainly related to _____.A.metaphysicsB.epistemologyC.logicD.aesthetics答案：A。

metaphysics 是形而上学，主要研究现实的本质等问题。

epistemology 是认识论，主要研究知识的来源等问题。

logic 是逻辑，主要研究推理等问题。

aesthetics 是美学，主要研究美的问题。

2.In a philosophical discussion, the study of how we know things is called _____.A.metaphysicsB.epistemologyC.logicD.aesthetics答案：B。

epistemology 是认识论，研究我们如何认识事物。

metaphysics 是形而上学，研究现实本质等问题。

logic 是逻辑，研究推理等问题。

aesthetics 是美学，研究美的问题。

3.Which field of philosophy deals with questions about beauty and art?A.metaphysicsB.epistemologyC.logicD.aesthetics答案：D。

aesthetics 是美学，处理关于美和艺术的问题。

metaphysics 是形而上学，研究现实本质等问题。

epistemology 是认识论，研究知识来源等问题。

logic 是逻辑，研究推理等问题。

4.The branch of philosophy that examines the principles of correct reasoning is _____.A.metaphysicsB.epistemologyC.logicD.aesthetics答案：C。

逻辑思维训练(6)复合命题及其推理(上)

逻辑的含义。
现代逻辑通常借助人工符号来代表相应的命题联结词。
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第二节联言命题及其有效推理
一、联言命题的性质和逻辑形式
联言命题：断定事物的若干种情况同时存在的命题。
10.我们不但善于破坏旧世界，而且善于建立新世界。
11.生也有涯，而知也无涯。 12.小李和小张都是足球迷。 13.华东师范大学一方面是教育部直属大学，另一方面又接受教育部和上海市的共建共管。
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清代曾国藩在镇压太平天国起义军时，几遭挫折，连连失败。他打算请求皇上增援军队，于是就草拟了奏章。作为面奏时的“腹稿”，其中讲到战绩时，不得不承认“屡战屡败”。一位师爷看了这个提法后，沉思良久，将“战”和 “败”两字调换一下位置，这样“屡战屡败”变成 “屡败屡战”，从而使这句话的意思起了质的变化。 “屡战屡败”表现为无能，“屡败屡战”却表现为英勇。皇上听了曾国藩面奏“臣屡败屡战”一语后，果然龙颜大悦，认为他在失败面前斗志不灭，百折不挠。 “揭被勒镯”，原状 “勒镯揭被”，改状
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第二节联言命题及其有效推理
②组合式 p q
p∧q
p→（q→（p∧q））或 p→（q→（q∧p））如果p 是真的，那么又如果q 是真的，就可以得到p∧q （或q∧p）是真的。
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第二节联言命题及其有效推理
19.鉴于中国政治经济发展不平衡，……
中国是个半殖民地国家，……
中国是个大国，……
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李娜心中的白马王子是高个子、相貌英俊、博士。她认识王威、吴刚、李强、刘大伟四位男士，其中只有1位符合她所要求的全部条件。 (1)四位男士中，仅有三人是高个子，仅有两人是博士，仅有一人相貌英俊。 (2)王威和吴刚都是博士。 (3)刘大伟和李强身高相同。 (4)每位男士都至少符合一个条件。 (5)李强和王威并非都是高个子。请问谁符合李娜要求的全部条件? A．刘大伟。 B．李强。 C．吴刚。 D．王威。 E．没有人符合李娜的条件 C

我希望未来的工作作文300字数学家

我希望未来的工作作文300字数学家（中英文版）In the future, I envision myself as a mathematician, immersed in the world of numbers and formulas, where logic and reasoning intertwine to unravel the mysteries of the universe.As a math enthusiast, my ideal job would be one that combines my passion for mathematics with the opportunity to contribute to society.在未来的日子里，我希望自己能成为一名数学家，徜徉在数字与公式的海洋中，让逻辑与推理交织，揭示宇宙的奥秘。

作为一个对数学充满热情的人，我理想中的工作应该是将我对数学的热爱与为社会做贡献的机会相结合。

From solving complex equations to developing new theories, I would be engaged in a lifelong quest for knowledge.Collaborating with fellow mathematicians and scientists, I would strive to push the boundaries of mathematical research, all while preserving the elegance and simplicity that mathematics embodies.从解决复杂数学方程到研发新理论，我将投身于一场追求知识的终身旅程。

与数学家和科学家们合作，我将努力推动数学研究的边界，同时保持数学所蕴含的优雅与简洁。

分析英语作文论证方法

分析英语作文论证方法In English academic writing, there are various methods for constructing arguments in essays. These methods serve to persuade the reader of the validity of your claims and the strength of your reasoning. Here, I'll discuss some common techniques used in English essay writing for effective argumentation.1. Thesis Statement: A thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of the essay. It usually appears at the end of the introduction paragraph and provides a roadmap for the reader to understand the argument that will be developed in the essay.2. Evidence and Examples: Providing evidence to support your argument is crucial for convincing the reader of its validity. This evidence can take various forms, including statistics, research findings, expert opinions, and examples from real life or literature. Effective use of evidence helps to strengthen the argument and make it morepersuasive.3. Reasoning and Logic: Clear and logical reasoning is essential for constructing a compelling argument. This involves presenting a series of premises that lead to a conclusion. Logical reasoning helps to establish thevalidity of the argument and convince the reader of its soundness.4. Counterarguments and Rebuttals: Acknowledging and addressing counterarguments demonstrates that you have considered alternative viewpoints and strengthens your argument by refuting opposing claims. This can be done by presenting counterarguments and then providing evidence or reasoning to refute them, thereby reinforcing the original argument.5. Structuring the Essay: Organizing the essay in a coherent and logical manner is important for effectively presenting the argument. This typically involves dividing the essay into introduction, body paragraphs (each focusing on a specific aspect of the argument), and conclusion. Eachparagraph should have a clear topic sentence that relates back to the thesis statement.6. Use of Persuasive Language: Choosing language that is clear, concise, and persuasive helps to engage the reader and convey the strength of your argument. This includes using rhetorical devices such as ethos (appeal to credibility), pathos (appeal to emotions), and logos (appeal to logic) to persuade the reader.7. Concluding Remarks: In the conclusion paragraph, restate the thesis statement and summarize the main points of the argument. This helps to reinforce the argument and leave a lasting impression on the reader.Overall, effective argumentation in English essay writing involves clearly articulating your main point, supporting it with evidence and reasoning, addressing counterarguments, and organizing the essay in a logical and persuasive manner. By mastering these techniques, you can construct compelling arguments that persuade your readers of the validity of your claims.。

逻辑与批判性思维

北京大学通选课申请表（教务部·2001年3月修订）任课教师教学科研简历谷振诣：男，1962年8月生，职称：教授。

最后学历：哲学硕士简历：1980—1984 吉林大学哲学系本科生1984—1987 北京大学哲学系硕士研究生1987—至今中国青年政治学院教师主要著作：1.《论证与分析──逻辑的应用》，人民出版社2000。

2.《GRE、GMAT、LSAT逻辑论证与分析推理》，东方出版社2002。

主要论文：1. 论文科高校的逻辑教学与思维素质培养（《中国青年政治学院学报》2002.2）2.《墨经》的“援”式类推（《北京理工大学学报（社科版）》2002.3）3. 论《墨经》的“类”概念（《中国青年政治学院学报》2001.1）4. 论《墨经》的“效”（《北京理工大学学报（社科版）》2001.1 ）5.“论辩术”与希腊逻辑的传统（《求是学刊》2000.6）6. “两可之说”与以毒攻毒的反驳方法（《中国青年政治学院学报》1998.3）讲授课程：1.《普通逻辑》1987.9——2000.72.《批判性思维课程》2000.9——至今3.《思维方法论》1988.9——至今主要奖项：1. 获“北京高校第三届青年教师教学基本功比赛”一等奖（2000.12）2. 在“我爱我师”评比中连续两届被学生评为十佳教师之一（2000；2002）3. 在2000年北京市经济技术创新工程中被评为经济技术创新标兵。

4. 专著《论证与分析》获2002年度学院优秀著作二等奖。

5. 论文《“论辩术”与希腊逻辑的传统》获2000年度学院优秀论文三等奖。

逻辑与批判性思维（Critical Thinking）教学大纲总纲一、课程性质批判性思维是一门以对论证的理解、重构和评估为核心而展开的逻辑思维训练课程，它是北美高校在20世纪70年代末发展起来的逻辑学基础课之一。

二、教学目的通过本课程的训练，掌握理解、重构和评估出现于自然语言语境（如政治演说、法律诉讼、社会评论、商业谈判等）中的实际推理或论证的逻辑方法和技能，学习如何使用一般的逻辑工具处理和解决实际问题；提高辨识论证的要素、结构和方法的分析能力以及从论证中提取综合信息的概括能力；培养提出和处理批判性问题（Critical questions）以及评估论证的有效性和论证性（Soundness）的批判性思维能力。

2024英语二新题型题目

2024英语二新题型题目一、描述性问题1. Write a description of your hometown. What are the major landmarks, culture, and traditions?2. Provide a detailed account of a historical event that has shaped the world we live in today.二、对比性问题1. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between two different literary genres, such as poetry and prose.2. Compare the approaches taken by two different philosophers towards the same ethical issue.三、推理性问题1. Assume that a certain population experiences a sudden increase in the crime rate. Explain possible reasons for this increase and suggest ways to address the issue.2. Using logic and reasoning, analyze the argument that technology makes human lives easier.四、解释性问题1. Explain the concept of diminishing marginal utility and how it relates to consumer behavior.2. Describe the process of photosynthesis and its importance to the survival of plants.五、归纳性问题1. Summarize the main points of a complex topic, such as climate change or the theory of relativity, in layman's terms.2. Provide a brief overview of the different types of government systems found around the world.六、讨论性问题1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a single-payer healthcare system.2. Argue for or against the use of genetically modified organisms in agriculture.七、分析性问题1. Analyze the factors that contribute to the success of a particular company, such as Apple or Google.2. Examine the causes and effects of globalization on the economy, culture, and society.八、评价性问题1. Assess the importance of art in society and its role in promoting cultural understanding and diversity.2. Evaluate the effectiveness of a particular marketing strategy used by a company to promote its products or services.九、情境性问题1. Imagine you are a member of a space exploration team and have discovered evidence of extraterrestrial life. How would you confirm its existence and communicate your findings to the rest of the world?2. Assume you are a city planner and are responsible for creating a new community from scratch. What are the key factors you would consider in planning this community?。

G_逻辑及其归结推理_刘清

中图法分类号 T P18
G Logic and Its Resolution Reasoning
L IU Qing
1)
HUANG Zhao H ua
2)
1) ( Depart ment of Comp uter S ci ence, N a ncha ng Uni v ersi ty , N anchang 330029) 2) ( S chool of I nf or mati on Engi neer ing , East China Jaotong U niv ersit y, N anchang 330013)
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2004 年
G log ic involves t he decomposing of g lobal and amalg amating of locals, thus it provides a new idea for solving problem in AI. G logic is a new generalizat ion of Rough Logic, trut h concept and it s opera t ions of the logic is dif ferent from classical logic and all non st andard log ic. T he logic is bot h logic and set theory. T hus it may use t he logical met hods when t reating t rut h values ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnd it s operat ions, and it may also avoid the calculation of lit eral unif ier w ith set t heory approach in the G resolut ion. Finally, the validit y and feasibilit y of the G resolution are illustrated w ith real ex amples. T he related t heorems in m achine theorem proving are proposed and t he soundness and com pleteness of t he theorem for G resolut ion refutation are discussed. Keywords G logic; informat ion granules; G comput ing; G resolut ion 上定义的逻辑公式的意义集定义为一个信息粒并讨

高二英语哲学思考单选题70题(答案解析)

高二英语哲学思考单选题70题(答案解析)1.The concept of “being” is often associated with _____.A.existenceB.non-existenceC.absenceD.presence答案：A。

“being”通常与“existence”（存在）相关联。

选项B“non-existence”（不存在）与“being”概念相反；选项C“absence”（缺席）和选项D“presence” 在场）与“being”的关系不如“existence”紧密。

2.The essence of a thing is best described as _____.A.appearanceB.qualityC.natureD.color答案：C。

事物的本质最好用“nature”来描述。

选项A“appearance” 外表）不是本质；选项B“quality” 质量）和本质有区别；选项D“color” 颜色）与本质无关。

3.What word represents the fundamental nature of existence?A.realityB.imaginationC.fantasyD.dream答案：A。

“reality”代表存在的基本性质。

选项B“imagination”（想象）、选项C“fantasy”（幻想）和选项D“dream”（梦）都不是关于存在的基本性质。

4.The term “ontological” is related to _____.A.ethicsB.logicC.existenceD.aesthetics答案：C。

“ontological”与“existence”（存在）相关。

选项A“ethics” 伦理）、选项B“logic” 逻辑）和选项D“aesthetics” 美学）与“ontological”的关系不紧密。

逻辑学：基本规律与归纳推理

三人们由于种种原因而不能或不便对互相矛盾的思想表示明确态度tidu并不违反矛盾律由于排中律只要求两个互相矛盾的思想不能同假必有真并没要求定要确定哪个为真所以对某些暂时还没有把握或确定认识的事物持慎重态度不作出回答或不明确表态这是允许的不能视为违反排中律
…bad reasoning well as good reasoning is possible; and this fact is the foundation of the practical side of logic. —Charles Sanders Peirce
• 从这段话里不难看出，作者最初提出的论题是： “文艺作品是有阶级性的”，而随后论述的却是“文艺作品都是有思想性的”这样一个论题。显然，作者是把后一个论题与前一个论题混为一谈了，这就是混淆论题的逻辑错误，是违反同一律要求的。 • 偷换论题是指在论证过程中，故意把两个不同的论题混淆或等同起来，同一个论题去替换原来所论证的论题所犯的逻辑错误，这是有意识地违反同一律要求的一种诡辩手法。
• • • •
•
第二节同一律一、同一律的基本内容同一律的基本内容是：在同一思维过程中，任何思想必须保持自身同一。同一律可用公式表示为： A是A或如果p，那么p 公式中的“A”可以表示任何一个概念，公式中的 “p”表示任何一个命题。 “A是A”这一公式，用自然语言表达，就是在同一思维过程中，概念A就是概念A，即它是这个概念就是这个概念，而不是别的概念。“如果p，那么p”，这—公式用自然语言表述，就是在同一过程中，每—个命题都有其确定的内容，是这个命题就是这个命题，而不是别的命题。
• 又如，古希腊的诡辩者欧布里德对他的朋友说：“你没有失去的东西，那么你就有这件东西，是不是这样?”对方问答说：“是这样。”欧布里德接着说： “你没有失去头上的角吧？那么你的头上就有角了。” 这就是利用词所处的语言环境而产生的歧义来偷换概念。在这里，两句问话中的“没有失去”这个词有歧义，前一个是指“原来有的而没有失去’，后一个则是指“从来没有的也就无所谓失去”。显然它所表达的是两个含义不同的概念。 • 再如，有位翻译陪外宾到医院里参观。医院里挂着一块匾，上面写着“华佗再见” 四个大字，外宾问是什么意思，翻译道“再见吧华佗！”在这里，翻译之所以闹笑话，就在于他缺乏古汉语和逻辑知识。在古汉语中“见”是有歧义的，因为在古代“现”字很少见，诗文中大多以“见”， “华佗再见”用的是古汉语，意思是“华佗再现”，这是被治好了病的人民群众对医务工作者高尚医德和精湛医技的热情称赞。

逻辑与谬误英语作文

逻辑与谬误英语作文英文回答：Logic and fallacies are two important concepts in critical thinking and reasoning. Logic refers to thecorrect reasoning or thinking process, while fallacies are errors in reasoning that can lead to false conclusions.One common fallacy is the ad hominem fallacy, where someone attacks the person making the argument instead of addressing the argument itself. For example, if someone says, "You can't trust John's opinion on climate change because he's a terrible person," they are committing an ad hominem fallacy. This type of fallacy is often used in arguments when someone can't refute the actual points being made.Another common fallacy is the slippery slope fallacy, where someone argues that one thing will inevitably lead to another, usually extreme, outcome. For example, if someonesays, "If we allow same-sex marriage, next people will want to marry animals," they are using a slippery slope fallacy. This type of fallacy is often used to scare people into agreeing with a certain point of view.On the other hand, logic is the foundation of sound reasoning. It involves constructing valid arguments based on evidence and sound reasoning. For example, if someone says, "All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal," they are using a logical argument based on the principle of deductive reasoning.In conclusion, understanding logic and being able to identify fallacies are crucial skills in critical thinking. By recognizing fallacies and using logic in our arguments, we can avoid making errors in reasoning and arrive at more accurate conclusions.中文回答：逻辑和谬误是批判性思维和推理中的两个重要概念。

逻辑谬论英文作文

逻辑谬论英文作文Logical Fallacies。

Introduction:In the realm of logic and reasoning, it is essential to identify and understand logical fallacies. A logical fallacy refers to a flaw in reasoning that renders an argument invalid or unsound. These fallacies can distort the truth, mislead audiences, and hinder effective communication. In this article, we will explore some common logical fallacies and provide examples to illustrate their usage.1. Ad Hominem:The ad hominem fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person making an argument rather than addressing the argument itself. This fallacy attempts to discredit the opponent's character or personal traits instead of engaging in a rational discussion. For instance, if someone argues against a proposed policy, and their opponent responds by saying, "You're just a lazy person who doesn't want to work," it is an ad hominem fallacy.2. Straw Man:The straw man fallacy involves misrepresenting an opponent's argument and then attacking the distorted version. This fallacy creates a false impression of the opponent's position, making it easier to refute. For example, if someone argues for stricter gun control laws, and their opponent responds by saying, "So you want to take away everyone's right to self-defense," it is a straw man fallacy.3. False Cause:The false cause fallacy assumes a causal relationship between two events based on mere correlation. It suggests that because one event follows another, the first event must have caused the second. However, correlation does not always imply causation. For instance, if someone claims that wearing a lucky charm led them to win a sports match, it is a false cause fallacy.4. Slippery Slope:The slippery slope fallacy predicts that a small action or decision will inevitably lead to a series of increasingly negative consequences. It assumes that one event will set off a chain reaction without providing sufficient evidence. For example, if someone argues against stricter regulations on smoking, claiming that it will eventually lead to a ban on all personal freedoms, it is a slippery slope fallacy.5. Appeal to Authority:The appeal to authority fallacy relies on the credibility of a person or institution to support an argument, rather than providing substantial evidence or reasoning. While experts can provide valuable insights, their opinions should not be blindly accepted without critical evaluation. For instance, if someone argues that a particular product is effective because a celebrity endorses it, it is an appeal to authority fallacy.6. Bandwagon:The bandwagon fallacy assumes that because a large number of people believe or do something, it must be true or right. This fallacy appeals to popularity rather than sound reasoning. For example, if someone argues that a particular political candidate should be elected because they are leading in the polls, it is a bandwagon fallacy.Conclusion:Logical fallacies can hinder effective communication and lead to flawed reasoning. By understanding and recognizing these fallacies, we can critically evaluate arguments and engage in rational discussions. It is crucial to rely on valid reasoning, evidence, and logic to form well-supported conclusions. By avoiding logical fallacies, we can enhance our ability to think critically and make informed decisions.。

逻辑学基础教程(第四版)全套教学课件

• 根据西方逻辑的发展，逻辑学分为传统逻辑和现代逻辑。亚里士多德的《工具论》和培根的《新工具》是传统逻辑的经典著作，现代逻辑（又称“数理逻辑”）由莱布尼兹最初构想，到20世纪初建立。
• 逻辑学与各门具体科学的研究和理论发展均有重要联系，其中与哲学、语言学、法学、心理学、经济学、管理决策学的关系尤为密切，现代逻辑是数学、计算机科学和人工智能的重要基础理论之一。
㈡传递性关系
传递性关系是指存在于三个或三个以上关系项之间的关系（又称“多元关系”）。它所刻划的是在“aRb”真，且 “bRc”真的情况下， “aRc”如何。表示传递性关系的判断，被称为传递性关系判断。
传递性关系包括传递关系、非传递关系、反传递关系。
⒈ 传递关系。当aRb真，bRc真，则aRc必真。则“R”表示传递关
《逻辑学》·课程导学
一、《逻辑学》课程简介 • 中文中的 “逻辑”一词属外来语，它是英文“logic”一词
的音译。它具有多义性，主要是指一门研究人类思维形式和方法的科学。 • 根据联合国教科文组织和《大英百科辞典》的学科分类与介绍，逻辑学被认为是影响人类社会发展、科学知识进步和人的素质的最重要的基础学科之一。
第一节逻辑学的对象
一、逻辑学研究什么 • 柯比（Copi）：“逻辑的研究就是用来区分对的
（好的）论证和错的（坏的）论证的方法和原理的研究。 ”
• 涅尔夫妇（W.knealeand M.Kneale）在《逻辑学的发展》一书中说：“逻辑是研究有效推理及其规则的。”
• 蒯因（Quine）说：“通常含混地说，逻辑是必然推论的科学。
⒉ 任何一个三段论都包含着三个性质判断。其中，两个作为推理依据的、包含着一个共同概念的判断是前提（分为大、小前提），由两个前提推出的新判断是结论。

第二章逻辑与论证

第二章逻辑与论证　逻辑学的研究对象是论证的分析与评价。

根据传统观点，论证有两种类型，一类是演绎论证，一类是归纳论证。

无论是演绎论证还是归纳论证，都是讨论前提的真值与结论的真值之间的相互关系。

但是，要判断一个命题的真假并不总是一件容易之事。

对于事实命题而言，或许有真值可言，但对于价值命题来讲，它们便无真值可言。

因而，在面向分析评价日常生活中的自然语言论证时，演绎逻辑与归纳逻辑是不够的，我们需要引入非形式逻辑理论。

第一节　概述一、　评价论证的三种逻辑标准如第一章所述，根据主流观点，逻辑学是关于论证的科学，但它又不是而且也不可能是涉及处理论证的各个方面的科学，其主要任务是研究如何好论证与不好论证相区别开来。

如何区别论证的好与不好，从逻辑学角度来看，目前主要有三种不同标准：一是演绎逻辑标准；二是归纳逻辑标准；三是非形式逻辑标准。

首先，演绎逻辑标准。

演绎逻辑标准是演绎逻辑研究的对象。

根据演绎逻辑标准，一个论证是好的，当且仅当，它是可靠的。

“论证可靠”是什么意思呢？一个论证是可靠的，必须满足两个条件：（1）所有前提都为真；（2）推理形式有效。

这里的推理形式有效，也就是我们通常所说的演绎有效。

从一般意义上来讲，演绎有效性是指：一个论证是演绎有效的，当且仅当，其所有前提均真而结论假是不可能的。

这条标准仅仅是说在演绎有效的论证中“所有前提均真而结论为假是不可能的”，或者说，只断定了“所有前提均真且结论为真的论证才能是演绎有效的”。

相应地，如果所有前提均真而结论为假，那么，这个论证是演绎无效的。

对于在“所有前提假且结论假”、“部分前提假且结论为假”、“所有前提均假而结论为真”、“部分前提为假而结论为真”并没有做出任何断定。

换句话说，在这些情形下，一个论证是否演绎有效，这是不清楚的。

因此，从演绎有效性标准来看，论证可分为有效论证、无效论证和不确定论证。

为了更加直观一些，我们用下表表示。

序号前提结论论证1 所有前提为真结论为真有效2 所有前提为真结论为假无效3 所有前提为假结论为假未断定4 所有前提为假结论为真未断定5 部分前提为真且部分前提为假结论为真未断定6 部分前提为真且部分前提为假结论为假未断定其次，归纳逻辑标准。

LogicalFallacies因果分析中的逻辑谬误

LogicalFallacies因果分析中的逻辑谬误Logical Fallacies 因果分析中的逻辑谬误These are famous types of bad logic and reasoning. If you know about these, you will be more clever at creating arguments and attacking your enemy’s arguments.1.Dicto Simpliciter, Unqualified Generalization 绝对判断Making general statements about complicated situations when you don’t have evidence is a fallacy. Words like “always, all, never, every, most” can show an unqualified ge neralization.Example: All people from New York are rude.2.Hasty Generalization 轻率判断It is wrong to make a generalization when you only have a few samples.Example: Prince William has blue eyes, Bill Clinton has blue eyes, my dad has blue eyes. White people have blue eyes.3.Ad Hominem, Poisoning the Well 人身攻击/井下放毒Attacking and insulting your enemy instead of focusing on the issue is a fallacy.Example: The President cheated on his wife and lied about it. He’s a dirty guy.We shouldn’t use his economic pla n.4.Ad Populem, Appeal to the People 投其所好Telling people what they want to hear, or what they fear.Example: I know I can count on you for money, because you are generous.5.Ad Misercordiam, Appeal to Pity 诉诸同情Making people feel pity and sadness to get what you want is a fallacy.Example: Look at these poor starving children. Send me money now!6.Testimonial, Association，证言证据/权威联想Someone great or famous is associated with your argument.Example: Beethoven was forced by his dad to play music. You should be too!7.Post Hoc, After That so Because Of That 牵强附会/假性因果Just because event B happened after event A doesn’t mean A caused B.Example:President Obama was elected in 2008, and in 2011 America’s economy began to recover. Obama fixed the economy!8.Either-Or, Two Alternatives 两难推理Offering people a choice between two things with no middle ground or other possibilities is often a fallacy.Example: Do you want a class leader who is ugly and smart, or one who is pretty and stupid?9.Begging the Question, Circular Arguments 循环论证Instead of proving the truth of your conclusion, you just assume that the conclusion is true.Basically, it just means you avoid giving real evidence.Example:Serious punishment prevents crime because it prevents criminals from doing bad things.10.Slippery Slope 滑坡理论Claiming that one event will lead to other bad events is a slippery slope argument.Example:America must defeat the communists in Vietnam, or communist parties will take control of Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and then the world!11. Straw Man 稻草人谬误To make a Straw Man argument, pretend your enemy said something that he didn’t really say, then attack that argument.You will seem smart and he will seem stupid.Example: The school leaders think we’re too stupid and carel ess to keep water heaters in our rooms. Don’t they know this is a school with high requirements, and we all have high Gao Kao scores? We are not stupid at all!12.False AnalogyTo make an argument based on misleading, superficial, or implausible comparisons. Also known as faulty analogy, weak analogy, wrongful comparison, metaphor as argument, and analogical fallacy.E xample: Harvard University doesn’t teach freshmen writing, so our high school shouldn’t teach students writing, too.13.Appeal to the Wrong AuthorityThis fallacy is committed when the person in question is not a legitimate authority on the subject. More formally, if person A is not qualified to make reliable claims in subject S, then the argument will be fallaciousExample: Dr. Johan Skarn, won the Nobel Prize in physics, says that abortion is always morally wrong, regardless of the situation. He has to be right, after all, he is a respected expert in his field.14.Non Sequitur 不依据前提的推理A fallacy in which a conclusion does not follow logically from what preceded it.Example: "We realize that it would be in the best interest of the community and our children to address the issue expeditiously. In order to make this happen, I respectfully request an eight-month payment delay calling for payment of the $10 million obligation on August 31, 2015."15.Red Herring 转移话题A Red Herring is a fallacy in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to "win" an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic.Example: "We admit that this measure is popular. But we also urge you to note that there are so many bond issues on this ballot that the whole thing is getting ridiculous."16. Contradictory Premises 二立背反\大前提有矛盾An argument (generally considered a logical fallacy) that draws a conclusionfrom inconsistent or incompatible premises.Essentially, a proposition is contradictory when it asserts and denies the same thing.Example: If God can do anything, He can make a stone so heavy that He won’t be able to lift it.Which fallacies are in these statements? Tell me why the logic is bad.1.We shouldn’t spend money to improve the canteen. The cooks are all wife-beating drunks.2.The school shouldn’t improve the dormitories be cause most Chinese dorms are horrible. It’s normal here.3.Students should have more politics classes. Grades have gone up since we increased the number of politics classes.4.Mao Zedong had a simple dormitory. You should have a simple dormitory too!5.If we spend more money on your dormitory, we won’t have money to hire good teachers. You’ll get a bad education.6.We shouldn’t force the restaurant owners at the West Gate to clean up the street and their restaurants. They’re so poor! Lots of the cooks have no education, and their profit is solow. They’re struggling to survive!7.The class leader is laughing behind your back, forcing you out of bed and making you go to long, boring meetings, because she gets a thrill by hurting you. Class leaders can’t punis h us for their pleasure! It’s cruel and abusive and unfair. Screw that class leader!8.We need class meetings! If we don’t have them, soon we won’t see each other, and then our class will have no organization!9.We need long class meetings. Long class meetings are good for you.Class work: create a 1-paragraph argument for or against one of these statements. Use a fallacy that we learned about in your reasoning. Your partner will find the fallacy and argue against it.Topic choices:1.It is better to fight monsters than aliens.2.At weddings, everyone should kiss the bride.3.People who smoke in public should be killed.。

英语辩论赛评分标准

评分标准 The standers of judgement总分（100分） Total score (100 points)※语言表达 20分 Language 20 points1、英语发音标准、语速适中 1,the pronunciation of English is standard,velocity of moderate2、语音语调把握合理 2, the pronunciation and intonation graspreasonable;3、口头、肢体语言和谐 3 ,the verbal language and body languageis harmony;4、修辞得当、表达合理 4, the rhetoric is proper, the expressionis reasonable;5、表达流畅、说理透彻 5,the expression is smooth,the reasons forthings is out the thorough;※逻辑推理 20分 Logic reasoning 20 points1、逻辑推理过程清晰 1, logic reasoning clear.2、论证结果合理有力 2, the result of argument is reasonable andpowerful;3、善于处理逻辑难点 3, good at dealing with logic difficulties;※辩驳能力 20分 Contentious ability 20 points1、提问简明捏要 1, asking questions is concise and key;2、设问针对性强、火力强劲 2, asking questions is targeted, fire andstrong;3、回答问题精准、处理问题有技巧（攻、守、避合理）3, answering the questionsis precise and to deal with problems skillfully (attacking keeping and avoiding are reasonable)4、反驳有理有据、论证有力； 4, dismissing is justified and demonstrationis powerful;5、引用实例恰当 5, quoting examples suitablely;※临场反应 15分 On-the-spot reaction 15 points1、反应敏捷 1,the quick reaction;2、用语得体 2, use the language appropriately;3、技巧多元得当 3, skills are multiple and appropriate;※整体意识 15分 Whole consciousness 15 points1、分工合理、协调一致 1,the reasonable and consonant cooparetion2、衔接有序、互为攻守 2,the ordeer engagement and attack mutually3、自由辩论错落有致；气氛调节有度3, free debateing continuously and adjust the atmosphere preperly※综合印象 10分 The total impression 10 points1、仪态、着装合理 1,the bearing and dressing is suitable2、台风与辩风 2, stage manner of students and augument manner of students3、有风度及幽默感 3, have good manners and the sence of humous4、尊重对方辩友、评委和观众 4,respect the other debaters and audiens and judges。