成本公式汇总

一、Accounting for materials

1.①

EOQ

①C o=cost of placing one order C h= holding cost per unit

D=demand per annum

Q=re-order quantity Annual

Costs =

Annual stock ordering=

②EBQ

一边生产一边消费

②Q=batch size

D=demand per annum

C h=cost of holding one unit for one year

C o=cost of setting a batch ready to be produce

R=annual replenishment rate

2.Stock control system

①.minimum stock level

reorder level – (average usage × average lead time)

②maximum stock level

Maximum level = reorder level + reorder quantity –(minimum usage × minimum lead time)

③average inventory = safety inventory +

④free inventory=physical inventory + inventory on order – inventory requisitioned (not issued)

二、Accounting for labor

1. direct labor cost

①Time-based system Wages = (Hours worked × basic rate of pay per hour) + (overtime hours worked ×overtime premium per hour )

Idle time: time

spent doing nothing

is called idle time.

Overtime premium:

overtime hours are

paid at a higher

rate than the basic

hourly rate.

Bonus payments: a

payment in addition

to a basic salary,

either for

achieving or

exceeding certain

targets.

②Piecework systems Wages = Units produced × Rate of pay per unit 2. labor turnover Labor turnover =

3. labor efficiency

①Efficiency ratio= %100*output

produce to hours Actual hours)

std （ output produce to hours Expected

②

Capacity ratio=

③

Production volume ratio=

④上式=

三、Accounting for overheads

1.absorption costing Prime cost / direct cost Overheads / indirect cost

Production overheads (indirect materials, indirect labor, indirect expenses)

Non-production overheads (administration overheads, selling and

distribution overheads)

①Absorption rate=

②Predetermined absorption rate=

2. under/over absorbed

①a. If Actual overhead incurred – Absorbed overhead = NEGATIVE (N), then overheads are over absorbed (O) (NO)

b.If Actual overhead incurred – Absorbed overhead = POSITIVE (P), then overheads are under absorbed (U) (PU)

②Overhead absorbed=Actual activity * absorption rate based on the budget.

Cost ledger: a manufacturing organization might record its costs in a set of ledger accounts, called cost ledger.

The ledgers not contain accounts for bank, debtors, non-current assets. Cost control accounts, it is for recording the matching double entry whenever the entry would be to an account not contained in the cost ledger.

③Raw material, WIP or Finished goods

Buy: Dr raw material Cr cost control

a.

b.issue: Dr WIP

Dr production

Dr non-production

Cr raw material

c.finished: Dr finished good Cr WIP

④Labor

a.Pay: Dr salary and wages

Cr cost control

b.Apportion: Dr WIP

Dr production

Dr non-production

Cr salary and wages

⑤Manufacturing overhead

a.

Incurred: Dr production

Cr cost control