2011年社科院考博英语真题
2011年山东大学考博英语真题答案解析笔记
Part III: Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Whenever we could, Joan and I took refuge in the streets of Gibraltar. The Englishman's hom e is his castle because he has not much choice. There is nowhere to sit in the streets培训中心官网：
not even, after twilight, in the public gardens. The climate, very often, does not even permit him to walk outside. Naturally, he stays indoors and creates a cocoon of comfort. That was the way we li ved in Leeds. These southern people, on the other hand, look outwards. The Gibraltarian home is, typically, a small and crowded apartment up several flights of dark and dirty stairs. In it, one, two or even th ree old people share a few ill-lit rooms with the young family. Once he has eaten, changed his clothes, embraced his wife, kissed his children and his parents, there is nothing to keep the southern man at home. He hurries out, taking even his breakfast coffee at his local bar. He comes home late for his afternoon meal after an appetitive hour at his café . He sleeps for an hour, dresses, goes out again and stays out until late at night. His wife does not miss him, for she is out, too — at the market in the morning and in the afternoon sitting with other mothers, baby-minding in the s un. The usual Gibraltarian home has no sitting-room, living-room or lounge. The parlour of our working-class houses would be an intolerable waste of space. Easy-chairs, sofas and such-like fur niture are unknown. There are no bookshe(WeChat:13370142852)lves, because there are no books . Talking and drinking, as well as eating, are done on hard chairs round the dining-table, between a sideboard decorated with the best glasses and an inevitable display cabinet full of family treasures, photographs and so uvenirs. The elaborate chandelier over this table proclaims it as the hub of the household and of the family. "Hearth and home" makes very little sense in Gibraltar. One's home is one's town or village, and one's hearth is the sunshine. Our northern towns are dormitories with cubicles, by comparison. When we congregate — in the churches it used to be, now in the cinema, say, impersonally, or at public meetings, formally — we are scarcely ever man to man. Only in our pubs can you find the truly gregarious and comm unal spirit surviving, and in England even the pubs are divided along class lines. Along this Mediterranean coast, home is only a refuge and a retreat. The people live together in the open air — in the street, market-place. Down here, there is a far stronger feeling of community than we had ever known. In crowded and circumscribed Gibraltar, with its complicate d inter-marriages, its identity of interests, its surviving sense of siege, one can see and feel an integ rated society. To live in a tiny town with all the organization of a state, with Viceroy ( 总 督 ), Premier, Parliament, Press and Pentagon, all in miniature, all within arm's reach, is an intensive co urse in civics. In such an environment, nothing can be hidden, for better or for worse. One's succes ses are seen and recognized; one's failures are immediately exposed. Social consciousness is at its strongest, with the result that there is a constant and firm pressure towards good social behaviour, t owards courtesy and kindness. Gibraltar, with all its faults, is the friendliest and most tolerant of pl aces. Straight from the cynical anonymity of a big city, we luxuriated in its happy personalism. We look back on it, like all its exiled sons and daughters, with true affection. 31. Which of the following best explains the differences in ways of living between the English and the Gibraltarians? A. The family structure. B. Religious belief. C. The climate. D. Eating habit. 32. The italicized part in the third paragraph implies that ____________. A. English working-class homes are similar to Gibraltarian ones
2011年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．In swimming it is necessary to______the movement of the arms and legs.A．coordinateB．harmonizeC．collaborateD．mediate正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词的含义。
A协调，调节；B使和谐；C合作；D调停，调解。
句子的意思是：游泳时手臂与腿部动作要协调。
2．Beijing’s private cars will be banned from the roads ______for one day a week during a six-month trial period.A．incidentallyB．occasionallyC．randomlyD．alternately正确答案：D解析：本题考查副词的含义。
A附带地，顺便提及地；B有时候，偶尔；C 随机地，任意地；D交替地，轮流地。
句子的意思是：北京的私家车将每周轮流一次禁止上路，试行6个月。
3．Joe puts too much______on pills from the drugstore and does not listen to his doctor.A．applianceB．defianceC．relianceD．compliance正确答案：C解析：本题考查名词的含义。
A用具，器具；B挑战，挑衅，蔑视；C依赖；D遵从，依从。
句子的意思是：乔过于依赖药店里的药，不听医生的话。
4．Among 169 cases, the smokers______85.79% , and the ratio between males and females is 3.7 to 1.A．answer forB．account forC．take upD．sum up正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词词组的含义。
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[部分视频讲解]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busyB. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士提到最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有，可见他最近很忙。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The detectives kept a ______ watch of the suspect’s house.A．keenB．completeC．thoroughD．close正确答案：D解析：close a.严密的，密切的。
keen a．热心的，渴望的(on)；敏锐的，敏捷的(of)。
complete a.完全的，完整的。
thorough a.彻底的，完全的。
2．The police searched all the houses but found no______.A．connectionsB．cluesC．relationshipsD．ties正确答案：B解析：clue(to)n.线索，提示。
3．Many skiers ______ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．padB．packC．squeezeD．cluster正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说“许多滑雪者成群地围在火堆边”。
D项“cluster丛生，成群”符合题意．如：The boys and girls clustered together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs．(孩子们成群地围着营火堆讲着故事唱着歌。
)其他三项“pad加上垫衬；pack包装：squeeze压榨”都不正确。
4．A substance such as sand may be either fine or ______.A．coarseB．courseC．largeD．tough正确答案：A解析：coarse a．粗的，粗糙的；粗劣的；粗俗的。
2011年吉林大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年吉林大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The government allocated a special sum of money in order to reinforce the prosecution of the effective policy.A．practiceB．proceedingC．useD．implementation正确答案：D解析：名词词义辨析。
prosecution意为“实行；起诉”，与选项中的implementation(实行，执行)词义匹配。
故答案为D。
2．The patient’s unusual symptoms confounded even the most experienced doctor of the hospital.A．confusedB．hitC．stimulatedD．confronted正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。
confounded意为“使迷惑，使疑惑”，与选项中的confused(使迷惑，使疑惑)为同意表达。
故答案为A。
3．Forests are delicate systems that if disturbed can be permanently destroyed.A．expansiveB．complexC．unusualD．fragile正确答案：D解析：形容词词义辨析。
根据句中destroyed判断，森林是很“脆弱的”，与选项中的fragile(脆弱的，易碎的)为同意表达。
故答案为D。
4．The Charter had been ratified by a majority of the participants who were the ones that asked for its draft.A．challengedB．approvedC．distributedD．attacked正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。
2011年社科院考博英语真题
2011年的题目SECTION A1.Long treatment of the elderly drains funds from the health needs of other groups and fromurgent social problems.A. restrainsB. detainsC. soarsD. exhausts2.For cancer cells destroy not only all rival cells, in their ruthless biological warfare, but alsodestroy the larger organization---the body itself—signing their own suicide warrant.A. refinedB. randomC. mercilessD. perpetual3.The report also examined the overall effectiveness of the 43-day bombing campaign carriedout by coalition forces and Congress released a brief synopsis to the public.A. compendiumB. bibliographyC. addendumD. postscript4.All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commercewith men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.A. businessB. exchangeC. wedlockD.contact5.With the awfully limited vocabulary to only a thousand words or fewer, the reader resembles acolor blind artist who is only aware of a few colors and consequently his ability to create on canvas is lamentably restricted.A. auspiciouslyB. deplorablyC. suspiciouslyD.disbelievingly6.The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it is a country. America hasnothing to do with allegiance to a dynasty and very little to do with allegiance to a particular place, but everything to do with allegiance to a set of principles.A. convictionB. loyalty C .conversion D. component7.After a few short but interminable seconds, U.S. Astronaut Neil Armstrong placed his footfirmly on the fine-grained surface of the moon. The time was 10:56 p.m, July 20, 1969.A. inseparableB. fastC. indelibleD. long8.Hopelessly entrapped in the two-year tangle of his own deceit, forced into a confession of pastlies, he watched the support of his most loyal defenders collapse in a political maelstrom, driven by their bitterness over the realization that he had betrayed their trust.a. probeb. confusionc. findingd. potential9.Although this could be seen as a strength because it allows flexibility, it can also be arguedthat it invalidates the theory; in this case several people’s rights must be relinquished to reacha conclusion.A. given upB.put off c. thought of D. held on10.War is the social cancer of mankind. It is a pernicious form of ignorance, for it destroys notonly its “enemies”, but also the whole superstructure of what it is a part—and thus eventually it defeats itself.a. banefulb. optimal C. paradoxical D. perilousSECTION B11. In this great global clash of interests, it is time for both sides to soften their anger and seek new ways to get along with each other. If sanity is to prevail, the guiding policy must not be ------------------------but cooperation and conservation.A. confrontationB. reconciliationC. rationD.resumption12. Looking ahead, the computer industry sees pure gold. Estimates for the number of personal computers in use by the end of the century run as high as 80 million. Then there are all the---------------------industries: desks to hold computers, luggage to carry them, cleansers to polish them.A concessionary B. feasible c. hypothetical D. auxiliary13. In north Dakota, which had barely an inch of rain in four months, there was no grass for cattle. Farmers tramped their dusty fields watching their dwarfed stand of grain shrivel and --------------.A. survive, b. wail c. perish d. swell14. As most new buyers soon learn, it is not that easy for a novice to use ,particularly when the manuals contain instructions li ke this …………………..from Apple: “This character prevents script from terminating the currently forming output line when it encounters the script command in the input stream.a. excerptb. manipulationc. retrieval D. reminder15. Eventually the old brutal arrangement was -------------------by the laws of the state, which undertook to end the freelance savageries of personal revenge by meting out justice uncomplicated by private passion.a. supersededb. revisedc. permeated. imposed16.Rights and obligations are-------------------an obligation flows from a right, and this provides clarity in action. For example if it can be agreed that the patient has a right to confidentiality, then it is clear that the doctor has a duty, not to breach this.A. correlative b. extraneous c. irrelevant d. compatible17. Finally this theory is widely understood and accepted the world over, i.e.. it has a -----------------------; and is therefore a good basis for discussion of an ethical problem.a. particularityb. unilateralismc. commonalityd. cosmopolitan18. In New Orleans, meanwhile , the dredging of channels accommodate petrochemical companies has -----------------huge amounts of marshland.a. compromisedb. proliferatedc. producedd. modified19. As a professional doctor, I will prescribe ------------------for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.A. regimenB. equity c. requisite d. regime20. It is often the children who truly lead the elders into America, the sons who take their fathers to their first baseball game or shepherd them to their first rock concert or give them a real sense that they -----------------America’s future.A. have an impact on b. have a facility for c. have a grasp of d. have a stake in。
2011全国医学考博英语真题(试卷高清打印版)
医学考博英语历年真题2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. A.The man is busy B.The man has trouble breathingC.The man is out of town on businessD.The man is hiding himself from thewoman2. A.He has a terrible backache B.He has a bad headacheC.He has a toothacheD.He has a diarrhea3. A.It is fast B.It is slowC.It works wellD.It is not working4. A.Four days B.Ten days C.One week D.Two weeks5. A.He is a lawyer B.He is a doctorC.He is a travel agentD.He is an immigration officer6. A.Sunday B.Tuesday C.Thursday D.Saturday7. A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five8. A.To X-ray his chest B.To hospitalize himC.To perform a minor surgeryD.To transfer him to a specialist9. A.To go shopping B.To go back to workC.To change their topicD.To entertain their guests10. A.The man is working too hard B.The man needs to think it overC.The man is supposed to find a jobD.The man has made a right decision11. A.Discussing a case B.Defying a diagnosisC.Performing a surgeryD.Talking with the patient12. A.The woman’s classmate B.The woman’s boyfriendC.The woman’s brotherD.The woman’s teacher13. A.The man is a liar B.The man is jealous of LisaC.She does not agree with the man on thatD.She will surely do the same as Lisa does14. A.250Yuan B.450Yuan C.650Yuan D.850Yuan15. A.She disagrees with the man there B.She is going to change her mindC.It is out of the question to do thatD.It is possible to forgive himSection BDirections:In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.16. A.Liver failure B.Breast cancerC.Kidney failureD.Diabetes out of control17. A.Shape B.Color C.Price D.Size18. A.It is much smaller than a microwave B.It leaves much room for reductionC.It is adjustableD.It is perfect19. A.It is under a clinical trial B.It is available in the marketC.It is widely used in the clinicD.It is in the experimental stage20. A.The commercial companies have invested a lot in the new machineB.The further development of the machine is in financial troubleC.The federal government finances the researchD.The machine will come into being in no timePassage One21. A.Suicide B.Obesity C.Turmoil D.Drug abuse22. A.Preventable B.Destructive C.Treatable D.Curable23. bining antidepressants and talk therapyB.Promoting the transmission between neuronsC.Winning parental assistance and supportD.Administering effective antidepressants24. A.Because it adds to the effect of treatmentB.Because it works better than the medicationsC.Because it can take the place of antidepressantsD.Because it helps reduce the use of antidepressants25. A.65percent B.75percent C.85percent D.95percent Passage Two26. A.Helplessness and worthlessness B.Feeling like a loserC.Suicidal feelingD.All of the above27. A.It encourages the patient to be a top student at schoolB.It motivates the patient to work better than othersC.It makes it easy for the patient to make friendsD.It helps the patient hold a positive attitude28. A.By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at schoolB.By urging the patient to face any challenge in realityC.By making the patient aware of his or her existenceD.By changing the patient’s perspective29. A.Those who stop taking antidepressants B.Those who ask for more medicationsC.Those who are on the medicationsD.Those who abuse the medications30. A.Anxiousness B.Nausea C.Fever D.Insomnia Part II Vocabulary(10%)Directions:In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Beneath each of them are given four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then,mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the of their behavioras medical professionals.A.transactionB.transformationC.transmissionD.transparency32.He seemed most to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A.alienB.ambulantC.amiableD.amenable33.The first attempts at gene therapy have mostly,but technique will surely bemade to work eventually.A.stumbledB.stammeredC.striddenD.strutted34.She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and_______forfatty foods.A.preferenceB.persistenceC.intoleranceD.appetence35.By sheer,I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A.coincidenceB.coherenceC.collaborationD.collocation36.As the drugs began to,the pain began to take hold again.A.wear offB.put offC.all offD.show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the_______medical technologies.A.approachingB.impracticableC.sophisticatedD.transient38.At last,she some reasons for his strange behavior.A.abolishedB.admonishedC.abstainedD.adduced39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from to the grave.A.conceptionB.receptionC.deceptionD.perception40.In more examinations,the blood is tested in a multichannel analyzer machinefor abnormities.A.conciseB.deviousC.elaborateD.feasibleSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A.embarrassinglyB.reluctantlyC.clumsilyD.dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history,medicine was anything but scientific.A.more or lessB.by and largeC.more often than notD.by no meansA.illuminatedB.fascinatedC.alienatedD.hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data,a productor a financial reward.A.intelligibleB.infinitiveC.substantialD.deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult–orunhealthy–to sustain over time.A.maintainB.reserveC.conceiveD.empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinicalmedicine.A.specialtiesB.principlesC.rationalesD.doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A.juvenileB.potentC.physicalD.matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed,for it seems quite feasible.A.rationalB.reciprocalC.versatileD.viable49.These are intensely important questions about quality and the benefits of specialty careand experience.A.irresistiblyB.vitallyC.potentiallyD.intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medicaladvances.A.tendsB.techniquesC.notionsD.breakthroughsPart III Cloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Whenever people go and live in another country,they have new experiences and new feelings.They experience culture shock.Many people have a(n)51about culture shock:they think that it’s just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country.But this isn’t really true.Culture shock is a completely natural52,and everybody goes53it in a new culture.There are four stages,or steps,in culture shock.When people first arrive in a new country,they’re usually excited and54.Everything is interesting.They notice that a lot of things are55their own culture,and this surprises them and makes them happy.This is Stage One.In Stage Two,people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture. They become confused.It seems difficult to do even very simple things.They feel56. They spend a lot of time57or with other people from their own country.They think,“My problems are all because I’m living in this country.”comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four,they feel very comfortable.They have good friends in the new culture. They understand the new customs.Some customs are similar to their culture,and some are different,but that’s OK.They can60it.51. A.account B.reflection C.verification D.misconception52. A.transition B.exchange C.immigration D.selection53. A.for B.through C.after D.about54. A.frightened B.confused C.uneasy D.happy55. A.representative of B.different from C.peculiar to D.similar to56. A.intoxicated B.depressed C.amazed D.thrilled57. A.lonely B.alone C.lone D.only58. A.make friends withB.make transactions withC.hold hostility toD.shut the door to59. A.hardly B.more C.very D.less60. A.live with B.do without C.hold up with D.make a successofPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don’t wake up,concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.Gitta Lubke,Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depth of anesthesia using bispectral analysis,a technique which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery.Before this study, researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation,says Lubke.Lubke studied96trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery,many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia.During surgery,each patient wore headphones through which a series of16words was repeated for3minutes each.At the same time,After the operation,Lubke tested the patients by showing them the first three letters of a word,such as“lim”,and asking them to complete it.Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery–“limit”,for example–chose that word an average of 11percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list.None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word lists.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized.But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding,which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology,could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet.What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards,says Philip Merikle,a psychologist at the University of Waterloo,Ontario.61.Scientists have found that deep anesthesia.A.is likely to affect hearingB.cannot block surgeons’wordsC.can cause serious damages to memoryD.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories62.By the new study,the technique of bispectral analysis helps the scientists.A.acquire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgeryD.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63.To test the patients,the scientists.A.prepared two lists of wordsed ninety-six headphones for listeningC.conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patients.A.to regain consciousness under the knifeB.to tell one word from another after surgeryC.to recall what had been heard during surgeryD.to overreact to deep anesthesia in the course of operations65.What we can infer from the finding.A.how surgical malpractice can be preventedB.why a surgeon cannot be too carefulC.why surgeons should hold their tongues during surgeryD.how the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memoriesPassage Twothat new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats,birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s in which neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus,a structure involved in learning and memory.But they rarely survive more than a few weeks.“We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input,”says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton.Because of the location,Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’survival,and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this,they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be ter,they gave some of the rats standard tasks.One involved using visual and spatial cues,such as posters on a wall,to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water.In another,the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later.Both these tasks use the hippocampus–if this structure is damaged,rats can’t do themMeanwhile,the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus:finding a platform that was easily visible in water,for instance.Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others.“Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons,”says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California,dispute this.In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience,they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times.Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled,when the new cells would normally be dying.She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit.“By the time the cells were degenerating,the animals were not learning anything,”she says.66.Not until recently did scientists find out that.A.new neurons could grow in adult brainsB.neurons could be man-made in the laboratoryC.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer’s diseaseD.humans could produce new neurons as animals67.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons.A.did survive longer than expectedB.would die much sooner than expected could68.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test?A.The water usedB.The noises playedC.The neurons newly bornD.The hippocampus involved69.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was dueto.A.the timing of labeling new neuronsB.the frequency of stimulationC.the wrongly labeled neuronsD.the types of learning tasks70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?e It or Lose ItB.Learn to SurviveC.To Be or Not to BeD.Stay Mentally HealthyPassage ThreeHere’s yet another reason to lose weight.Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers.In the US,car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children.But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.A study carried out in Seattle,Washington,looked at more than26,000people who had been involved in car crashes,and found that heavier people were at far more risk.People weighing between100and119kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than60kilograms.And importantly,the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index (BMI)–a measure that takes height as well as weight into account.Someone1.8meters tall weighing126kilograms would have a BMI of39,but so would a person1.5meters tall weighing88kilograms.People are said to be obese if their BMI is30or over.The study found that people with a BMI of35to39are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about20.It’s not just total weight,but obesity itself that’s dangerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case,the evidence is worth pursuing,says Charles Mock,a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle,who led the research team.He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars as safe to drive.Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about78 kilograms.Recently,smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars.But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used,the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington DC told New Scientist.problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes,could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure,the American car manufacturers____________.A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC.based their job on the information of car accidentsD.actually neglected smaller women and children72.When they categorized the obese people,the researchers.A.showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB.achieved almost the same results as previouslyC.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73.To address the problem,Mock.A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC.reduced the weights of crash-test dummiesD.encouraged obese people to lose weight74.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates,Mock would mostprobably say that.A.cars can be made safer to avoid crashesB.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC.it is not just total weight,but obesity itself that is dangerousD.the main reason behind the problem is drinkers’heavy weight75.Which of the following questions is closely related to the passage?A.Are air bags really necessary to be built in cars?B.Are cars certified as safe to drive?C.Are crash-test dummies too thin?D.Are car accidents preventable?Passage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you.In fact,many studies support this idea–but health-care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.The first question is whose patients are sicker?Specialists tend to treat more complicated forms of disease,but generalist–family physicians and general practitioners–are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second question is what counts as the most valuable treatment?Specialists are moreof Yale University.On the other hand,a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s care and keeping an eye on a person’s overall health,says Martin T.Donohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland.To further complicate comparisons,many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases,but medical records do not always show that,says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in Rockville,Md.That said,stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists.Among about38,000stroke sufferers nationwide,16.1percent of those treated by a neurologist died within3months,compared with25.3percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists,says Ira S.Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York,but it’s hard to figure out exactly why.“Physician specialty,in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field,is also a proxy for clinical experience,”he says.“It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts:one,that practice makes perfect;two,the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician is simply interested in;and three,the issue of formal training.”Differences between specialist care and generalist care,however,pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice,contend both Donohoe and Clancy.A report by the U.S.General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers–which reduce heart rate and blood pressure–than those who received care from a generalist.Even so,these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them,implying that both generalists and specialists could do better.“Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care,”says Donohoe.Perhaps,he adds,“we should focus more intently on improving the quality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans.76.Which of the following questions can most probably come out of the two questions raisedin the passage?A.Is specialist care superior?B.What is specialist care all about?C.Why is one unwilling to be a generalist?D.Is generalist care the future of medicine?B.a specialist can be a generalist,or vice versaC.neither of the two groups is better than the otherD.patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78.According to the passage,the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part ofspecialists.A.cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB.is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC.is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD.has much to do with the amount of formal education79.Both specialists and generalists,Donohoe and Clancy contend,could do a better jobof.A.taking advantage of the otherB.avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC.putting the latest knowledge into practicecating the public to their consciousness of health80.Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to.A.better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB.the real nature of specialist and generalist care,respectivelyC.the similarities between generalist and specialist careD.the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using puters are now found in most classrooms,and in the majority of homes,almost always with internet access. However,many studies of children’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects.This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect the social relationship between children and their parents.Because children spend so much time on computers,they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents.According to Subrahmanyam and his colleagues (2001)this often leads to a role reversal,where the child becomes a teacher to the parent.In other words,it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology.This can lead to a reduction in parental authority.Moreover,with the anonymity of online communication,computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult,so all users are treated equally (Subrahmanyam et al,2001).Children may then expect the same equality in real life,further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).Children’s peer relationships can also be negatively affected by extensive computer use. Since computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children,they spend little timeinteracting with their peers(Shields&Behrman,2001).As a result,children may not develop the social skills they need,or be able to maintain friendships in the real world(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).With the very extended computer use,this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields&Behrman,2001).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence.Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children,so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).However,as Shields Behrman(2001)points out,it is important to note that although the games may affect all children,children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion,using a computer,particularly for extended periods,may affect the parent-children relationship in families.It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships.Moreover,it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children.Although the research is not conclusive,it appears that extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children’s social development.81.From the very beginning,the author is trying to draw out attention to.A.crimes on rise at schoolB.a decline in family valueC.the negative effects of children’s overuse of computerD.the increasing number of investigations on education82.Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passage?A.Children become teachers to their parentsB.Parents are fossilized in new technologyC.Children expect for an equal status with their parentsD.Parents’roles are being shrunk by the computer83.What does Shield Behrman imply in the passage?A.Children greatly value the friendship with their peersB.Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computerC.Children will in no circumstances be affected by violent gamesD.Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games84.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computergames in the passage?A.A lack of social communicationB.Increasing violent performanceC.A decline in intelligenceD.A breakdown in family relationship85.Where might the passage be taken from?。
2011北京大学考博英语真题听力部分
2011北京大学考博英语真题听力部分Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear several short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the questions.Mark your choice on the ANSWERSHEET by blackening the corresponding letter you have chosen.1.[A]At the airport.[B]At a travel agency.[C]At the post office.[D]At a stationery store.2.[A]He wasn't in the picture.[B]He left the park in a hurry.[C]He couldn't run fast enough.[D]He didn't have enough film.3.[A]He won't clean anything until tomorrow morning.[B]He never cleans his desk in the morning.[C]He's already cleaned his desk today.[D]He went to the cleaner's earlier4.[A]His roommate has it with him.[B]It isn't really about Texas.[C]He doesn't know where it is.[D]He can't lend it out.5.[A]His bill was very high.[B]He doesn't care how much the salary is.[C]He was careful not to spend too much.[D]He didn't pay any more than she did.6.[A]His pen.[B]His suitcase.[C]His passport.[D]His hotel reservation.7.[A]Whether Dave's arm hurts.[B]Whether Dave broke his arm.[C]When Dave will be paying for the window.[D]When Dave broke the window8.[A]Both bags cost the same per pound.[B]The man shouldn't Spend so much money on potatoes.[C]She always buys the same size bag.[D]She doesn't usually eat any potatoes.9.[A]Working with a different lamp.[B]Changing the light bulb.[C]Fixing the desk tomorrow[D]Getting a better quality lamp.l0.[A]She thinks the other meeting would have been more interesting.[B]She wanted to say something else to the group.[C]She wanted everyone else to be quiet.[D]She was listening carefully to the other people.Section B.Directions:In this section you will hear two short passages.At the end of each passage you will be given10seconds to answer each of the questions.Mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter you have chosen.Questions11to15are based on the following talk.11.Which year is typical of the l950's according to the talk?A.l953.B.l954.C.l955.D.l956.-12.The talk is mainly concerned with which of the following aspects of United States history?A.The agricultural trends of the l950's.B.The unemployment rate in l955.C.The general economic situation in the I950's.D.The federal budget of l952.13.According to the talk,about how many million people were unemployed in l955?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four14.It can be inferred from the passage that most people in the United States in1955viewed the national economy with an air of.A.optimismB.confusionC.decisionD.suspicion15.Which of the following were LEAST satisfied with the national economy in the1950's?A.Farmers.B.Economists.C.Politicians.D.Steelworkers.Questions16to20are based on the following talk.16.When were herbs first used for medical purposes?A.In10000BC.B.In3000BC.C.In2698BC.D.In1000BC.17.Who are the most famous herbalists?A.The Chinese.B.The Egyptians.C.The Babylonians.D.The Indians.18.Who was Nicholas Culpeper?A.An English herbalist who tried to help the poor.B.An English scientist.C.An archeologist who studied herbs.D.An English man who bred swans.19.Why did the age of the herbalists come to an end in the West?A.Because Nicholas Culpeper used herbs incorrectly.B.Because people didn't trust Chinese medicine.C.Because people didn't want to help the poor.D.Because Nicholas Culpeper invented new scientific techniques.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
[中科院]中国社会科学院研究生院博士研究生英语入学试题及答案
![[中科院]中国社会科学院研究生院博士研究生英语入学试题及答案](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/221b6b1c8762caaedc33d42b.png)
中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。
中国社会科学院社会发展系考博真题导师分数线内部资料
中国社会科学院社会发展系考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目508社会发展系(4)030301社会学(4)01社会组织与社会结构李汉林①1001英语②2080社会理论、历史与方法（社发系）③3152社会组织与社会结构02发展社会学沈红①1001英语②2080社会理论、历史与方法（社发系）③3153发展社会学03社会发展政策葛道顺①1001英语②2080社会理论、历史与方法（社发系）③3154社会发展政策二、导师介绍李汉林，社会发展系博士生导师。
1953年11月出生于湖北省。
1983年毕业于德国比勒菲尔特大学（Bielefeld University），社会学博士学位。
现任中国社会科学院社会发展战略研究院院长、研究员，国际社会转型研究学会执行委员会执行委员、国际社会科学理事会执行委员。
学科专业：社会学，主要研究方向：社会组织与社会结构，社会发展与社会变迁，制度社会学。
主要著作：《中国社会发展年度报告（2012）》，2012；《社会景气与社会信心研究》，2012；《中国单位社会》，2004；《中国单位组织变迁过程中的失范效应》，2005。
主要学术论文：“转型社会中的整合与控制》，2007；《关于中国单位制度变迁的思考》，2007；《变迁中的单位制度》，2008主要承担课题：2006-2009年，国家社科基金重点项目，“中国制度变迁过程中的员工参与”；2007-2009年，中国社会科学院重大课题，“90年代以来工会的角色与作用”；2007-2009年，中德合作课题，“转型时期中国企业的员工参与”；2010-2013年，交办课题，“中国发展经验研究”主要获奖情况：2007年，《中国单位社会》获第六届中国社会科学院科研成果二等奖，荣誉称号：人社部“百千万人才”、享受国务院特殊津贴。
沈红，社会发展系博士生导师。
1965年5月出生于北京。
2011年3月中科院考博英语真题及答案详解免费版
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMYOF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDA TESMarch 2011PAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD. tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for V alentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On V alentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the NationalConfectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented V alentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted tolimited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage T woThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SA Ts, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SA Ts, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’ A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side points to indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SA Ts is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplic ityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New Y ork Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New Y ork and the country’s vice president under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the V irgin Islands, V ermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots.Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers had included parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades ofthe 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected in many art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. in 2003D. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from theoriginal text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67 The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 70 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function.B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subway and train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.Passage T woFew numbers tell a happier story than those that measure life expectancy. An American born in 1900 could expect to live 47 years. Thanks to colossal improvements in sanitation and medic ine,。
社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案
社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。
PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。
2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%)Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution、A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be remindedthat the medium is the message、A.accustomed to split and dividedB.accustomed to splitting and dividingC.accustomed to split and dividingD.accustomed to splitting and divided13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、A、at itselfB、as itselfC、on itselfD、in itself14. us earlier, your request to the full、A、You have contacted…we could comply withB、Had you contacted…we could have complied withC、You had contacted…could we have complied withD、Have you contacted…we could comply with15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、A、discardB、discreetC、discordD、disgorge16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、A、on…by…atB、by…for…inC、from…in…onD、through…with…from17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create、A、boreB、boredC、boredomD、bordom18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、A、lackedB、lackingC、for lack ofD、lack of19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、A、that have toB、have toC、having toD、has to20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、A、none the worseB、none the betterC、never worseD、never better21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、A、cried out for…cried out forB、cry out for…cry out forC、had cried out for…cried out forD、had cried out for…cry out for22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、A、triggerB、meagerC、vigorD、linger23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、A、as much the Africans are detribalizedB、the Africans are much being detribalizedC、as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD、as much as the Africans are detribalized24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、A、can butB、cannot onlyC、cannot butD、can only but25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、A、inundatingB、imitatingC、immolatingD、insulating26、you promise you will work hard, support you to college、A、If only…will IB、Only…I willC、Only if…will ID、Only if…I will27、It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life、A、any concern withB、any concern aboutC、any concern inD、any concern at28、One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching、A、resolvedB、absolvedC、dissolvedD、solved29、People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government、A、in…for…upB、for…on…outC、by…in…onD、on…for…out30、The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA、soaredB、souredC、soredD、sourcedPart Three: Close T est (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank、Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet、2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006、In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years、Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling、Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy、People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies、These days, high-quality copies are 35、According to the Pew Internet project, people use software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops、I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm、But even as I’ve heard over the p ast decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse、Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid、38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist AndersSandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework、The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract、“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things、”31、A、As B、Same C、Thus D、So32、A、stagnating B、declining C、increasing D、stultifying33、A、taking B、robbing C、stealing D、pirating34、A、upgraded B、inferior C、ineffective D、preferable35、A、numerous B、ubiquitous C、accessible D、effortless36、A、so B、this C、that D、much37、A、satisfy B、help C、reconcile D、equate38、A、Based B、Capitalizing C、Reflecting D、Drawing39、A、match up with B、fill in C、fit into D、set up40、A、constraints B、consciousness C、norm D、etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements、For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given、Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way、Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings、Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its painis like the pinch of a crab’s claw、Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges、The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos)、In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bil e, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances、Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim、Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B.C.concluded: “There is no treatment、”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light、In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis)、The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is、This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity、”At one time, it was thought that c ancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be br ought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence、Inthe eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes、William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy、”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression、As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene、Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort、“It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”c ancer、41、According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians 、A、called cancer the crabB、were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC、found out the cause of cancerD、knew about a lot of malignant tumors42、Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A、Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB、In the past, people did not fear cancerC、Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD、Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43、Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A、Modern cancer care is very effectiveB、There is a lot more cancer nowC、People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD、There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44、“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because 、A、they are as fatal as cancerB、they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C、people dread them very muchD、they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45、As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A、The care and management of cancer have development over timeB、The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC、Cancer s identity has never changedD、Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious、There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U.S. economy had become “very distorted、”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling、What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent、This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left、(The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs、) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand、When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong、This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years、In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”、In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U.S.consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”、There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take、There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie、Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few、The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy、And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant、But the financialcrisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that、A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit、And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble、46、According to the passage, the U.S.economy 、A、fares quite wellB、has completely recovered from the economic recessionC、has its own problemsD、is lagging behind other industrial economies47、Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A、T oday’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB、Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC、They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD、They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48、What can be said of modern technological innovations?A、They have lifted many people into the middle class、B、They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich、C、They have led to a rise of income inequality、D、They have benefited the general public、49、The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath 、A、have compromised the rich with the non-richB、have enriched the plutocratic eliteC、have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD、have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50、The primary purpose of the passage is to 、A、present the financial imbalance in the U.S.B、display sympathy for the working classC、criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD、appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U.S.Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him、It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director、William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n.1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries、While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas、The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n.10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it、Scholars now believethat somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks、Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first i n a new Director’s Lecture Series、Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality、Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species、”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended、In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975、The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection、The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work、This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable、Though others thought about evolution beforeDarwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea、In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber、Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea、Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said、“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism、”51、According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that、A、it was the most studied by later scientistsB、it had significant ideas about evolutionC、it was the first to talk about evolutionD、it was well received by the public52、Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to 、A、credit the ideas about evolution before hisB、claim himself as the father of evolutionC、introduce his grandfather to the readerD、summarize his predecessors work53、In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in 、A、his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB、his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC、the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D、the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54、We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in 、A、a much larger bookB、a 400page bookC、scientific termsD、plain language55、Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect 、A、coming up with a new ideaB、understanding the significance of the ideaC、making claims to the idea by writing booksD、convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest、So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality、Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body、By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure、When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time、But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break、In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure、And the heart isn’tthe only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps、The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure、We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness、But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response、So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet、You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days、During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams、Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis、Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state、This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic、Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well、For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterdayafternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them、It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like、Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree、Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps so lidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache、56、According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A、T o sleep for an average period of time、B、To sleep deeply without dreaming、C、T o sleep less than needed、D、To sleep modestly、57、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A、When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer、B、When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright、C、Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system、D、Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system、58、Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A、It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping、B、It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming、C、Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep、D、Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up、59、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A、Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain、B、Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired、C、You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep、D、Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep、60、What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A、High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss、B、Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory、C、Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory、D、High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss、Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part、You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word、If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it、If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it、If you deletea word, cross it out with a slash (/)、Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2)、Examples:eg、1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago、Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg、2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up 、Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg、3(63) Never will I not do it again、Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store、(62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs、(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products、(64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer、(65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales、(66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a loca l store、Ace Hardware, J.C.Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs、In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online、(68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, whichusually takes about four hours、(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”sai d Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar /doc/0111381199.html,、(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods、(71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r.Nave did dismiss that possibility、(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it、(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores、”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days、Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words、Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2)、In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places、But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks、Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment、What do youthink?Part II Structure and Written Expression(20%)11、【A】A项admits of“容许,有……的可能”;B项requires。
社科院博士生入学考试英语试题
中国社会科学院研究生院2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（B卷）2017年3月11日8:30–11:30答题说明1.请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。
在“姓名”一栏中，请用中文填写本人姓名；“试卷类型”一栏，本人无需填写。
2．在答题卡的“考生编号”一栏中填入本人的准考证号。
例如：考号为012345678900001，请考生在第一行中填写阿拉伯数字012345678900001，然后再将各栏中相应的数字涂黑，如下图所示。
如不涂满，计算机将识别为无效试卷。
3.在答题卡上填写答案时，请务必按照图示将选项格涂满;在A,B,C,D四个选项中，只有一个正确答案。
填写两个或两个以上答案，本题无效。
如需涂改，请务必用橡皮擦净后再重新填写。
4.试卷第三部分（包括阅读7选5、概要）、第四部分(包括英译汉、汉译英)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。
请将以下题目的答案填写在答题卡上。
PART I:Cloze(20points)Directions:Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.During the mid–1980s,my family and I spent a__(1)__year in the historic town of St. Andrews,paring life there with life in America,we were impressed by a__(2)__ disconnection between national wealth and well-being.To most Americans,Scottish life would have seemed__(3)__.Incomes were about half that in the U.S.Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St.Andrews,44percent did not own a car,and we never met a family that owned two.Central heating in this place__(4)__south of Iceland was,at that time,still a luxury.In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half summer stays since,we ___(5)___notice that,___(6)___their simpler living,the Scots appeared___(7)___joyful than Americans.We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher,but never about being underpaid or unable to afford wants.Within any country,such as our own,are rich people happier?In poor countries,being relatively well off does make__(8)__somewhat better well off.But in affluent countries,where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities,increasing affluence matters__(9)__little.In the U.S.,Canada,and Europe,the correlation between income and happiness is,as University of Michigan researcher noted in a1980s16–nation study,“virtually__(10)__”.Happiness is lower __(11)__the very poor.But once comfortable,more money provides diminishing returns.Even very rich people are only slightly happier than average.With net worth all___(12)___ $100million,providing___(13)___money to buy things they don’t need and hardly care about,4 in5of the49people responding to survey agreed that“Money can increase or decrease happiness, depending on how it is used”.And some were indeed unhappy.One fabulously__(14)__man said he could never remember being happy.One woman reported that money__(15)__misery caused by her children’s’problems.At the other end of life’s circumstances are most victims of disabling tragedies.Yet,remarkably, most eventually recover a near-normal level of day-to-day happiness.Thus,university students who must cope with disabilities are__(16)__able-bodied students to report themselves happy,and their friends agree with their self-perceptions.We have__(17)__the American dream of achieved wealth and well-being by comparing rich and unrich countries,and rich and unrich people.That leaves the final question:Over time,does happiness rise with affluence?Typically not.Lottery winners appear to gain but a temporary jolt of joy from their winnings. On a small scale,a jump in our income can boost our morale,for a while.But in the long run, neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces the same feelings of delight that it initially___(18)___.Happiness is not the result of being rich,but a__(19)__ consequence of having recently become richer.Wealth,it therefore seems,is like health:Although its utter absence can breed misery,having it does not guarantee happiness.Happiness is__(20)__a matter of getting what we want than of wanting what we have.1. a.underpaid b.prosperous c.affluent d.sabbatical2. a.assumed b.seeming c.seemed d.seemly3. a.precarious b.imprudent c.spartan d.gallant4. a.not far b.as far as c.far from d.far to5. a.virtually b.remarkably c.ideally d.repeatedly6. a.forasmuch b.despite c.considering d.inasmuch7. a.no less b.less c.more d.no more8. a.for b.up c.out d.over9. a.scarely b.intentionally c.surprisingly d.provisionally10.a.diminishing b.negligible c.tripled d.perceivable11.a.in b.on c.upon d.among12.a.exceeded b.exceeding c.excess d.excessive13.a.utter b.messy c.greedy d.ample14.a.prosperous b.triumphant c.jubilant d.victorious15.a.could undo b.could intensifyc.could not undod.could not intensify16.a.as plausible as b.not as plausible asc.as likely asd.not as likely as17.a.ventilated b.deliberated c.speculated d.scrutinized18.a.does b.did c.has done d.is19.a.new b.favorite c.temporary d.normal20.a.more b.less c.better d.worsePART II:Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage1In the1960s and’70s of the last unlamented century,there was a New York television producer named David Susskind.He was commercially successful;he was also,surprisingly,a man of strong political views which he knew how to present so tactfully that networks were often unaware of just what he was getting away with on their—our—air.Politically,he liked to get strong-minded guests to sit with him at a round table in a ratty building at the corner of Broadway and42nd Street.Sooner or later,just about everyone of interest appeared on his program.Needless to say,he also had time for Vivien Leigh to discuss her recent divorce from Laurence Olivier,which summoned forth the mysterious cry from the former Scarlett O’Hara,“I am deeply sorry for any woman who was not married to Larry Olivier.”Since this took in several billion ladies(not to mention those gentlemen who might have offered to fill,as it were,the breach),Leigh caused a proper stir,as did the ballerina Alicia Markova,who gently assured us that“a Markova comes only once every hundred years or so.”I suspect it was the dim lighting on the set that invited such naked truths.David watched his pennies.I don’t recall how,or when,we began our“States of the Union”programs.But we did them year after year.I would follow whoever happened to be president,and I’d correct his“real”State of the Union with one of my own,improvising from questions that David would prepare.I was a political pundit because in a1960race for the House of Representatives(upstate New York), I got more votes than the head of the ticket,JFK;in1962,I turned down the Democratic nomination for U.S.Senate on the sensible ground that it was not winnable;I also had a pretty good memory in those days,now a-jangle with warning bells as I try to recall the national debt or,more poignantly,where I last saw my glasses.I’ve just come across my“State of the Union”as of1972.In1972,I begin:“According to the polls,our second principal concern today is the breakdown of law and order.”(What,I wonder,was the first?Let’s hope it was the pointless,seven-year—at that point—war in Southeast Asia.)I noted that to those die-hard conservatives,“law and order”is usually a code phrase meaning“get the blacks.”While,to what anorexic,vacant-eyed blonde women on TV now describe as the“liberal elite,”we were pushing the careful—that is,slow—elimination of poverty.But then,I say very mildly,we have only one political party in the United States,the Property Party,with two right wings,Republican and Democrat.Since I tended to speak to conservative audiences in such civilized places as Medford,Oregon;Parkersburg,West Virginia;and Longview,Washington,there are,predictably,a few gasps at this rejection of so much received opinion.There are also quite a few nods from interested citizens who find it difficult at election time to tell the parties apart.Was it in pristine Medford that I actually saw the nodding Ralph Nader whom I was,to his horror,to run for president that year in Esquire?Inspired by the nods,I start to geld the lily,as the late Sam Goldwyn used to say.The Republicans are often more doctrinaire than the Democrats,who are willing to make small—very small—adjustments where the poor and black are concerned while giving aid and comfort to the anti-imperialists.Comprehension Questions:21.We may understand Alicia Markova to be______________.a.A current popular figure in the United Statesb.A much sought-after interview subjectc.A popular,rather than intellectual,interview subjectd.A Russian defector to the United States22.In the passage,the author reminds the reader that the broadcast bands are______________.e.invariably used for the public good b.private,rather than public,propertyc.public,rather than private,propertyd.fair and balanced23.The author now finds it difficult to______________.a.run for Senateb.differentiate between a Republican and a Democratc.remember details or informationd.identify code-words in the media24.The author observes that anti-crime initiatives by America’s political right often either result inor are based upon______________.a.the desire to eliminate povertyb.protection of propertyc.the State of the Uniond.profiling.25.The author was invited to participate in Suskind’s television programs because______________.a.of his varied political experiencef.he turned down the Democratic nomination for U.S.Senateg.his knowledge of Larry Olivierh.his status as an anti-imperialistPassage2Chicag’s segregation of minorities is as old as the city itself.The African-American neighborhoods of today’s South and West sides are located in exactly the same parts of the city as the African-American neighborhoods of1910.And from1930to today,these African America neighborhoods have been represented in Congress and in the state house by African-American politicians,who have done very little(other than pass Federal benefit programs)to lift African-Americans out of poverty.In the2000Census,for example,of the ten poorest census tracts in the entire United States,nine were located in the South and West Side African-American areas ruled by African-American congressmen Bobby Rush and Jesse Jackson Jr.The concept of Western Imperial Colonialism is very popular in the literature of racial exploitation.The continent of Africa was divided up into“colonies”by the major European Imperial powers in a very short period of time:just seven years,from1885to1892.Previously,Britain had seized vast territories belonging to other cultures for hundreds of years.But in20th century America a new type of colony was invented:American urban colonies in the large metropolitan areas from the Midwest and Northeast to Los Angeles.These were made possible by the Great Migration of African-Americans from the South to the North,which began during WWI.As they moved north,African-Americans were immediately confined to ghettoes defined by racial boundaries.No one doubts that this segregation was done intentionally.But it’s important to realize that this segregation was not created by the racist attitudes of the residents of Chicago(Chicago never had slaves)but by the ruling political elite.As soon as the African-American population of Chicago began to expand,the Great Depression hit and put many persons out of work.FDR’s response to this was to create the New Deal programs of welfare,food assistance,and subsidized housing.While this greatly helped unemployed persons of all races,for African-Americans it began the ghettoization of their people into what can only be called urban colonies in the large cities of the north.The pattern seen in the 20largest cities of the United States from1920to2010is remarkably consistent.In192019of the twenty largest cities were all located in the North.All of these nineteen cities were from92.5%to 99%white.The one exception was Baltimore,MD and that was85%white.It had a slightly larger black population only because it was a port of entry for the slave trade.Similarly,all of these cities saw great increases in their black populations starting in1920.By1990these cities were from26to 76%black.These cities did not lose whites because African-Americans moved in.Rather,it is more accurate to say that Americans are a highly migratory group,and the big cities were ports of entry for European immigrants.So as whites left,politicians wanted to maintain their population numbers. By the2010Census the cities with the highest black populations were Detroit,MI,which was83% black,and Newark,NJ which was52%.(Sources:Census paper No.76and Census2010Quick facts).And since in all the major industrial cities of the North,the destinations of job-seeking African-American migrants were controlled by Democrats,it is overwhelmingly clear that these great pockets of urban poverty were created and maintained by that one political party.Tragically all of these cities have very high rates of segregation,poor education for African-Americans;high unemployment,single motherhood,and crime.In Chicago,“negro wards”as they were then called, were quickly drawn up:their boundaries reflected(and promoted)the racial segregation of the time. Their political representatives were African-American,and they were expected to deliver votes tothe Democratic Party.Most Americans don’t know that Chicago is the center for black politics. Furthermore,since Lincoln freed the slaves,African-Americans in Chicago voted for Republicans, until a Democratic Mayor,Anton Cermak,took over;fired all the thousands of African-Americans who Republicans had given city government jobs,and took over the black vote.Since that time Chicago's African-Americans have been represented exclusively by black politicians,and always lived in poverty.What made the black submachine of Chicago possible was that Chicago already had in place a Democratic Machine.Exploitation is promulgated by urban Democrats as a way to manipulate residents and keep themselves in power.What makes the American Urban Colonialism plan so revolutionary and ingenious is that it does not rely on agreements with foreign governments; the market price of iron ore,or cotton for profits;but on Federal benefit programs.These program dollars are infinitely more reliable and politically stable.Comprehension Questions:26.According to the essay,American cities lost white residents due to______________.a.white voter’s minority rule in the Republican partyb.the influx of European immigrantsc.the migratory nature of Americansd.ghettoization by African-Americans27.The essays convincingly demonstrates that_______________.a.power is more important than peopleb.white Americans are essentially racistc.the Civil War was fought for nothingd.slave trade determined the fate of ethnic minorities in American cities28.The Democratic Machine in Chicago provides incentives in the form of_______________.a.segregation of minoritiesb.high unemployment,single motherhood,and crimec.federal benefit programsd.negro wards29.Obama moved to Chicago because________________.a.the black submachine already had in place a Democratic Machineb.Chicago is the center for black politicsc.the Great Migration of directed African-Americans from the South to the Northd.Chicago is the most segregated city in America30.According to the author,American urban colonialism is the result of_______________.a.the ghettoization of African-American people in American citiesb.the segregation of minoritiesc.the political clientelism of the black submachined.western imperial colonialism in AfricaPassage3It is a well-known hypothesis that newborns can immediately identify the smell of their mother’s amniotic fluid;other than this one potential exception,taste in fragrance can be thought of as nurtured in totality by experience and influence.There is,of course,an argument that nature intervenes to temper a subject’s agency by inducing unfavorable reactions to harmful and poisonous materials that causes a negative olfactory association,for example,the smell of rotten food becoming linked to the experience of food poisoning.However,in most cases the process of deciding bad from good smells is controlled by societal(parental)censorship and its converse—public appreciation.This logic is akin to the French philosopher Louis Althusser’s theory of interpellation in relation to subjectivity and identity-making.For Althusser,human subjectivity (arguably comparable to consciousness itself)is a type of ideology.In Althusser’s view it is impossible to avoid the ideology of subjectivity and for this reason subjects are‘always already interpellated’,even before they are born.Althusser’s philosophy essentially argues that one cannot see oneself outside of ideology and one’s identity is formed by mirroring oneself in the ideology already present.In relation to(olfactory)taste-making,this is significant as taste can be thought of as a subset of subjectivity and therefore choosing a fragrance is an interpellating activity that paradoxically both affirms and displaces a subject’s sense of free agency.The hail comes from marketing and emotive retail experiences;the ideology that of personal enhancement;the moment of interpellation taking place at the point of sale.There are,in my opinion,pertinent links to be made between interpellation and the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan’s work on the mirror stage in infants.This is described by Lacan as the moment when a child sees themselves for the first time in a(conceptual)mirror,recognizes themselves as the image in the mirror,and dissociates the belief in a fragmented body with a visual wholeness threatened by literal and metaphorical fragmentation(of their own body/of the replication of their body in the mirror),resulting in a tension between the physical body and the imaged body.It is also the moment when the child is able to apperceive—the concept of seeing oneself outside of oneself as an object.In an attempt to alleviate this tension, Lacan argues that the child then fully identifies itself with the image,and as a result the Ego is formed through visual means,resulting in a temporary cognitive jubilation in the baby’s apparent mastery over its own image.As Althusser,Lacan sees the ideology of subjectivity as a prerequisite of a developed consciousness.Once this has happened,further understanding of self-presentation and self-fashioning can begin that govern one’s own identity-formation for the rest of life.Although babies are aware of the fragrance stimuli around them at a young age,including the peculiarities of smells produced by them,I would argue that the moment of what I term mature olfactory apperception happens much later than other forms of practical self-awareness and tends to occur around puberty when issues of olfactory urgency arise around bodily changes.I am arguing that the recognition of one’s own scent in a conceptual olfactory mirror at that moment in life gives rise to a strong sense of olfactory hierarchy and cements involuntary links between ideology and perfume.It is no coincidence then that so many fragrance-lovers comment that their interest developed around their teens.To explicate the term further,it can be reasoned that recognition of the difference between personal and external smells in babies in relation to subjectivity is fairly limited,just as is the understanding of the imaged self before the mirror stage.However,given that Lacan argues that the Ego is initially formed through cognitive contradictions in image,the sense of sight is given immediate priority over the other senses,as the baby comprehends the significance of its own bodily image through its presence in social situations.However,the significance of its own smellsis not a subject treated with as much codified authority and therefore little olfactory context is given to the subject.As one approaches puberty and begins to apperceive the idea of a personal whole scent as opposed to a fragmented olfactory reality scent is suddenly put into an important,codified, and relevant context—a context of‘them,me,dirty,clean,sexual’.This is the moment of mature olfactory apperception.Comprehension Questions:31.With the possible exception of an infant’s ability to identify the smell of the amniotic fluid,tastein fragrance is_________________.a.naturalb.artificialc.objectived.subjective32.Mature olfactory apperception is achieved at the moment of_________________.a.pubertyb.fully developed consciousness of one’s own scentc.full comprehension of the significance of one’s own bodily imaged.a visual wholeness threatened by literal and metaphorical fragmentation33.Personal style and choice of a fragrance can be seen as__________________.a.codified authorityb.a conceptual olfactory mirrorc.a subset of subjectivityd.a fragmented olfactory reality34.Apperception can be defined as the induction of the self as__________________.a.an objectb.a subjectc.an imaged.an ego35.According to the author,a teenager’s choice of perfume__________________.a.depends on him/herselfb.is conditioned by ideologyc.is decided by a codified authority.d.is decided by commercePassage4A Cyborg Manifesto is an essay written by Donna Haraway,in which the concept of the cyborg is a rejection of rigid boundaries,notably those separating“human”from“animal”and “human”from“machine”.She writes:“The cyborg does not dream of community on the model of the organic family,this time without the oedipal project.The cyborg would not recognize the Garden of Eden;it is not made of mud and cannot dream of returning to dust.”The Manifesto criticizes traditional notions of feminism,particularly feminist focuses on identity politics,and encouraging instead coalition through affinity.She uses the metaphor of a cyborg to urge feminists to move beyond the limitations of traditional gender,feminism,and politics.Marisa Olson summarized Haraway’s thoughts as a belief that there is no distinction between natural life and artificial man-made machines.Haraway begins the Manifesto by explaining three boundary breakdowns since the20th Century that have allowed for her hybrid,cyborg myth:the breakdown of boundaries between human and animal,animal-human and machine,and physical and non-physical.Evolution has blurred the lines between human and animal;20th Century machines have made ambiguous the lines between natural and artificial;and microelectronics and the politicalinvisibility of cyborgs have confused the lines of physicality.Haraway highlights the problematic use and justification of Western traditions like patriarchy,colonialism,essentialism,and naturalism (among others).These traditions in turn allow for the problematic formations of taxonomies and what Haraway explains as antagonistic dualisms that order Western discourse.These dualisms, Haraway states,have all been systematic to the logics and practices of domination of women, people of color,nature,workers,animals...all those constituted as others.However,high-tech culture provides a challenge to these antagonistic dualisms.Haraway’s cyborg theory rejects the notions of essentialism,proposing instead a chimeric,monstrous world of fusions between animal and machine.Cyborg theory relies on writing as“the technology of cyborgs”,as“cyborg politics is the struggle for language and the struggle against perfect communication,against the one code that translates all meaning perfectly,the central dogma of phallogocentrism”.Instead,Haraway’s cyborg calls for a non-essentialized,material-semiotic metaphor capable of uniting diffuse political coalitions along the lines of affinity rather than identity.Following Lacanian feminists such as Luce Irigaray,Haraway’s work addresses the chasm between feminist discourses and the dominant language of Western patriarchy.As Haraway explains,“grammar is politics by other means,”and effective politics require speaking in the language of domination.As she details in a chart of the paradigmatic shifts from modern to postmodern epistemology within the Manifesto,the unified human subject of identity has shifted to the hybridized posthuman of technoscience,from “representation”to“simulation,”“bourgeois novel”to“science fiction,”“reproduction”to “replication,”and“white capitalist patriarchy”to“informatics of domination.”While Haraway’s “ironic dream of a common language”is inspired by Irigaray’s argument for a discourse other than patriarchy,she rejects Irigaray’s essentializing construction of woman-as-not-male to argue for a linguistic community of situated,partial knowledges in which no one is innocent.Although Haraway's metaphor of the cyborg has been labelled as a post-gender statement,Haraway has clarified her stance on post-genderism in recent interviews.She acknowledges that her argument in the Manifesto seeks to challenge the necessity for categorization of gender,but does not correlate this argument to post-genderism.She clarifies this distinction because post-genderism is often associated with the discourse of the utopian concept of being beyond masculinity and femininity. Haraway notes that gender constructs are still prevalent and meaningful,but are troublesome and should therefore be eliminated as categories for identity.Comprehension Questions:36.According to the text,a cybernetic organism or cyborg must be understood as________________.a.a gender-neutral constructb.a robotc.a posthuman speculative beingd.neither organic nor inorganic37.Haraway poses that gender constructs should be eliminated as categories for identity because________________.a.the paradigmatic shifts from modern to postmodern epistemologyb.post-genderism is often associated with the discourse of the utopian conceptc.they pose an antagonistic dualismd.they pose a non-essential,material-semiotic metaphor38.According to Haraway manicheisms are in competition with one another,creating paradoxicalrelations of domination,particularly________________.a.God/manb.right/wrongc.self/otherd.one/other39.The cyborg is a________________.a.metaphorb.mechanical productc.animistic conceptanic hybrid40.A sonographic fetus would in many ways be the ultimate cyborg because_______________.a.it is“created”in a space of virtualityb.it is neither male nor femalec.it is simultaneously human and animald.it is politically invisible请将以下题目的答案填写在答题纸上。
Excellent_2011年湖北联考博士入学英语真题笔记-词汇与作文
2011年湖北省博士研究生入学考试英语联考真题笔记characteristics [,kærəktə'ristiks] n. 特性，特征；特色（characteristic的复数）；特质personality [,pə:sə'næləti] n. 个性；品格；名人；性格；人格；人物temperamental [,tempərə'mentəl] adj. 喜怒无常的；性情的；易兴奋的specific[spi'sifik] adj. 特殊的；明确的；详细的；[药] 具有特效的n. 特性；细节；特效药rate as (被)评价为；(被)列入等级described as说成是；被描述为；真可谓live through度过；经受过irritable ['iritəbl] adj. 过敏的；急躁的；易怒的coping with积极应对adapt to使自己适应于in general总之，通常；一般而言likelihood ['laiklihud] n. 可能性，可能Self-blame自责confusion [kən'fju:ʒən] n. 混淆，混乱；困惑self-reflection ['selfriflekʃən] n. 反省nature ['neitʃə] n. 自然；性质；本性；种类initially [i'niʃəli]adv. 最初，首先；开头aggressive [ə'ɡresiv] adj. 侵略性的；好斗的；有进取心的；强有力的，坚持己见的（褒义）compliant [kəm'plaiənt] adj. 顺从的；服从的；应允的interpersonal relationship人际关系social control社会控制exhibit [iɡ'zibit] vt. 展览；提出（证据等）n. 展览品；证据；vi. 展出；开展览会noticeable ['nəutisəbl] adj. 显而易见的，显著的；值得注意的internalize [in'tə:nəlaiz] vt. 使（习俗等经吸收同化而）内在化；使藏在心底surface ['sə:fis]vi. vt. 使浮出水面；使成平面n. 表面；外观adj. 表面的，肤浅的noncompliance [,nɔnkəm'plaiəns] n. 不顺从，不服从disciplinarian [disipli'nεəriən] n. 厉行纪律的人；严格的人adj. 纪律的；训练的breakup ['breikʌp] n. 解体；分裂；崩溃；馏分组成；停止self-disciplined ['self'disiplaind] adj. 有自我约束力的；能律己的result from起因于…；由…造成group way组织方式maintain [mein'tein] vt. 维持；继续；维修；主张；供养clan [klæn] n. 宗族；部落；集团institution [,insti'tju:ʃən] n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构；习俗derive from源出，来自，得自；衍生于political authority政权regulations n. 条例；规程（regulation的复数）；章则outgrowth ['autɡrəuθ] n. 结果；副产物；自然的发展effectiveness [ə'fektivnis] n. 效力coerce [kəu'ə:s] vt. 强制，迫使willingness ['wiliŋnis] n. 乐意；心甘情愿；自动自发discrepancy [dis'krepənsi] n. 不符；矛盾；相差lawless ['lɔ:lis] adj. 非法的；无法律的lawlessness ['lɔ:lisnis] n. 违法；不服从法律；不受法律制约portion ['pɔ:ʃən] n. 部分；一份；命运vt. 分配；给嫁妆social institution社会制度punitive ['pju:nitiv]adj. 惩罚性的；刑罚的commitment [kə'mitmənt] n. 承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身legitimate power合法权力rightfully ['raitfəli] adv. 正当地；正直地legitimacy [li'dʒitiməsi] n. 合法；合理；正统；合法性；正当性；正统性from within从里面，从的内部emanate from v. 放射；发源于；出自gently curves 徐徐地弯弯曲曲的Northumberland [nɔ:'θʌmbələnd] n. 诺森伯兰郡（英国）estuary ['estjuəri] n. 河口；江口；湖港区；河口；入海口riverTees [ti:z]蒂诗尔河sea coal [英国古语]海运煤effortlessly ['efətlisli] adv. 轻松地；毫不费劲地typical of是的典型特征coarse powder粗粉brilliant ['briljənt] adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气的bear [bεə] n. 熊vi. 承受；结果实vt. 忍受；具有；支撑resemblance[ri'zembləns] n. 相似；相似之处；相似物；肖像filthy['filθi] adj. 肮脏的；污秽的；猥亵的；污浊；矿内气体at high tide处于高潮中gather up收集起；蜷缩；概括local community本地社区；区域群落glittering ['glitəriŋ] adj. 闪闪发光的v. 闪闪发光（glitter的ing形式）spot[spɔt] adj. 现场的；现货买卖的n. 地点；斑点vt. 认出；弄脏；用灯光照射adv. 准确地；恰好vi. 沾上污渍；满是斑点lumps [lʌmps] n. 肿块（复数）；金丝鸟病；块煤v. 结块；成团；笨重地行走（单三）northeast [,nɔ:θ'i:st] adj. 东北的；向东北的；来自东北的n. 东北adv. 向东北；来自东北expedition [,ekspi'diʃən] n. 远征；探险队；迅速sea-coaling开采海煤assortment [ə'sɔ:tmənt] n. 分类；混合物entire [in'taiə] adj. 全部的，整个的；全体的sacks [sæks]麻布袋be essential to对必不可少的；对必要的wooden ['wudən] adj. 木制的；僵硬的，呆板的wooden rake木耙子hold in抑制；约束shovel ['ʃʌvəl] vi. 铲n. 铁铲；一铲的量；铲车vt. 铲除；用铲挖；把胡乱塞入gear [ɡiə] n. 齿轮；装置，工具；传动装置adj. 好极了vt. 开动；搭上齿轮；使适合；使准备好vi. 适合；搭上齿轮；开始工作item ['aitəm] n. 条款，项目；一则rusty ['rʌsti] adj. 生锈的，腐蚀的；铁锈色的，锈色的；迟钝的striped [straipt, 'straipid] adj. 有条纹的；有斑纹的v. 被剥去（strip的过去分词）craft [krɑ:ft, kræft] n. 工艺；手艺；太空船vt. 精巧地制作crossbar ['krɔ:s,bɑ:] n. 闩，横木；球门的横木；自行车三脚架的横杠slung [slʌŋ] v. 投掷，悬挂（sling的过去分词）sling [sliŋ] n. [机] 吊索；投石器；抛掷vt. 用投石器投掷；吊起grain [ɡrein] n. 粮食；颗粒；[作物] 谷物；纹理vt. 使成谷粒vi. 成谷粒spring to突然向…跳去，涌向：；弹回关上，突然关上：Leonardo da Vinci列奥纳多·达·芬奇genius ['dʒi:njəs] n. 天才，天赋；精神talent ['tælənt] n. 才能；天才；天资Pablo Picasso巴勃罗·毕加索，当代西方最有创造性和影响最深远的艺术家exceptionally [ik'sepʃənəli] adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地rare [rεə] adj. 稀有的；珍稀的；半熟的；稀薄的adv. 非常；极其vi. 用后腿站起；渴望select [si'lekt]adj. 精选的；挑选出来的；极好的n. 被挑选者；精萃vt. 挑选vi. 挑选gifted ['ɡiftid] adj. 有天赋的；有才华的v. 给予（gift的过去分词）unconventional [,ʌnkən'venʃənəl] adj. 非常规的；非传统的；不依惯例的comparison [kəm'pærisən] n. 比较；对照；比喻；比较关系drawing ['drɔ:iŋ] v. 绘画；吸引（draw的ing形式）；拖曳n. 图画；牵引；素描术draw [drɔ:] n. 平局；抽签vi. 拉；拖vt. 画；拉；吸引combination [,kɔmbi'neiʃən] n. 结合；组合；联合；[化学] 化合intellectual curiosity求知欲sort out挑选出combine [kəm'bain] n. 联合收割机；联合企业vt. 使化合；使联合vi. 联合，结合；化合concerned about关心；担忧identity [ai'dentəti] n. 身份；同一性；特性；恒等式pin down确定；使受约束；阻止in accordance with依照；与…一致ideological [,aidiəu'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 思想的；意识形态的scientific discovery 科学发现exception [ik'sepʃən] n. 例外；异议ideological revolutions思想革命be considered as被认为是…；被看作…immutable[i'mju:təbl] adj. 不变的；不可变的；不能变的genetics [dʒi'netiks] n. 遗传学evolve [i'vɔlv] vi. 发展，进展；进化；逐步形成vt. 发展，进化；使逐步形成；推断出beyond dispute无疑地；没有争论余地；无可争议；不容争议的；没有争论余地的respective [ri'spektiv] adj. 分别的，各自的in some cases在某些情况下；有时候dualism ['dju:əlizəm] n. 二元论；双重性；二神教hierachical adj. 僧侣统治的；等级制度的；天使的appeal for vt. 恳求，请求；要求since the dawn of自从……开始以来the dawn of time曙光uncompromising [,ʌn'kɔmprəmaiziŋ] adj. 不妥协的，不让步的；坚定的；毫不调和justification [,dʒʌstifi'keiʃən] n. 理由；辩护；认为有理，认为正当；释罪alleged [ə'ledʒd] v. 宣称（过去式和过去分词）；断言adj. 所谓的；声称的；被断言的world order世界秩序rest on停留在；依靠；被搁在；信赖divergence [dai'və:dʒəns] n. 分歧；分离，背离，偏差time-honored ['taim,ɔnəd] adj. 历史悠久的；因古老而受到尊重的；久享盛名的confusion [kən'fju:ʒən] n. 混淆，混乱；困惑deviation [,di:vi'eiʃən] n. 偏差；误差；背离were determined accordiriing to…由…决定first and foremost首先；首要的是dichotomy [dai'kɔtəmi] n. 二分法；两分；分裂；双歧分枝give rise to引起了，造成了confer on vt. 授给（授予）sequestered [si'kwestəd] adj. 隐退的；偏僻的；幽静的v. 扣押（sequester的过去分词）；使…隐退；使…分开nurture ['nə:tʃə] vt. 养育；鼓励；培植n. 养育；教养；营养物fulfillment [ful'filmənt]n. 履行；实行；自我实现感；自我实现；满足；成就感domestic [dəu'mestik] adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的；一心只管家务的n. 国货；佣人isolation ['aisə'leiʃən] n. 隔离；孤立；[电] 绝缘；[化学] 离析invariably [in'vɛəriəbli] adv. 总是；不变地；一定地connect with连接；与…联系PartII Cloze (10 %)The mass media is a big part of our culture，yet it can also be a helper，adviser and teacher to our younggeneration. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a ( an) 21 substitute for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way，it22fulfillsa variety of functions in human life.大众传媒是我们文化中的一大部分，对年轻一代来说，大众传媒可能是帮手、顾问和老师。
2011年医学博士英语真题听力原稿
2011医学博士听力原稿Part I. Listening ComprehensionSection A1.A: I don’t see much of you these days, where have you been? B: I am working on a big project. I don’t even have time to breathe. Q: what can we learn from the conversation?2.A: what time would your doctor be in today?B: He is here after 2:30. Do you need to see him today?A: Yes my back is killing me?Q: What’s the man’s problem?3.Can that clock be right, 10:30?That clock is always off. It’s 11:05What is true about the clock?4.Well, Mr. Black, What brought you along today?I’ve got a pain in my stomach.How long have it been bothering you?A fortnightHow long has the man’s stomach ache?5.You come from S?Yes. I lived in England for 23 years.Are you married to an English man?I was, but we were divorced 15 years ago.Well, tell me about your trouble.Two hours after eating, I get pain, and then I feel it.What would the man do?6.I am usually on the job Monday, Tuesday and Friday from 1 to 5 P.M.and Wednesday from 3 to 6 P.M.Do you work on weekends too?Yes, but only in the morning.What day is the man off duty?7.Now Daddy I’m wearing this on your chest. It’s called stethocope. Itmight be a little cold, I’ll warm it up. Feel the end, OK? First of all I’ll listen to your front and then your back.She has gone that a lot of timesHow many people have been involved in the situation?8.What happened?I was in a fight and got my head hurt.Were your knocked out?No.I want you to go for an X-ray. And come back to me. You’ll need some stitches for that wound.What is the doctor going to do for the man?9.Here, you two guy, you are fucking shot again. It’s not veryentertaining or wise?Yes, thanks for advising us. It’s time to enjoy life.What might the men do accordingly?10.T aking a long view, I’m leaving the company.Why?I often have to overwork which will do harm to my health.But the job market is very tight, you know.What does the woman mean?11.W hat’s the most likely diagnosis in this case?Most probably ------(一种病)What’s against that dianosis?Well, the infected hasn’t had any change in the ---habit or lost weight. What are they doing now?12.I heard all the time that John is dating several girls.But it’s not true, he has explained everything to me.Do your really believe what he said?Yeah, I believe in our feelings for each other?Who is John?13.L isa says that the job takes the back seat to the family after she ismarried. She must be a good wife.This is noly what she says not what she does.What does the woman mean?14.G ood morning. Would you like the private hotspring room today? Forthree people, it would be 250 Yuan per hourAre there any discounts?Yes, It is 50 Yuan cheaper for each additional hour.Then We’ll have two hours.How much will the man pay?15.Y ou are not thinking of getting back together with him, are you? Would he dream of it?What does the woman mean?Section BDialogueA lot of doctors can tell what’s wrong with you by sleeping, so can you er--- by smelling?Oh, absolutely. This actually goes back to the day of----. For example, you can walk into a room or get close to a patient who had diabetes that is not well controlled. There is a kind of sweetish smell.So you mean often you can walk into a room and tell if a patient has kidney failure or liver failure?Precisely. And now there is a machine that can do that too. Fascinating.Actually, there have been these machines in the past, but they meant just enormous.Are they used in therapy?They er---. These machines are imposible to use clinically, because, you know, it a whole room for the equipments----, but the newly-invented ones are very small and ---.And then what do the new ones use?New laser technology.Is it now available given the size of the machine?It couldn’t be better. Unlike the previous, this is the size of microwave. And I think it isn’t far-off, right.Well, it’s very much in the experimental stage. But interesting. However, unlike any of these things which are produced by commercial company, This work is being done be the federal government.Passage 1Suicide is a very real risk for young people who suffer from clinical depression. In fact during the past two years suicide has increased among youths between the ages of 10 and 19, but there aren’t treatment that can help. Research show that the most effective treatment is the combination of anti-depression and talk therapy. Anti-depressants work by increasing--- chemcal --- which facilitate communications between neurons in the brain. “Anti-depressants are the most effective treatment for most adults. But when it comes to teenagers, It’s not enough.” Saysdoctor R, a psychiatrist with---- university medical center. 13 age years are full of turmoil, emotions and changes. And there are family conflicts and conflicts with relationship that can contribute to distress in adolescents”, S says. And anti-depressant medications may not be able to deal with all of those problems. “Psycho therapy, specifically problem- behavioral therapy need to----,” S says. In his recent major study, with the therapy in use along with anti-depressants., 75% of kids are reported feeling better and less suicidal after 3 month probably because the problem-behavioral therapy tackle thinking and feeling in a very particular way that medicines may not. And in particalar suicidal case.”Say doctor F, a psychiatrist with---medical college.Passage 2“Most people think when they are depressed, it just means you feel sad”, says Doctor R, a psychiatrist with Cornell university medical college. In fact, the so-call commonest symptoms of deppression are probably the most painful for a lot of people which are a feeling that you are useless, wothless, unloveable, no good or loser. A commonest symptom and a most extreme symptom, of course, is a suicidal feeling where you feel so hopeless that you don’y believe anything will get better and you are better off. C therapy challenges that kind of thinking. For example, say, you are a depressed teen, someone at school says something credible, typicallythat might lead you to think you are a completely loser. F says C theray help patients see all the time they have been successful, both at school and with friends. It is completely the opposite of how you feel. So you challenge them with reality. And then you correct their disfunctional release and that will actually change the way they feel, F says. It’s a sort of personal reality check that will connect experiece in context. Once the combination of medication and therapy work, patient may decide to stop taking anti-depressants. But they should do so with caution because they may experience side effect. They can get rebound kind of syptoms. It can grow things like feeling anxious, or having insomnia, very dizzy and having Nausea.。
中国社会科学院考博英语-1
中国社会科学院考博英语-1(总分：69.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：15，分数：13.50)1.With the awfully limited vocabulary to only a thousand words or fewer, the reader resemblesa color blind artist who is only aware of a few colors and consequently his ability to create on canvas is lamentably restricted.（分数：1.00）A.auspiciouslyB.deplorably √C.suspiciouslyD.disbelievingly解析：[解析] lamentably意为“哀伤地，不幸地，拙劣地”。
B选项：deplorably意为“可叹地，悲惨地”，与画线的单词意义相符，如：Business is deplorably dull．(生意极为不景气。
)句意：只有一千个或更少的有限词汇量的读者就像一个色盲的艺术家，只知道几种颜色，因此他在画布上的创造能力也相当有限。
故选B。
A选项：auspiciously繁荣昌盛，前途顺利，吉祥；C选项：suspiciously疑心很深地；D选项：disbelievingly怀疑地。
2.After a few short but interminable seconds, U. S. Astronaut Neil Armstrong placed his foot firmly on the fine-grained surface of the moon. The time was 10.. 56 pm, July 20,1969.（分数：1.00）A.inseparableB.fastC.indelibleD.long √解析：[解析] interminable意为“持续得过长的”。
2011年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案解析
目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷 (2)2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析 (17)2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (25)医学考博英语历年真题2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. A.The man is busy B.The man has trouble breathingC.The man is out of town on businessD.The man is hiding himself from thewoman2. A.He has a terrible backache B.He has a bad headacheC.He has a toothacheD.He has a diarrhea3. A.It is fast B.It is slowC.It works wellD.It is not working4. A.Four days B.Ten days C.One week D.Two weeks5. A.He is a lawyer B.He is a doctorC.He is a travel agentD.He is an immigration officer6. A.Sunday B.Tuesday C.Thursday D.Saturday7. A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five8. A.To X-ray his chest B.To hospitalize himC.To perform a minor surgeryD.To transfer him to a specialist9. A.To go shopping B.To go back to workC.To change their topicD.To entertain their guests10. A.The man is working too hard B.The man needs to think it overC.The man is supposed to find a jobD.The man has made a right decision11. A.Discussing a case B.Defying a diagnosisC.Performing a surgeryD.Talking with the patient12. A.The woman’s classmate B.The woman’s boyfriendC.The woman’s brotherD.The woman’s teacher13. A.The man is a liar B.The man is jealous of LisaC.She does not agree with the man on thatD.She will surely do the same as Lisa does14. A.250Yuan B.450Yuan C.650Yuan D.850Yuan15. A.She disagrees with the man there B.She is going to change her mindC.It is out of the question to do thatD.It is possible to forgive himSection BDirections:In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.16. A.Liver failure B.Breast cancerC.Kidney failureD.Diabetes out of control17. A.Shape B.Color C.Price D.Size18. A.It is much smaller than a microwave B.It leaves much room for reductionC.It is adjustableD.It is perfect19. A.It is under a clinical trial B.It is available in the marketC.It is widely used in the clinicD.It is in the experimental stage20. A.The commercial companies have invested a lot in the new machineB.The further development of the machine is in financial troubleC.The federal government finances the researchD.The machine will come into being in no timePassage One21. A.Suicide B.Obesity C.Turmoil D.Drug abuse22. A.Preventable B.Destructive C.Treatable D.Curable23. bining antidepressants and talk therapyB.Promoting the transmission between neuronsC.Winning parental assistance and supportD.Administering effective antidepressants24. A.Because it adds to the effect of treatmentB.Because it works better than the medicationsC.Because it can take the place of antidepressantsD.Because it helps reduce the use of antidepressants25. A.65percent B.75percent C.85percent D.95percent Passage Two26. A.Helplessness and worthlessness B.Feeling like a loserC.Suicidal feelingD.All of the above27. A.It encourages the patient to be a top student at schoolB.It motivates the patient to work better than othersC.It makes it easy for the patient to make friendsD.It helps the patient hold a positive attitude28. A.By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at schoolB.By urging the patient to face any challenge in realityC.By making the patient aware of his or her existenceD.By changing the patient’s perspective29. A.Those who stop taking antidepressants B.Those who ask for more medicationsC.Those who are on the medicationsD.Those who abuse the medications30. A.Anxiousness B.Nausea C.Fever D.Insomnia Part II Vocabulary(10%)Directions:In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Beneath each of them are given four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then,mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the of their behavioras medical professionals.A.transactionB.transformationC.transmissionD.transparency32.He seemed most to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A.alienB.ambulantC.amiableD.amenable33.The first attempts at gene therapy have mostly,but technique will surely bemade to work eventually.A.stumbledB.stammeredC.striddenD.strutted34.She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and_______forfatty foods.A.preferenceB.persistenceC.intoleranceD.appetence35.By sheer,I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A.coincidenceB.coherenceC.collaborationD.collocation36.As the drugs began to,the pain began to take hold again.A.wear offB.put offC.all offD.show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the_______medical technologies.A.approachingB.impracticableC.sophisticatedD.transient38.At last,she some reasons for his strange behavior.A.abolishedB.admonishedC.abstainedD.adduced39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from to the grave.A.conceptionB.receptionC.deceptionD.perception40.In more examinations,the blood is tested in a multichannel analyzer machinefor abnormities.A.conciseB.deviousC.elaborateD.feasibleSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A.embarrassinglyB.reluctantlyC.clumsilyD.dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history,medicine was anything but scientific.A.more or lessB.by and largeC.more often than notD.by no meansA.illuminatedB.fascinatedC.alienatedD.hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data,a productor a financial reward.A.intelligibleB.infinitiveC.substantialD.deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult–orunhealthy–to sustain over time.A.maintainB.reserveC.conceiveD.empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinicalmedicine.A.specialtiesB.principlesC.rationalesD.doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A.juvenileB.potentC.physicalD.matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed,for it seems quite feasible.A.rationalB.reciprocalC.versatileD.viable49.These are intensely important questions about quality and the benefits of specialty careand experience.A.irresistiblyB.vitallyC.potentiallyD.intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medicaladvances.A.tendsB.techniquesC.notionsD.breakthroughsPart III Cloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Whenever people go and live in another country,they have new experiences and new feelings.They experience culture shock.Many people have a(n)51about culture shock:they think that it’s just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country.But this isn’t really true.Culture shock is a completely natural52,and everybody goes53it in a new culture.There are four stages,or steps,in culture shock.When people first arrive in a new country,they’re usually excited and54.Everything is interesting.They notice that a lot of things are55their own culture,and this surprises them and makes them happy.This is Stage One.In Stage Two,people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture. They become confused.It seems difficult to do even very simple things.They feel56. They spend a lot of time57or with other people from their own country.They think,“My problems are all because I’m living in this country.”comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four,they feel very comfortable.They have good friends in the new culture. They understand the new customs.Some customs are similar to their culture,and some are different,but that’s OK.They can60it.51. A.account B.reflection C.verification D.misconception52. A.transition B.exchange C.immigration D.selection53. A.for B.through C.after D.about54. A.frightened B.confused C.uneasy D.happy55. A.representative of B.different from C.peculiar to D.similar to56. A.intoxicated B.depressed C.amazed D.thrilled57. A.lonely B.alone C.lone D.only58. A.make friends withB.make transactions withC.hold hostility toD.shut the door to59. A.hardly B.more C.very D.less60. A.live with B.do without C.hold up with D.make a successofPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don’t wake up,concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.Gitta Lubke,Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depth of anesthesia using bispectral analysis,a technique which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery.Before this study, researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation,says Lubke.Lubke studied96trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery,many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia.During surgery,each patient wore headphones through which a series of16words was repeated for3minutes each.At the same time,After the operation,Lubke tested the patients by showing them the first three letters of a word,such as“lim”,and asking them to complete it.Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery–“limit”,for example–chose that word an average of 11percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list.None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word lists.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized.But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding,which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology,could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet.What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards,says Philip Merikle,a psychologist at the University of Waterloo,Ontario.61.Scientists have found that deep anesthesia.A.is likely to affect hearingB.cannot block surgeons’wordsC.can cause serious damages to memoryD.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories62.By the new study,the technique of bispectral analysis helps the scientists.A.acquire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgeryD.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63.To test the patients,the scientists.A.prepared two lists of wordsed ninety-six headphones for listeningC.conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patients.A.to regain consciousness under the knifeB.to tell one word from another after surgeryC.to recall what had been heard during surgeryD.to overreact to deep anesthesia in the course of operations65.What we can infer from the finding.A.how surgical malpractice can be preventedB.why a surgeon cannot be too carefulC.why surgeons should hold their tongues during surgeryD.how the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memoriesPassage Twothat new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats,birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s in which neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus,a structure involved in learning and memory.But they rarely survive more than a few weeks.“We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input,”says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton.Because of the location,Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’survival,and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this,they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be ter,they gave some of the rats standard tasks.One involved using visual and spatial cues,such as posters on a wall,to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water.In another,the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later.Both these tasks use the hippocampus–if this structure is damaged,rats can’t do themMeanwhile,the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus:finding a platform that was easily visible in water,for instance.Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others.“Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons,”says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California,dispute this.In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience,they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times.Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled,when the new cells would normally be dying.She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit.“By the time the cells were degenerating,the animals were not learning anything,”she says.66.Not until recently did scientists find out that.A.new neurons could grow in adult brainsB.neurons could be man-made in the laboratoryC.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer’s diseaseD.humans could produce new neurons as animals67.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons.A.did survive longer than expectedB.would die much sooner than expected could68.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test?A.The water usedB.The noises playedC.The neurons newly bornD.The hippocampus involved69.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was dueto.A.the timing of labeling new neuronsB.the frequency of stimulationC.the wrongly labeled neuronsD.the types of learning tasks70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?e It or Lose ItB.Learn to SurviveC.To Be or Not to BeD.Stay Mentally HealthyPassage ThreeHere’s yet another reason to lose weight.Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers.In the US,car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children.But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.A study carried out in Seattle,Washington,looked at more than26,000people who had been involved in car crashes,and found that heavier people were at far more risk.People weighing between100and119kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than60kilograms.And importantly,the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index (BMI)–a measure that takes height as well as weight into account.Someone1.8meters tall weighing126kilograms would have a BMI of39,but so would a person1.5meters tall weighing88kilograms.People are said to be obese if their BMI is30or over.The study found that people with a BMI of35to39are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about20.It’s not just total weight,but obesity itself that’s dangerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case,the evidence is worth pursuing,says Charles Mock,a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle,who led the research team.He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars as safe to drive.Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about78 kilograms.Recently,smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars.But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used,the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington DC told New Scientist.problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes,could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure,the American car manufacturers____________.A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC.based their job on the information of car accidentsD.actually neglected smaller women and children72.When they categorized the obese people,the researchers.A.showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB.achieved almost the same results as previouslyC.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73.To address the problem,Mock.A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC.reduced the weights of crash-test dummiesD.encouraged obese people to lose weight74.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates,Mock would mostprobably say that.A.cars can be made safer to avoid crashesB.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC.it is not just total weight,but obesity itself that is dangerousD.the main reason behind the problem is drinkers’heavy weight75.Which of the following questions is closely related to the passage?A.Are air bags really necessary to be built in cars?B.Are cars certified as safe to drive?C.Are crash-test dummies too thin?D.Are car accidents preventable?Passage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you.In fact,many studies support this idea–but health-care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.The first question is whose patients are sicker?Specialists tend to treat more complicated forms of disease,but generalist–family physicians and general practitioners–are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second question is what counts as the most valuable treatment?Specialists are moreof Yale University.On the other hand,a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s care and keeping an eye on a person’s overall health,says Martin T.Donohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland.To further complicate comparisons,many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases,but medical records do not always show that,says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in Rockville,Md.That said,stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists.Among about38,000stroke sufferers nationwide,16.1percent of those treated by a neurologist died within3months,compared with25.3percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists,says Ira S.Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York,but it’s hard to figure out exactly why.“Physician specialty,in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field,is also a proxy for clinical experience,”he says.“It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts:one,that practice makes perfect;two,the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician is simply interested in;and three,the issue of formal training.”Differences between specialist care and generalist care,however,pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice,contend both Donohoe and Clancy.A report by the U.S.General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers–which reduce heart rate and blood pressure–than those who received care from a generalist.Even so,these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them,implying that both generalists and specialists could do better.“Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care,”says Donohoe.Perhaps,he adds,“we should focus more intently on improving the quality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans.76.Which of the following questions can most probably come out of the two questions raisedin the passage?A.Is specialist care superior?B.What is specialist care all about?C.Why is one unwilling to be a generalist?D.Is generalist care the future of medicine?77.The answers to the two questions suggest that.A.generalists are more likely to be ignoredB.a specialist can be a generalist,or vice versaC.neither of the two groups is better than the otherD.patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78.According to the passage,the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part ofspecialists.A.cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB.is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC.is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD.has much to do with the amount of formal education79.Both specialists and generalists,Donohoe and Clancy contend,could do a better jobof.A.taking advantage of the otherB.avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC.putting the latest knowledge into practicecating the public to their consciousness of health80.Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to.A.better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB.the real nature of specialist and generalist care,respectivelyC.the similarities between generalist and specialist careD.the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using puters are now found in most classrooms,and in the majority of homes,almost always with internet access. However,many studies of children’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects.This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect the social relationship between children and their parents.Because children spend so much time on computers,they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents.According to Subrahmanyam and his colleagues (2001)this often leads to a role reversal,where the child becomes a teacher to the parent.In other words,it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology.This can lead to a reduction in parental authority.Moreover,with the anonymity of online communication,computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult,so all users are treated equally (Subrahmanyam et al,2001).Children may then expect the same equality in real life,further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).Children’s peer relationships can also be negatively affected by extensive computer use. Since computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children,they spend little timeinteracting with their peers(Shields&Behrman,2001).As a result,children may not develop the social skills they need,or be able to maintain friendships in the real world(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).With the very extended computer use,this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields&Behrman,2001).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence.Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children,so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).However,as Shields Behrman(2001)points out,it is important to note that although the games may affect all children,children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion,using a computer,particularly for extended periods,may affect the parent-children relationship in families.It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships.Moreover,it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children.Although the research is not conclusive,it appears that extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children’s social development.81.From the very beginning,the author is trying to draw out attention to.A.crimes on rise at schoolB.a decline in family valueC.the negative effects of children’s overuse of computerD.the increasing number of investigations on education82.Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passage?A.Children become teachers to their parentsB.Parents are fossilized in new technologyC.Children expect for an equal status with their parentsD.Parents’roles are being shrunk by the computer83.What does Shield Behrman imply in the passage?A.Children greatly value the friendship with their peersB.Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computerC.Children will in no circumstances be affected by violent gamesD.Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games84.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computergames in the passage?A.A lack of social communicationB.Increasing violent performanceC.A decline in intelligenceD.A breakdown in family relationship85.Where might the passage be taken from?。
社科院博士英语(历年翻译真题)
Translation（社科院历年翻译真题）1.If our country is to achieve modernization the biggest obstacle is not the shortage of natural resources，nor the lack of funds，still less the problem of technology，but rather the quality of the more than one billion people，for funds can be accumulated，technology can be created or imported，but the overall quality of the huge population，which can not be imported，must only be improved by ourselves．我们的国家要走向现代化，最大的障碍并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十几亿人口的素质问题。
资金可以积累，技术可以创造，也可以引进，但是十几亿人口的素质是无法引进的，这必须靠我们自己去提高。
2.Today women increasingly leave the home for the workplace．In addition to the normal financial incentives，we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances，and a desire for more social contact in order to relieve their domestic isolation．However，for all，working is tied to the desire for independence．今天，越来越多的妇女走出家门参加工作。
社科院社会学历年考博真题版
2014年博士生社会理论、历史与方法一、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）旅平：1. “”与“小康”（《礼记•礼运》）何蓉：2. 主体间性立伟：3. 共同体（Gemeinschaft）与社会（Gesellschaft）[F. Tonnies]夏传玲：4. 非参数检验炜：5. 工具变量二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）国勋：1. 简评结构功能功能分析的AGIL格式。
何蓉：2. 试述法团主义的理论与实际意义。
宜音：3. 简述质性研究中的“扎根理论”（grounded theory）。
夏传玲：4. 请您从量表的测量属性来谈谈问卷中的量表设计。
三、论述题（每题20分，共40分）国勋：1. 试论自然地理位置对一个民族国家的社会-经济发展的影响。
炜：2. 什么是行动研究（Action Research）? 请论述行动研究对实证主义的批判。
2013年博士生社会理论、历史与方法一、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）旅平：1. 价值参照（reference to values）何蓉：2. 自我实现预言立伟：3. 社会侵蚀（费孝通）夏传玲：4. 事件空间炜：5. 反事实分析架构（Counterfactual Framework）二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）国勋：1. 简述你对社会学学科所追求的“社会性”的理解。
旅平：2. 简述福柯的身体社会学思想。
婴婴：3. 简述统计显著性检验的逻辑。
炜：4. 简要比较定量研究和质性研究在资料分析方面的差异。
三、论述题（每题20分，共40分）国勋：1. 结合中国现实谈谈你对现代化理论得失的认识。
夏传玲：2. 试论述在定量分析中假设与理论、数据之间的关系。
2012年博士生社会理论、历史与方法一、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1.虚假意识2.规训（M.福柯）3.符号暴力4.分析单位5.条件概率二、简答题（以下三题中任选二题作答，每题15分，共30分）1.在社会学研究中如何体现和处理价值关联和价值中立这一对矛盾？2.简析二元劳动力市场理论。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2011年的题目SECTION A1.Long treatment of the elderly drains funds from the health needs of other groups and fromurgent social problems.A. restrainsB. detainsC. soarsD. exhausts2.For cancer cells destroy not only all rival cells, in their ruthless biological warfare, but alsodestroy the larger organization---the body itself—signing their own suicide warrant.A. refinedB. randomC. mercilessD. perpetual3.The report also examined the overall effectiveness of the 43-day bombing campaign carriedout by coalition forces and Congress released a brief synopsis to the public.A. compendiumB. bibliographyC. addendumD. postscript4.All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commercewith men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.A. businessB. exchangeC. wedlockD.contact5.With the awfully limited vocabulary to only a thousand words or fewer, the reader resembles acolor blind artist who is only aware of a few colors and consequently his ability to create oncanvas is lamentably restricted.A. auspiciouslyB. deplorablyC. suspiciouslyD.disbelievingly6.The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it is a country. America hasnothing to do with allegiance to a dynasty and very little to do with allegiance to a particularplace, but everything to do with allegiance to a set of principles.A. convictionB. loyalty C .conversion D. component7.After a few short but interminable seconds, U.S. Astronaut Neil Armstrong placed his footfirmly on the fine-grained surface of the moon. The time was 10:56 p.m, July 20, 1969.A. inseparableB. fastC. indelibleD. long8.Hopelessly entrapped in the two-year tangle of his own deceit, forced into a confession of pastlies, he watched the support of his most loyal defenders collapse in a political maelstrom, driven by their bitterness over the realization that he had betrayed their trust.a. probeb. confusionc. findingd. potential9.Although this could be seen as a strength because it allows flexibility, it can also be arguedthat it invalidates the theory; in this case several people’s rights must be relinquished to reacha conclusion.A. given upB.put off c. thought of D. held on10.War is the social cancer of mankind. It is a pernicious form of ignorance, for it destroys notonly its “enemies”, but also the whole superstructure of what it is a part—and thus eventually it defeats itself.a. banefulb. optimal C. paradoxical D. perilousSECTION B11. In this great global clash of interests, it is time for both sides to soften their anger and seeknew ways to get along with each other. If sanity is to prevail, the guiding policy must not be ------------------------but cooperation and conservation.A. confrontationB. reconciliationC. rationD.resumption12. Looking ahead, the computer industry sees pure gold. Estimates for the number of personal computers in use by the end of the century run as high as 80 million. Then there are all the---------------------industries: desks to hold computers, luggage to carry them, cleansers to polish them.A concessionary B. feasible c. hypothetical D. auxiliary13. In north Dakota, which had barely an inch of rain in four months, there was no grass for cattle. Farmers tramped their dusty fields watching their dwarfed stand of grain shrivel and --------------.A. survive, b. wail c. perish d. swell14. As most new buyers soon learn, it is not that easy for a novice to use ,particularly when the manuals contain instructions li ke this …………………..from A pple: “This character prevents script from terminating the currently forming output line when it encounters the script commandin the input stream.a. excerptb. manipulationc. retrieval D. reminder15. Eventually the old brutal arrangement was -------------------by the laws of the state, which undertook to end the freelance savageries of personal revenge by meting out justice uncomplicated by private passion.a. supersededb. revisedc. permeated. imposed16.Rights and obligations are-------------------an obligation flows from a right, and this provides clarity in action. For example if it can be agreed that the patient has a right to confidentiality, thenit is clear that the doctor has a duty, not to breach this.A. correlative b. extraneous c. irrelevant d. compatible17. Finally this theory is widely understood and accepted the world over, i.e.. it has a -----------------------; and is therefore a good basis for discussion of an ethical problem.a. particularityb. unilateralismc. commonalityd. cosmopolitan18. In New Orleans, meanwhile , the dredging of channels accommodate petrochemical companies has -----------------huge amounts of marshland.a. compromisedb. proliferatedc. producedd. modified19. As a professional doctor, I will prescribe ------------------for the good of my patients accordingto my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.A. regimenB. equity c. requisite d. regime20. It is often the children who truly lead the elders into America, the sons who take their fathersto their first baseball game or shepherd them to their first rock concert or give them a real sensethat they -----------------America’s future.A. have an impact on b. have a facility for c. have a grasp of d. have a stake in。