材料科学与工程专业英语课文翻译(1,2,3,10).
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案
UNIT 1一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。
历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。
二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。
随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。
这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。
此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。
在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。
因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。
三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。
对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科（subdiscipline）是非常有用的，严格的来说，材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系，与此相反，材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系，来设计和生产具有预定性能的材料，基于预期的性能。
材料科学与工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(1,2,3,10)
United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。
如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。
渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。
在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。
也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
这个大约是过去的60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。
因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。
比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。
严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。
多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。
“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。
简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。
在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
英语学习-《材料科学跟工程专业英语》(DOC 38页)
《材料科学与工程专业英语》Unit1 Materials Science and Metallurgical EngineeringMaterials are properly more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Trans -portation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation and food production--virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members' abilities to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (i.e.Stone Age, Bronze Age).The earliest humans has access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones: these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristic. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. Advancement in the under--standing of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel of some other comparable substitutes. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.Materials Science EngineeringMaterials science is an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry, physics, metallurgy, engineering and very recently life sciences. One aspect of materials science involves studying and designing materials to make them useful and reliable in the service of humankind. It strives for basic understanding of how structures and processes on the atomic scale result in the properties and functions familiar at the engineering level. Materials scientists are interested in physical and chemical phenomena acting across large magnitudes of space and time scales. In this regard it differs from physics of chemistry where the emphasis is more on explaining the properties of pure substances. In materials science there is also an emphasis on developing and using knowledge to understand how the properties of materials can be controllably designed by varying the compositions, structures, and the way in which the bulk and surfaces phase materials are processed.In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of those structure properties correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. In other words, materials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials in design and how materials are manufactured."Structure" is a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next large structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed "microscopic" meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed "macroscopic".The notion of "property" deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subject to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories; mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is s characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force: examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric filed. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation: index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely "processing" and "performance". With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material's performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is linear as follows:Processing→Structure→Properties→PerformanceWhy Study Materials Science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientists or engineers, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will be exposed to a design problem involving materials at one time or another. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is to select the right material from many thousands available ones. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized. On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strengthmay result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is economics. What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties, but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.(Selected from Materials Science and Engineering: AnIntroduction, by William D Callister,2002)New Words and Expressionspottery n. 陶瓷by virtue of 依靠（……力量），凭借，由于，因为empower vt.授权，准许，使能够empower sb.to do sth. 授权某人做某事forerunner n. 先驱（者），传令官，预兆stepwise a. 逐步地，分阶段地interdisciplinary a. 交叉学科的metallurgy n. 冶金学nebulous a. 星云的，云雾状的，模糊的，朦胧的agglomerate n. 大团，大块；a.成块的，凝聚的elaboration n. 详尽的细节，解释，阐述electrical conductivity 电导性，电导率dielectric constant 介电常数thermal conductivity 热导性，热导率heat capacity 热容refraction n. 衍射reflectivity n. 反射ductility n. 延展性corrosive a. 腐蚀的，蚀坏的，腐蚀性的；n. 腐蚀物，腐蚀剂overriding a. 最重要的；高于一切的prohibitive a. 禁止的，抵制的judicious a. 明智的criterion n. 标准，准则，尺度Notes1. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.这是一个强调句，强调时间。
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Uni...
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Uni...Unit 3 Structure-Property Relationships of MaterialsToday’s materials can be classified as metals and alloys, as polymers or plastics, as ceramics, or as composites; composites, most of which are man-made, actually are combinations of different materials.译文：当今的材料可以分为金属和合金，聚合物或者塑料，陶瓷或复合材料；复合材料，它们大多数是人造的，实际上是不同材料组合而成。
A pplica tion of these m ateria ls de pe nd on their pr ope rties; theref ore, w e ne ed to know w hat pr operties are re quired by the a pplica tion and to be a ble to re late those s pecifica tion to the m aterial.译文：这些材料的应用取决于它们的性质；因此，根据应用的场合，我们需要知道什么样的性质是必需的，我们需要能够把这些详细说明同材料联系起来。
For exam ple, a la dder m ust w ithsta nd a des ign loa d, the w eight of a pe rs on us ing the la dde r. H ow ever, the m ateria l property that ca n be m easured is s tre ngth, w hich is af f ecte d by the loa d a nd desig n dim ension. S tre ngth values m us t theref ore be applie d to dete rm ine d the la dde r dim ensions to e ns ure saf e us e. Therefore, in ge ne ral, the s truc tures of m etallic m aterials have ef fects on the ir prope rties.译文：比如，一个梯子必须能经受住设计的载荷，也就是使用这个梯子的人的重量。
材料科学与工程专业英语翻译
Unit1：交叉学科交叉学科 interdiscipline 介电常数介电常数 dielectric constant 固体性质固体性质 solid materials 热容热容 heat capacity 力学性质力学性质 mechanical property 电磁辐射电磁辐射 electro-magnetic radiation 材料加工材料加工 processing of materials 弹性模量（模数）elastic coefficient 1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times times that that scientists came to to understand understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties . 2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material Material engineering engineering mainly to solve the problem and create material application. 3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
Materials processing process is not only to de structure and decided that the material characteristic and performance. 4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。
Material Material mechanical mechanical properties with the extemal force or in de deformation of the load. Unit2：先进材料先进材料 advanced material 陶瓷材料陶瓷材料 ceramic material 粘土矿物粘土矿物 clay minerals 高性能材料高性能材料 high performance material 合金合金 metal alloys 移植移植 implant to 玻璃纤维玻璃纤维 glass fiber 碳纳米管碳纳米管 carbon nanotub 1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。
材料科学与工程第四版部分翻译
P2Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.材料科学是研究材料的加工，组织性能和功能之间关系的学科（材料与工程之间的关系可以用图一的四面体来表示）P2The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.材料科学是研究材料的结构和性能之间的关系的学科In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. 而材料加工是在材料组织和性能关系的基础上，对材料的组织进行设计，以获得一系列预定的性能P5 Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, which concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. The semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries.半导体有介于电导体和绝缘体之间的性能。
材料科学与工程专业英语翻译(1)修改
Materials have always been important to the advance of civilization: entire eras(纪元，历史时期) are named for them. After evolving(进化，发展) from the Stone Age through the Bronze and Iron Ages, now in the modern era we have vast numbers of tailored materials to make use of. We are really living in the Materials Age.译:一直以来，材料对于文明的进步都很重要：时代用它们来划分。
经过石器时代、青铜器时代、铁器时代的发展，如今，我们可以利用大量的特种材料。
我们确实是生活在材料时代。
Work and study in the field of materials science and engineering is grounded in an understanding of why materials behave the way they do, and encompasses(包括，涉及) how materials are made and how new ones can be developed. For example, the way materials are processed is often important. People in the Iron Age discovered this when they learn that soft iron could be heated and then quickly cooled to make a material hard enough to plow the earth; and the same strategy is used today to make high-strength aluminum alloys for jet aircraft. Today we demand more from our materials than mechanical strength, of course─electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, for example, are crucial for many applications. As a result, modern materials science focuses on ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors, as well as on materials, such as metals and glasses, that have a long history of use.译：材料科学与工程领域的工作和研究是建立在对材料性能产生原因的理解之上的，包括材料的加工制造和新材料的研发。
材料科学与工程 专业英语 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering
Unit 1 Materials Science and EngineeringTransportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation and food production-virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by material. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’abilities to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs.交通、住房、衣服、通讯、娱乐和食品生产－实际上我们日常生活的每个部分某种程度上受到材料的影响。
（被动语态）古往今来，社会的发展和进步已经同人们制造和生产材料以满足他们的需要的能力紧密的联系起来了。
The earliest humans has access to only a very limited number of materials，those that occur naturally stone，wood，clay，skins，and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of natural ones: these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore，it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatment and by the addition of other substance.（非限制定语从句）早期的人类仅仅拥有少量的材料，这些材料是天然存在的石头、粘土，皮毛等等。
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版-翻译以及答案
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版-翻译以及答案Unit 1材料在我们生活中的影响可能远远超出我们的想象。
从交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐到食品生产，材料无处不在。
历史上，社会的发展和进步与生产材料的能力密切相关。
早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。
早期的人类仅仅使用了极少量的材料，如自然的石头、木头、粘土和兽皮。
随着时间的发展，通过技术生产的材料比自然材料具有更好的性能，如各种金属和陶瓷。
人们还发现，通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。
在过去的100年中，科学家对材料的基本结构和性能关系有了更深入的理解。
为满足现代复杂社会的需求，成千上万种不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。
新技术的发展使我们获得了更适合的材料，使我们的生活更加舒适。
对材料性质的理解进步往往是技术发展的先兆。
例如，如果没有合适且不昂贵的钢材或其他替代品，汽车就不可能生产。
现代复杂的电子设备依赖于半导体材料。
将材料科学和工程划分为两个副学科是非常有用的。
材料科学研究材料性能和结构的关系，而材料工程则基于材料结构和性能的关系，设计和生产具有预定性能的材料。
材料科学家开发或合成新材料，而材料工程师生产新产品或运用现有材料开发生产技术。
大多数材料学毕业生同时接受材料科学和工程的培训。
五、材料的“structure”指的是其内在成分的排列。
在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织，而在更大的结构领域上，其包括大的原子团。
最后，结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。
六、“Property”指的是材料对外部刺激的反应。
材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。
通常，材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。
七、所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。
对于每一种性质，其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能力。
比如，机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关，而电性能则与电场有关。
材料科学与工程专业(第四版)英语翻译(1,2,3,5,6,7单元)
第一单元：材料科学与工程历史看法材料可能比我们意识的还要根深蒂固的占据在历史中。
运输、房屋、衣服、通讯、娱乐以及食物产品----事实上我们生活中的每一个部分都或多或少受材料的影响。
历史上，社会的发展与前进和那些能满足社会需求的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上，早起的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，青铜时代，铁器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料：石头、木材、粘土以及动物皮毛等。
渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过热处理或加入其他物质来改变。
由此看来，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程，且此过程又是根据材料的性能从许多的而不是有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
在跨越将近100年的时间获得的知识被大范围的赋予符合当代的材料特性。
因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要；它们包括金属，塑料，玻璃和纤维。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种认识的材料的先进程度通常是一种连续技术进步的先兆。
比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代，精密的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件。
材料科学与工程有条理的材料科学涉及到材料的结构和性质的关系。
相比之下，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
“structure”一词是个值得解释的模糊的术语。
简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
亚原子结构包括介于单个原子内部的电子以及相互作用的原子核。
在原子水平上，结构围绕着原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
在更大的结构领域上，其包括大的原子团，这些原子团通常聚集在一起，称为“微观”结构，意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。
最后，结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。
材料科学与工程专业英语第10章翻译
The word "ceramic" is derived from the Greek keramos, which means "potter's clay" or "pottery." Its origin is a Sanskrit term meaning "to burn." So the early Greeks used "keramous" when describing products obtained by heating clay-containing materials. The term has long included all products made from fired clay, for example, bricks, fireclay refractories, sanitaryware, and tableware.“陶瓷”这个词是来自希腊keramos，这意味着“陶土”或“陶”。
它的起源是梵文术语，意思是“燃烧”。
因此，早期的希腊人用“keramous”描述加热含粘土的物料获得的产品。
这个词早已包括所有陶土制成的产品，例如，砖，粘土质耐火材料，卫生洁具，餐具。
In 1822, refractory silica were first made. Although they contained no clay, the traditional ceramic process of shaping, drying, and firing was used to make them. So the term" ceramic," while retaining its original sense of a product made from clay, began to include other products made by the same manufacturing process. The field of ceramics (broader than the materials themselves) can be defined as the art and science of making and using solid articles that contain as their essential component a ceramic. This definition covers the purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components, and the study of structure, composition, and properties.1822年，耐火材料二氧化硅被首次提出。
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文
Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。
除此之外，有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。
英语学习《材料科学与工程专业英语》
英语学习《材料科学与工程专业英语》《材料科学与工程专业英语》Unit1 Materials Science and Metallurgical EngineeringMaterials are properly more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Trans -portation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation and food production--virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members' abilities to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (i.e.Stone Age, Bronze Age).The earliest humans has access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones: these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristic. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of differentmaterials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. Advancement in the under--standing of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel of some other comparable substitutes. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.Materials Science EngineeringMaterials science is an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry, physics, metallurgy, engineering and very recently life sciences. One aspect of materials science involves studying and designing materials to make them useful and reliable in the service of humankind. It strives for basic understanding of how structures and processes on the atomic scale result in the properties and functions familiar at the engineering level. Materials scientists are interested in physical and chemical phenomena acting across large magnitudes of space and time scales. In this regard it differs from physics of chemistry where the emphasis is more on explaining the properties of pure substances. In materials science there is also an emphasis on developing and using knowledge to understand how the properties of materials can be controllably designed by varying the compositions, structures, and the way in which the bulk and surfaces phase materials are processed.In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of those structure properties correlations, designing or engineering thestructure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. In other words, materials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials in design and how materials are manufactured."Structure" is a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next large structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed "microscopic" meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed "macroscopic".The notion of "property" deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subject to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories; mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is s characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force: examples include elastic modulus andstrength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric filed. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation: index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely "processing" and "performance". With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material's performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is linear as follows:Processing→Structure→Properties→PerformanceWhy Study Materials Science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientists or engineers, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will be exposed to a design problem involving materials at one time or another. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is to select the right material from many thousands available ones. There are severalcriteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized. On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is economics. What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties, but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.(Selected from Materials Science and Engineering: AnIntroduction, by William D Callister,2002)New Words and Expressionspottery n. 陶瓷by virtue of 依靠（……力量），凭借，由于，因为empower vt.授权，准许，使能够empower sb.to do sth. 授权某人做某事forerunner n. 先驱（者），传令官，预兆stepwise a. 逐步地，分阶段地interdisciplinary a. 交叉学科的metallurgy n. 冶金学nebulous a. 星云的，云雾状的，模糊的，朦胧的agglomerate n. 大团，大块；a.成块的，凝聚的elaboration n. 详尽的细节，解释，阐述electrical conductivity 电导性，电导率dielectric constant 介电常数thermal conductivity 热导性，热导率heat capacity 热容refraction n. 衍射reflectivity n. 反射ductility n. 延展性corrosive a. 腐蚀的，蚀坏的，腐蚀性的；n. 腐蚀物，腐蚀剂overriding a. 最重要的；高于一切的prohibitive a. 禁止的，抵制的judicious a. 明智的criterion n. 标准，准则，尺度Notes1. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.这是一个强调句，强调时间。
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United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。
如交通、房子、衣物,通讯、娱乐和食物的生产,实际上,我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上,早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名,如石器时代,铜器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料,如石头、木材、粘土等。
渐渐地,他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料,这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地,人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。
在这点上,材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。
也就是说,在一系列非常有限的材料中,根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。
直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
这个大约是过去的60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。
因此,成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。
比如,没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代,复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。
严格地说,材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说,材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料,而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系,和/或发展材料加工新技术。
多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。
“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。
简单地说,材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。
在原子水平上,结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
在更大的结构领域上,其包括大的原子团,这些原子团通常聚集在一起,称为“微观”结构,意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。
最后,结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。
“Property” 一词的概念值得详细阐述。
在使用中,所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。
比如,材料受到力作用会引起形变,或者抛光金属表面会反射光。
材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。
通常,材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。
实际上,所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类:机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。
对于每一种性质,其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能力。
如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关,包括弹性和强度。
对于电性能,如电导性和介电系数,特定的刺激物是电场。
固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。
磁学性质表示一种材料对施加的电场的感应能力。
对于光学性质,刺激物是电磁或光照。
用折射和反射来表示光学性质。
最后,腐蚀性质表示材料的化学反应能力。
除了结构和性质,材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分,即加工和性能。
如果考虑这四个要素的关系,材料的结构取决于其如何加工。
另外,材料的性能是其性质的功能。
因此,材料的加工、结构、性质和功能的关系可以用以下线性关系来表示:加工——结构——性质——性能。
为什么研究材料科学与工程?为什么研究材料科学与工程?许多应用科学家或工程师,不管他们是机械的、民事的、化学的或电子的领域的,都将在某个时候面临材料的设计问题。
如用具的运输、建筑的超级结构、油的精炼成分、或集成电路芯片。
当然,材料科学家和工程师是从事材料研究和设计的专家。
很多时候,材料的问题就是从上千个材料中选择出一个合适的材料。
对材料的最终选择有几个原则。
首先,现场工作条件必须进行表征。
只有在少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此,有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
典型的例子是当考虑材料的强度和延展性时,而通常材料具有高强度但却具有低的延展性。
这时对这两种性质进行折中考虑很有必要。
其次,选择的原则是要考虑材料的性质在使用中的磨损问题。
如材料的机械性能在高温或腐蚀环境中会下降。
最后,也许是最重要的原则是经济问题。
最终产品的成本是多少?一种材料的可以有多种理想的优越性质,但不能太昂贵。
这里对材料的价格进行折中选择也是可以的。
产品的成本还包括组装中的费用。
工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、功能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术,根据以上的几个原则,他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
Unit 2 Classification of MaterialsSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文:固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型:金属,陶瓷和聚合物。
这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的,大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面,尽管有许多中间品。
除此之外,有三类其他重要的工程材料-复合材料,半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.译文:复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成,然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用;生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。
关于材料类型和他们特殊的特征的一个简单的解释将在后面给出。
METALSMetallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements. They have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly able to these electrons.be bound to 被约束于。
be attribute to 归属于。
归因于。
译文:金属材料通常由金属元素组成。
它们有大量无规则运动的电子。
也就是说,这些电子不是被约束于某个特定的原子。
金属的许多性质直接归属这些不规则运动的电子。
Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications.科技英语在讲述科学真理的时候通常用主动语态。
如: Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity Deformable ?译文:金属是十分好的电和热的导体,它们对可见光不透明;一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。
除此之外,金属是十分硬的,也是可变形的,这个性质解释了它们广泛使用在结构方面的应用。
CERAMICSCeramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass.that引导的定语从句译文:陶瓷是介于金属和非金属元素之间的化合物;它们通常是氧化物,氮化物和碳化物。
落在这个分类种类中的宽的材料范围包括陶瓷,它们由粘土矿物,水泥和玻璃组成。
These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle.more…. Than…..with regard to….译文:这些材料是典型的电和热的绝缘体,并且它们比金属和聚合物更加耐高温和耐苛刻的环境。
至于机械性能,陶瓷是硬的但是却很脆。
POLYMERSPolymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular structures. These materials typically have low densities and may be extremely flexible.译文:聚合物包括常见的塑料和橡胶材料。