动词的时与体(二)

未完成用 法
注意
现在完 成时
have/ has + -ed分词
He has lived here for 10 years/ 区别：已完成用法通常不与段时间连用，未完成 since 1999. 用法常与段时间连用。 I have finished my homework. 已完成用法 发生在过去某时的 I have known him for 8 years. 未完成用法 动作一直持续到现 在有可能继续 He told me that he had lived here for 10 years. (与上相似，只是 把时间推移到过去) A.when/ before/ after/ until 引导的分句中过去 完成体的用法 B.过去完成体的想象性用法 1. 用于由if, if only, as if引导的分句中 2. 用于I wish, I’d rather等结构后面的that分句中 3. 用于expect, think, intend, mean (= intend) want, suppose等动词，表示过去未曾实现 的希望、打算或意图
1.A he least studied意为“被研究得最少”。这里使用率动词现在完成时的被动语态。 2.B。根据but she hasn’t decided yet (尚未决定) 可知，从开始失业时起一直在考虑再去上学，现在还 在考虑。表示从过去某一时刻开始一直到现在，并且现在依然在发生的动作，用现在完成进行时，现在完 成进行时由“have/has been doing”构成，所以选B。 3.A。根据句中的since可知，空格处应填完成时态，故可排除B和C；根据句意，空格处填现在完成进行 时比填现在完成时更合适，因为它更强调“一直在做某事”。又如：He has been working since noon. 他 从中午就开始工作了。He was taken ill and no wonder, considering he has been overworking for years. 他生病了，也难怪，多少年他一直过度辛劳。
4.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party. A. left；had arrived B. left；arrived C. had left；had arrived D. had left；arrived 5.We ______ four thousand new words by the end of last year. A. had learned B. have learned C. learned D. will have learned 6. They ______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _______ on it as no good results have come out so far. A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C . have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working 7. We ____our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had 8. The two friends ____ on the Internet for three hours, and they would go on till the next morning. A. had been chatting B. had chatted C. were chatting D. have been chatting
植婉莹，丁嘉利专场
真题训练
Can you do it?
1.Of all the economically important trees, palmshave been ___. A.the last studied B.study the least C.study less and less D.to study the less 2. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider 3. Joseph ______ to evening classes since last month, but he still can’t say “What’s your name?” in Russian. A. has been going B. went C. goes D. has gone
3. 用于expect, think, intend, mean (= intend)，want, suppose等动词，表 示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图： I had intended to make a cake, but I ran out of time.
完成进行体 构成
现在 完成 进行 体
过去完 成时
had + ed 分 词 相对的时间 是过去：过 去的过去， 在过去某时 之前发生的 动作
when/ before/ after/ until 引导的分句中过去完成体用法
表示动作先后，可以互换： • When they came, I had eaten my dinner. • I had eaten my dinner before they came. • After I had eaten my dinner, they came. • They didn’t come until I had eaten my dinner. • By the time they came I had eaten my dinner. 注： 1) 通常一个动作用一般过去时，一个用过去完成体。 2) After /before 本身已经体现出动作的先后，所以也可都用一般过去时 • I ate my dinner before they came. • After I ate my dinner, they came. • 两个动作可都用过去完成体，少，如by the time • By the time they had come, I had eaten my dinner.
用法
注意
现在完成（进行） 体与过去时用法比 较 与现在时间有没有 联系的区分（课本 P141）
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
过去 完成 进行 体
have/ has 用法与现在完成体未完成用法相仿，可以互换 been +ing He has lived here for 10 years. 分词 He has been living here for 10 years. (强调一种持续性) 不能互换，比较： Who has eaten my dinner? （全吃光） Who has been eating my dinner? （有剩余） I have been working all day. 我工作了整整一天。 I have been learning English for quite a few years. 我学英语学了好些年了。 与现在完成进行体用法相仿，只是时间推移到了过去 had been+ ing 在他大学毕业之前，他一直在努力地学习电脑。 Before he graduated from the college, he had been making 分词 efforts to learn computer. 在老师到来之前，我已经在教室呆了五分钟了。 By the time the teacher came, I had been staying in the classroom for 5 minutes.
完成体用法补充
• 1.完成体与since(自从某一“时点”以来一直存在着某种状态)书本P146 • 2. 完成体与have got/ have got to • 我得到了一本新字典。 • I have got a new dictionary. • 我有一本新字典。（口语的一种用法） • I have a new dictionary. • I have got a new dictionary./ I have got no time. • I have got to do it. = I have to do it.（表示必须去做） • 3. It is / will be the first time （that） I have been here.（现在完成体） • It was the first time that I had been here.（通常用过去完成体，看时 间少数用一般过去时，现在完成时）P147
过去完成体的想象性用法
1. 用于由if, if only, as if引导的分句中： I felt as if I had known her all my life. If only you had told me before.
2. 用于I wish, I’d rather等结构后面的that-分句中： I would rather you had told her the truth.
动词的时与体（二）
主要内容： 完成体的用法 完成进行体的用法 完成体用法补充用法
完成体
用法 已完成 用法
I have eaten my dinner. (发生在过去某 时的动作到现 在已经完成或 结束。) I had eaten my dinner before they came. (一个动作或状 态在过去某时 之前已经完成 或结束)