《演讲的艺术1》

Size: —No matter what size group you are addressing, bear in mind one basic
principle: The larger the audience, the more formal your presentation must be. —Audience size will have the greatest impact on your delivery, but it may also affect your language, choice of appeals, and use of visual aids.
Physical Setting:
—The receptivity of listeners to your speech frequently will be influenced by factors beyond their control—and sometimes beyond your control. —When you face any speaking situation, it is important to know in advance if there will be any difficulties with physical setting.
audience, you can adjust your speech to address their concerns or to answer their objections againsBiblioteka Baidu your point of view.
Disposition Toward the Speaker :
Chapter Five
Analyzing Analyzing the Audience
1. Audience-Centeredness
Good public speakers are audience-centered. They know the primary purpose of speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners. Being audience-centered does not involve taking any means to and end. You should not compromise your beliefs to get a favorable response from the audience. Nor should you use devious, unethical tactics to achieve your goal. You can remain true to yourself and speak ethically while adapting your message to the needs of a particular audience. To be audience-centered, you should keep several questions in mind audiencewhen you prepare your speeches: To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?
—You should assess the interest of your audience in advance and to
adjust your speech accordingly. —If your topic is not like to generate great interest, you must take special steps to get your classmates involved, e.g. by an arresting introduction, Provocative supporting materials, vivid language, dynamic delivery, and so forth.
(3) attitude —The attitude of you listeners toward your topic can be extremely important in determining how you handle the material.
3. Situational Audience Analysis 4. Factors in Audience Analysis
(2)Knowledge It’s important to gauge your listener’s knowledge about your topic，because it will ， to a large extent determine what you can say in your speech.
2. The Psychology of Audiences
What these psychological principles mean to you as a speaker: —You need some grasp of what your listeners know, believe, and care about. —You should learn enough about your audience to know what you should do to make your ideas clear and meaningful.
3. Factors in Audience Analysis
3. Factors in Audience Analysis
Physical Setting:
—When you are invited to speak, don’t be shy about asking questions of the person who arranged the speech. If possible, look over the room a few days in advance, or else arrive early on the day of your speech to inspect the room. —When faced with an audience that is potentially hot, sleepy, and cross, do your best to make the speech as interesting and lively as you can. —Don’t let yourself be influenced by the poor physical setting.
3. Factors in Audience Analysis
Definition: Anything characteristic of a given audience is potentially
important to a speaker addressing that audience. In most cases, however, your audience analysis will proceed in light of six broad categories : size, physical setting, disposition toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.
3. Factors in Audience Analysis
Disposition Toward the topic
(1) Interest
—people don’t usually expend the time and effort to
attend a speech unless they have some interested in the topic.
—The more competent the listener believe a speaker to be, the more likely they are to accept what the speaker says. —The more listeners believe that a speaker has their best interests at heart, the more likely they are to respond positively to the speaker’s message.
Disposition Toward the Occasion :
—No matter what the situation, listeners have fairly definite ideas about the speeches they consider appropriate.
3. Factors in Audience Analysis 4. Situational Audience Analysis
2. The Psychology of Audiences
People may be compelled to attend a speech, but no one can make them listen unless they want to. It’s up to the speaker to make the audience do pay attention, they don’t choose to pay attention. Even when people do pay attention, they don’t process a speaker’s message exactly as the speaker intends. Auditory perception is always selective. Every speech contains two messages—the one sent by the speaker and the one received by the listener. What a speaker says is filtered through a listener’s frame of reference. People hear what they want to hear. People are egocentric. Very simply people usually want to hear about things that are meaningful to them. What these psychological principles mean to you as a speaker: —your listeners will hear and judge what you say on the basis of what they already know and believe. —you must relate your message to your listeners—show how it pertains to them, explain why they should care about it as much as you do.