学术英语社科翻译第九单元3,4段
学术英语社科课文翻译学术英语社科翻译汇总
学术英语社科课文翻译学术英语社科翻译汇总Unit1 人们如何做出决策1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.人们会对激励做出反应6.激励是诱发一个人采取行动,如惩罚或奖励的预期。
因为理性的人们通过比较成本和效益做出决定,他们会对激励做出反应。
你会发现激励在经济学的研究中发挥核心作用。
一位经济学家甚至认为整个字段可以简单地总结:“人们会对激励作出反应。
其余的评论。
”11.考虑一下安全带法律改变司机的coat-benefit计算。
安全带使得事故成本更低,因为他们减少受伤或死亡的可能性。
换句话说,安全带减少缓慢而谨慎驾驶的好处。
人们应对安全带,因为他们将改善路况,驾驶速度更快,不仔细。
安全带带法的结果,因此,大量的事故。
安全驾驶的下降有一个明确的,行人造成负面的影响,他们更有可能发现自己在一次事故中但(与驱动程序)没有添加保护的利益。
12.起初,这个讨论的激励和安全带似乎是闲置的猜测。
然而在1975年的一个经典研究,经济学家萨姆peltznab汽车安全法认为,有许多这样的效果。
根据贝特兹曼的证据,这些法律产生了每次车祸的死亡事故。
他的结论是,最终的结果是小司机死亡人数的变化,增加行人死亡的数量。
13.peltman对汽车安全的分析是一个另类的一般原则的例子,人们会对激励作出反应。
在分析任何政策时,我们必须考虑不仅直接影响还不太明显的间接影响,通过激励工作。
如果政策改变了激励,它会使人们改变他们的行为。
UNIT31、失去一份工作可能是最痛苦的经济事件在一个人的生活。
大多数人们依靠自己的劳动收入来维持他们的生活标准许多人会从他们的工作得到的不仅是收入，还有自己的成就感。
Unit 9 Song of Defiance课文翻译大学英语三
Unit 9 Song of DefianceThey confronted the Nazis with the only weapon they had: their voices.When you walk the cobbled mist-shrouded streets of Terezin in the Czech Republic, your mind fills with images of the village sixty years ago, when it was a Nazi concentration camp packed with desperate and dying Jews. But Terezin was not only a place of suffering. It was also a scene of triumph.Terezin had been a perverse kind of showcase. In contrast to Auschwitz, Treblinka and other extermination camps, the Nazis designed the town near Prague to fool the world. For much of World War II, Nazi propaganda suggested that Jews there enjoyed a life of leisure, even using captive Jewish filmmakers to craft a movie showing "happy" Jews listening to lectures and basking in the sun. The reality was horribly different. As many as 58,000 Jews were stuffed into a town that had originally held 7,000. Medical supplies were almost nonexistent, beds were infested with vermin and toilets overflowed. Of the 150,000 prisoners who passed through Terezin, 35,000 died there, mostly from disease and hunger.Yet the camp made concessions for propaganda purposes. SStroops were posted outside the fortress, while daily activity was overseen by a Jewish “Council of Elders,” which turned a b lind eye to inmates’ activities, unless they might attract Nazi attention.So, amid the pervasive atmosphere of death, writers managed to write, painters to paint, and composers to compose. Among them was Rafael Schaechter, a conductor in his mid-30s. Charismatic, with a striking face and wavy, dark hair, Schaechter was just beginning to make a name for himself in the rich cultural mix of prewar Prague. He had scarcely thought of himself as Jewish at all, until he was seized by the Nazis.As his months in the camp stretched into years, and more and more Jews disappeared eastward on Nazi transports. Schaechter’s fury at his captors steadily grew. And then he thought of a daring plan.He confessed his idea to his roommate in a single sentence: “We can sing to Nazis what we can’t say to them.”Their weapon was to be Verdi’s Requiem.Everything that Schaechter wanted to say lay camouflaged within the Latin words of the Requiem, with its themes of God’s wrath and human liberation. Schaechter had access to no musical instruments except a broken harmonium found in a rubbish heap.Other than that, he had only human voices to work with. Throwing himself into the plan, he managed to recruit 150 singers.Among the group was a brown-eyed teenager named Mrianka May. During her 12-hour workday, she labored everything from scrubbing windows to making tobacco pouches for German soldiers. At night, she slipped away to join the choir, where she felt lifted up by Verdi’s music and Schaechter’s passion. “Without Rafi Schaechter, we’d never have survived,” says May, one of the tiny handful of chorus members to live through the war. “He saved us through this music.”Aching with hunger, sopranos and altos, tenors and basses would take their places, while Schaechter pounded out Verdi’s towering themes on the harmonium. Since there was only a single score, the singers had to memorize their parts, in Latin, a language that few besides Schaechter understood.When they rehearsed the key section called “Day of Wrath,” Schaechter explained that it meant God would judge all men—including the Nazis—by their deeds and they would one day pay for their crimes against the Jews. “We are putting a mirror to them,” he said, “Their fate is sealed.”Although the Germans had spies among the prisoners, Schaechter managed to keep the real meaning behind thechorus’s rehearsals a secret. Still, the camp’s Jewish elders were upset. “The German will deport your whole chorus, and hang you,” they warned Schaechter at a stormy meeting.That night Schaechter told h is chorus, “What we are doing is dangerous. If anyone wants to leave, you may go. ” No one left.At last, in the autumn of 1943, all was ready. The first performance took place for prisoners gathered in a former gymnasium. Someone had found an old piano missing a leg and propped it on a crate. During the performance, a technician kept it in tune with a pair of pliers.Verdi’s music burned through the audience like an electrical charge, and many remember it as one of the most powerful events of their lives. The Requiem was like food put in front of them. They gnawed at it from sheer hunger.Over the ensuing months, the Requiem was repeated several times for additional audiences of prisoners.Then Schaechter received an order from the camp’s commandant to stage a command performance of the Requiem. This would be “in honour” of a visit by Red Cross representatives who, fooled by the Nazis, would notoriously report that the Jews were living in comfort at Terezin. There would also be high Naziofficials present—among them, an SS lieutenant colonel named Adolf Eichmann. The scene was set for a face-to-face confrontation between defiant Jews and the man behind the Final Solution.Despite his best efforts, Schaechter could muster only 60 singers for the chorus. Emaciated, they gathered on the small stage. Eichmann sat in the front row, dressed in full Nazi regalia. The Jews looked the Nazis in their eyes, and their voices swelled as they sang:The day of wrath, that day shall dissolve the world in ash… What trembling there shall be when the judge shall come…Nothing shall be unavenged.When the performance ended, there was no applause. The Nazis rose in silence. As he left, Eichmann was heard to say, with a smirk, “So they’re singing their own requiem.” He never realized the Jews were singing his.Soon after, Schaechter and nearly all his chorus members were loaded into boxcars bound for Auschwitz. Schaechter was never seen again.Marianka May was among those freed when Allied troops reached Terezin. “I believed in nothing in that camp,” says May, with a look in her eyes that takes in both the death-filledstreets of Terezin and the soothing hills of upstate New York, where she now lives. “I would say to myself, ‘Is God there? If so, then how could these children dying?” S chaechter wasn’t a religious man. But that was it but God that he gave us in the music?”反抗之歌他们用他们唯一的武器——歌喉——与纳粹对抗。
最新学术英语综合Unit9-译文
第九单元医学Text A谁还需要医生？在变化的时代洪流中与时俱进费格斯•沙纳汉所有的一切都早经由前人说过，但是没有人听，于是我们不得不总是返回起点，从头开始。
——安德烈•纪德通常情况下，医生大都具备适应变化的能力。
但随着变化的脚步逐渐加快，他们会不断面临挑战，所担任的角色也会遭到不少质疑。
尽管医学界在医药方面已经取得了不少成就，但是现代社会对医疗职业却存有的越来越多的疑问；尽管与之前相比，人们变得越来越健康，但是健康仍旧是人们所关注的热门话题。
因此，随着人们对医疗职业的职业满意度越来越低，替代医学逐渐兴起。
美国的新闻杂志借由其封面大声喊出，“谁还需要医生啊？”，而很多医学杂志的评论标题也充斥着负面的情绪：“不高兴的医生”；“现代医学一成不变”；“医学作为一种艺术的失败”；以及“医生会有未来吗？”而这种情绪也在皇家医师学会的报道中有所体现，他们报道的对象正是在变化大潮中不断变化的医生角色。
报道中出现了一些对医生不利的词语与表达：“医疗职业……处于劣势”；“心神不安”；“很多医生看起来都不快乐”；“医生……过时了”以及“医生的角色需要清晰的解释”。
因此，人们呼吁医生们在塑造未来的过程中能够担当起更加积极的角色。
对医疗行业来说，明智之举就是培养更多的领导能力，重点关注如何能使人们保持健康的状态，以巩固医疗行业对社会福利的影响。
但是目前，医疗行业存在的最大挑战将会是在“伙伴关系”方面，也就是医生和病人之间的关系——医患关系。
十多年前有社论观点做出预测称，正是超级专业化，分子医学以及冠以“循证”的一切这些因素促进了医疗行业的变化，而最彻底的变化是在医患关系方面。
这种关系错综复杂，容易受到社会潮流的影响。
而过去的分析倾向于侧重医生们如何确诊疾病，而当前难以捉摸的诊断已经很少见了。
而对于病人来说，医患关系的好坏结果也取决于医生的职业福利，因此这方面需要获得人们的关注。
随着世界变化日新月异，人们的职业也应在变化的大潮中面对挑战，做出相应的回应，所以医生个人需要与时俱进，并且要思考如何能够信心十足地面对挑战，并且享受挑战。
学术英语(人文)Unit 9
Unit 9 Modern Philosophy
• Text A The Rise of Modern Philosophy
– Classroom activities – Supplementary information
Unit 9 Modern Philosophy
Text A
Classroom activities
Unit 9 Modern Philosophy
Text A
Supplementary informrn Philosophy
Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P179
Unit 9 Modern Philosophy
学术英语 人文
Academic English
研究生学术英语高原第九单元课文翻译
如果谦逊的人能成为最好的领导者，为什么我们会爱上有魅力的自恋者?1.研究很清楚:当我们选择谦逊、不摆架子的人作为我们的领导者，我们周围的世界就会变得更好。
2.从长远来看，谦逊的领导者能提高公司的业绩，因为他们创造了更多的协作环境。
他们对自己的优点和缺点都有一个平衡的看法，并对他人的优点和贡献有强烈的欣赏，同时对新的想法和反馈持开放的态度。
这些“无名英雄”帮助他们的信任者们建立自尊，胜过他们的期望，并创建一个归属感，把个人的努力引导成一个有组织的团体，为集体的利益而工作。
3.例如，联合研究中心的一项研究调查了计算机软件和硬件行业的105家中小型公司。
研究结果显示，当一位谦逊的CEO执掌一家公司时，其高层管理团队更有可能合作和分享信息，最大限度地利用公司的人才。
4.另一项研究表明，领导者的谦逊具有传染性:当领导者表现谦逊时，追随者就会效仿他们谦逊的态度和行为。
对161个研究团队的一项研究发现，追随谦逊领导的员工更有可能承认自己的错误和局限性，通过将赞扬转移到他人身上来分享聚光灯，并对新想法、建议和反馈持开放态度。
5.然而，我们并没有追随这些无名英雄的脚步，而是似乎天生就在寻找超级英雄:那些过分赞美且散发着魅力的领袖。
6.在希腊语中，Kharisma的意思是“神圣的礼物”，而魅力是指具有非凡魅力、吸引力和存在感的品质，使一个人能够以热情和奉献精神激励他人。
德国社会学家马克斯•韦伯(Max Weber)将魅力定义为“神圣的起源或模范，在此基础上，相关的个人被视为领导者。
”关于魅力型领导的研究证据表明，魅力型的人更有可能被认可为领导者，因为他们精力充沛、非常规行为和英雄事迹。
7.虽然魅力有助于促成积极的大规模转变，但魅力型领导也可能有“黑暗面”。
杰伊·康格(Jay Conger)和拉宾德拉·卡农戈(Rabindra Kanungo)在他们的著作中这样描述:“有魅力的领导者可能倾向于极端自恋，这导致他们推动高度利己和宏伟的目标。
综合英语教程(第三版)BOOK4-课文译文 09.第九单元
第九单元Text不妨这么讲比尔·布雷森对于第一次到英国的许多美国人而言，最让他们惊讶的事情之一就是多年来他们运用自如的母语在应对大不列颠岛屿上使用的纷繁复杂的英国时，突然显得力不从心。
到了英国之后，你会发现自己所发出的有声噪音（或许用言语这一词过重了些）在任何地方，往好处讲被看作是优雅而又精确的，往坏处讲成了喧闹的骗人的鬼话。
即使最平淡无奇的遭遇也会顿时使人迷惑不解。
当我初到这个国家时，记得有一次，午饭时间我到了一家乡村酒吧，我问他们有什么样的三明治，“我们这儿有烧牛肉。
”吧台后的人一边回答，一边弯着腰去看一个盛满各式各样三明治的玻璃盒子，“还有火腿和奶酪”。
“我就要火腿和奶酪”我说。
那个人看着我，好像是我误解了他的意思：“我们有烧牛肉、火腿和奶酪”他用更慢的速度重复了一遍。
“是的”。
我回答，他的话我都能理解。
“那么你要点什么？”“我就要火腿和奶酪。
”我预感到我们之间有些误解。
他盯着我，好像在思量我是不是在故意找麻烦，“你一样要一个？”“不，只要一个。
”“好的，但是哪一个呢？”我发现他的脸颊开始泛红。
“我说的那个。
”我很不自在地回答。
最后，他给我端上了一盘午餐，包括两个三明治，一只火腿和一片奶酪，直到后来我才发现在那个时候，他们不知道把火腿和奶酪放在一个简单的英式三明治里（或许尝起来味道会很好）。
奥斯卡·王尔德说过：“除了语言，英国人实际上与美国人没有什么不同。
”他的话太对了。
在我看来，错误完全在于他们。
你知道，英国人总是在迷惑外国人的过程中暗自取乐——有时是无意的。
就像一个人试图要听懂板球比赛的讲解一样。
这就是为什么人们从荒诞的诗文和疯颠的幽默中找乐，为什么他们有立宪制政府却没有成文的宪法。
为什么他们在六月庆祝女王生日，而实际上她是在四月出生。
总之，这就是为什么他们创造了英语这样一种毫无逻辑的怪僻的语言的原因。
我要提醒你的是，在这种语言中，ough 可以有下列六种发音（如在bough, thought, through, trough, though, and hiccough）。
学术英语社科翻译第九单元3,4段
学术英语社科翻译第九单元3,4段Unit 9 第三段：Before looking further at the evidence of cultural amalgamation,one caution is in order.在进一步看文化融合的证据之前，有一点要引起注意。
You will see that a great of what is becoming world culture is western,especially American,in its origins.你会发现西方文化很大一部分成为了世界文化，尤其是美国，是它的起源。
That does not imply that Western culture is superior,its impact is a function of the ecnomic and political strength of Western Europe and the United states.这并不意味着西方文化优越，它的影响是西欧和美国的经济和政治实力的作用结果。
Nor does the preponderance of Western culture in the intergration process mean that the flow is one way.这也不是说，在融合过程中，西方文化的优势意味着流动是单向的。
American culture ,for example,is influenced by many forgein imports,ranging from fajitas and sushi,through soccer,to acupunture.例如，美国文化，被很多国外进口的影响，从吉它和寿司，从足球到针灸。
第四段：One of the most important aspects of converging culture is English,whichis becoming the common lauguage of business , diplomacy, communications, and even culture.文化融合一个最重要的方面是英语，它正在成为商业，外交，通信，甚至文化的共同语言。
学术英语(社科)Unit 9
Unit 9
Globalization in Political Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Caution: A great deal of what is becoming world culture is Western. Two important aspects of converging culture
Unit 9
Globalization in Political Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Argument: The world’s people can build on
commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation.
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Conclusion: There is a distinct and important intermingling and amalgamation of cultures under way. Views on consequences of cultural amalgamation: 1) Welcome it as a positive force that will bring people and political units together. 2) See it as a danger to desirable diversity.
学术英语(医学)_Unit 9
Watch the video and check against the list!
Unit 9 Medical Education
Text A
• Critical reading and thinking – Topics for presentation – Useful expressions
Unit 9 Medical Education
Text g
Topics for presentation
4 What did Peabody mean by saying “The secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient”?
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Language building-up – Medical terminology – Signpost language – Formal English – Vocabulary test
Suggested answers
•
Unit 9 Medical Education
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Unit 9 Medical Education
Unit Contents
Lead-in Text A
Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing Get reading for Unit 10
Unit 9 Medical Education
Lead-in
• Issues to be covered • Suggested answers
Unit 9 Medical Education
季佩玉、范烨学术英语 第4到9课文翻译
Unit 4 翻译环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。
那段时间意识不断壮大，我们所面临的挑战知识增加，而重要的实践已经取得了进展，例如在一些减少各种污染，并在建立保护区。
我们是，但是，仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。
人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候，动物和植物的势头，并在关键的资源，包括野生鱼类资源，淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。
而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。
他们不断升级，随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。
如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的，但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力？什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域？这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息，更好的技术和良好的政策思路。
这些东西是至关重要的当然的，但所有这些东西都已经可用。
我们知道如何让清洁电力，节约资源，培育生物多样性。
我们知道如何规范污染，防止损坏的生态系统，如果我们想。
我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。
如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。
我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动，谈到风险管理，促进抗灾能力。
要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机，我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来，而不是一些可选的慈善事业，我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊，做社会改良。
嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。
我们正处在一个时期的后果，世界必须知道，健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。
如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战，也是一个经济问题。
只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进，一方面是促进环保目标的同时，对其他直接矛盾与措施，以实现更多的经济增长，我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。
当涉及到经济学和生态学有大量的好思已经完成。
例如，在不同的经济措施，以取代成功与失败，生态税的改革更为现实的措施，收入转移的负担，污染，生态系统服务补偿，补贴的重定向和如何调动国内生产总值的原油措施融资以扩大清洁行业。
学术英语(人文社科类)Unit-4
Unit 4
The Study of Society and People
Text A
Suggested answers
Language building-up
Task 1 Specialized vocabulary
1 Translate the following sociological terms from English into Chinese or vice versa.
4 Why did men and women marry in the Middle Ages? Mainly in order to keep property in the hands of family or to raise children to work the family farm.
Unit 4
The Study of Society and People
Text A
Suggested answers
Critical reading and thinking
Task 2 Answer the following questions.
5 Where did romantic love make its first appearance? Its first appearance made in courtly circles.
2 Why does the author raise the three questions in Paragraph 2? The author wants to show us what is the prime concern of sociology.
3 Why do people fall in love according to the authors? Because love expresses mutual physical and personal attachment two individuals feel for one another.
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 9 referencing
Unit 9 ReferencingObjectives- Know significance of referencing- Understand different styles of referencingContents- Reading and discussion: Science and MLA reference styles?- Language focus: information order- Writing practice: Referencing as required.1.Reading ActivityAs a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone else’s ideas or words. Failure to properly reference may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone e lse’s work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another student’s or expert’s work. Plagiarism also occur s when you re-word someone else’s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source.All of the sources you refer to in the main body of your assignment need to be listed at the end of the assignment in a reference list. You need to list only those sources from which you have either quoted or paraphrased. For example, you do not have to list books you used for background reading purposes.1.1Pre-reading TaskAnswer the following questions:Why do we reference?How do we usually reference?How do we create a reference list?How many referencing styles do you know?1.2Reading PassageScience uses a numbering system for references and notes. This allows explanatory or more detailed notes to be included with the references. Journal names are abbreviated by using common abbreviations to save space.GENERAL NOTESPlace citation numbers for references and notes within parentheses, italicized: (18, 19) (18-20) (18,20-22). Do not use superscript numbers. Citations are numbered sequentially, first in the text, then through the references and notes, then through the figure and table captions, and finally through the supporting online material. The acknowledgments follow as an unnumbered note.Each reference can be listed only once. Separate individual references from other references and from any text notes. (This is a change from our previous style to simplify referencing and facilitate online linking of references.) Each reference should have its own number and not include other text.Any reference to a personal communication should be given a number in the text and placed, in correct sequence, in the references and notes. It must be accompanied by a written letter of permission. At the time of publication, all cited references must be published. Papers that are "in press" can be cited in a submission, but the paper must be available to provide to reviewers, and an accepted paper will be held until all references are published. Data supporting the results or conclusions should be included in the paper or Supporting Online Material or must be archived in an appropriate database a t the time of publication and made available for reviewers.Notes should be used for information aimed at the specialist (e.g., procedures) or to provide definitions or further information to the general reader that are not essential to the data or arguments. Notes can cite other references (by number).Please do not place tables within notes.If you are including materials and methods in supporting online material, please cite this (wherever appropriate) as a single numbered note in the text, in the same fashion as other notes. For the note, use a form such as this: "Information on materials and methods is available on Science Online." (The correct Web address will be appended by Science staff.) For information on how to reference othersupporting online material in the manuscript text, please see our specific guidelines on this material.There should be one reference list that includes papers cited in the main paper and then papers cited only within the supporting online material. Citations in the supporting online material can cite papers already cited in the main paper by number. We will include the full reference list online.For cited papers that have been published only electronically, please include the DOI.CREATING THE REFERENCE LISTFor journal articles, list initials first for all authors, separated by a space: A. B. Opus, B. C. Hobbs. Do not use "and". Use et al. (italics) for more than five authors. Titles of cited articles can now be included, with words in lower case except for proper nouns, followed by a period (see samples). Journal titles are in italics; volume numbers follow, in boldface. Do not place a comma before the volume number or before any parentheses. You may give the full inclusive pages of the article. Journal years are in parentheses: (1996). End each listing with a period. Do not use ibid. or op. cit. (these cannot be linked online).For whole books, monographs, memos, or reports, the style for author or editor names is as above; for edited books, insert "Ed.," or "Eds.," before the title. Italicize the book title and use initial caps. After the title, provide (in parentheses) the publisher name, publisher location, edition number (if any), and year. If these are unavailable, or if the work is unpublished, please provide all information needed for a reader to locate the work; this may include a URL or a Web or FTP address. For unpublished proceedings or symposia, supply the title of meeting, location, inclusive dates, and sponsoring organization. There is no need to supply the total page count. If the book is part of a series, indicate this after the title (e.g., vol. 23 of Springer Series in Molecular Biology).For chapters in edited books, the style is as above, except that "in" appears before the title, and the names of the editors appear after the title. After the information in parentheses, provide the complete page number range (or chapter number) of the cited material.For research first published in Science Express, online journals, and preprints available on the Internet, see the examples below. These are considered published work.STYLE EXAMPLESJournals1. N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980). [one author]2. William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964). [two or more authors]Books1. M. Lister, Fundamentals of Operating Systems (Springer-Verlag, New York, ed. 3, 1984), pp. 7-11. [third edition]2. J. B. Carroll, Ed., Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).Published Online Only1. N. H. Sleep, Stagnant lid convection and carbonate metasomatism of the deep continental lithosphere. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q11010 (2009), doi:10.1029/2009GC002702.Technical reports1. G. B. Shaw, "Practical uses of litmus paper in Möbius strips" (Tech. Rep. CUCS-29-82, Columbia Univ., New York, 1982).Paper presented at a meeting (not published)1. M. Konishi, paper presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA, 10 October 1984. [sponsoring organization should be mentioned if it is not part of the meeting name]Theses and personal communications1. B. Smith, thesis, Georgetown University (1973).Passage 2：Modern Language Association (MLA) styleThe MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(2008) is the third edition of The MLA Style Manual, first published by the Modern Language Association of America in 1985. It is an academic style guide widely used in the United States, Canada, and other countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the humanities, especially in English studies. The MLA's guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly and literary journals, newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses, and they are followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and other countries around the world.Book with one authorReference: Author last name, First name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.Example: McDonagh, Sean. Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth. Dublin: Veritas, 2001.In-text citation :(Author Last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleIn another study (McDonagh 80)….McDonagh has discussed (80)….Book with two or three authorsReference : Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.Example: McLean, Bethany and Peter Elkind. The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron. New York: Portfolio, 2004.In-text citation:(Author(s) last name and last author last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleOthers highlight a different factor (McLean and Elkind 122)….Bethany and McLean (122) highlight….Book with an editorReference: Editor’s last name and first name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.Example: Booth, David. Ed. Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice. Essex: Longman, 1994.In-text citation:(Editor’s last name page No.)(Page No)ExampleAnother approach (Booth 55) shows….Booth (55) argues….Chapter in an edited bookReference: Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. "Title of chapter.” Title of Collection. Ed. Editor(s) First name last name and last editor First name Last name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Page range.Example: Jonson, Ben. "To the Memory of My Beloved, the Author Mr. William Shakespeare." The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Alexander Allison et al. New York: Norton, 1983. 239-40.In-text citation:(Author(s) Last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleAnother approach (Jonson 239)….Jonson (239) writes….Print Journal articleReference : Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume. Issue (year): pages.Example: Mann, Susan. "Myths of Asian Womanhood." Journal of Asian Studies. 59.1 (2000): 835-62.In-text citation:(Author(s) last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleAnother author (Mann 850) argues….Mann (850) argues….E-journal articleReference : Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. "Title of Article." Journal title V olume. Issue (Year): Page numbers. Database. Web. Day Month Year accessed.Example: Faris, Marc. “That Chicago Sound: Playing with (Local) Identity in Underground Rock.” Popular Music & Society 27.4 (2004): 429-454. EBSCOhost. Web. 5 April 2011.In-text citation:(Author(s) Last name page No.)(Page No.)ExampleExploring this topic (Faris 440)….Faris (440) highlights the role….ConferencesReference: Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. “Title of paper.” Title of conference proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher, Y ear. Pages. Format.Example: O’Connor, John. "Towards a Greener Ireland.” Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 15–16 March 2009. Dublin: Irish Environmental Institute, 2009. 65 – 69. Print.In-text citation: (Author(s) last name)Example: According to another source (O’Connor 68)….ThesesReference: Author Last name, First name. “Title.” Degree statement.Degree-awarding body, Year. Format.Example: Allen, Sean. "The Social and Moral Fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland." PhD thesis. University College Dublin, 2009. Print.In-text citation:(Author Last name page No.)(Page No.)Example:As argued elsewhere (Allen 55)….Allen (55) disagrees with this….1.3Reading Comprehension1.3.1 List the differences in book and journal references between Science and MLA style.Science MLABook referenceJournal reference1.3.2 Please identify the sources of the following 10 references.1.N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980).2.Matarrita-Cascante, David. "Beyond Growth: Reaching Tourism-Led Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37.4 (2010): 1141-63. Print.3. William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964).4. J. B. Carroll, Ed., Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).5. M. Konishi, paper presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA, 10 October 1984.6. Ahmedi, Fauzia Erfan. "Welcoming Courtyards: Hospitality, Spirituality, and Gender." Feminism and Hospitality: Gender in the Host/Guest Relationship. Ed.Maurice Hamington. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010. 109-24. Print.7. Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999. Print8. Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. Destinies: Canadian History since Confederation. Toronto: Harcourt, 2000. Print.9.Ferrer, Ada. "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." Radical History Review 73 (1999): 22-49. Print.10. S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (Dawson, New York, 1978).nguage Focus: Information orderOne of the significant differences between reference styles of different journals is the presentation order of cited work information. The following two exercises are designed to make sure that you know the presentation order of a reference entry of Science and MLA.2.1 Please fill out the blanks of the omitted information of the Science reference entry.1)First author first name ____________, second author __________last name, paper title. ___________.issue , _____________( __________ ).2)_____________ _______________, book name ( _______________, New York, ed. 3, __________), _____________.[third edition]3)______________, thesis, ________________ (________).2.2 Please transform the following information of the cited works into MLA reference entry.1) The article "The Third Man: Pulp Fiction and Art Film." written by Glenn K.S.Man published in Literature Film Quarterly , volume 21 issue 3 in 1993 from page 171to 178 in Print form.2）Ada Ferrer had an article "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." published in Radical History Review volume73 in 1999 from page 22 to 49 in paper form.3)Lewis Mumford had The Culture of Cities in New York by Harcourt in 1938 in print form.4)A. H. Buss had the book Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety published in San Francisco by Freeman in 1991 in print form.5) Andrew Piper had“Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything”published in PMLA volume 121 issue 1 in 2006 p rinted on page 124-38.3.Writing Practice3.1 Please correct the errors in the following references according to Science style. 1) Allen, Sean. "The Social and Moral Fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland." PhD thesis. University College Dublin, 2009. Print._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2) Wang, M. & Koda, K. (2005). Commonalities and differences in word identification skills among English second language learners. Language Learning, 55(1), 73-100._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3) Zeelenberg, R., & Pecher, D. (2003). Evidence for long-term language repetition priming in conceptual implicit memory tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 80–94._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4) von Studnitz, R. E., & Green, D. (2002). Interlingual homograph interference in German-English bilinguals: Its modulation and locus of control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 51, 1–23._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3.2 Please create a reference list of the following work information according to the MLA style.1.The book Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth written by Sean McDonaghpublished in Dublin by Veritas in 2001.2.The book Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice edited byDavid Booth in Essex by Longman in 1994.3.The article Myths of Asian Womanhood written by Susan Mann published inV olume 59 issue1 on page 835-62 of Journal of Asian Studies in 2000.4.The conference paper Towards a Greener Ireland written by John O’Connorpublished at the conference Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 15–16 March 2009 in Dublin by Irish Environmental Institute in 2009 on page 65 – 69 in Print format.4.Writing ProjectThe following passage is a part of Introduction of a research article ready to be published in Science. Please revise the in-text reference and reference list according to the Science style.When bilinguals read or listen to words in their second language (L2), information about words in their first language (L1) is also active (e.g., Dijkstra &Van Heuven, 2002; Jared & Kroll, 2001; Marian & Spivey, 2003). From a developmental perspective, finding evidence for language nonselectivity even among highly skilled bilinguals is surprising. One might think that with increasing skill, learners become capable of functioning autonomously in L2 (e.g., Segalowitz & Hulstijn, 2005). However, recent evidence that demonstrates parallel activation of words in both languages during visual and spoken word recognition suggests that acquiring proficiency in L2 does not imply that the individual has acquired the ability to switch off the influence of L1. Furthermore, these cross-language influences are not limited to the effects of L1 on L2. Even when proficient bilinguals process words in their L1 alone—without any reason to believe that L2 is relevant—there are effects of L2 on L1 (e.g., Van Hell & Dijkstra, 2002; Van Wijnendaele & Brysbaert, 2002).Despite the compelling evidence for parallel activation of both languages during lexical access in proficient bilinguals, very little research has addressed the consequences of cross-language activity in less proficient L2 processing. This question is the focus of the work we report here: What lexical information is active in the learner’s L1 during L2 processing? The present study investigates the influence of L1 on L2 during lexical processing in a laboratory setting.References:Dijkstra, A., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system:From identification to decision+ Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 175–197._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Jared, D., & Kroll, J. F. (2001). Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 2–31._____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Marian, V., & Spivey, M. (2003). Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items.Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 173–193._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Segalowitz, N., & Hulstijn, J. H. (2005). Automaticity in bilingualism and second language learning. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds)., Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 371–388). Oxford: Oxford University Press._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, A. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 780–789._____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Van Wijnendaele, I., & Brysbaert, M. (2002). Visual word recognition in bilinguals: Phonological priming from the second to the first language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 616–627._____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Final ChecklistThis checklist is for you to make sure that your reference is ready for publication. Tick the item if it is done.。
最新学术英语医学Unit1,3,7,9课文翻译
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
学术英语社科Unit9五单元原文及翻译
Unit 9 Cultural globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects of world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising ,then ,that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever-frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of culture differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball , rock music, and other，a such aspects of pop culture , but such analysis dose not trivialize the subject.Instead long-standing bottom-up line of political theory argues that the world’s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up progress of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.不同语言、习惯以及世界文化的其他各个方面的早期发展，源于人类群体之间的隔离。
学术英语(社科)_Unit 3含答案
5 What does sectoral shift (结构性变化) mean?
Sectoral shift means the change in the composition of demand among industries or regions.
Unit 3 Unemployment
Text A
2 College grads of this generation have _in_c_r_e_d_ib_le__ta_l_e_n_ts__ which is an advantage that not everybody has.
Unit 3
Unemployment
Lead-in
3 College grads who have _w_o_r_k_in_g__e_x_p_e_ri_e_n_c_e_ or _d_o_I_n_te_r_n_s_h_ip_s_ are more likely to find jobs.
Because people rely on their labor earnings to maintain their standard of living, get income and get a sense of personal accomplishment.
学术英语社科类unit9原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1.Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture, but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theory argues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
学术英语课文9翻译
学术英语课文9翻译学术英语课文9翻译学术英语的课文很难翻译吗？小编帮你解决，下面就由小编为大家整理学术英语课文9翻译，欢迎大家查看!Module 9 Cartoon storiesUnit 1 We need someone like Superman who can save Tony.大明：澳，天那！相机在哪里？托尼的爸爸将会说什么？贝蒂：这像一个卡通故事。
玲玲：为什么？贝蒂：我能想象出这个卡通片里的每一幅画面，并且我知道结局会是什么样。
大明：我喜欢许多笑话的卡通片。
玲玲：但这不是可笑的事，这是严肃的。
贝蒂：这不是让你发笑的那些卡通片之一。
大明：并且我喜欢的人物是像潮人或蝙蝠侠那样的英雄。
玲玲：我们需要像超人一样的能救托尼的人……杰克逊先生：你好，我正在寻找托尼。
大明：他在那儿！杰克逊先生：你能告诉他我想和他说几句话吗？我有一部上面有他的名字的相机，它在楼上。
大明：那是好消息。
要我给他吗？杰克逊先生：好吧！给你。
贝蒂：澳，托尼的爸爸正在过去和他说话。
大明：如果托尼告诉他爸爸他把借来的相机弄丢的，他就有烦的。
玲玲：我们怎么能让托尼知道我们已经找到他爸爸的相机的呢？大明：我知道！让我们照张相。
他会看到闪光灯。
贝蒂：那是个聪明的主意！把它给我！玲玲：好，那可能不是很有趣，但或许它会是一部有一个快乐结局的卡通片。
贝蒂：而且我将是超人！Unit 2 There are several fan clubs in china which have held birthday parties for Tintin.尼莫，一条聪明的`橘色与白色相间的鱼和史瑞克，一个巨大的绿色怪物，在中国和全世界年轻人中大受欢迎。
这些受欢迎的卡通英雄到处都是，在办公桌上，手提包上，及电脑屏幕上。
但有一些比较老的受欢迎的卡通片。
卡通片猴王刚过的它的“四十岁生日”。
这部叫《大闹天宫》的卡通片讲述的一个带领一群猴子反对天条的猴子的故事。
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Unit 9 第三段：
Before looking further at the evidence of cultural amalgamation,one caution is in order.
在进一步看文化融合的证据之前，有一点要引起注意。
You will see that a great of what is becoming world culture is western,especially American,in its origins.
你会发现西方文化很大一部分成为了世界文化，尤其是美国，是它的起源。
That does not imply that Western culture is superior,its impact is a function of the ecnomic and political strength of Western Europe and the United states.
这并不意味着西方文化优越，它的影响是西欧和美国的经济和政治实力的作用结果。
Nor does the preponderance of Western culture in the intergration process mean that the flow is one way.
这也不是说，在融合过程中，西方文化的优势意味着流动是单向的。
American culture ,for example,is influenced by many forgein imports,ranging from fajitas and sushi,through soccer,to acupunture.
例如，美国文化，被很多国外进口的影响，从吉它和寿司，从足球到针灸。
第四段：
One of the most important aspects of converging culture is English,which
is becoming the common lauguage of business , diplomacy, communications, and even culture.
文化融合一个最重要的方面是英语，它正在成为商业，外交，通信，甚至文化的共同语言。
President Secretary Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan and many other leaders of countries of international organizations converse in English.
阿富汗秘书总统卡尔扎伊和国际组织的多个国家的其他领导人用英语交谈。
Indeed,a number of them ,including UN Searetary-General Ban Ki-moon of South Korea,learned or improved their English while enrolled at US universities.
事实上，许多人，包括韩国的联合国秘书长潘基文，在美国大学入学的时候学会或提高他们的英语.
A bit more slowly,English is spreading among common citizens around the world.This is evident in differences among various age groups.Among Europeans,for instance,89% of all school-chidren now have English instuction.
虽然有点慢，英语正在世界各地的普通公民中传播。
这在各年龄组中的差异是明显的。
例如，在欧洲，在学校的孩子有89％现在接受英语教学。