染料敏化太阳能电池发明人Gratzel2009.8.9 武汉POEM会议PPT

COOH
Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Kay, A.; Rodicio, I.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Mueller, E.; Liska, P.; Vlachopoulos, N.; Graetzel, M. J. American Chemical Society (1993), 115(14), 6382-90.
Dye solar cells use sensitizer molecules to generate electric charges from sunlight, Like photosynthesis they achieve separation of light absorption from charge transport
Butterflies flutter and stop using the electricity generated by this plant under the intermittent lightings.
Leaf-shaped transparent DSC with four colors
(CV in CH2Cl2. 110 mV vs. Fc/Fc+) Absorption maximum neutral:
λmax=372 nm (ε=40100) Radical cation:
λmax=511 nm (ε=37400)15
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Mobility ~ 1 x10-4 V/cm
SEM
Photo-induced separation in conventional photovoltaic cells and dye
Postdocs: Etienne Baranoff, Mingkui Wang ,AndreasKay, Kevin Sivula, Scott Warrren, Jun-Ho Yum, Frˇderic Sauvage,InesRabe.
Staff Scientist:sRobin Humphrey Baker, Fran¨ois Rotzinger.Guido Rothenberge,r Jaques Mosetritl(edprofessor), PeterPechy, Carole Graetzel, Kuppuswma yKalyanasundaram, Shaik M.Zakeerudidn, Md. Khaja Nazeerudind, Paul Liska,Ngoc-Le Cevey.
sensitized solar cells is different !
p-n junction photovoltaic cells
dye sensitized solar cells DSC
EF n-Si
p-Si hν
TiO2 cb
D*/D+ Electrolyte
e--R hν
D/D+ Dye
conductor
Charge separation by electric field at the p-n junction
Charge separation by kinetic competition as in photosynthesis
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● To cap CO2 at 550 ppm (twice the pre-industrial level), most of this additional energy needs to come from carbon-free sources.
● Solar energy is the largest non-carbon-based energy source (100,000 TW).
Light
I– e–
1 2 I2
e–
e– S
S* e–
Conduction Band
e–
e–
S+
Semiconducting Membrane
Electrical Work
IPCE [%]
green solar cells mimic the green leave
80%
60
WMC 273
40
N
N Zn N
2
Acknowledgement Present LPI Members
PhDStudents: Soo-Jin Moon, Sophie Wenger, Jo‘l Teushcer,Jˇrˇmie Brillet, Florian Le Formal, Pootrakulchote Nuttapol, Maurin Cornuz.
Swiss CTI , CCEM-CH Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Energy Office US Air Force (European Office of Aerospace Research and Development) FP7 European Joule Projects: DSC-ROBUST *, NANOPEC, INNOVASOL GRL Korea (with KRICT) Stanford University, KAUST Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics (CAMP), Industrial Partners,
(1 TW)
From T. Surek, JC6G, 2005
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A new paradigm :
Mesoscopic solar cells based on interpenetrating
network (bulk) junctions
Dye sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells lead the new PV generation
(or other hole conductor)
Spiro-OMeTAD
Glass
e-
Gold Hole Conductor
SnO2
h+
Light
e-
Glass transition temperature: 121 °C
Melting Point: 246 °C
Work function: 4.9 eV
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However a flat monolayer of dye absorbs hardly a1n2y light !
2
Nanocrystals Enhance the Conversion Efficiency over 1000 times
A single crystal of anatase
25
26
Ruthenium complexes are anchored to the surface of the TiO2 nanocrystals by carboxylate groups
N3 (N719)
COOH
HOOC HOOC
N
N
NCS
Ru
N
NCS
N
Spontaneous uptake of N3 sensitizer by a nanocrystalline TiO2 film supported on conducting glass
The dye sensitized solar cell (DSC), a light driven electron pump
e-
e-
(S+/S*)
e-
A
e-
e-
TiO2
Pt
ΔU
e–
(D+/D)
e-
lumi鑢e e-
(S+/S)
9
10
Bifacial light collection by dye sensitized solar cells offers practical advantages
The Advent of Mesoscopic Solar Cells
POEM 2009, August 8-11, 2009, Wuhan, China
Michael Graetzel, ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE
Michael.Graetzel@epfl.ch
SC DEVELOPMENT GROUP, ENERGY DEVELOPMENT DEPT.
AISIN SEIKI CO.,LTD. ６th SEPTEMBER. 2006
4
light induced charge separation at the nanocrystal-sensitizer interface occurs in femtoseconds
* DSC-Robust project coordinated by ECN Patten , This proposal received highest rating (15/15) of all proposals in energy field during first EU4-FP7 call.
THE SOLAR CHALLENGE
● With a projected global population of 12 billion by 2050 coupled with moderate economic growth, the total global energy consumption is estimated to be ~28 TW. Current global use is ~14 TW.
Nanocrystalline anatase film
13
14
Solid state DSC : the organic hole conductor Spiro-OMeTAD replaces the electrolyte
Solid State Dye Sensitized PV cell
TiO2 Dye OMeTAD
2007 ??
10.0
Evolutionary path
Revolutionary new technology created from basic science
1.0
2003
20??
75 GW
90% 80%
0.1 0
70%
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Cumulative Production (MWp)
3
The light driven electron pump in green leaves drives transmembrane charge separation
Light
H2O
e– Chl
–
*
M
Chl e–
e–
+
Chl
M
12燨2? 2 H +
Membrane ~ 50
The DSC mimics natural photosynthesis
Titania (anatase) nanoparticles show well facetted surfaces with preferred (101) orientation
40
30
20
10
The average particle size is ca 20 nm 0
20
N
CO2H
0
H O2 C
400
500
600
700
800m
Wavelength [nm]
In collaboration with Professor David Officer, Univ.Wollongon,Australia
Artificial Plant with Leaves exhibited at EXPO 2005
● However, it has to be converted at reasonably low cost.
Disruptive PV technology approach required to meet cost targets
100.0
1976
PV Module Price (2003$/Wp)
Techniclaandadministrative staff: PasclaComte, Francine Duriaux Arendse, Jean David Dˇcoppet, Manuel Tschumi, Ursula Gonthier, Nelly Gourdou.
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We are grateful for funding from