演讲的艺术 chapter
演讲的艺术
The art of effective communication between a speaker (or writer) and anThe ability to respect diversity and toFocused, organized thinking about such things as the logicalideals, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between’s messageThe sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, andhormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical orMental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herselfStealing ideals or language from two or three sources andFailing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that areTo restate or summarize an author's ideals in one's own wordsstatement in the introduction of a speech that identifies theA method of speech organization in which the main pointsA method of speech organization in which the main points divide theA word or phrase that indicates when the speaker has finished one thoughtpresented from a brief set of notesa speechWhat a speaker wants the audience to rememberthe audience foremost in mind at every step ofThe tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own value,Audience characteristics such as age, gender, education,Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale ofthat allow respondents to answer however theymaterials used to support a speaker's ideas. The threeA story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length toa speech together in a particular way to achieve aThe major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speechesmethod of speech organization in which the main pointsmethod of speech organization in which the main points follow amethod of speech organization in which the first mainof a problem and the second main point presents aA method of speech organization in which the main points divide theA word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thoughtstatement in the body of the speech that summarizes theA very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or thatA question that the audience answers mentally rather than outstatement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the课后练习Chapter 4Topic :Studying abroadGeneral Purpose:To persuadeSpecific Purpose:To persuade the audience to study abroad will enhance your personal development,academic development,and career development.Central Idea:Main points: I. You should study abroad because it will enhance your personal development.II. You should study abroad because it will enhance your academic developmentIII. You should study abroad because it will enhance your career development.Topic : Events in triathlonGeneral purpose: To informSpecific purpose: To inform the audience of the three events in triathlon : swimming, cycling and running.Central Idea:Main points:The first event in triathlon is swimmingThe second event in triathlon is cycling.The third event in triathlon is running.I. The first major cause of airplane crashes is pilot error.II. The second major cause of airplane crashes is weather. Topical OrderIII. The third major cause of airplane crashes is mechanical failure.I. The peak of Mount Kilimanjaro has an arctic climate with snow,ice,,and violent winds.II. The middle of Mount Kilimanjaro has a rain forest climate with lush vegetation and diverse animal species.III. The base of Mount Kilimanjaro has a bushland climate with pastures and farming communities. Spatial OrderI. The Chinese film industry began in the early 20th century.II. The first golden period of Chinese cinema occurred during the 1930s.III. The second golden period occurred in the years after World War II.IV. The Chinese film industry was scaled back during the 1960s and 1970s.V. Today Chinese films are in another golden period of international acclaim.Chronological Order。
演讲的艺术
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 精彩摘录
目录
02 内容摘要 04 读书笔记 06 作者介绍
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
极其重要
生活
结构
第章
演讲词
艺术
应变
艺术
舞台
世纪 技巧
语言
方式
演讲
开头
选材
说服力
临场
安排
内容摘要
本书告诫年轻人，比事业成功更重要的是首先要学会生活，也就是说，为自己寻找最佳的生活方式极其重要。 新的世纪为我们提供了广阔的舞台，也为人们提供了更多的施展自己才能的机会，值得人们去努力奋斗、积极进 取，也足以使那些不思进取、裹足不前的人振奋精神，去获取辉煌的成功！
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第9章慷慨 激昂：演讲 鼓动人心的 技巧
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第11章临 场应变：控 制现场气氛 的技巧
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第10章语 言修辞：强 化演讲艺术 的技巧
读书笔记
这是《演讲的艺术》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
精彩摘录
这是《演讲的艺术》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的精彩内容摘录。
作者介绍
这是《演讲的艺术》的读书笔记模板，暂无该书作者的介绍。
谢谢观看
目录分析Βιβλιοθήκη 1第1章前言第 2 章 以 预 致 胜 ：2
演讲的准备与 主题确立
3 第3章丰富精当：
演讲选材的艺 术
4 第4章严谨完整：
演讲词结构安 排的艺术
5 第5章先声夺人：
演讲开头的艺 术
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第6章铿锵 刚劲：演讲 的结尾艺术
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第7章以理 服人：演讲 的说服力技 巧
演讲的艺术(第十三版)(中国版)教师用书U6
Chapter 6 supporting your ideas（教师用书持续更新中……）Section One: Chapter Teaching GuidePART ONE: TEACHING OBJECTIVES在学完这一章后，学生应该能够：•解释使用支撑材料的重要性•了解三种主要的支撑材料类型•区分并使用简短例证、延展例证和假设例证。
•辨别数据是否可靠,并在演讲中有效使用数据。
•区分专家证言和当事者证言。
•鉴别网络支撑材料的质量。
PART TWO: TEACHING SUGGESTIONSI例证（Examples）➤知识概述研究表明，生动、具体的例子对听众的观点和行为有着很大的影响力。
没有实例，演讲者的一些想法就会显得含糊不清、缺乏感染力和活力。
实例不但可以使想法清晰、具体和深刻，还可以使其具有强大的情感诉求力。
演讲中常用的实例有三类：简短例证，延展例证和假设例证。
简短例证（Brief Examples）简短例证也被称为具体实例。
这种例证可以用来简单地说明一个问题或道理。
例如中国驻美大使秦刚在就职后的公开演讲中就使用了两个简短例子来说明大国合作乃大势所趋。
Fifty years ago, Dr. Henry Kissinger made a secret visit to China and opened the door to the normalization of China-U.S. relations. It was during the Cold War; at that time there was virtually no contact between the two countries. Dr. Kissinger had to travel covertly to China via a third country. Fifty years later today, as the 11th Chinese Ambassador to the United States, I can travel most openly and fly directly to this country. How the world has changed with the passage of time! I believe that the door of China-U.S. relations, which is already open, cannot be closed. This is the trend of the world, the call of the times, and the will of the people.另一种方法就是使用一系列的简短例子直到产生预想的效果为止。
演讲的艺术智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下浙江工业大学
演讲的艺术智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下浙江工业大学浙江工业大学第一章测试1.演讲是指在公众场合，以有声语言为主要手段，以为辅助手段，针对某个具体的问题，非常地、完整地发表自己的见解和主张，阐明事理或者抒发情感，进行( )、的一种语言交际活动。
A:宣传、鼓动B:宣传、交流C:传播、交流D:传播、鼓动答案:宣传、鼓动2.战国末期，（）一人身佩六国相印，以雄辩的口才一一说服秦以外的六国。
A:荀况B:张仪C:李斯D:苏秦答案:苏秦3.演讲的目的在于表现自己、宣传观点和改革社会。
（）A:对 B:错答案:错4.演讲从传播内容划分可以分为政治演讲、社会生活演讲、司法演讲和学术演讲等。
（）A:对 B:错答案:对5.演讲的有哪些功能？（）A:情感交流功能B:引导舆论功能C:传播知识功能D:宣传鼓动功能答案:情感交流功能;引导舆论功能;传播知识功能;宣传鼓动功能第二章测试1.以下哪种情景更适合背诵式演讲（）。
A:采访B:会议发言C:专业会议D:祝酒词答案:祝酒词2.（）是集敏锐的感觉和丰富的知识为一体的能力？A:质疑能力B:洞察力C:即兴表达能力D:逻辑能力答案:洞察力3.背诵演讲最基础的就是背熟台词。
（）A:错 B:对答案:对4.演讲中所使用的证据和论证，并不适用于其他沟通场合。
（）A:错 B:对答案:错5.语气是演讲者（）等起伏变化的语音形式。
A:态度B:心境C:情感D:立场答案:态度;心境;情感;立场第三章测试1.做发声练习是，需要注意（）放松，吸气不要过满，两肋打开撑住，但不能僵死。
A:鼻腔B:口腔C:胸部D:嘴唇答案:胸部2.重音的表达方法可以分为：强弱法、快慢法和（）。
A:对比法B:节奏法C:高低法D:虚实法答案:高低法3.睡眠不足，容易致使肌肉疲劳，造成声带嘶哑。
（）A:对 B:错答案:错4.张颂先生曾说过：语气，是思想感情支配喜爱具体语句的声音形式。
（）A:对 B:错答案:对5.除了常规的呼吸，还有三种辅助的呼吸方法，分别是（）。
演讲的艺术_第五章 成功演讲——让听众与你共鸣
第一节倾听他人的谈话德国人有一句谚语，大意是这样的：“最纯粹的快乐，是我们从那些我们的羡慕者的不幸中所得到的那种恶意的快乐。
”或者，换句话说：“最纯粹的快乐，是我们从别人的麻烦中所得到的快乐。
”其实每个人都喜欢谈论自己，喜欢引人注意。
但如果我们只是想引起别人的注意，想让别人对你留下好印象，我们就不可能交到许多真实、诚恳的朋友。
一位真正的朋友，不是用这种方法结交来的。
因此，我们要关心别人，让别人觉得自己是受重视的，只有这样，才能让人对你感兴趣。
要时时真诚地去关心他人的切身感受，思考方式，以及在乎的事，让他觉得被重视，记得，“要让他人感到被重视”，这是一而再再而三提到的观念，唯有先让人感到被重视，才能慢慢将你自己的事分享予他人。
而赞美他人，就是一种关心的表现，这个在第二章时曾经提过，在此就不再赘述。
如果今天有一个朋友生病了，不管是熟识还是点头之交，能在对方最需要关怀时，给予一个真诚的关心问候，是最珍贵的。
事后，也可以再多询问对方的病情有无好转，一点一滴的关心，相信能使对方感到相当温暖的。
多倾听别人说话，可以让你获得不少你需要的东西，而这些东西可能是你平常不可能得到的。
比如说，要倾听那些建造人类心灵的演说家、教师的话语，这样，你就会在许多方面获得提升。
只要它能建立人类的心灵，即使是一本书、一次演说、一部电影、或一台电视节目，都会陶冶你的情操，提高你的自我意识。
一个成功商业性会谈的秘密是什么呢？根据和蔼的学者查尔斯·伊里亚特的说法：“成功的商业性交谈，并没有什么神秘……专心地注视着对你说话的人，是非常重要的。
再也没有比这么做更具恭维效果了。
”但是我们知道，有些商人会租借昂贵的地方，干练地购买他们的货品，把商店装潢得漂漂亮亮的，也花了大量的广告费，但却雇用一些不懂得听别人说话的店员——那些店员打断客人的话，跟人家争执，给人难堪，只会把客人赶出去。
艾略特是个熟练的倾听艺术大师。
美国数一数二的小说家亨利·詹姆士回忆说：“艾略特的倾听并不是沉默的，而是以活动的形式。
演讲的艺术第11章delivering the speech教学设计
Delivering the speech-the speaker’s voice and body (演讲者的声音和肢体语言) 教学设计一、基本情况所属课程：英语演讲与口才课程性质：专业限选课所用教材：The Art of Public Speaking(演讲的艺术)本课题目：Delivering the speech-the speaker’s voice and body(演讲者的声音和肢体语言)授课对象：商务英语专业大一年级第二学期的学生课时数：1课时（本课程共34课时）二、教学内容（一）主要教学内容1.The seven aspects of the speaker’s voice.(演讲者的声音所涉及的七个方面。
)2.Major aspects of the speaker’s body.(演讲者的肢体语言)（二）教学重点及难点重点：the aspects of the speaker’s voice（pause\rate\vocal variety\pronunciation）.The speaker’s eye contact and gestures.难点：the speaker’s eye contact and gestures.三、学情分析（一）学生学习基础从宏观的课程层面来说，学生在第一学期已经修完了英语语音、综合英语、英语口语、英语听力、英语写作等基础课程，听说技能已经得以提升。
同时，在听说课堂上学生的英语演讲能力也得以锻炼。
从微观的内容层面来说，在学习本章之前，学生已经完成了前十章公共演讲、演讲者的自信心和道德观、第一次演讲、话题选择、观众分析、论证观点、组织演讲主体、开头和结尾、撰写提纲、语言的应用有了深入的了解和练习。
（二）学生可能遇到的问题1. 演讲者的声音及肢体语言多数情况下受到学生平时语言表达习惯的影响，因此，学生首先要意识到如何调节表达的音调、语速、音高等； 2. 很多学生对自己已有的肢体语言习惯没无意识；3. 学生没有认识到声音及肢体语言在演讲中所起到的重要作用。
（完整版）《演讲的艺术》chapter1-5课后summary
（完整版）《演讲的艺术》chapter1-5课后summaryChapter1 speaking in publicPeople throughout history have used public speaking as a vital means of communication and empowerment. Because you will live the rest of your life in a globalized world, the need for English public speaking will almost surely touch you at some time.To be successful giving speeches in English, you need to be culturally competent communicator. You must show respect for the cultural values and expectations of the people who come to hear you. This dose not mean that you have to devalue your own culture. There is no inherent conflict between being a competent English public speaker and being fully Chinese.Because public speaking involves the use of English as a working language, it requires critical thinking skills. Critical thinking helps you organize your ideas, spot weaknesses in other people’s reasoning, and avoid them in your own.There are many similarities between public speaking and conversation, but there are also important differences. First, public speaking requires more detailed preparation than ordinary conversation. Second, it requires more formal language. Third, it demands that speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerisms and verbal habits.The speech communication process includes seven elements: speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The interaction of these elements determines the outcome of any public speech.Chapter2 speaking confidently and ethicallystage fright is an issue for public speakers in all countries.Rather than trying to eliminate every trace of stage fright, you should try to transform it into positive energy. To some extent, this will happen naturally as you gain experience as a speaker, but you should also think positively, prepare thoroughly, visualize yourself giving a successful speech, remember that most nervousness is not visible to the audience, and think of your speech as communication rather than as a performance in which you must do everything perfectly Because public speaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibili ties. There are four basic guidelines for ethical speechmaking. The first is to make sure your goals are ethically sound. The second is to be fully prepared for each speech. The third is to be honest in what you say. The fourth is to put ethical principles into practice at all timesOf all the ethical lapses a speaker can commit, few are more serious than plagiarism lobal plagiarism is lifting a speech entirely from a single source. Patchwork plagiarism involves cutting and pasting a speech from a limited number of sources. Incremental pla giarism occurs when a speaker fails to give credit for specific quotations and paraphrases that are borrowed from other people Because it is so easy to copy information from the Internet, it poses special challenges with regard to plagiarism. If you don't cite Internet sources, you are just as guilty of plagia- rism as if you take information from print sources without proper citation. As you research your speeches, be sure to take accurate notes of the Internet sources you use so you can identify them in your speechChapter3 giving your first speechOne of your first assignments will be to present an introductory speech, either a speech of self-introduction or aspeech introducing a classmate. Focus the speech on a limited number of ideas and be creative in developing them. Use interesting supporting materials and present them in colorful, descriptive language.When organizing the speech, make sure you have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Most introductory speeches fall naturally into chronological or topical order. Using clear transitions will help your audience follow you from point to point.Although you will write a complete manuscript or outline of your speech when preparing it, you should deliver it extemporaneously. This means you have rehearsed fully and can present your talk from a brief set of speaking notes. Concentrate on establishing eye contact with the audience and on speaking in a dynamic, engaged tonof voiceChapter4 selecting a topic and purposeThe first step in speechmaking is choosing a topic. If you have trouble picking a topic, you can use clustering, a personal inventory, or an Internet search to come up with something that is right for you.The general purpose of your speech will usually be to inform or to persuade. When your general purpose is to inform, your goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. When your general purpose is to persuade, your goal is to win listeners over to your point of viewOnce you know your topic and general purpose, you must focus on a specific purpose statement that indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve. The specific purpose statement should (1) be a full infinitive phrase; (2) be worded as a statement, not a question:(3) avoid figurative language;(4) not be vague or general; (5) be appropriate for your audience; and(6)be achievable in the allotted time.The central idea is a concise statement of what you will say in your speech, and it usually crystallizes in your thinking after you have done your research and have decided on the main points. In most cases, it encapsulates the main points in a single declarative sentence Chapter5 analyzing the audience Good speakers are audience-centered. When working on your speeches, keep three questions in mind: To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?People are egocentric. They typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind: "why is this important to me?" Therefore you need to study your audience and adapt your speech to their beliefs and interests.The major factors to consider in audience analysis are size, physical setting, demographic traits disposition toward the topic, disposition toward the speaker, and disposition toward the occasion, For speeches outside the classroom, you can get information about the audience by asking the person who invites you to speak. For classroom speeches, you can circulate an audience-analysis questionnaire.Once you complete the audience analysis, you must adapt your speech so it will be clear and convincing. Try to hear the speech as your listeners will. Anticipate questions and objections, and try to answer them in advance. When you deliver the speech, keep an eye out for audience feedback, and adjust your remarks in response. After the speech, think about your audience's response and about changes you would make if you were delivering the speech again。
演讲的艺术_第六章 口才训练法则
第一节磨出一副伶牙俐齿说到口才，在我国的战国时期，苏秦是著名的说客，他的唇枪舌剑，胜过百万雄兵；在电视剧《铁齿铜牙纪晓岚》中，纪晓岚被誉为铁齿铜牙，周旋于官场之中，得到皇上的宠爱；在《红楼梦》中，王熙凤伶牙俐齿，常常逗得贾母开心得合不拢嘴。
在我们平时的交往中，也会遇到形形色色的人，那么，怎样才能在众人面前脱颖而出，博得大家的喜爱呢？口齿灵活、说话流利、伶牙俐齿绝对是非常重要的。
所以，我们要进行一些必要的口部训练，以提高自己口齿的灵活度。
相信很多人都有这样一种感觉：早晨刚刚起床的时候，说话没有下午或者晚上轻松。
那是因为，嘴部肌肉休息了整整一夜，没有运动，所以不太灵活。
因此，适当地做做口腔体操，可以帮助我们更好地使自己的嘴巴灵活、快捷。
具体方法如下：（1）开合练习动作：张嘴像打哈欠，闭嘴如啃苹果。
开口的动作要柔和，两嘴角向斜上方抬起，上下唇稍放松，舌头自然放平。
目的：做这个练习，可以解决口腔开度的问题。
（2）咀嚼练习动作：张口咀嚼与闭口咀嚼结合进行，舌头自然放平。
目的：做这个练习，可以解决两腮肌肉运动问题。
（3）双唇练习动作：①双唇闭拢向前、后、左、右、上、下，以及左右转圈；②双唇打响。
目的：做这个练习，有助于解决双唇的运动问题，对美唇也有帮助。
（4）舌头练习动作：①舌尖顶下齿，舌面逐渐上翘；②舌尖在口内左右顶口腔壁，在门牙上下转圈；③舌尖伸出口外向前伸、向左右、上下伸；④舌在口腔内左右立起；⑤舌尖的弹练，弹硬腭、弹口唇；⑥舌尖与上齿龈接触打响；⑦舌根与软腭接触打响。
目的：做这个练习，有助于舌头的灵活运动。
（5）绕口令练习绕口令练习要由慢到快，循序渐进，以吐字清晰、字音准确为目的，不要盲目图快；否则，事倍功半，养成错误的发音习惯，再改就更难了。
①双唇音训练：抱笨奔波罢保班，标蹦包饼必冰边，报崩不别兵帮扁，毕鼻补不便驳斑。
②牙前音训练：京家金景境揪坚，君将聚集就绝绢，嫁鸡决九江接减，节锦焦急叫驹见。
③舌尖音训练：叮咚当丁到刁单，低督都当定丢颠，大刀吨斗歹多断，达堆登动导迭端。
演讲的艺术(第八版)-个人笔记
演讲的艺术(第八版)-个人笔记演讲的艺术（第八版）史蒂芬.E.卢卡斯/著俞振伟/译第一部分演讲与倾听第一章公共演讲公共演讲，即将你个人观点通过与他人分享并影响他人的态度从而达到公共化的一种途径。
通过演讲传播他们的思想，扩大他们的影响。
公共演讲在职业发展中非常重要，在日常生活中同样重要。
关键在于，公共演讲是一种能量赋予的形式。
他有可能促使人们十分关心的一些事情产生变化，实际情况的确经常如此。
在演讲课上掌握方法和策略。
实际上，与人讲话时，已经开始运用相当宽的知识范畴内的技能了。
1、逻辑清晰地组织自己的思想。
2、根据不同对象剪裁自己的话。
3、讲故事要达到最好效果。
你会不断调整自己的用词和语调，以便获得最佳效果。
4、接受听众的反馈。
意识到他的语言、面部和身体的反应。
你每天都在看似随意的谈话中所做这些事情，每天都做好了好多次，你根本没有意识到，自己已经具备了这些沟通技巧了。
所有这些都是你做公共演讲时必不可少的重要技巧。
公共演讲与日常对话的区别1、公共演讲结构更严谨。
公共演讲对演讲人有很严格的时间限制，多数情况下，不允许听众提问或发表评论打断演讲。
演讲人必须通过演讲本身实现自己实现自己的传达目标。
在准备演讲稿时，演讲人必须预计哪些部分有可能在听众中产生疑问，需要在演讲中回答这些疑问。
因此，公共演讲需要事先先做精心的准备。
2、公共演讲要求更正式的用语。
俚语、行话和不规范的表达在公共演讲中站不住脚。
3、公共演讲要求使用“演讲”的说话方式。
非正式谈话时，人们会保持闲散的姿势，使用很多语气词、做很多停顿（嗯、啊、这么、那么，等等）。
而有效的演讲人会调整自己的嗓音，以便让所有听众都能清晰的听到；站的直挺，避免出现让人走神的个人习惯动作和习惯用语。
树立信心：你的演讲课紧张纯属正常76%的人在走上讲台前也会怯场。
可是，紧张是一个健康的信号，表明他们在“心理上做好了准备”，准备让演讲取得成功。
肾上腺素水平急剧上升，使你心跳加快、双手颤抖、额头冒汗。
The Art of Public Speaking Chapter5 公众演讲的艺术
The Art of Public SpeakingCHAPTER 05 THE VOICEThe dramatic critic of The London Times once declared that acting is nine-tenths voice work. Leaving the message aside, the same may justly be said of public speaking.A rich, correctly-used voice is the greatest physical factor of persuasiveness and power, often over-topping the effects of reason.But a good voice, well handled, is not only an effective possession for the professional speaker, it is a mark of personal culture as well, and even a distinct commercial asset.There are three fundamental requisites for a good voice:1. EaseThe secret of good voice is relaxation. The air waves that produce voice result in a different kind of tone when striking against relaxed muscles than when striking constricted muscles. Try this for yourself. Contract the muscles of your face and throat as you do in hate, and flame out "I hate you!" Now relax as you do when thinking gentle, tender thoughts, and say, "I love you." How different the voice sounds.In practising voice exercises, and in speaking, never force your tones. Ease must be your watchword. The voice is a delicate instrument, and you must not handle it with hammer and tongs. Don't make your voice go--let it go. Don't work. Let the yoke of speech be easy and its burden light.Your throat should be free from strain during speech, therefore it is necessary to avoid muscular contraction. The throat must act as a sort of chimney or funnel for the voice, hence any unnatural constriction will not only harm its tones but injure its health.Nervousness and mental strain are common sources of mouth and throat constriction, so make the battle for poise and self-confidence for which we pleaded in the opening chapter.But how can I relax? you ask. By simply willing to relax. Hold your arm out straight from your shoulder. Now--withdraw all power and let it fall. Practise relaxation of the muscles of the throat by letting your neck and head fall forward. Roll the upper part of your body around, with the waist line acting as a pivot. Let your head fall and roll around as you shift the torso to different positions. Do not force your head around--simply relax your neck and let gravity pull it around as your body moves.Again, let your head fall forward on your breast; raise your head, letting your jaw hang. Relax until your jaw feels heavy, as though it were a weight hung to your face. Remember, you must relax the jaw to obtain command of it. It must be free and flexible for the moulding of tone, and to let the tone pass out unobstructed.All the activity of breathing must be centered, not in the throat, but in the middle of the body--you must breathe from the diaphragm. Note the way you breathe when lying flat on the back, undressed in bed. You will observe that all the activity then centers around the diaphragm. This is the natural and correct method of breathing. By constant watchfulness make this your habitual manner, for it will enable you to relax more perfectly the muscles of the throat.The next fundamental requisite for good voice is2. OpennessIf the muscles of the throat are constricted, the tone passage partially closed, and the mouth kept half-shut, how can you expect the tone to come out bright and clear, or even to come out at all? Sound is a series of waves, and if you make a prison of your mouth, holding the jaws and lips rigidly, it will be very difficult for the tone to squeeze through, and even when it does escape it will lack force and carrying power. Open your mouth wide, relax all the organs of speech, and let the tone flow out easily.Start to yawn, but instead of yawning, speak while your throat is open. Make this open-feeling habitual when speaking--we say make because it is a matter of resolution and of practise, if your vocal organs are healthy.The final fundamental requisite for good voice is3. ForwardnessA voice that is pitched back in the throat is dark, sombre, and unattractive. The tone must be pitched forward, but do not force it forward. You will recall that our first principle was ease. Think the tone forward and out. Believe it is going forward, and allow it to flow easily. You can tell whether you are placing your tone forward or not by inhaling a deep breath and singing ah with the mouth wide open, trying to feel the little delicate sound waves strike the bony arch of the mouth just above the front teeth. The sensation is so slight that you will probably not be able to detect it at once, but persevere in your practise, always thinking the tone forward, and you will be rewarded by feeling your voice strike the roof of your mouth. A correct forward-placing of the tone will do away with the dark, throaty tones that are so unpleasant, inefficient, and harmful to the throat.Close the lips, humming ng, im, or an. Think the tone forward. Do you feel it strike the lips?Hold the palm of your hand in front of your face and say vigorously crash, dash, whirl, buzz. Can you feel the forward tones strike against your hand? Practise until you can. Remember, the only way to get your voice forward is to put it forward.H ow to Develop the Carrying Power of the VoiceIt is not necessary to speak loudly in order to be heard at a distance. It is necessary only to speak correctly. Edith Wynne Matthison's voice will carry in a whisper throughout a large theater. A paper rustling on the stage of a large auditorium can be heard distinctly in the furthermost seat in the gallery. If you will only use your voice correctly, you will not have much difficulty in being heard. Of course it is always well to address your speech to your furthest auditors; if they get it, those nearer will have no trouble, but aside from this obvious suggestion, you must observe these laws of voice production: Remember to apply the principles of ease, openness and forwardness--they are the prime factors in enabling your voice to be heard at a distance.Do not gaze at the floor as you talk. This habit not only gives the speaker an amateurish appearance but if the head is hung forward the voice will be directed towards the ground instead of floating out over the audience.Voice is a series of air vibrations. To strengthen it two things are necessary: more airor breath, and more vibration.Breath is the very basis of voice. As a bullet with little powder behind it will not have force and carrying power, so the voice that has little breath behind it will be weak. Not only will deep breathing--breathing from the diaphragm--give the voice a better support, but it will give it a stronger resonance by improving the general health.Usually, ill health means a weak voice, while abundant physical vitality is shown through a strong, vibrant voice. Therefore anything that improves the general vitality is an excellent voice strengthener, provided you use the voice properly. Authorities differ on most of the rules of hygiene but on one point they all agree: vitality and longevity are increased by deep breathing. Practise this until it becomes second nature. Whenever you are speaking, take in deep breaths, but in such a manner that the inhalations will be silent.Do not try to speak too long without renewing your breath. Nature care for this pretty well unconsciously in conversation, and she will do the same for you in platform speaking if you do not interfere with her premonitions.A certain very successful speaker developed voice carrying power by running across country, practising his speeches as he went. The vigorous exercise forced him to take deep breaths, and developed lung power. A hard-fought basketball or tennis game is an efficient way of practising deep breathing. When these methods are not convenient, we recommend the following:Place your hands at your sides, on the waist line.By trying to encompass your waist with your fingers and thumbs, force all the air out of the lungs.Take a deep breath. Remember, all the activity is to be centered in the middle of the body; do not raise the shoulders. As the breath is taken your hands will be forced out.Repeat the exercise, placing your hands on the small of the back and forcing them out as you inhale.Many methods for deep breathing have been given by various authorities. Get the air into your lungs--that is the important thing.The body acts as a sounding board for the voice just as the body of the violin acts as a sounding board for its tones. You can increase its vibrations by practise.Place your finger on your lip and hum the musical scale, thinking and placing the voice forward on the lips. Do you feel the lips vibrate? After a little practise they will vibrate, giving a tickling sensation.Repeat this exercise, throwing the humming sound into the nose. Hold the upper part of the nose between the thumb and forefinger. Can you feel the nose vibrate?Placing the palm of your hand on top of your head, repeat this humming exercise. Think the voice there as you hum in head tones. Can you feel the vibration there?Now place the palm of your hand on the back of your head, repeating the foregoing process. Then try it on the chest. Always remember to think your tone where you desire to feel the vibrations. The mere act of thinking about any portion of your body will tend to make it vibrate.Repeat the following, after a deep inhalation, endeavoring to feel all portions of your body vibrate at the same time. When you have attained this you will find that it is a pleasant sensation.What ho, my jovial mates. Come on! We will frolic it like fairies, frisking in the merry moonshine.P urity of VoiceThis quality is sometimes destroyed by wasting the breath. Carefully control the breath, using only as much as is necessary for the production of tone. Utilize all that you give out. Failure to do this results in a breathy tone. Take in breath like a prodigal; in speaking, give it out like a miser.V oice SuggestionsNever attempt to force your voice when hoarse.Do not drink cold water when speaking. The sudden shock to the heated organs of speech will injure the voice.Avoid pitching your voice too high--it will make it raspy. This is a common fault. When you find your voice in too high a range, lower it. Do not wait until you get to the platform to try this. Practise it in your daily conversation. Repeat the alphabet, beginning A on the lowest scale possible and going up a note on each succeeding letter, for the development of range. A wide range will give you facility in making numerous changes of pitch.Do not form the habit of listening to your voice when speaking. You will need your brain to think of what you are saying--reserve your observation for private practise.。
(完整版)《演讲的艺术》chapter1-5课后summary
Chapter1 speaking in publicPeople throughout history have used public speaking as a vital means of communication and empowerment. Because you will live the rest of your life in a globalized world, the need for English public speaking will almost surely touch you at some time.To be successful giving speeches in English, you need to be culturally competent communicator. You must show respect for the cultural values and expectations of the people who come to hear you. This dose not mean that you have to devalue your own culture. There is no inherent conflict between being a competent English public speaker and being fully Chinese.Because public speaking involves the use of English as a working language, it requires critical thinking skills. Critical thinking helps you organize your ideas, spot weaknesses in other people’s reasoning, and avoid them in your own.There are many similarities between public speaking and conversation, but there are also important differences. First, public speaking requires more detailed preparation than ordinary conversation. Second, it requires more formal language. Third, it demands that speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerisms and verbal habits.The speech communication process includes seven elements: speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The interaction of these elements determines the outcome of any public speech.Chapter2 speaking confidently and ethicallystage fright is an issue for public speakers in all countries. Rather than trying to eliminate every trace of stage fright, you should try to transform it into positive energy. To some extent, this will happen naturally as you gain experience as a speaker, but you should also think positively, prepare thoroughly, visualize yourself giving a successful speech, remember that most nervousness is not visible to the audience, and think of your speech as communication rather than as a performance in which you must do everything perfectly Because public speaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibili ties. There are four basic guidelines for ethical speechmaking. The first is to make sure your goals are ethically sound. The second is to be fully prepared for each speech. The third is to be honest in what you say. The fourth is to put ethical principles into practice at all timesOf all the ethical lapses a speaker can commit, few are more serious than plagiarism lobal plagiarism is lifting a speech entirely from a single source. Patchwork plagiarism involves cutting and pasting a speech from a limited number of sources. Incremental pla giarism occurs when a speaker fails to give credit for specific quotations and paraphrases that are borrowed from other people Because it is so easy to copy information from the Internet, it poses special challenges with regard to plagiarism. If you don't cite Internet sources, you are just as guilty of plagia- rism as if you take information from print sources without proper citation. As you research your speeches, be sure to take accurate notes of the Internet sources you use so you can identify them in your speechChapter3 giving your first speechOne of your first assignments will be to present an introductory speech, either a speech of self-introduction or a speech introducing a classmate. Focus the speech on a limited number of ideas and be creative in developing them. Use interesting supporting materials and present them in colorful, descriptive language.When organizing the speech, make sure you have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Most introductory speeches fall naturally into chronological or topical order. Using clear transitions will help your audience follow you from point to point.Although you will write a complete manuscript or outline of your speech when preparing it, you should deliver it extemporaneously. This means you have rehearsed fully and can present your talk from a brief set of speaking notes. Concentrate on establishing eye contact with the audience and on speaking in a dynamic, engaged tonof voiceChapter4 selecting a topic and purposeThe first step in speechmaking is choosing a topic. If you have trouble picking a topic, you can use clustering, a personal inventory, or an Internet search to come up with something that is right for you.The general purpose of your speech will usually be to inform or to persuade. When your general purpose is to inform, your goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. When your general purpose is to persuade, your goal is to win listeners over to your point of viewOnce you know your topic and general purpose, you must focus on a specific purpose statement that indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve. The specific purpose statement should (1) be a full infinitive phrase; (2) be worded as a statement, not a question:(3) avoid figurative language;(4) not be vague or general; (5) be appropriate for your audience; and(6) be achievable in the allotted time.The central idea is a concise statement of what you will say in your speech, and it usually crystallizes in your thinking after you have done your research and have decided on the main points. In most cases, it encapsulates the main points in a single declarative sentence Chapter5 analyzing the audienceGood speakers are audience-centered. When working on your speeches, keep three questions in mind: To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?People are egocentric. They typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind: "why is this important to me?" Therefore you need to study your audience and adapt your speech to their beliefs and interests.The major factors to consider in audience analysis are size, physical setting, demographic traits disposition toward the topic, disposition toward the speaker, and disposition toward the occasion, For speeches outside the classroom, you can get information about the audience by asking the person who invites you to speak. For classroom speeches, you can circulate an audience-analysis questionnaire.Once you complete the audience analysis, you must adapt your speech so it will be clear and convincing. Try to hear the speech as your listeners will. Anticipate questions and objections, and try to answer them in advance. When you deliver the speech, keep an eye out for audience feedback, and adjust your remarks in response. After the speech, think about your audience's response and about changes you would make if you were delivering the speech again。
演讲的艺术_第一章 战胜恐惧、战胜自我
第一节克服害羞的心理随着历史地发展，交谈也越来越显示出它在社会各个领域中的重要作用，人们的口才日显重要。
大小会议上的领导讲话，外交家的外事谈判，企业家的商业洽谈，专家学者的学术交流等，都需要良好的口才。
正因如此，1912年，我开办了关于当众说话的课程。
有一次，我去参加训练班的毕业聚会，在聚会上，一个毕业生当着200多人的面跟我说：“卡耐基先生，5年前，我来到你举办示范表演的一家饭店。
当我来到会场门口，就停住了。
我知道只要走进房间，参加上课，早晚都得要讲演一番。
我的手僵在门柄上，我害怕走进去；最后，只好转身走出了饭店。
当时，我要是知道你能教人轻而易举地克服恐惧——那种面对听众会瘫软的恐惧，我就不会白白错过失去的5年了。
”听完他的话后，可以说我已经为他特别的仪态和自信深深地吸引住了，因为他这样坦诚相告，并不是隔着张桌子在闲话家常，而是在对着许多人发表议论。
这说明，他已完全克服了当众怕羞的心理，他必定能借助现在所具有的表达能力和信心，使处理行政事务的技巧大为增加。
如果，他在5年或10年之前能战胜恐惧，那他肯定比现在能享受更多更好的成功和快乐。
爱默生曾经说过：“恐惧比世界上任何的事物更能击败人类。
”其实在最初，大家一定要学习这样的课程，就是因为在别人面前说话的时候，总觉得好害怕，自己无法清晰地思考，使得原本早已想好要说的话都忘得一干二净。
害怕在大众面前讲话并不只是某一个人的心理，可以说有相当一部分人都会不同程度地具有这种心理，是大家共同的心理特点。
大演讲家詹宁斯承认，他在第一次尝试演讲的时候两个膝盖颤抖地都碰到了一起。
包括众所周知的幽默天才马克·吐温也说他第一次在会场上演讲的时候，觉得满嘴塞满了棉花似的，脉搏跳得像在赛跑。
其实世界上有很多著名的演说家，他们第一次在会场上时，也经历过恐惧带来的失败。
而我所要教授的，正是为了帮助人们消除恐惧与自卑感。
其实我们根本不用为这种事担心，因为即使是职业演讲家，也不能保证一定在上台前就消除恐惧。
演讲的艺术ppt课件
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The Art of Public Speaking
什么是要点
16
中心思想
用一句简单的句子总结或表达演讲的主要内容 留存信息：你希望听众忘记所有演讲内容后记住的东西 中心思想在很大程度上暗示了演讲的内容
中心思想的指南
中心思想应该用一个完整的句子表达出来，避免疑问与修辞 中心思想一定要意思明确，不能产生任何的歧义 中心思想必须告诉听众你的话题的答案，而不是仅仅抛出问题
The Art of Public Speaking
【美】 史蒂芬· E·卢卡斯
演讲的艺术
The Art of Public Speaking
公共演讲
将你的个人观点通过与他人分享并影响他人的态度从而达到公共化的一种途径
演讲中常用的沟通技巧
逻辑清晰地组织自己的思想 根据不同对象剪裁自己的话：使对方能够轻松明白 讲故事要达到最好效果：不断调整自己的语音、语调，获得最佳效果 接受听众的反馈：通过语言和非语言了解听众的反馈情况
对演讲话题的态度
兴趣：你的任务就是调动学员的积极性，使他们对主题产生兴趣 知识：人们往往只是对自己知道的事情感兴趣 态度：听众的态度决定了他处理演讲的方式
对演讲人的态度
听众觉得讲师的水平越高，他们就会越相信你
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演讲前适应听众
听众会对你的演讲做出什么样的反应 调整自己要说的话，以便是演讲清晰、合适、更具说服力 你要彻底隐藏自己的观点，让自己能够暂时采纳别人的观点 做到了这样，你就可以通过别人的耳朵听到自己的演讲，并适当调整
演讲的艺术_第四章 让你的演讲充满魅力
第一节态度的魅力进行演讲时，选择合适的演讲方式是非常重要的。
这里需要指出的是，一个好的演讲，不仅包括合适的演讲方式，而且还必须具有合适的演讲态度。
任何演讲方式都要求好的演讲态度，可以说，演讲态度本身也是合适演讲方式的一部分重要内容。
合适的演讲态度，可以使很简单的事情发挥深远的影响力。
我通过自己的一系列观察，最后得出了一个这样的结论，在大专院校的演讲比赛中，取胜的往往并不是那些演讲题材最好的人，而是演讲态度很好的人，因为他可以使他的演讲题材发挥到最佳效果。
英国政治家爱德蒙·柏克先生所写的演讲稿，不管是在逻辑、说理或文章结构上都是最佳的作品，因此，即使到现在，全世界一半以上的大专院校，还把他的演讲稿当作演讲的经典范本来加以研习。
但是，柏克本人却是一位失败的演讲者，因为他没有表达他的杰出作品的能力，也没有能力使他的演讲具有吸引力及震撼力。
因此，他被人叫做英国下议院的“晚餐铃”。
他一站起来发表谈话，其他议员们就又是咳嗽又是洗牌，不然就是睡觉，或成群结队地走出议场。
你可以用尽全力将一枚包着铁壳的子弹投向某人，但也许根本无法在那人的衣服上留下凹痕。
但你若把火药放在一根蜡烛后面，然后把它发射出去，它将会穿透一块松木板。
由此，我觉得蜡烛似的演说，在火花的推动下，要比没有力量去推动的钢铁般的演说更能给人留下深刻的印象。
因此，我们在演讲时必须始终注意，要有良好的态度。
是不是所有的演讲者都能恰如其分地把他们的意思表达给听众呢？未必。
举一个例子，可以说明一般人的谈话态度。
有一次，我在瑞士阿尔卑斯山的避暑胜地穆伦停留，住在一家伦敦公司经营的旅馆里。
通常，这家旅馆每周自英国邀请两位演说家来向宾客发表演说，其中一位是著名的英国小说家，她的讲题是“小说的前途”。
她承认，这个题目不是她自己选的，而最糟糕的是，她觉得没有什么话可说。
因为她对这个题目并不真的关心，因此也就顾不得是否讲得精彩。
她只是匆忙地准备了一些提要。
在演讲时，她站在听众面前，全然无视他们的存在，甚至正眼都不瞧他们一下。
演讲的艺术(第十三版)(中国版)教师用书Chapter_1_Speaking_in_Public
Chapter 1 Speaking in Public（教师用书持续更新中……）Section One: Chapter Teaching GuidePART ONE: TEACHING OBJECTIVES在学完这一章后，学生应该能够：•讨论演讲作为一门研究领域的悠久历史。
•解释跨文化交流的含义和实际应用。
•解释演讲与批判性思维之间的关系。
•识别演讲和日常会话之间的相同点和不同点。
•解释演讲交流的过程和要素。
PART TWO: TEACHING SUGGESTIONS纵观历史，人们始终把演讲当成重要的交流工具。
在当今世界，很多人也都通过演讲来传播他们的思想和影响。
有些学生可能会认为英语演讲距离自己的实际生活比较遥远，因为自己既不打算做外交官，也不想从事其他的涉外工作。
教师应该强调，随着全球化进程日益加速，今后从事各行各业的中国大学生都会或多或少地在工作或生活中用到英语演讲。
事实上，即便是还没有走向工作岗位的在校大学生也会有很多需要用到英语演讲的机会。
以下面的一些场景为例：场景一：学校请来的一位外籍教师对中国的很多习俗和文化理念都不了解，因此在所授课的班上经常会闹出一些误会和笑话。
有良好英语演讲能力的学生能够当众帮助这位外籍教师避免这些不必要的误会和笑话。
场景二：一个大型的国际活动正在选拔一批大学生志愿者。
选拔测试的一项主要内容是要求申请者用英语向选拔委员会陈述自己希望入选的原因以及自己的入选资格和条件。
英语演讲能力较强的申请者更有可能入选。
场景三：一位大四学生在一家国有企业实习期间接到一项临时任务，代替突然生病的主讲人向一组前来洽谈业务的外商介绍本企业刚刚推出的一个新产品。
由于这位实习生在英语演讲课上曾受过很系统的训练，加上实习期间对企业产品的了解，所以很圆满地完成了这项任务，得到了企业领导的赞扬。
很多研究报告表明，即便是在高度专业的领域，雇主在确定招聘或升职的人选时也会坚持将雇员的语言交流能力列为最重要或是近乎最重要的技能。
演讲的艺术第十五版课后答案chapter4
演讲的艺术第十五版课后答案chapter4 如果你正在从事演讲的职业：演讲选手、教师、广告人员、记者或其它有关人士（无论男女）。
这将对你产生巨大积极影响。
“我可以做到”——你也许认为这是一句很平常的话。
但如果你能这样做就大不一样了。
因为你认为，要成功地获得观众的心和喜爱你得首先能做到这一点。
当你对观众说：“您说这是一件非常棒的事情……”时，他们会对你投以热烈而惊讶的目光，并会把他们引向你想要表达的意思——对他们来说那绝对是一个非常棒的主意。
对于这一点他们会产生一种愉快心情并乐于把自己交给你。
一、分析演讲成功的因素成功取决于三个要素：一个良好的自我控制能力，一个正确的心态。
自我控制能力指的是要有意识地调整自己的心理状态。
心态则是人们在演讲时最能控制情绪。
只有保持好心态才能使自己发挥最大潜力。
一个好的心态能够激发出听众的热情和渴望，能够使他们在欣赏你的表演时产生愉悦感并乐意把自己交给你。
一个良好的心态使观众能够通过你演讲表达自己的情感和观点。
所以要学会自我控制。
1、自我控制自我控制是演讲稿的核心。
演讲者有明确的演讲稿的主题，必须在主题范围内表达自己的观点，突出重点。
因为听众在欣赏你演讲时，既欣赏内容的严肃性，又欣赏演讲者的勇气和技巧。
在不同的场合演讲者应该有不同的演讲稿来进行比较，既要避免大篇幅文字的叙述，也要注意小篇幅语言（小至只有5、6行）的介绍。
如果演讲者对一件事完全失去了控制能力，那么会引起听众的反感与厌恶，使演讲效果大打折扣。
在演讲者演讲前要做好充分准备，对自己的知识、技巧、情感、目标、时间、场合、内容等进行认真分析，然后才有可能去进行演讲。
因此，演讲者在完成一篇演讲提纲之前，必须做好充分准备。
2、自我评价人们可以通过评价自己的言行来判断其表现水平。
演讲时，演讲者要有一种对自己的表现的客观评价。
这种评价是在实践中形成的。
有一些演讲者良好的品德和较高的技巧以及良好的心理素质对自己做了客观评价：他们在演讲时感到信心十足，他们希望观众给予他们支持。
演讲的艺术 chapter PPT课件
Purposes of Supporting Materials
Tea is popular.
Large
Tea is second only to
quantities water as the world’s
of tea are most consumed
consumed beverage. More tea is
第12页/共18页
Tests of Evidence
• Is the evidence quoted in context? • Is the source of the evidence an expert? • Is the source of the evidence unbiased? • Is the evidence relevant to the point? • Is the evidence specific? • Is the evidence sufficient to prove the point? • Is the evidence timely?
第4页/共18页
Types of Supporting Materials
•1 •2 •3
第5页/共18页
Examples
• Brief • Extended • Actual • Hypothetical
第6页/共18页
Tips for using examples
• Make examples vivid and richly textured • Reinforce examples with statistic or testimony
Ő example (brief ,extended , hypothetical ) Ő Statistics (single, multiple) Ő Testimony (expert, peer)
演讲的艺术 chapter 11 delivery
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Practicing Delivery
• 1. do through the preparation outline and revise it. • 2. speaking outline • 3. practice the speech aloud • 4. polish and refine your delivery • 5. a dress rehearsal
Vocal Variety
• Pronunciation and articulation
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Speakers’ Body
• • • • Personal appearance Eye contact Gesture Movement
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Slide 4
The sparker's Voice
• Volume the loudness or softness of a speakers’ voice your own voice always sound louder to you than to a listener.
note where you need to slow down or speed up
McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Testimony
• Direct quotation • Paraphrase
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Tea is popular.
Large
Tea is second only to
quantities of water as the world’s most
tea are
consumed beverage. More
consumed tea is consumed each year
by people than all other
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Evaluating Electronic Information
• Purpose • Expertise • Objectivity • Accuracy • Timeliness
around the manufactured drinks in
globe.
the world put together,
including coffee,
chocolate, soft drinks and
alcohol. Total tea
consumption is 4 billion
kilograms annually.
testimony
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Narration
• Personal • Third-person • Second
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Testimony
Tips: Quote or paraphrase Quote or paraphrase accurately Form qualified/unbiased sources Identify the people you quote or
paraphrase
McGraw-Hill
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Purposes of Supporting Materials
• Clarity • Vividness • Credibility
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Citing Your Sources
“Oral footnotes”. . .
• Enhance the credibility of what you say. • Help listeners find sources.
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Key Terms
• Supporting materials
Ő example (brief ,extended , hypothetical ) Ő Statistics (single, multiple) Ő Testimony (expert, peer)
Slide 10
Statistics
• Single • Multiple • Tips:
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© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
Statistics
• Don’t rely exclusively on statistics. • Use representative statistics • Identify the sources of statistics • Form reliable sources • Round off. • Explain statistics • Use presentational aids. • Stress their impact.
CHAPTER
6
Supporting Your Ideas
by Ada Pan Oct. 2012
McGraw-Hill
Stephen E. Lucas
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Purposes of Supporting Slide 2 Materials
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Tips for using examples
• Make examples vivid and richly textured • Reinforce examples with statistic or
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Tests of Evidence
• Is the evidence quoted in context? • Is the source of the evidence an expert? • Is the source of the evidence unbiased? • Is the evidence relevant to the point? • Is the evidence specific? • Is the evidence sufficient to prove the point? • Is the evidence timely?
Slide 6
Types of Supporting Materia
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
Examples
• Brief • Extended • Actual • Hypothetical
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Learning Objectives:
• Supporting your ideas by:
examples statistics testimony
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