动词的时和体(一)

第十一讲

动词的时和体（一）Tense and Aspect（一）key points:

①Use of simple present;

②Use of simple past;

③Use of present progressive;

④Use of past progressive.

Use of simple present •1.表示不受时限的客观存在

所谓不受时间限制的客观存在包括真理、格言、科学事实及其他不受时限的事实等。

e.g The earth rotates on its axis.

A rolling stone gathers on moss.

2.表示现在习惯动作

•所谓现在习惯动作指现在经常发生的动作，一般

现在时常用来表示现在时间里某种动作的经常性

和习惯性。

e.g Percy often goes to his office by underground.

He always sleeps with his windows open.

上述用法的一般现在时常与频度副词连用。常见的频度副词有always,ever,frequently,hardly,often,rarely,seldom,

sometimes,usually等。频度副词通常位于助动词之前，如

果主动词是be 则通常位于其后，也可为了强调而位于其前。

3.表示现时状态和现在瞬间动作

⏹用一般现在时表示的现时状态通常都带有一定的持续性，因此只适用于静态动词。

e.g Someone's at the door, Carol.

What's the matter with you?You look pale.

⏹用一般现在时表示的瞬间动作通常只适用于表示短暂动

作的动态动词。（如用在对快速体育运动的实况报导中）e.g Harper passes the ball to Jennings,Jennings shoots and

the goalkeeper leaps for it but—yes,it's a goal.

⏹这一用法也常见于戏法表演、技术操作表演等的解说词中，也常见于专门用语或日常用语中。

e.g I declare the meeting open.

4.表示将来时间（三种句型）

1）I hope / I bet that 分句中，可用一般现在时表将来。

e.g I hope she likes the flowers.(will like )

I bet it rains tomorrow.(will rain)

2 )see(to it)/make sure/make certain+that-分句。

e.g I will see (to it )/make sure/make certain(that)you don't get

lost.

3）if /when 引导的条件分句和时间分句。

e.g Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest

time comes?

If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside.

5. 表示过去时间

•能用一般现在时表示过去的时间的动词有tell, say, hear, learn, gather等。或称作“历

史性现在时”（Historical Present)

e.g

Alice tells me you're entering college next year.

I hear poor old Mrs Smith has lost her son.

②Use of simple past

•1. 表过去时间

●一般过去时主要用来表示在特定过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态。

e.g We had a meeting yesterday afternoon.

●也表示过去的习惯动作

e.g In those days thet sowed wheat by hand.

●一般过去时所表示的过去时间都与现在时间不发生关系。因此，用一般过去时的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。

e.g I studied in Canada for 7 years. ( 现已不在加拿大)

I have studied in Canada for 7 years.（可能在加拿大也可能在别地）

2. 表现在时间和将来时间

1) 第一种情况是表示婉转口气

e.g I wondered if you could help me.

( want, wonder, think, hope)

2）表与现在事实相反的主观设想或对将来的主观设想，不能换为一般现在时

e.g If I had money, I’d buy a big house.

I wish you lived closer to us.

•Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the simple past:

1.I’ll make sure that everything __is___ (be) in order.

2. I hope (that) I ___see / will see____ (see) you there.

3. See that you ___are___ (be) ready at 8 o’clock.

4. I’m getting tired ---it’s time we __went__ (go) home.

5. I’d rather you __bought___ (buy) a car.