四大语法整理

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动词
一、被动语态
1、被动语态的构成：
语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词间的关系，英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，在句中be动词要有人称和数的变化。

【口诀】被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。

注意：只有及物动词才有被动语态。

2、被动语态的用法：
【口诀】谁做动作不知道，说出谁做没必要；承受者需被强调，被动语态运用到。

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be +过去分词”构成，原来带to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“to ”仍要保留。

口诀：情态动词变被动，情态加be 加“过分”，原来带to 要保留。

如：---We have to look after the dog. ---The dog has to be looked after by us.
③含有宾语补足语的被动语态：
含有宾语补足语的句子，宾语变为主语后，宾语补足语改为主语补足语，原来的位 置一般不变。

如：---We keep food cold in the fridge.
---Food is kept cold in the fridge.
注意：主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to 的不定式，在变成被动句的主语补足语时，to 不能省去。

如：---She heard him sing a song just now.
---She was heard to sing a song just now.
二、过去完成时
1、概念：表示过去的过去
2、过去完成时：即过去的过去所发生的事情！
3、构成：主语＋had ＋过去分词。

4、用法：
①表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，常与由b y ，before 引导的时间状语连用。

如：We had learned 5000 words by the end of last month. 到上个月底为止我们已经学了五千个单词
I had finished the composition before supper.
晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了
②表示过去某一动作前已完成的动作，常与when ，before 等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。

如：When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
我醒来的时候雨就已经停了
I hadn ’t learned any English before I came here.
我来这儿之前没学过英语
③用于宾语从句或间接引语中。

如：I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission. 我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。

He told me that he had passed the exam.
他告诉我他已通过考试。

三、情态动词
1、概念：
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情 态 色 彩，表 示 说 话 人 对 有 关 行 为 或 事 物 的 态 度 和 看 法，认 为 其 可 能、应 该 或 必 要 等。

情 态动词后面加动词原形。

2、分类：
①只做情态动词：m u s t ,c a n (c o u l d ),m a y (m i g h t ), ②可做情态动词又可做实意动词：n e e d ,d a r e NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ 好久不见 别来无恙
③可做情态动词又可做助动词：s h a l l (s h o u l d ),w i l l (w o u l d ) ,o u g h t t o
④具有情态动词特征：h a v e (h a d ,h a s ) t o ,u s e d t o
⑤情态动词表猜测 3、位置：
情态动词有一定的词义，但并不完整，必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。

4、用法：
情态动词+行为动词原形
首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作，而情态动词只是表达的一种想法。

5、功能：
助动词主要有两类：基本助动词和情态助动词。

基本助动词有三个：d o , h a v e 和b e ；情态助动词基本的有十四个：
may, m i g h t ; c a n , c o u l d ; w i l l , w o u l d ; s h a l l , s h o u l d ; m u s t ，
n e e d , d a r e , u s e d t o , o u g h t to.h a d b e t t e r ，
6、c a n 和c o u l d 的用法：
①表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。

②表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。

（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）
【注意】c o u l d 可表示请求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语用c a n （即c o u l d 不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。

c a n 表示能力时，还可用b e a b l e t o 代替。

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宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

我在等一个可以陪我走很久的人
1.语序：
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主
语+谓语+……)”句式。

1)连接词+谓语。

连接词在从句中作主语。

常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。

2)连接词+名词+谓语。

连接词在从句中作主语的定语。

常见连接词有：whose，what，which，
how many，how much等。

3)连接词+主语+谓语。

连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。

常见的连接词有：who(m)，
what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if /whether(在句中不充
当任何成分)等。

4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。

连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。

常见的连接词有：
what，which，how many，how much，how等。

2.连接词：
1)陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略
2)一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”
①具选择意义,有or或or not时,直接与or not连用时,用whether(if…or not也可使用)
②在介词之后用whether
③在不定式前用whether
④whether 置于句首时，不能换用if
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether
⑥若用if 会引起歧义时，则用whether
3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导
3.时态：
1)如主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。

2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。

3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。

4.注意：
if 和when 既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。

if 和when 引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。

它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。

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别告诉他 我还想他
定语从句
详细的定语从句讲解 ： 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。

状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。

名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be 句型。

一、 限定性定语从句：
1. that 即可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语则不能省略。

而且，如果which 在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which 作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which 之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which ，但在带有下列词的句子中用that 而不用which ，这些词包括all, anything, much 等，这时的that 常被省略
4. who 和whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when 引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that 引导
7. whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或nothing 时，常用there is 来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。

1.which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.引导限定性定语从句时，that 有时相当于in which, at which, for which 或at which
3.有时as 也可用作关系代词
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4.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that ，而用who, whom 代表人，用which 代表事物
三、定语从句结构错误：
1. 缺关系词
2. 从句中缺成分 在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。

这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
①限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。

如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。

②非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。

有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。

即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。

由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。

另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。

四、定语从句的讲解：
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。

定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

1.关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

①who/that 在从句中作主语;whom/that 在从句中作宾语
②Whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which 互换）
③which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语
2.关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

①when, where, why 相当于"介词+ which"结构,常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用
②that 代替关系副词 ，that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why 和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that 常被省略
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构词法
故事不够动人讲故事的人却总流泪1．构词法（Word Formation）：
B．派生词（Derivative）
定义：由词根利用前缀或后缀派生而成的词称为派生词（亦称转成语）
C．合成词（Compound Words）
定义：由两个或两个以上独立且语义不同的词结合成一个表达新语义和语词功能的词称为合成词
2.词是什么？
“词”的英语是“Word”。

依据词典“Word”可译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”
等。

人类在学习一种语言时最基本的两件事就是认识词和使用词来表达思想。

3.那么“Word”是什么？
从表达思想来说。

大凡人要把心中所感觉到的和所想的表达出来时，一个共通的表达模式就是“举出主题并说明他”。

这种表达模式我们叫“一句话”，在语言学上称为句子。

定义：
词、短语、从句等称句子组成要素。

词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单位。

构词法：
英文词和中文词的最大不同点在于中文词是属于象形文字语系，字形是固定不变，而且是一字一音；英文词是属于符号文字语系，其字形（拼写法）须配合语意和句意表达的条件并受其约束，同时有
一字一音、一字二音等。

转化法：
把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种的方法称为转化法
合成法：
两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词的方法称作合成法。

派生法：
由词缀(分前、后缀)和词根相结合构成单词的方法。

大多数词缀都有一定的含义。

专项练习
一、动词
人啊总是不珍惜
1.John, you can’t go out to play until your homework _______.
A. finishes
B. has finished
C. is finished
2.My e-mail _____ to you last night.
A. sent
B. is sent
C. was sent
3.----The 2010 Asian Sports Meet _______ this November in Guangzhou.
---- Yes. I hope Chinese players will do well.
A. will be held
B. has been held
C. was to be held
D. would be held
4.----Dear Eric, your room is too dirty. It should _______ right now.
---- Sorry. I’ll do it now.
A. is cleaned
B. be cleaned
C. was cleaned
D. cleans
5. We will fly a kite as soon as your homework ______.
A. Finishes
B. will be finished
C. has finished
D. is finished
6.----Your classroom is very clean. ----Yes, it ______ every day.
A. is cleaned
B. cleans
C. is cleaning
7.The terrible earthquake destroyed thousands of houses in that area.
Thousands of houses in that area ——————by the terrible earthquake.
8.More and more foreigners speak Chinese in the world now.
Chinese ——————by more and more foreigners in the world now.
9.Dangerous driving causes many accidents.
Many accidents ——————by dangerous driving.
10.Look! The students __________ (clean) the classroom.
11.What _________ your after _________ (do) yesterday?
12.My uncle to see us. He'll be here soon.
es
B.has come
C.is coming
D.had come
13. The girl enjoys _______ to the radio very much .
A. listen
B. to listen
C. listening
D. listene
14.I won't believe it until I it with my own eyes.
A.saw
B.have seen
C.will see
D.had seen
15.In the past ten years , there great changes in our family life.
A.had been
B.are
C.have been
D.were
16.On Sunday afternoon, Mrs .Green went to the market, some bananas, and visited her cousin.
A.bought B .buying C.to buy D.buy
17. Let’s _______ a talk about learning Chinese .
A. had
B. having
C. to have
D. have
18.——We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.
——What do you suppose to her?
A.was happening
B.to happen
C.has happened
D.having happened
19.We half an hour for the bus, but it has not come yet.
A.have waited
B.are waiting
C.had been waiting
D.have been waiting
20.He thanked me for what I .
A.has had
B.had done
C.did
D.have done
二、宾语从句
1.I don't know _________ he will come tomorrow．_________ he comes，I'll tell you．
A.if；Whether
B.whether；Whether
C.if；That
D.if；If
2.I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow．
A.when does he come
B.how will he come
C.if he comes
D.whether he'll come
3.Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is？
A.what
B.how
C.whether
D.where
4.Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help？
A.how did he mend
B.what did he mend
C.how he mended
D.what he mended
5.I want to know _________ ．
A.whom is she looking after
B.whom she is looking
C.whom is she looking
D.whom she is looking after
6.Do you know where _________ now？
A.he lives
B.does he live
C.he lived
D.did he live
7.Do you know what time _________ ？
A.the train leave
B.does the train leave
C.will the train leave
D.he train leaves
8.I don't know _________ ．Can you tell me，please？
A.how the two players are old
B.how old are the two players
C.the two players are how old
D.how old the two players are
9.The small children don't know _________ ．
A.what is their stockings in
B.what is in their stockings
C.where is their stockings in
D.what in their stockings
10.I can't understand _________ ．
A.what does Christmas mean
B.what Christmas does mean
C.what mean Christmas does
D.what Christmas means
11.The teacher didn't begin her class_______ the students stopped talking.
A．until B．because C．after D．when
12.If it _______ tomorrow, we'll go to the Great wall.
A．doesn't rain B．won't rain C．not rains D．isn't rain
13.Could you tell me_______ we get to the plane?
A．how B．Whether C．where D．what
14.When they got to the cinema, the film _______ for the ten minutes.
A．had been on B．has begun C．Began D．had begun
15.The teacher says _______ she will leave a message on the headmaster's desk.
A．if B．Who C．that D．what
16.Lucy looks stronger _______ Lily.
A．than B．as C．Then D．not as
17.I know nothing about it _______ he told me.
A．Because B．Since C．Until D．after
18.You must make your new house clean and safe _______ you move in.
A．because B．When C．before D．until
19.I was _______ tired _______ I couldn't walk on.
A．so…that B．too…to C．very…that D．very…to
20.I thought he _______ to see his mother if he _______ time.
A.will go…has
B.will go …will have
C.would go …would have
D.would go …had
三、定语从句
1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure.
A. which
B. What
C. As
D. those
2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
A. that
B. where
C. in which
D. the one
3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
5. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that
B. where
C. in which
D. in that
6. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.
A. at which
B. on that
C. in which
D. of what
7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..
A. how you have observed
B. what you have observed
C. that you have observed
D. how that you have observed
8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because
B. why
C. that
D. whether
9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which
B. that
C. all that
D. which
10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose
B. of which
C. in which
D. on which
11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as
B. that
C. which
D. what
12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.
A. which
B. it
C. that
D. what
13.the computer ________ last week has gone wrong.
A.which i bought it
B. i bought
C. what i bought
D. i bought it
14. The girl __________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
A. who is singing
B. is singing
C. sang
D. was singing
15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn
B. who
C. that learns
D. who learn
16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts
B. that against
C. who is against
D. who are against
17. Didn’t you see the man __________?
A. I nodded just now
B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now
D. I nodded to just now
18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day?
A. that you talked
B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with
D. you talked about
19. Is there anything __________ to you?
A. that is belonged
B. that belongs
C. that belong
D. which belongs
20.I am one of the boys ________never late for school.
A. that is
B. who are
C. who am
D. who is。