语言与社会期末问题及答案汇总

1.How do you understand the influence of culture on communication?

1)Culture is everything and everywhere .Our culture supplies us with the

answers to those and countless questions about what the world looks like and how you live and communicate within this world.

2)Culture is the foundation of communication,and when cultures are

diverse,communication practices may be different.Countless aspects of

culture help determine and guide communication behavior.

3)The world looks,sounds,tastes,and feels the way is dose because our culture

has given you the criterion of perception.

2.What are the major factors that influence language communication?

The three elements that directly influence our perception and communication:

(1)cultural values.It inform a member of a culture about what is good and

bad,right and wrong,true and false,positive and negative,and the like.Cultural values define what is worth dying for,what is worth protecting,what frightens people,what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule,and what types of

events lead individuals to group solidarity.Most important,cultural values guide both perception and behavior.

(2)worldview(religion).A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things

as God,nature,life,death,the universe,and other phiosophical issues that are

concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.

(3)Social organization.The manner in which a culture arganizes itself is directed

to the institutions within that culture.The families who raise you and the

governments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine how you perceive the world and how you behave within the world.

3.Discuss the differences between positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies with examples.

(1)Positive politeness strategies:those showing the closeness, intimacy, and rapport between speaker and hearer

Nagative politeness strategies:those indicating the social distance between speaker and hearer

(2)Positive Politeness: is redress directed to the addressee's positive face, his desire that his wants should be thought of as desirable.Redress consists in partially satisfying that desire by communicating that one's own wants are in some respects similar to the addressee’s w ants.The linguistic realizations of Positive Politeness are in many respects representative of the normal linguistic behavior between intimates. Nagative politeness :Redressive action addressed to the addressee’s negative face.Addressee wants to have his freedom unhindered and his attention unimpeded.Specific and focused to minimize the particular imposition that the FTA effects.Politeness in Western cultures is always considered with negative politeness behaviour.

(3)Categories of Positive Politeness:Claim common ground;