介词讲义完整版

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介词
一，介词的分类
1.简单介词，是指单个的介词
如：in, on, at, on, to, with等
2.合成介词，是指两个简单介词合在一起构成的介词
如：into, onto, without, inside
3.短语介词，是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其他词类的词组合，在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词的短语
如：instead of 代替because of因为
according to按照in front of 在...的前面
二，表示时间的介词
1.at表示具体的时间点
如：at eight o’clock
联想：at构成的固定短语：
at first首先at least至少
at present目前at noon在中午
at the age of在...岁时at the moment在目前，现在
at the same time同时at school 在上学
at the end of在。

末
如：In some western countries shops are closed___________ weekends.
2.in用于年，月，季节，上午，下午，晚上等。

in March在三月in spring在春天
in 2008在2008年in the morning/afternoon/evening
注意：in表示在某一季节或某一月份时，一般不加冠词，但季节和月份的意义一旦具体化，就要加定冠词the。

如：The weather is a little in May.
An earthquake happened in Sichuan in the May of 2008.
In summer children are happy because they can swim.
联想：in构成的固定短语：
hand in上交in fact事实上
in surprise吃惊地in search of寻找
in public当众in the end最后，终于
in no time立刻，马上in a minute立刻，马上
in front of在...前面in a word一句话，总而言之
in good health身体健康的do well in在...方面干的不错
be interested in对...感兴趣in common共同的
show great interest in对。

感兴趣
in the last/past several years在过去的几年里
3.表示具体的某一天或某一天的早晨，晚上等，用on。

如：In the morning I often get up at six o’clock but________Sunday morning, I get up at seven.
A traffic accident happened near our school _________ the night of May 2nd, 2014.
联想：on构成的固定短语：
on board乘坐（车，飞机）on duty值班，值日
on earth到底on fire着火
on foot 步行on hire雇佣
on holiday度假on time按时
be on show展览on the right在右边
on the other hand另一方面 a book on history一本关于历史的书
on one’s way to在某人去...的路上
4.表示时间的since, for, by, during, until
(1)since（自从）后跟具体的过去时间，for后接一段时间。

for和since短语所在的句子应用现在完成时，谓语动词要用延续性动词。

如：Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the year 2000.
We have lived in the city for about five years.
(2)by+时间点，意为“到...为止”，如果by后面跟的是将来的时间点，用一般将来时或将来完成时，如果by后面跟一个过去的时间点，用过去完成时。

如：I will finish eating by nine o’clock.
By the end of last week, we had finished learning Unit5.
(3)during+时间段，与延续性动词连用，表示某期间的动作。

如：She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for London Olympic Games.
(4)until+时间点，意为“道...为止”，句中的谓语动词若是非延续性动词，构成句型not...until直到...才
如：We stayed there until the sunset.
We didn’t go home until the sunset.
(5)表示时间前后的before, after
before在...之前，after在...之后
如：We must hand in our homework before class.
After half past eleven we can relax ourselves.
注意：before作为介词，还可以表示“面临，面对”
如：What should you do before so many difficulties?
I had nothing to say before her.
三．表示方位，地点，行为对象等的介词
1.表示方位的介词in, to, on
in表示包含关系，意为“在。

范围内”，on表示相邻关系，接壤；to表示相隔关系。

如：China is________ the east of Asia.
Japan is ________ the east of China.
Russia is ________ the north of China.
2.表示“上下”等方位的介词over, under, above, below, on
(1)over在。

正上方，其反义词为under
如：There is a football under the desk.
I looked up and saw a plane flying over my head.
(2)above表示“在。

上方”，非垂直关系, 其反义词为below
如：The plane is flying above the clouds.
(3)on在。

之上，指两者表面接触。

其反义词也为under
3.表示“前后”的介词和短语介词
（1）in front of 在。

前面，指在范围之外的前面，和before意义接近。

如：There are some bikes in front of the teaching building.
(2)behind是in front of 的反义词，意为“在。

后面”
(3)in the front of表示在范围之内的前面，其反义词组是at the back of
4.by, beside在。

旁边；between在两者之间, among在三者及以上之间
（1）by和beside意义相近
如：Do you know the man who is standing by the window?
Lucy sits beside me. She is my deskmate.
(2)between指两者之间，也表示三者或多者中的每两者之间；among指三个或三个以上的事物或人之间。

注意：between表示两者之间，只要构成双方关系，就可以用between
如：There are so many desks in the classroom that there is hardly any room to move between them. 教室里有这么多张课桌，几乎没有空间从它们中间穿过。

5.across, through穿过
across从表面穿过，through穿越，穿透，透过，指从物体内部穿过。

如：(1)When you go________ the road, you must be careful.
(2)Which river runs________ Shanghai?
(3) --I left my keys in the room yesterday. I had to get in________ the window.
--It’s dangerous to do that.
A. in
B. through
C. over
D. to
6.表示里外的in, inside, into, onto, out of, outside
(1)in在。

之内
如：My keys are in my pocket.
注意：外来物“在树上”，用in，树上结出的东西“在树上”，用on
如：There are some birds________ the tree.
Autumn comes and some red apples________ the apple trees come into people’s eyes.
(2)inside在。

里面，到。

里面。

反义词为outside
如：Listen！Someone is talking in a low voice inside the door.
Don’t stay outside.
(3)into到。

内。

强调空间或状态的转换。

反义词为out of
如：Why not go into the house and have a look?
He looked out of the window and saw some people coming back from work.
注意: out of 还有“脱离，失去”等意义。

如: He has been out of work for long.
Fish can’t live long out of water.
7.表示“靠近”的near, next to, around
near在。

附近
next to在。

旁边
around在。

周围
如：There is a park near our neighborhood.
I didn’t remember to phone until near the end of the week.
The mouse is next to my computer.
That patient is next to death.
The flowers and applause(掌声) are always around the winners.
注意：around 还表示“大约”，同义词：about
如：It was around/about twelve o’clock in the evening.
8.表示运动方向的for, to, towards
(1)for常接在leave，start等动词之后，表示运动的方向或目的地。

如：They’ll leave for Beijing to attend the meeting next month.
(2)to跟在go，come, return, move等动词之后，表示目的地，它既表示运动方向，又包含运动结果。

如：When did you return to Guangzhou after the summer holiday?
(3)towards朝，向。

只说明运动的方向，没有“到达”的意思
如：The teacher is coming towards the classroom now.
9.表示行为对象的to, at
一般来说，at 同某些动词连用，表示攻击目标，含有某种程度的恶意；to则只表示方向，并无恶意。

如：I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.
He came________me and said hello to me.
A dog came________her and she was frightened(受惊吓的）。

10.最高级结构中表示范围的of, in
同类比较时，若主语和范围一致，一般用of, of后多为数词或可数名词复数；将某人/某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时，用in, in后一般是可数名词的单数。

如：She is the most beautiful girl ________ the three sisters.
Tom is the tallest boy________ the class.
四．表示“除。

之外”的介词
1.besides除。

之外还
如：Five others were late besides me.
There will be five of us for dinner, besides John.
2.but, except除。

之外。

but常与否定词连用
如：No one but we knows about the news.
He has few friends except you in this school.
He has few friends except you in this school.
They all went to sleep except me.
3.except for表示从整体中排除，除。

之外，前后不是一类事物。

如：The care is really wonderful except for its price.
The composition is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes. 五．表示方式，手段或工具的介词
1.by, in, on表交通方式
by bike=on a bike, by car=in a car
如：Do you usually come to school by bike?
2.by, in with表示手段或工具
（1）by表示用某种方式或手段。

名此前不加冠词。

如：This pair of shoes is made by hand.
The old man had to make money by selling vegetables.
(2)in表示使用某种语言，用墨水，颜色，颜料等。

名此前不加冠词。

如：Can you say it in English?
Please write it in ink, not in pencil.
(3)with后跟具体的工具
如：People here build houses with stones.
I like to write with a ball pen.
拓展：with常用来表示伴随，意为“有，带有”，其反义词为without 如：This is a house with a garden.
Fish can’t live without water.
六．引出动词不定式逻辑主语的介词。

1.一般情况下用for sb. to do sth
如：It’s necessary for us to learn English.
It’s difficult for children to read such a book.
2.表示品质，性格，特征的形容词后用of sb. to do sth., 这类句型中动词不定式的逻辑主语和形容词构成主系表结构。

如：It’s foolish of him to make such a decision.
It’s kind of you to give me so much help.
七．其它介词的用法
1.as作为，as for至于
如：________students we should work hard.
He works________ a teacher in this school.
________him, I know nothing.
2.thanks to 同because of，意为“因为，由于”
如：Thanks to your help, I am good at my lessons.
Because of the weather, we have to put off the sports meet.
八．介词的省略
1.in的省略
be busy (in) doing sth忙于做某事
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
（in) this/that way以这种/那种方法
spend...(in) doing sth. 花费。

做某事
have a good time (in) doing sth. 做某事很高兴
waste... (in) doing浪费。

做某事
There’s no use/good (in) doing sth.做某事有用/没有好处
2.for的省略
for+时间段里的for,在口语中可以省略，尤其是在肯定句中。

但是在否定句中或在句首一般不可以省略。

如：The rain lasted (for) a whole afternoon.
He has been waiting (for) three hours.
We haven’t seen each other for a long time.
For a whole month, there is no rain.
九．常用介词短语
1.常与with连用的短语
do with处置，对付
go on with继续。

agree with同意。

be busy with忙于
keep/catch up with跟上
fill...with....用。

装满。

be familiar with...熟悉。

be popular with...受。

欢迎
be angry with sb.生某人的气cover...with....用。

覆盖。

help...with...在。

方面帮助。

get on well with与。

相处的好be strict with sb.对某人要求严格
be pleased with sb.对某人感到满意2.常与at 连用的短语
look at看
knock at敲
at last最后
at once立刻
laugh at嘲笑。

shoot at朝。

射击
work at致力于。

be good at擅长。

be weak at不擅长。

arrive at到达某地（小地方）
be amazed at对。

感到吃惊
3.常与on连用的短语
get on上车
turn on打开
try on试穿
put on穿上
call on 号召
depend on依靠，取决于
live on 依赖。

生活
spend...on...在。

上花费。

4.常与of连用的短语
hear of听说
take care of照料
look out of朝外看
a kind of一种
a type of一种
be fond of喜欢
instead of代替。

think of认为，考虑
all kinds of各种各样的
be proud of为。

而骄傲
be confident of对。

有信心
be tired of对。

感到厌烦
be made of由。

制成（能看出材料）be scared/afraid/terrified of...害怕。

5.常与from连用的短语
come from来自于
be far from距离。

远
hear from收到。

的来信
across from在。

的对面
be different from与。

不同borrow... from...从。

借来。

be made from由。

制成（看不出原料）
6.常与for连用的短语
look for寻找
for example例如
be late for迟到
be fit for适合
wait for等候
pay for为。

付款
for a while一会儿
as for至于，关于
be sorry for为。

感到抱歉
send for派人去请。

leave for离开去。

ask for请求，向。

要。

thanks for为。

感谢。

get ready for为。

做好准备
be famous/known for以。

而闻名7.常与to连用的短语
get to到达
turn to翻到
pay attention to注意
listen to听
according to根据。

be next to在。

隔壁
be friendly to对。

友好
to one’s joy使某人高兴的是
be polite to sb. 对某人有礼貌
to one’s surprise使某人惊讶的是。