2018年博士研究生招生考试外国语试题.doc

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北京航空航天大学-2018年外国语学院外国语言文学博士招生目录及考试科目

2018年外国语学院外国语言文学博士招生目录及考试科目一、简介外国语言文学一级学科博士学位授权点旨在培养热爱祖国、拥护中国共产党、矢志不移致力于外国语言学及应用语言学和外国文学研究的高级专门人才；培养学生具有专注的学术精神、优良的学术品质、厚实的专业功底、广博的学科知识、独立从事科研工作的能力，能在当代社会和学术语境下进行创新研究，服务于我国的语言文学研究与教学；培养学生具有国际视野和国际层面上的学术能力，能在全球化的学术背景下从事高水平研究。

外国语言文学博士点共设有三个二级学科，分别是外国语言学及应用语言学、英语语言文学和德语语言文学。

外国语言文学博士点学共有6个学科方向：1.认知语言学/语义学2.语料库语言学3.对比语言学4.翻译学5.英美文学6.德语近现代文学二、学科方向1.认知语言学/语义学方向认知语言学是认知科学的重要组成部分,它强调人的身体和心智对于外部世界的经验对语言的核心作用。

认知语言学致力于研究语言的普遍原则与人的认知规律之间的和谐一致，其研究成果与认知科学其他学科的成果相互支撑。

认知语言学理论对实际语言现象的解释；根据实际语料提出相关理论假设；解决语言教学与研究中出现的重大理论与实践问题等。

导师：李福印2.对比语言学方向本学科方向以认知功能语言学为理论基础，开展各个层面的跨语言对比与认知研究，以寻求语言的规律性解释，以及可用于外语教学、语言习得和日常交际等实际问题的原理。

主要研究内容包括：1）语言对比角度，侧重于汉英两种语言的共时对比研究，关注跨语言研究的经典话题与前沿课题；2）认知语法学角度，侧重于对不同语言的使用特点进行认知研究，包括理论、方法与应用研究导师：王义娜3.翻译学方向。

2018年博士生入学考试英语参考答案

1.These figures boil down to no significance as they are statistically imperfect.A amount toB conform toC contribute toD attach to2.The researchers are working hard to find the optimal concentration of this drug.A most poisonousB most likelyC most famousD most desirable3.This young lawyer dares to take on the powerful on behalf of the poor and weak.A with the favor ofB find good jobs forC assume the responsibility forD accept the challenge of4.The last traces of respectability had vanished by the time he was convicted and imprisoned.A collapsedB disappearedC perishedD scattered5.Fearful of losing her job for good, this lady decided to talk to the manager directly.A for benefitsB by luckC for everD at hand.6.An important innovation in this college was the introduction of the seminary method for advanced students.A ideaB changeC matterD policy7.This archaeologist made a study of the vast area through which the Roman civilization has been propagated.A extendedB terminatedC speculatedD restricted8.The investor would suffer a lot from a television series that was heavily invested in but never came off.A was releasedB proved satisfactoryC failed completelyD won awards9.Given the gravity of the situation, the best thing we can do is to declare the company bankrupt.A gravitationB fascinationC seriousnessD incurability10.When the symptom occurs, she finds it difficult to manipulate a pencil despite her young age.A utilizeB handleC masterD dominateSection B :Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B , C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11.The country once threatened to ___ diplomatic relations with its neighbor if the latter was too friendly to the rebels.A show offB keep offC break offD call off12.In English leaning, a ___ circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded.A viciousB vigorousC verticalD voluntary13.Some ancient people were able to tell the time by the shadow ___by the sun on the slate.A thrownB flungC castD tossed(upward)petition compels districts to devote their limited resources to achieving results that compare ___ with other localdistricts.A significantlyB favorablyC dramaticallyD superficially15.If you don’t know how to ___ your achievements, your parting from this world is going to be a nightmar e.A take hold ofB get rid ofC let go ofD make fun of16.This country could have as many as 10 million cases of AIDS in 2010 if the ____ is not taken seriously.A episodeB epidemicC equivalentD eruption17.With a wide variety of fresh fruit ___available, canner fruit is no longer so popular as before.A willinglyB appropriatelyC confidentlyD readily =easily18.The crisis over parliamentary election illustrated the unpredictable ____that events could take once the coalition troopsare withdrawn.A processB lineC wayD course19.Decades of ___ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad.A insulationB irrigationC integrationD isolation20.There have been some insensible people who attempt to end their pains ____ through suicide.A by and largeB once for all =foreverC heart and soulD on the wholePart II. ClozeDirections: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrases marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.There is now a new keychain device that lets people turn off most TVs anywhere---- from airports to restaurants. And it is selling faster than 21 . “I thought there would just be a few sales, but we can’t 22 demand,” said inventor MitchAltman of San Fran cisco, U.S. “I didn’t know there were so many people who wanted to turn TVs off.”Hundreds of orders for Altman’s US $14.99 TV-B-Gone device poured in last week. The tiny remote control device had been 23 in Wired magazine and other online-media outlets. 24 , the unexpected attention overloaded the website of his company. Cornfield Electronics, and caused it to 25 .The keychain device works like a 26 remote control ----but it only turns TVs on or off. With a push of the button, it goes through a 27 of about 200 infrared codes that control the power of about 1,000 television models. Altman said the majority of TVs should 28 within 17 seconds. It takes a little more than a minute for the device to 29 all the trigger codes.The 47-year-old Altman got the idea for TV-B-Gone a decade ago. He was out with friends at a restaurant and they found themselves all 30 by the TV, but no one was around to turn it off.21. A expects B expectation C expected D expecting22. A give in to B hold on to C make up for D keep up with23. A acknowledged B announced C admitted D applied24. A At times B On time C Behind time D At the same time25. A clash B crush =smash C cruise D crash26. A commonplace B universal C mean D medium27. A string B flock C school D fleet28. A repel B repeat C react D reproach =blame29. A submit B permit C omit D emit30. A bothered B haunted C interrupted D hinderedPart III. Reading ComprehensiveDirections: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAnimals are more like us than we ever imagined. They feel pain, they experience stress, and they show affection, excitement and love. All these finding have been made by scientists in recent years----and such results are beginning to change how we view animals.Strangely enough, this research was sponsor ed by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC. Pressured by animal rights groups, these companies felt they had to fund scientists researching the emotional and mental states of animals. McDonald’s, for instance, funded studies on pig behaviors at P urdue University, Indiana. This research found that pigs seek affection and easily become depressed if left alone or prevented from playing with each other. If they become depressed, they soon become physically ill. Because of this, and other similar studies, the European Union has banned the use of isolating pig stalls from 2012. In Germany, the government is encouraging pig farmers to give each pig 20 seconds of human contact a day, and to provide them with toys to prevent them from fighting.Other scientists have shown that animals think and behave like humans.Koko, the 300-pound gorilla (大猩猩)at the Gorilla Foundation in Northern California, for instance, has been taught sign language. Koko can now understand several thousand English words, more than many humans who speak English as a second language. On human IQ tests, she scores between 70 and 95.Before such experiments, humans thought language skills were absent from the animal kingdom. Other myths are also being overturned, like the belief that animals lack self-awareness. Studies have also shown that animals mourn their dead, and that they play for pleasure.These striking similarities between animal and human behavior have led some to ask a question: “If you believe in evolution, how can’t you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have?”Until recently, scientists believed that animals behaved by instinct and that what appeared to be learned behavior was merely genetically-programmed activity. But as Koko the Gorilla shows, this is not the case. In fact, learning is passed from parents to offspring far more often than not in the animal kingdom.So what implications does this knowledge have for humans? Because of this , should we ban hunting and animal testing? Should we close zoos? Such questions are being raised by many academics and politicians. Harvard and 25 other American law schools have introduced courses on animal rights.31. The author feels it strange that the research was sponsored by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC probably because these companies_____.。

宁波大学分析化学2018,2020年考博初试真题

的影响）（）
A. 稀 H2SO4
B. HCl
C. 邻二氮菲
D.NH4F
5. 仅设想常量分析用的滴定管读数误差±0.01 mL，若要求测定的相对误差小于 0.1%，消耗滴定
液应大于（）
A. 10 mL B. 20 mL C. 30 mL D. 40 mL 6. 在 pH=5.0 时，用 EDTA 溶液滴定含有 Al3+，Zn2+，Mg2+和大量 F-等离子的溶液，已知
一、选择题（每题 2 分，10 题，共 20 分）：
分析化学
1. 用 0.100 mol∙L-1 NaOH 滴定同浓度 HAc (pKa = 4.74)的 pH 突跃范围为 7.7～9.7，若用 0.100 mol∙L-1
NaOH 滴定同浓度某弱酸 HB (pKa = 2.74)，pH 突跃范围是（）
c1 为参比，则试液的透光度为（
）。
A. 40%
B. 50%
C. 60%
D. 70%
6. 在原子发射光谱定量分析中，内标元素与分析元素的关系是（）。
A. 激发电位相近
B. 电离电位相近
C. 蒸发行为相近 D. 熔点相近
7. 原子光谱（发射、吸收与荧光）三种分析方法中均很严重的干扰因素是（）。
A. 光谱线干扰
24. 在气-液色谱分析中，当两组分的保留值很接近，且峰很窄，但只能部分分离，其原因是（）
A. 柱效能太低 B. 容量因子太大 C. 柱子太长 D. 固定相选择性不好
25. 在液相色谱法中，按分离原理分类，液固色谱法属于（）
A. 分配色谱法 B. 排阻色谱法 C. 离子交换色谱法 D. 吸附色谱法
28. 荧光分析法是通过测定（）而达到对物质的定性或定量分析

中共中央党校2018年博士研究生(统一考试)招生章程

中共中央党校2018年博士研究生(统一考试)招生章程一、培养目标培养德智体全面发展，在本学科上掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专业知识，具有理论联系实际、独立从事科学研究的能力，善于创造性工作的高级专门人才。

二、招生类别1．非定向培养博士研究生：脱产学习三年，需将人事档案转到学校，毕业时根据国家就业政策“双向选择”。

2．定向培养博士研究生：保证脱产学习至少一年，考生工作单位、录取学校、考生本人三方签署定向培养协议，毕业后回原单位工作。

三、报考条件1．中华人民共和国公民，拥护中国共产党的领导，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，品德良好，遵纪守法。

2．符合下列情况之一者：（1）已获得硕士学位的人员；（2）应届硕士毕业生（须在入学前获得硕士学位）；3．非学历教育（单证，只有学位证书而无毕业证书）的专业学位考生或同等学力申请硕士学位人员报考我校博士生必须在报名前已获硕士学位。

4．在境外获得的学位证书须提交教育部留学服务中心的认证。

5．身体健康状况符合国家规定的体检要求。

6．报考非定向培养博士生的考生至入学时未满35周岁（1983年8月31日以后出生）；报考定向培养博士生的考生至入学时未满45周岁（1973年8月31日以后出生）。

四、报名时间及有关手续我校2018年博士研究生一律采取网上报名，具体事项如下：（一）报名时间2017年11月10日9:00－12月10日17:00。

提前报名无效，逾期不予补报，报名截止后不得修改所报信息。

（二）报名流程考生登录我校报名网址：http://121.42.172.162:9101/(S(mgexbi0q0ew3uv5h22hywtim))/dr/login.aspx，浏览报名须知，在网上填报本人真实信息和上传照片。

考生报名前应仔细核对本人是否符合报考条件，提供准确、真实的个人信息、个人照片及相关材料。

考生必须严格按照报名系统规定的格式和像素上传本人照片。

对弄虚作假者，不论何时，一经查实，即按有关规定取消报考资格、录取资格或学籍，并上报教育主管部门和在网上公布。

中国政法大学外国语学院关于博士研究生第一外国语学习和考

中国政法大学外国语学院关于博士研究生第一外国语学习和考试的规定根据教育部《研究生外国语学习和考试的规定试行草案》的相关规定，结合我校博士研究生第一外国语学习的实际情况，特作如下规定：学制为一学期，共 64 学时，4 学分。

一、第一外语为英语（一）博士研究生符合下列条件之一者，可于入学后第一周携带相应的成绩证明原件到研究生外语办公室递交免修考试申请，并在规定时间参加免修考试。

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 新托福标准分 100 分以上（2 年内有效）； GRE 成绩 2000 分（含）以上（5 年内有效）； GMAT 成绩 700 分（含）以上（5 年内有效）； WSK （PETS5）考试成绩合格（2 年内有效）；雅思考试成绩 7 分（含）以上（2 年内有效）；本科或硕士阶段为英语专业；在相应外语国家获得过学位。

矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥。

（二）免修考试成绩优秀者具备免修免考资格，获得相应的成绩和学分；免修考试成绩良好者具备免修不免考资格，可免修英语课程的课堂学习，但必须参加学校组织的期末考试，成绩合格者获得相应的成绩和学分。

聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇。

（三）其余学生必须参加课堂学期，从所开设的课程中任选两门学习，期末参加相应课程的考试，成绩由平时成绩，期末成绩按比例综合认定。

70 分以下者第二学年跟下一届学 1/5生重修。

残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆。

二、第一外语为其他语种（一）第一外语为非英语语种的博士研究生，如果在本科阶段、硕士阶段为法、日、德、俄、西班牙、意大利等语言文学专业本科生或硕士研究生或者在相应外语国家获得过学位，可申请该第一外国语课程的免修考试。

酽锕极額閉镇桧猪。

（二）免修考试成绩优秀者具备免修免考资格，获得相应的成绩和学分；免修考试成绩良好者具备免修不免考资格，可免修该外语课程的课堂学习，但必须参加学校组织的期末考试，成绩合格者获得相应的成绩和学分。

2006-2018年北京大学外国语学院比较文学与世界文学考研真题

2006-2018年北京大学外国语学院比较文学与世界文学考研真题2018年北京大学外国语学院比较文学与世界文学考研真题文学理论一、名解：1、黑人性诗歌2、朗吉努斯3、《拉丁美洲：被切开的血管》4、美国移民文学5、小说化6、文学场域二、简答1、非洲文学理论特点2、俄国普罗普文论3、艾略特论17世纪玄学派诗人4、解释东方、非洲、文学5、分析泰戈尔的戏剧6、用两部作品分析反高潮7、本雅明论译文的一段话8、翻译与世界文学关系三、论述1、文学的政治化阐释2、欧洲浪漫主义文学和象征主义文学异同3、结构主义与后结构主义关系世界文学史一、名解1、维吉尔2、南非戏剧家阿索尔·福加德3、超现实主义4、石黑一雄5、加利西亚·葡萄牙语抒情诗6、《星辰时刻》二、简答1、纪伯伦“生命神圣性”2、《金云翘传》3、但丁对意大利文学的影响4、自传与他传5、分析若泽·萨拉马戈的小说6、分析帕斯的诗歌《兄弟情谊》7、彼得大帝和叶卡捷琳娜二世改革对俄罗斯文学影响8、十月革命一百周年，十月革命对俄罗斯文学影响三、论述1、阿契贝作品反映的尼日利亚社会现实2、基督教与西方中世纪文学3、后殖民文学与世界文学2017外国语学院比较文学与世界文学真题一，名词解释。

《斐多篇》‘散文滑稽史诗’《戏剧的小工具篇》‘美是生活’味论原型批评二，简答1，唯实论和现实主义小说的关系2，世界文学的黑人性3，‘象征是通往无限的钥匙’你的理解4，内部研究与外部研究区分的理据5，中国古典文论对日本文论的影响6，谈谈你对小说叙述中的全知视角的理解7，精神分析法与文学文本的关系8，《食人主义宣言》中‘tupi or not tupi , that's a question .’的理解9，‘艺术非人化’和艾略特‘非个性化’的区别10，西方诗剧，歌剧与西方话剧的区别三，论述题1，语言学对西方文论的影响2，亚里士多德模仿论和莎士比亚镜子说的区别3，举2，3例，说明互文性与抄袭的区别世界文学史一，名词解释《埃涅阿斯纪》七星诗社颓废派运动《雪国》阿列克西耶维奇托尔金二，简答1，古希腊琴歌的特点2，古印度文学和古波斯（阿拉伯）文学的联系3，举例说明伏尔泰哲理小说的核心思想4，举例说明莫里哀戏剧体现了新古典主义的哪些特征5，《恶之花》和《包法利夫人》在当时被认为有伤风化，谈谈你的看法6，列举不同国家的两部游记，谈谈他们对世界的认知7，‘多余人’‘小人物’‘新人’的审美诉求8，流亡文学，侨民文学，离散文学的异同9，列举三位参加过西班牙内战的非西班牙作家，谈谈西班牙内战对他们创作的影响10，指出作者，并分析这首诗自我心理志诗人是个造假者。

2018年上海外国语大学博士研究生入学考试英语1试题

上海外国语大学2018年博士研究生入学考试英语一试题（考试时间180分钟，满分100分，共7页）I．Grammar and Vocabulary (30%)Directions: From the four choices given, choose ONE to complete the sentence.Section A: Grammar (15%, @1%)1. A group of writers posted a letter on the website to accuse Ba idu, China’s largest search engine, _____ copyright violation.A. overB. ofC. againstD. about2. Tiger Mother argues that in Chinese culture____ is fun until you are good at it.A. anythingB. everythingC. somethingD. nothing3. It is illegal to make _______ beggars on the streets that every citizen has the right to stop this crime.A. such little childrenB. such few childrenC. so little childrenD. so few children4. Coca-Cola will invest more in China over the coming three years than they _____ in the entire period between 1979 and 2009.A. doB. didC. have doneD. had done5. US Vice-President Joe Biden ____ the local dishes in a small restaurant in Beijing, for he ate almost everything.A. should have enjoyedB. would have enjoyedC. can’t have enjoyedD. must have enjoyed6. We believe that the government in Beijing will provide migrant workers’ children with public education, _____?A. will itB. won’t itC. don’t weD. don’t they7. Hans.J.Wegner, the first Danish designer to achieve worldwide fame for simplicity, always believes that Remove material____ it is not needed.A. unlessB. so thatC. whereD. in case8. Kids in the new century no longer take ____ their parents impose on him for granted.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whether9. Wait at least 24 hours before you buy a big-ticket item, or you will make a purely emotional purchase___ you may regret later.A. whichB. for whichC. about whichD. at which10. The elimination of Bin Laden hardly eliminates the threat of terrorism, _____ the lessening of security procedures.A. it will nor lead toB. nor it will lead toC. it nor will lead toD. nor will it lead to11. The research, ____ by the end of this year, will pave the way for future development.A. to be concludedB. to concludeC. concludedD. have concluded.12. People still lack knowledge about what can be recycled and what cannot, especially when it comes to _____ kitchen garbage.A. sortB. sortingC.sortedD. having sorted13.________, Harry Porter is no longer a boy wizard but a responsible and mature young man.A. Growing upB. Having grown upC. Being grown upD. Having been grown up14. At least 60 percent of workers are supposed to be given access to physical examinations ______ their work is dangerous.A. if onlyB. untilC. providedD. whether15. The reason why we set up “a green responsibility card” is to gi ve people__ a feeling of accomplishment.A．involves B. involving C. involved D. having involvedSection B Vocabulary (15%, @1%)16. You've ________ me a difficult question which I cannot answer.A. posedB. setC. producedD. presented17. The hungry children made a(n) _________ on the kitchen and took all the cakes.A. raidB. assaultC. surpriseD. attack18. The wartime government first ________ men into the forces from nonessential industries.A. enrolledB. absorbedC. recruitedD. admitted19. She wore a _______ white silk dress.A. sheerB. decentC. perfectD. thin20. He does, however, prefer _______ clothes to uniforms.A. ordinaryB. civilianC. customaryD. practical21. There are still many countries where the death penalty is the _______ against murder.A. sanctionB. preventionC. frightD. threat22. Our chances of winning are ________ ;nevertheless, we shall strive to get the best result.A. fragileB. slimC. limpD. feeble23. He spoke so rapidly that I didn't _____ the meaning of what he said.A. captureB. seizeC. catchD. receive24. Only the Chinese have successfully ________ pandas and raised their babies in captivity.A. bredB. fedC. producedD. brought up25. Yesterday's solutions are not always _______ to today's problems.A. favorableB. complementaryC. supplementaryD. applicable26. We’ll show you a film of the _____ of the competition, as there isn't time for the whole thing.A. essenceB. focusC. highlightsD. center27. Buying a new car was first on my list of ________.A. superiorityB. urgencyC. prioritiesD. emergency28. As he is aging, his _______ is getting worse. You have to speak to him in a loud voice.A. hearingB. listeningC. smellingD. tasting29. The travelers in the desert suffered from _____ in the hot sun.A. hungerB. thirstC. fatigueD. boredom30. There has been a serious ______ on the motorway, involving a container lorry and three cars.A. breakdownB. smash-upC. breakupD. conflictII. Cloze Test (20%, @1%)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage and choose the best answer for each blank.Salt, shells or metals are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today.Salt may seem rather a strange 31 to use as money, 32 in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an 33 necessity. Cakes of salt, stamped to show their 34 , were used as money in some countries until recent 35 , and cakes of salt 36 buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa.Sea shells 37 as money at some time 38 another over the greater part of the Old World. These were 39 mainly from the beaches of the Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China. In Africa, shells were traded right across the 40 from East to West.Metal, valued by weight, 41 coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings, is still used in many countries 42 paper money. It can either be exchanged 43 goods, or made into tools, weapons, or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells, was of bronze, 44 in flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called "cash". The 45 of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old-older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean.Nowadays, coins and notes have 46 nearly all the more picturesque 47 of money, and 48 in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial 49 such as weddings and funerals, examples of 50 money will soon be found only in museums.31. A. object B. article C. substance D. category32. A. but B. and C. so D. even33. A. abstract B. advantageous C. abundant D. absolute34. A. weight B. value C. role D. size35. A. times B. events C. situations D. conditions36. A. even B. also C. still D. never37. A. had been used B. are used C. would be used D. would have been used38. A. and B. but C. yet D. or39. A. collected B. produced C. grown D. raised40. A. city B. district C. community D. continent41. A. processed B. produced C. preceded D. proceeded42. A. in spite of B. instead of C. along with D. in line with43. A. against B. as C. in D. for44. A. often B. seldom C. really D. much45. A. earlier B. earliest C. better D. best46. A. replaced B. reproduced C. reflected D. recovered47. A. sizes B. shapes C. formats D. forms48. A. while B. although C. because D. if49. A. events B. gatherings C. occasions D. assemblies50. A. original B. primitive C. historical D. crudeIII. Reading Comprehension(10%, @1%)Directions: In this part there are two passages. Each passage is followed by five questions. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage OneWe can begin our discussion of "population as global issue" with what most persons mean when they discuss "the population problem": too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the numberadded each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to "a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes."To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately AD. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2050 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world's population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.1.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thin powder fuseanalogy?A. A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B. A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C. Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.D. A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higher fertility andlower mortality.2.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinctionbecause___.A. only one in ten persons could live past 40.B. there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C. it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D. our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.3.Which statement is true about population increase?A. There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2050.B. About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C. Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 persons each year.D. The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and the present.4.The author of the passage intends to___.A. warn people against the population explosion in the near future.B. compare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650.C. find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent years.D. present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growth.5.The word "demographic" in the first paragraph means___.A. statistics of human.B. surroundings study.C. accumulation of human.D. development of human.PASSAGE BChinese Americans today have higher incomes than Americans in general and higher occupational status. The Chinese have risen to this position despite some of the harshest discrimination and violence faced by any immigrants to the United States in the history of this country. Long confined to a narrow range of occupations they succeeded in those occupations and then spread out into other areas in later years, when opportunities finally opened up for them. Today much of the Chinese prosperity is due to the simple fact that they work more and have more (usually better) education than others. Almost one out of five Chinese families has three or more income earners compared to one out of thirteen for Puerto Ricans, one out of ten among American Indians, and one out of eight among Whites. When the Chinese advantages in working and educational are held constant, they have no advantage over other Americans. That is in a Chinese Family with a given number of people working and with a given amount of education by the head of the family, the income is not only about average for such families, and offer a little less than average.While Chinese Americans as a group are prosperous and well-educated Chinatowns are pockets of poverty, and illiteracy is much higher among the Chinese than among Americans in general. Those paradoxes are due to sharp internal differences. Descendants of the Chinese Americans who emigrated long ago from Toishan Province have maintained Chinese values and have added acculturation to American society with remarkable success. More recent Hong Kong Chinese are from more diverse cultural origins, and acquired western values and styles in Hong Kong, without having acquired the skills to proper and support those aspirations in the American economy. Foreign-born Chinese men in the United States are one-fourth lower incomes than native-born Chinese even though the foreign-born have been in the United States an average of seventeen years. While the older Hong Kong Chinese work tenaciously to sustain and advance themselves, the Hong Kong Chinese youths often react with resentment and antisocial behavior, including terrorism and murder. The need to maintain tourism in Chinatown causes the Chinese leaders to mute or downplay these problems as much as possible.6.According to the passage, today, Chinese Americans owe their prosperity to___.A. their diligence and better education than others.B. their support of American government.C. their fight against discriminations.D. advantages in working only.7.The passage is mainly concerned with___.A. Chinese Americans today.B. social status of Chinese Americans today.C. incomes and occupational status of Chinese Americans today.D. problems of Chinese Americans today.8.Chinatowns are pockets of poverty, as is probably associated with___.A. most descendants of Chinese Americans are rebelling.B. most descendants of Chinese Americans are illiterate.C. sharp internal difference between Chinese coming from different cultural backgrounds.D. only a few Chinese Americans are rich.9.Which of the following statements is not true according to this article?A.As part of the minority, Chinese Americans are still experiencing discrimination in Americantoday.B. Nowadays, Chinese Americans are working in wider fields.C. Foreign-born Chinese earn lower income than native-born Chinese Americans with the similaradvantages in the U.S.D. None of the above.10.According to the author, which of the following can best describe the older Hong Kong Chinese andthe youngerA. Tenacious; rebellion.B. Conservative; open-minded.C. Out-of-date; fashionable.D. Obedient; disobedient.IV. Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.More people than ever now work from home for part or all of the week. Such flexibility can seem a good idea, but many people find it difficult to manage their time. Working from home in isolation can also prevent people from engaging in the daily interpersonal relationships that working life can offer –and which can help creativity and improve our mental well-being.In an ordinary workplace, we are helped in our time management by the fact that our access to many temptations is limited. We don’t have to constantly monitor ourselves as our colleagues or bosses are likely to be doing so. While we might bemoan our lack of choice about what we do and when – such as attending a two-hour meeting – we can also be relieved of the need to make choices about what to do next.But when working from home, temptations abound which can eat up our time. Food is in the fridge or can be bought in a quick trip to the shops. Excitement of all kinds can be easily accessed through social media, websites or games which will enthrall us. For some, the temptations to use their time “badly”, particularly onlin e, can be very seductive. At any moment there is a delicate balance of power within: between our creative, constructive side and the side which seeks easier gratification and mindlessness.V. Writing(20%)Directions: Write an essay of about 200 words according to the following prompt. A title is needed.The past few years have witnessed a mounting number of universities allowing students to evaluate their teachers and even decide if they can stay on their positions. Some say that students know the most clearly about the performance of a teacher; some say it is dangerous to leave the right to students to evaluate teachers. Is it up to students to evaluate their teachers? What’s your opinion?You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, language and organization.。

浙江师范大学2018年博士研究生招生考试初试科目情况汇总表

浙江师范大学2018年博士研究生招生考试初试科目情况汇总表
序号科目代码初试考试科目 1 1201 英语适用专业所有专业满分分值 100 无 1.黄济. 教育哲学通论[M] 太原：山西教育出版社， 2008； 2.瞿葆奎主编. ＂教育与教育学＂卷出自教育学文集[C] 北京：人民教育出版社，1993； 3.单中惠主编西方教育思想史[M] 北京：教育科学出版该考试科目由“古代汉语”、“文学理论”、“现代汉语 ”三部分试题组成。汉语言文字学、中国古典文献学专业考生考古代汉语部分；文艺学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学、儿童文学专业考生考文学理论部分；语言学及应用语言学专业考生考现代汉语部分该考试科目由“实分析”、“泛函分析”、“抽象代数” 与“运筹学”四部分试题组成：调和分析及其应用、应用概率论与随机过程方向考“实分析”部分，微分几何方向考“抽象代数”或“实分析”部分，非线性泛函分析、动力系统、孤立子与可积系统方向考"泛函分析"部分，图论、组合数学、组合优化方向考"抽象代数"或“运筹学”部分。考生按要求选做四部分中的其中一部分。参考书目分别为：1、G. B. Folland,《Real Analysis 》,Wiley,1999；2、张恭庆，林源渠，《泛函分析讲义（上册）》，北京大学出版社,2008；3、 T.W.Hungerford，《Algebra》，Springer，2009；4.胡运权，《运筹学基础及应用》，北京：高等教育出版社， 1.沃尔夫冈• 布列钦卡：《教育科学的基本概念——分析、批判和建议》，华东师范大学出版社，2001年第1版； 2. 内尔•诺丁斯：《教育哲学》，北京师范大学出版社， 2008年第1版； 3. [美] 奥兹门（Ozmon,H.A.），[美] 克莱威尔（Craver,S.M.）：《教育的哲学基础》，中国轻工业出版社，2006年第1版； 4. 石中英：《教育哲学导论》，北京师范大学出版社， 2007年第1版； 5. 斯普林格的《脑中之轮:教育哲学导论》，北京大学出版社，2005年第1版。参考书备注

英语专业博士点

应届研究生想考上博士，除非考自己导师的，要不就是自己实力超强，起码研究生阶段发个几篇核心期刊论文，然后对研究方向有相当深刻认识，否则......全国英语专业博士点(2009-03-05 17:09:39)标签：考研杂谈设有“英语语言文学”博士点的高校（共27所）北京大学、清华大学、北京师范大学、中国社会科学院研究生院、北京外国语大学中国人民解放军外国语学院、中国人民解放军通信指挥学院厦门大学、山东大学、四川大学、河南大学复旦大学、上海外国语大学、华东师范大学南京大学、苏州大学、南京师范大学东北师范大学、湖南师范大学南开大学、中山大学2006年新增英语博士点福建师范大学、华中师范大学北京语言大学、浙江大学中南大学、西南大学设有“外国语言学及应用语言学”博士点的高校（共9所）北京外国语大学复旦大学、上海交通大学、上海外国语大学南京大学广东外语外贸大学06年新增英语博士点同济大学、中山大学、南京师范大学同时设有1:“外国语言学及应用语言学”和2:“英语语言文学”博士点的高校（共6所）北京外国语大学复旦大学、上海外国语大学南京大学中山大学、南京师范大学英语专业考研考博全国重点院校推荐(2009-08-14 22:17:25)标签：教育北京大学英语语言文学为国家重点学科、与外国语言学及应用语言学均为一级博士点1919年北京大学建立英语系，胡适任系主任。

至今已有83年的历史。

北大英语系是我国第一批硕士点和博士点之一，也是外国语言文学专业的博士后流动站和国家第一批重点学科点。

研究门类齐全、研究实力雄厚。

英语系研究生共设有英语文学、英语语言学、美国研究、翻译研究、和英语教育等五个专业方向，学制为3年。

现任院长程朝翔教授。

教授23名。

具有博士学位的22名。

英语系出版了大量学术专著、骨干教材和优秀译作。

攻读博士学位继续深造、在国家部委、外事部门、各级政府、新闻出版等外事部门任职北京外国语大学语语言文学为国家重点学科、与外国语言学及应用语言学均为一级学科博士点英语学院成立于2001年，现任院长为孙有中教授。

旭晨教育-2018年全国医学博士考博英语一本通含2016历年真题答案听力

旭晨教育-2018年全国医学博士考博英语一本通含2016历年真题答案听力上册目录目录《考博英语一本通》系列丛书序言3考博英语一本通使用说明5第一部分考试指南7一、博士研究生考试指南7二、考博前期准备8三、导师联系和公关13四、专业和院校选择19五、专业课复习策略20六、资料和真题收集方法22七、面试技巧23第二部分医学考博英语复习指导25一、全国医学博士外语统一考试简介25二、全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试大纲26三、全国医学博士英语统一考试试题分析27四、医学考博英语复习策略32第三部分考博英语专项突破35第一章词汇突破——大规模记忆词汇的方法35医学考博英语词汇题型概述及考情分析35第一节、概述35第二节、大规模记忆词汇的基本方法37第三节、词缀39第四节、词汇解题思路43第五节、考博词汇综合练习（Exercise One- Exercise Twelve）53第二章阅读理解84医学考博英语阅读题型概述及考情分析84第一节、核心理论－化繁为简去伪存真86第二节、解题技巧1－框架结构阅读模版90第三节、解题技巧2－问题类型解题要点102第四节、精准定位－原文命题高发考点118第五节、精准理解－高频词汇长难词句124第六节、阅读理解实战讲解133第七节、阅读理解综合练习137第三章完形填空153医学考博英语完形填空题型概述及考情分析153第一节概述:考试目的和内容156第二节解题方法：一个中心157第三节解题方法：两个结构之层层递进158第四节解题方法：两个结构之对立观点160第五节解题方法：三个层次之篇章161第六节解题方法：三个层次之语法164第七节解题方法：三个层次之词汇165第八节完形填空综合练习(Exercise One-Ten) 167第四章英语写作179医学考博英语写作题型概述及考情分析179第一节、摘要写作概述179第二节、英文摘要写作180第三节、英文短文写作技巧185第五章语法197医学考博英语语法概述及考情分析197第一节语法概述197第二节动词的时态和语态198第三节非谓语动词203第四节虚拟语气210第五节从句213第六节强调与倒装218第四部分医学考博英语历年真题2212016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2212016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析235 2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文2522015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2562015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析271 2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文2832014年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2882014年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析303 2014年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文319下册目录第四部分医学考博英语历年真题（续）32013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题32013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析17 2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文242012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题292012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析41 2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文472011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷512011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析622011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文682010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题712010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析84 2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文892009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题922009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析103 2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文109 2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1132008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析123 2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文129 2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1322007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析143 2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文148 2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1522006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析163 2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文168 2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1722005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析183 2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文188 2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1912004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析203 2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文209 2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2122003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析224 2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文231 2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2362002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析249 2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文255 2001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2602001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析274 2001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文281第五部分参考资料284参考资料1:全国博士英语统一考试高频词组284参考资料2:考博英语形近易混淆词总结284参考资料3:考博英语完形填空常考词组及固定搭配汇总284参考资料4:考博英语万能写作模板284参考资料5:医学考博英语写作必记分类词汇284参考资料6:全国博士英语统一考试词汇大纲(医学）284。

北京外国语大学英语语言文学考博真题导师分数线内部资料

北京外国语大学英语语言文学考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、导师及招生计划学科、专业名称研究方向研究领域指导教师招生人数050201英语语言文学英语国家文学研究(001英语学院）19-20世纪美国小说/女性主义金莉1-2英美小说/西方文论张在新1-2英国现代小说/西方文论马海良1-219-20世纪英美诗歌研究张剑1-2英语文学与跨文化研究陶家俊1-2现当代西方批评理论美国小说与叙事理论王丽亚1-2美国小说研究潘志明1-2奥斯汀小说研究；耿力平1-2芒罗小说研究；英语国家文学研究（018外国文学所）现代西方文论赵国新1-2英语国家语言研究（001英语学院）认知语言学蓝纯1-2应用语言学（001英语学院）外语教育周燕1-2英语国家研究(001英语学院)美国研究孙有中1-2跨文化传播研究欧洲研究王展鹏1-2美国政治研究谢韬1-2美国研究李莉文1-2国际经济彭龙1-2美国政治与外交李永辉1-2国际关系李英桃1-2二、初试考试内容学科、专业名称研究方向研究领域初试考试科目外国语专业科目一专业科目二050201英语语言文学英语国家文学研究(001英语学院）19-20世纪美国小说/女性主义二外(俄语、法语、德语、日语、西班牙语任选一种）英美文学基础美国文学史与作品分析英美小说/西方文论文论与作品解读英国现代小说/西方文论小说与文论19-20世纪英美诗歌研究文学理论与诗歌作品分析英语文学与跨文化研究英语小说与跨文化研究（复试时加试“西方批评理论”）现当代西方批评理论西方批评理论（复试时加试“英语小说与跨文化研究”）美国小说与叙事理论叙事理论美国小说研究美国文学史与作品分析奥斯汀小说研究；奥斯汀小说及英国18世纪社会解读（复试时加试叙事理论）；芒罗小说研究；芒罗小说及加拿大社会解读（复试时加试叙事理论）英语国家文学研究（018外国文学所）现代西方文论二外(俄语、法语、德语、日语、西班牙语任选一种）英美文学基础西方古典文论与现代文论英语国家语言研究（001英语学院）认知语言学二外(俄语、法语、德语、日语、西班牙语任选一种）普通语言学认知语言学/认知诗学应用语言学（001英语学院）外语教育二外(俄语、法语、德语、日语、西班牙语任选一种）应用语言学（英语学院）外语教育英语国家研究(001英语学院)美国研究二外(俄语、法语、德语、日语、西班牙语任选一种）美国通史美国思想史跨文化传播研究中西思想文化史跨文化传播研究理论欧洲研究政治学理论（含英国政治）欧洲一体化的理论与实践美国政治研究美国总统研究美国国会研究美国研究美国通史美国政治经济国际经济英语货币金融学国际经济美国政治与外交国际关系史美国政治与外交国际关系近现代国际关系史当代国际关系理论与实践三、部分科目参考书目研究方向参考书目20世纪加拿大女性小说研究（英语学院耿力平教授）1、W.J.Keith,《加拿大英语文学史》，北京大学出版社，2009年2、Northrop Frye,The Bush Garden:Essays on the Canadian Imagination .(任一版本)3、Margaret Atwood,Survival:A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature .(任一版本)4、Gérard Genette ，Narrative Discourse:An Essay in Method (Cornell UP,1980).5、E.M.Forster,Aspects of the Novel (London:Arnold,1927).6、Virginia Woolf ，The Common Reader ,First Series and the Second Series (Hogarth Press 的任一版本).现代西方文论（外国文学所赵国新教授）1、Terry Eagleton ，Literary Theory ：An Introduction ，Oxford ：Basil Blackwell ，1983.2、Lois Tyson ，Critical Theory Today ：A User-Friendly Guide ，2nd Edition ，New York and London ：Routledge ，2006.3、张中载、王逢振、赵国新编：《二十世纪西方文论选读》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002年。

2018年中国社会科学院博士学位入学考试英语A卷考博真题

中国社会科学院研究生院2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（A卷）2018年 3月24日8:30-11:30答题说明1．请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。

在“姓名”一栏中，请用中文填写本人姓名；“试卷类型”一栏，本人无需填写。

2．在答题卡的“考生编号”一栏中填入本人的准考证号。

例如：考号为012345678900001，请考生在第一行中填写阿拉伯数字012345678900001，然后再将各栏中相应的数字涂黑，如下图所示。

如不涂满，计算机将识别为无效试卷。

3．在答题卡上填写答案时，请务必按照图示将选项格涂满；在A,B,C,D四个选项中，只有一个正确答案。

填写两个或两个以上答案，本题无效。

如需涂改，请务必用橡皮擦净后再重新填写。

4．试卷第三部分（包括7选5、概要）、第四部分(包括英译汉、汉译英)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。

请将以下题目的答案填写在答题卡上。

PART I: Cloze (20 points)Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those 1 with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily 2 the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was 3 to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn’t. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering 4 possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to 5 landowners, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required 6 and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only 7 were being neglected. A handful had been 8 .This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays 9 go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God 10 .It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to 11 the good memories 12 Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he’d swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it 13 admit black children. There were the churches—Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian—facing each other 14 the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples 15 height. They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services.The square was as 16 as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had 17 so many small towns. But here the peopl e had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn’t a single empty or boarded-up building around the square—no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched 18 the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always 19 that the family money he’d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother’s grave, something he hadn’t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father’s study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many 20 and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he’d climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he’d never visited since he’d left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.1. A. praised B. celebrated C. blessed D. inherited2. A. roll back B. drive back C. go back D. think over3. A. excited B. hilarious C. numb D. anxious4. A. as loosely as B. as tightly as C. as firmly as D. as freely as5. A. adjoining B. hostile C. craven D. friendly6. A. documents B. ratification C. approval D. testimony7. A. a lot B. few C. a little D. a few8. A. abandoned B. lost C. shattered D. shunned9. A. but B. except C. besides D. rather than10. A. intends B. was intending C. intend D. intended11. A. dwell B. dwell on C. mull over D. sleep on12. A. at B. in C. of D. about13. A. instead of B. rather than C. instead D. in order to14. A. with B. over C. at D. beyond15. A. enjoying B. looking over C. competing for D. competing to16. A. lifeless B. boring C. null D. tedious17. A. wiped up B. wiped away C. wiped down D. wiped out18. A. to B. at C. into D. through19. A. assumed B. presumed C. alluded D. deluded20. A. declarations B. decrees C. depositions D. declinationsPART II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1LAPD Chief Charlie Beck's tenure has helped answer questions that lingered after the Rampart consent decree ended and outsider Chief William J. Bratton stepped down: Has L.A.'s policing culture permanently changed? Or with outsider chiefs and federal monitors gone, will the Los Angeles Police Department return to its brutal, secretive and racially-tinged past?A department veteran who, under Bratton's tutelage, became a true believer in data, transparency and change, Beck helped instill a more open, reform-oriented culture. He was successful in part because he's smart and his heart was in the right place, but also because he is old-school LAPD, son of a cop, sibling to and father of cops. His embrace of departmental reform in the post-Rampart era was a strong signal to the rank-and-file, to the city's political leaders and to communities that often suffered brutal policing tactics that the new thinking and new practices were there to stay.Beck announced Friday that he would step down in June, before the end of his second and final five-year term.Even though he is not elected, he is a savvy politician who correctly read what the mayor, the Police Commission and the people of Los Angeles wanted from him and what to an extent he was able to deliver: low crime, no scandals, little controversy. He became adept at the regular radio interview and the soundbite on immigration enforcement and criminal justice reform.At a time of national awakening and outrage over police shootings of unarmed AfricanAmerican men and boys, Beck and the LAPD often looked good in comparison, at least for a while.But there have been troubling exceptions. Just days after a police officer fatally shot Michael Brown in Ferguson, Montana., LAPD officers shot another unarmed African American man, Ezell Ford, in Los Angeles. Beck concluded that the shooting was justified despite his police commission's finding to the contrary. His action, and District Attorney Jackie Lacey's decision a year ago not to prosecute —along with numerous other officer-involved shootings —have exacerbated tension between the department and many of the communities it patrols.Beck's decision was to respond to an increase in violent crime in South Los Angeles with increased patrols and what amounts to an L.A.-style stop-and-frisk policy (automobile stops for arguably pretextual reasons such as broken taillights, in order to search for weapons).Did the tactic work? The violence eventually abated, but not before police reopened old wounds and reinvigorated anti-police sentiment in communities that felt over-patroled. Activists' calls for Beck's firing became a common feature at weekly commission meetings.Meanwhile, although Los Angeles continues to enjoy historically low crime rates, the declines began a slight but troubling reverse in 2015. The scandal-free ledger was tainted by the 2013 rampage of fired officer Christopher Dorner, who posted a manifesto of charges against the department, then killed four people and wounded three others before dying as police closed in on him. LAPD officers wounded three innocent bystanders in their sometimes frenetic quest to track down Dorner. There was a scandal of another sort when police cadets, aided by an officer, stole cruisers and other equipment. Their exploits went undetected for weeks.Beck earns high marks for managing an inherent tension faced in recent decades by every LAPD chief. In a city in which public safety accounts for more than 80% of the city budget, he faced strong pressure in City Hall and many communities to economize. At the same time, many of the same critics want him to provide better patrols in lower-crime parts of the city while still being able to respond in force to spates of violence in high-crime communities, and while employing a more community-oriented approach to policing citywide. Accomplishing all of those goals simultaneously is simply not possible.Beck is the fourth LAPD chief to be appointed under a key change that followed the 1992 riots, which were sparked by acquittals of officers in the brutal beating of African American motorist Rodney King. After decades in which chiefs could retain their jobs virtually for life, leaders of the department are now appointed to a single five-year term and can be appointed to a second — but no more. Chiefs Willie Williams and Bernard Parks were denied second terms. Bratton won a second but left early for other opportunities. Beck's June departure date leaves plenty of time for the commission and Mayor Eric Garcetti to consider a host of would-be replacements among the younger brass whom Beck has mentored.Comprehension Questions:21. To what extent has the Los Angeles Police Department changed under Beck?A. Permanently.B. Until he steps down.C. Not at all.D. Temporarily.22. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Charlie Beck’s protecting LAPD officers aggravated the re lationship between the departmentand the communities.B. Charlie Beck’s policy of increasing patrols and the stop-and-frisk policy have beencontroversial among the local people.C. Christopher Dorner was angry with the LAPD and abreacted his dissatisfaction by killinginnocent people.D. The LAPD will return to a brutal, secretive, and racially-tinged past after Chiefs WillieWilliams and Bernard Parks’ retirement.23. Why do you think activists' calls for Beck's firing became a common feature at weeklycommission meetings?A. He was maladroit in radio interview and the soundbite on immigration enforcement andcriminal justice reform.B. When Americans were outraged over police shootings of unarmed African Americans, LAPDunder Beck’s leadership did w ell.C. Beck earns high marks for managing an inherent tension faced in recent decades by everyLAPD chief.D. The increased patrol of the police aroused an anti-police sentiment in communities.24. Which of the following can be the last sentence of the passage?A. It's imperative that Beck's successor be someone who can build on his legacy and continuemoving the department down the path of reform.B. After announcing on Friday that he would step down in June before completing his secondterm on the job, Beck reflected on his LAPD career of more than 40 years.C. Charlie Beck, whose own career with the Los Angeles Police Department spanned four decades,will retire this summer, ending an eight-year tenure as police chief.D. Charlie Beck was credited with major reforms in the department and a general decline inhomicides but also had some missteps.25. What is the author’s attitude toward Charlie Beck as chief of Los Angeles Police Department?A. Cynical.B. Neutral.C. Prejudiced.D. Critical.Passage 2We are in a global health crisis, and it grows worse by the year, as the World Health Organization has warned that by 2030 almost half the world’s population will be overweight or obese if current trends continue. There are already 124 million obese children, a more than tenfold increase in four decades, and more than a million of these live in the UK, which has the worst obesity rates in western Europe. Four in five will grow up to be obese adults; and the leader of the UK’s paediatric body warns that this will cost them 10 to 20 years of healthy life.This is a social problem, both in cause and consequence, as concurred by Simon Stevens, the chief executive of the UK’s National Health Service, whose cautioning that obesity could bankrupt the health service comes across as the placard-wielding stance of a roadside prophet of doom - yet the government’s response has been as modest and inadequate as these figures are shocking. Medical experts describe its childhood obesity strategy as weak, embarrassing and even insulting. Though it inherited a tax on sugary drinks, it rowed back from restrictions on price-cutting promotions and junk food marketing or advertising, leaving its strategy to rely heavily on measuressuch as school activity programmes.Campaigners had warned that would not be enough; now research proves they were right –even when such initiatives tackle both diet and exercise, and make efforts to reach out to families. Children in schools in England’s West Midlands were given a year of extra ph ysical activity sessions, a healthy eating programme and cookery workshops with their parents, all of which failed to have any significant effect on children’s weight.The causes of the obesity epidemic are multiple and complex, as the landmark Foresight report produced over a decade ago underscored: we live in an obesogenic environment, and some more so than others (more than twice as many children in deprived areas are obese as in affluent areas). TVs and smartphones in bedrooms and reliance on cars play their part; so too do food deserts, where fruit and vegetables are expensive or inaccessible, which leaves the more economically strapped sector of the population choosing to fill a hungry child with donuts rather than apples.But one factor leaps out: greed. The problem is not gluttony by a generation of Augustus Gloops but the avarice of the Willy Wonkas who press junk food on consumers, then profess surprise at the results. The tactics of big food are, as the global health organisation Vital Strategies points out in its report Fool Me Twice, strikingly similar to those of big tobacco over the years. But big food has the advantage that everyone needs to eat, while no one needs to smoke, and that a biscuit does not damage health as a cigarette does, obesity notwithstanding. Thus, these companies tell us that we should not restrict individual freedom; that it is up to people to show self-discipline; and that their products are fine as occasional indulgences - never mind that they present family-size packs as if they are suitable for individuals, nor that highly processed foods, packed with salt and sugar, tend to be cheaper to produce, store and deliver – as well as being habit-forming.Other countries have been far bolder in tackling the industry, instead of relying on voluntary action. In Latin America, governments have forced companies to remove cartoon characters - naturally an instant appeal to young children - from cereal boxes, imposed junk food taxes and ordered school tuck shops to replace high-salt/sugar products with fruit and vegetables. Tougher rules reshape consumer perceptions and decisions and in doing so, they can also push companies into changing products.A ban on junk food advertising before the 9pm watershed is long overdue. It should be su pplemented by a ban on promotions and price cuts for “sharing” bags of chocolates, as Action on Sugar urged last month, and the sugar tax on drinks could be extended to food products, with the revenue channelled into initiatives making fresh produce more affordable and attractive to consumers. The government’s failure to force change means that the rest of us will pay the price –in ill health and higher taxes – as big food rakes in the profits.Comprehension Questions:26. Findings and studies demonstrate that________________.A. The obesity problem is largely a European oneB. Unhealthy children have unhealthy parentsC. There are more obese children in lower socio-economic areasD. People now are dying younger27. Who does the author believe to be primarily responsible for failing to stop obesity?A. Parents.B. Advertisers.C. Government.D. Manufacturers.28. Which of the following is NOT inferred in the passage________________.A. There are more obese children than adultsB. Obesity will drain funds from government resourcesC. Corporations do not care about obesityD. Lack of physical activity contributes to obesity29. Which ‘chain of events’ is indicated in the passage?A. New government laws →consumers buy different items →manufacturers change products.B. Manufacturers increase sugar content →more children buy products →life span isshortened.C. Regular exercise program →learning to cook own food →reduction in obesity.D. Television advertising is regulated →manufacturers lose revenue →product costs decrease.30. Company policy to manufacture family-size packs of unhealthy food while stating that it is theconsumer who is responsible for limiting what they eat is an example of________________. A. analogy B. rhetoric C. hypocrisy D. sophistryPassage 3The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, (“WEF”) in Davos, Switzerland, was well under way when it officially commenced, early on a Wednesday evening in January, with an address, in the Congress Hall of the Congress Center, by Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany. She had a lot to say about Europe. Some of it—“Do we dare more Europe? Yes, we do dare”—made the news. But outside the hall many Davos participants paid her no mind. They loitered in various lounges carrying on conversations with each other. They talked and talked—as though they hadn’t been talking all day. They had talked while sitting on panels or while skipping panels that others were sitting on. “Historic Complexity: How Did We Get Here?,” “The Compensatio n Question,” “Global Risks 2012: The Seeds of Dystopia”: over the course of five days, a man could skip more than two hundred and fifty such sessions.Davos is, fundamentally, an exercise in corporate speed-dating. “Everyone comes because everyone else co mes,” Larry Summers told me. A hedge-fund manager or a C.E.O. can pack into a few days the dozens of meetings—with other executives, with heads of state or their deputies, with non-governmental organizations whose phone calls might otherwise have been ignored—that it would normally take months to arrange and tens of thousands of Gulfstream miles to attend. They conduct these compressed and occasionally fruitful couplings, the so-called bilateral meetings, either in private rooms that the W.E.F. has set aside for this purpose or in hotel rooms, restaurants, and hallways. All that’s missing is the hourly rate.Many Davos participants rarely, if ever, attend even one. Instead, they float around in the slack spaces, sitting down to one arranged meeting after another, or else making themselves available for chance encounters, either with friends or with strangers whom they will ever after be able to refer to as friends. The Congress Center, the daytime hub, is a warren of interconnected lounges, cafés, lobbies, and lecture halls, with espresso bars, juice stations, and stacks of apples scattered about. The participants have their preferred hovering areas. Wandering the center in search of people totalk to was like fishing a stretch of river; one could observe, over time, which pools held which fish, and what times of day they liked to feed. Jamie Dimon, running shoes in hand, near the espresso stand by the Global Leadership Fellows Program, in the late afternoon. Fareed Zakaria, happily besieged, in the Industry Partners Lounge, just before lunch. The lunkers would very occasionally emerge from their deep holes (there were rumors of secret passageways) and glide through the crowd, with aides alongside, like pilot fish. (The W.E.F. says that Davos is an entourage-free zone, but this doesn’t seem to apply to the biggest of the big wheels, like heads of state.) It is said that the faster you walk the more important you are.It is a name-dropper’s paradise. Central bankers, industrial chiefs, hedge-fund titans, gloomy forecasters, astrophysicists, monks, rabbis, tech wizards, museum curators, university presidents, financial bloggers, virtuous heirs. I found myself in conversation with a newspaper columnist and an executive from McKinsey & Company, the management-consulting firm. This was serendipitous, as so many conversations in Davos turn out to be, because, at the urging of many, I was supposed to be angling for an invitation to the McKinsey party, at the Belvedere Hotel. A must, people said, with a glint. I was suspi cious, owing to an incongruity between the words “party” and “management consulting.” But this was Davos. The executive cheerfully added me to the list. A McKinsey for a Merkel: a fair trade.The newcomer hears repeated bits of Davos advice. Ride the shuttle: you might meet someone. Go to a session that deals with a subject you know nothing about: you might learn something. Come next year, and the one after, if they invite you back: you might begin to understand. Everyone says that you can’t get the hang of Davos until you’ve been three or four times. So many things are going on at once that it is impossible to do even a tenth of them. You could spend the week in your hotel room, puzzling over a plan, wrestling with your doubts and regrets, but a person who would do this is not the kind who would be invited to Davos.Another admonition: no matter how much you do, you will always have the sense that something else, something better, is going on elsewhere. On the outskirts of town, three men are hunched in the candlelit corner of a pine-panelled Gaststube, discussing matters of grave importance. You may think you don’t care about such things, but the inkling burrows like a tapeworm. The appetite for admittance can become insatiable. Whenever I passed through town, I noticed men in good suits and sturdy boots, walking with intent in the opposite direction. Where were they going? They ducked into tea shops or into Mercedes sedans with darkened passenger windows. “Wheels within wheels,” one woman whispered to me. “What happens in Davos stays in Davos,” many people said, but even when you’re there it’s hard to know what is happening in Davos. Yossi Vardi, an Israeli tech investor and an eighteen-year Davos veteran, said, “What you see here, in the Congress Center, is just twenty per cent of the action.”There are as many Davoses as there are perceptions of Davos. Schwab might use the term “stakeholders,” and the stakeholders may be partial to the word “silos,” but another term that springs to mind when you are there i s “cliques.” A certain ferment occurs where the cliques overlap, but as often as not they pass in the night.Comprehension Questions:31. The World Economic Forum (“WEF”) in Davos is a very important world event mainlybecause________________.A. The important lectures about world economic problems by world leadersB. People mingleC. Non-Governmental Organization can raise capital by meeting with governments andcompaniesD. World economic trends are established32. “Entourage free zone” is a very imp ortant characteristic of the WEF because_______________.A. Participants are free from companyB. Participants are free to exchange confidential business informationC. There are zones in WEF where everyone can freely attend to make business contactsD. None of the above33. When the writer describes the WEF as a “Name-Dropper’s Paradise”, the writermeans_______________.A. Participants can give their name cards to a lot of people to develop businessB. Participants can refer business contacts to other attendeesC. Participants easily meet other attendeesD. Participants can easily meet other participants through common business contacts34. The greatest fear of WEF participants is_______________.A. Not making enough business contactsB. Not being able to attend future eventsC. Being left out of the loopD. Giving out business secrets35. When participants attend the WEF they immediately fall into “cliques”. By “cliques” the writermeans_______________.A. Participants meet other participants that can bring business and can share valuable informationB. Participants meet other participants with shared values and interestsC. Participants meet other participants for a common causeD. Participants can meet other participants with different interests and valuesPassage 4A new degree of intellectual power seems cheap at any price. The use of the world is that man may learn its laws. And the human race has wisely signified their sense of this, by calling wealth, means - 'Man' being the end. Language is always wise.Therefore I praise New England because it is the place in the world where is the freest expenditure for education. We have already taken, at the planting of the Colonies, the initial step, which for its importance might have been resisted as the most radical of revolutions, thus deciding at the start the destiny of this country - this, namely, that the poor man, whom the law does not allow to take an ear of corn when starving, nor a pair of shoes for his freezing feet, is allowed to put his hand into the pocket of the rich, and say, "You shall educate me, not as you will, but as I will: not alone in the elements, but, by further provision, in the languages, in sciences, in the useful and in elegant arts. The child shall be taken up by the State, and taught, at the public cost, the rudiments of knowledge, and, at last, the ripest results of art and science".Humanly speaking, the school, the college, society, make the difference between men. All the fairy tales of Aladdin or the invisible Gyges or the taIisman that opens kings' palaces or the enchanted halls underground or in the sea, are any fictions to indicate the one miracle of intellectual enlargement. When a man stupid becomes a man inspired, when one and the same man passes out of the torpid into the perceiving state, leaves the din of trifles, the stupor of the senses, to enter into the quasi-omniscience of high thought - up and down, around, all limits disappear. No horizon shuts down. He sees things in their causes, all facts in their connection.One of the problems of history is the beginning of civilization. The animals that accompany and serve man make no progress as races. Those called domestic are capable of learning of man a few tricks of utility or amusement, but they cannot communicate the skill to their race. Each individual must be taught anew. The trained dog cannot train another dog. And Man himself in many faces retains almost the unteachableness of the beast. For a thousand years the islands and forests of a great part of the world have been led with savages who made no steps of advance in art or skill beyond the necessity of being fed and warmed. Certain nations with a better brain and usually in more temperate climates have made such progress as to compare with these as these compare with the bear and the wolf.Victory over things is the office of man. Of course, until it is accomplished, it is the war and insult of things over him. His continual tendency, his great danger, is to overlook the fact that the world is only his teacher, and the nature of sun and moon, plant and animal only means of arousing his interior activity. Enamored of their beauty, comforted by their convenience, he seeks them as ends, and fast loses sight of the fact that they have worse than no values, that they become noxious, when he becomes their slave.This apparatus of wants and faculties, this craving body, whose organs ask all the elements and all the functions of Nature for their satisfaction, educate the wondrous creature which they satisfy with light, with heat, with water, with wood, with bread, with wool. The necessities imposed by his most irritable and all-related texture have taught Man hunting, pasturage, agriculture, commerce, weaving, joining, masonry, geometry, astronomy. Here is a world pierced and belted with natural laws, and fenced and planted with civil partitions and properties, which all put new restraints on the young inhabitant. He too must come into this magic circle of relations, and know health and sickness, the fear of injury, the desire of external good, the charm of riches, the charm of power. The household is a school of power. There, within the door, learn the tragicomedy of human life. Here is the sincere thing, the wondrous composition for which day and night go round. In that routine are the sacred relations, the passions that bind and sever. Here is poverty and all the wisdom its hated necessities can teach, here labor drudges, here affections glow, here the secrets of character are told, the guards of man, the guards of woman, the compensations which, like angels of justice, pay every debt: the opium of custom, whereof all drink and many go mad. Here is Economy, and Glee, and Hospitality, and Ceremony, and Frankness, and Calamity, and Death, and Hope.Comprehension Questions:36. What is the passage mainly about?A. The power of human civilization.B. The relationship between man and nature.C. Man learning the laws of society.。

北京师范大学外国语言文学学院英美诗歌考博真题-参考书-分数线-分析资料-复习方法-育明考博

北京师范大学外国语言文学学院英美诗歌考博指导与分析一、北京师范大学外国语言文学学院考博资讯北京师范大学外国语言文学学院的课程与教学论专业初试的两门专业课均用英文答题其余的见下文。

（一）考试科目及各方向导师：2.050201英语语言文学研究方向01：英美诗歌。

导师是章燕。

考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。

（2）2019英美文学基础（100%）。

（3）3809英美诗歌及诗论（100%）。

（二）复试分数线：1.复试原则与分数线：此分数线是各专业的最低复试/录取分数要求。

只适用于报考普通博士生、高校辅导员在职攻读思想政治教育专业博士学位研究生、高校思想政治理论课教师在职攻读马克思主义理论博士学位研究生的考生，不适用于少数民族高层次骨干人才攻读博士学位研究生和对口支援西部地区高等学校定向培养博士学位研究生。

未组织复试的导师，将在此分数线基础上，按照一定比例确定复试名单，并在4月中旬前组织复试，具体复试名单由报考院系通过院系网站或电话告知。

已经复试的导师，将在此分数线基础上，依据录取规则，按顺序录取。

专业代码及名称外国语业务课一业务课二总分050201英语语言文学5060601802.复试方案：复试将对考生科研及实践经验、学术潜力、实践能力、综合素质等进行全面考查。

复试形式为面试，考生需参加两个小组的面试。

实践组（复试一组）：重点考察考生实践经验及实践能力、实践案例分析。

考生进场后，自我陈述3分钟左右，然后回答案例问题，考官提问。

科研组（复试二组）：重点考察考生科研经验及科研能力、研究选题计划、综合素质。

考生进场后，陈述研究选题计划3分钟后，考官提问。

复试满分值为200分，每小组满分各为100分。

每小组及格分为60分，一组或两组成绩不及格者不予录取。

每小组由5位复试教师组成。

考生在每个小组的复试成绩，为该组考官所给的5个成绩按照“去掉一个最高分、去掉一个最低分、其余分数加总再除以3”的方法得出。

2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题_真题-无答案

2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题(总分70,考试时间180分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularySection ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that **pletes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1. The medical team discussed their shared ________ to eliminating this curable disease.A. obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication2. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional ________is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. turmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation3. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, ________communication and indulge in their own worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down4. The school board attached great emphasis to ________in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning5. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not ________to what we need to be attending to.A. pertinentC. precedentD. prominent6. New studies have found a rather ________ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing7. We must test our ________ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions8. We must ________ the problem ________ , which is why our **bines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set….backB. take…overC. pull….inD. break…down9. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are ________rather than persistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent10. It is simply a fantastic imagination to ________that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conformSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.11. The **petent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery” of another human beings, and offers the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensible12. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted13. **munity meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate14. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subject with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely15. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.A. fetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans16. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our childrenA. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse17. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically18. Big challenges still **panies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming19. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterD. induce20. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countablePart Ⅱ ClozeDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETThe same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer — the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 【A1】, can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 【A2】data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 【A3】CT scanning. Their study was 【A4】by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 【A5】the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 【A6】it as noncancerous) and 23 【A7】observational error (not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 【A8】of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G. Armato PhD, lead author of the study. “**puter is not perfect”, Armato said, “it will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 【A9】. The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that **puter may 【A10】something suspicious. It’s sort of a spell-checker, or a second opinion.”21. 【A1】A. in commonB. in turnC. in oneD. in all22. 【A2】A. preliminaryB. considerateC. deliberateD. ordinary23. 【A3】A. being usedB. to useC. usingD. use24. 【A4】A. investigatedB. originatedC. foundedD. funded25. 【A5】A. FromB. AmidC. OfD. In26. 【A6】A. disseminatingB. degeneratingC. dismissingD. deceiving27. 【A7】A. were mistaken forB. were attributed toC. resulted inD. gave way to28. 【A8】A. mortalitiesB. incidencesC. imagesD. rates29. 【A9】A. don’tB. won’tC. aren’tD. wasn’t30. 【A10】A. stand forB. search forC. account forD. mistake forPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s “a translator between two hostile tribes” — the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People WhoWill Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job — the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried — made obsolete — faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready” — ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail, “because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate — the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life — and skills like critical thinking, communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think — to ask the right questions — and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world,” Wagner said, “and it is the only country where students leave high school “innovation-ready”. They learn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many electives — all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented” colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media Lab and the ‘D-school’ Stanford where students learn to innovate.”31. In his book, Wagner argues that ________.A. the education world is hostile to our kidsB. the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC. the business world is too demanding on the education worldD. the education world should teach what the marketplace demands32. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” to “innovation ready”.D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.33. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.34. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the author’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s gene ration to find their first jobs.35. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To orient future education.B. To exemplify the necessary shift in education.C. To draw a conclusion about the shift in education.D. To criticize some colleges for their practices in education.Passage TwoSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）,” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic&**ponent, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful. Finally, both professional and the public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a **bination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.36. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A. Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B. Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C. Physical examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.D. Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.37. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the **munity.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.38. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in________.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals39. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against________.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in **mon diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics40. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genet ic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage ThreeFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max’s instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface.Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output, some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max’s observationswith data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.41. According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to ________.A. sunspot activityB. unusual weather patternsC. increased levels of dustD. fluctuations in the Earth’s temperature42. Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?A. The Earth is too far from the Sun.B. Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C. There is not enough sunlight during the day.D. The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.43. Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?A. Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B. Solar Max’s instruments were getting old.C. The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max’s instruments.D. Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max’s detectors.44. The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as ________.A. an ongoing research effortB. a question that can never be answeredC. an issue that has been resolvedD. historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns45. What does this passage mainly discuss?A. **ponents of the Earth’s atmosphere.B. The launching of a weather satellite.C. The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D. The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students’ work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job ofexposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules, the societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching” can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-**mittees, similar to the research-**mittees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of **mittees, such as for tenure applications.46. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B. The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C. The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D. The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.47. What, in the respondent’s mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A. It is a serious high-profile infraction.B. It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C. It is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.D. It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.48. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to ________.A. their offering more courses than they can handleB. their paying little attention to the students’ feedbackC. their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD. their lacking interest in the areas other than their own49. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A. Development of codes of conduct.B. Exposure of online misconducts.C. Education about the rules of proper mentoring.D. Development of clear mechanism for reporting.50. What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A. The approaches to addressing the problems of “inadequate teaching”.B. The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C. The **mittee s dealing with “inadequate teaching”.D. The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat? I’m reminded of this with September welcoming a new influx（流入）of medical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is aprofession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school’s intake.But I’m beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I’m questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished（润色）their day jobs with roles, for example, on **mittees, college councils, and faculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a&**petitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has **mon place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs（无足轻重的成员）in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget（装饰品）.Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it? Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors’spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower（畏缩）before number crunchers and bean counters.51. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students?A. Because he misinformed them in their choice.B. Because he worries about medicine as a profession.C. Because he questions their ambition **petence.D. Because he is not sure about their diverse personalities.52. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities?A. More positions.B. Greater influenceC. **petitiveness.D. More exposure to new ideas.53. What is the most probable message from the passage?A. Most employers are short-term petty-minded.B. Medicine is becoming more like a factory job.C. Doctors’ role and responsibilities change all the time.D. Senior doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.54. In the last paragraph, the author seems to warn ________.A. the government against limiting the doctors to take additional rolesB. the organizations against viewing doctors as factory workersC. the practitioners against taking on additional responsibilitiesD. the doctors against spreading their wings too widely55. What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To advise the organizations to be open-minded.B. To remind the readers of medicine as a profession.C. To question the role of taking on an additional position.D. To explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.Passage SixThe use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can be drastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward — for both supporters and opponents of animal research — occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro (“within the glass”), and on computational models and algorithms（演算法）. These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a **pound that are as accurate — and in some cases more accurate than — information collected from studies in whole animal.Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to **parable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a **pound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of **pounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug; the drug’s distribution, metabolism, and excretion; or any side effects in。

南京中医药大学2018年攻读全日制博士学位研究生入学考试专

4中药药理陆茵郑仕中 08中药药效分子机制研究（神经药理，肿瘤药理，内分泌代谢药理、心血管药理，消化药理，免疫药理）洪敏朱静卞慧敏 5中药药剂 09中药新剂型设计与评价研究 007护理学院 100602中西医结合临床 01中西医结合护理 012中医药文献研究所 100503中医医史文献学 01中医药文献与流派研究 02健康管理 03中医文化研究 04医药经济与管理 05中医药信息研究 013第二附属医院（江苏省第二中医院） 100602中西医结合临床 01消化系统疾病的中西医结合防治研究 014第三附属医院（南京市中医院) 100506中医内科学 01中医药及中西医结合心血管病临床与基础研究 015第三临床医学院（江苏省中西医结合医院） 100602中西医结合临床 01中西医结合治疗内分泌及代谢疾病的基础与临床研究 02中西医结合对胃癌前病的防治与逆转研究 100800中药学 01中药新型给药系统与生物药剂学 02中药组分性质表征与组分制剂技术研究 03中药肿瘤药理陈彦 2401中药化学贾晓斌曹鹏 1001英语 2402生物化学或 2403生理学 3401药理学 3407中药药剂学刘超 1001英语 2301内科学朱方石 3310中医内科学或3307诊断学 3311内分泌学顾宁 1001英语 2301内科学或2302 3310中医内科学金匮要略孙志广 1001英语 2301内科学 3310中医内科学或3307诊断学陈仁寿王长青张宗明汤少梁胡孔法 1001英语 2201中医基础理论 3111中医文献学 1001英语 2112社会医学 3114卫生服务研究方法徐桂华 1001英语 2307护理学综合 3307诊断学萧伟 1001英语 2401中药化学 3407中药药剂学 1001英语 2402生物化学或 2403生理学 3401药理学

2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案

2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。

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Part One Vocabulary and Structure (15 points )
Directions : In this section, there are 30 uncompleted sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices to fill in the blanks. Then write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Excellent films are those which _____ national and cultural barriers.
A. transcend
B. traverse
C. abolish
D. suppress
2. The _____ of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.
A. origin
B. generation
C. descent
D. cause
3. As a lawyer ___ for his good judgment and eloquence, he is often invited to those grand banquets and meets those distinguished people from all circles.
A.notorious
B. notable
C. nasty
D. notified
4. When Steven finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, everyone
present was _____.
A.smuggled
B. startled
C. appealed
D. stabilized
5. The doctor told the students that a(n) ____ disease was one that could be
passed from one person to another.
A.effective
B. infectious
C. coherent
D. inherent
6. ____ is forbidden in some states in the United States for religious reasons,
while it is permitted in some other states.
A.Conception
B. Abortion
C. Delivery
D. Perception
7. If you ______ someone, you feel great admiration and love for them.
A. advocate
B. adjoin
C. adore
D. addict
8. She didn’t openly attack the plan, but her opposition was _____ in her
failure to say anything in support of it.
A.explicit
B. implicit
C. internal
D. immoral
9. The school has been ______ as the meeting place for the evening art club.
A. designed
B. designated
C. diverted
D. diagnosed。