国际商务谈判 的实用知识

1 红白脸(1) “Good cop, bad cop”A negotiation team is divided into two groups --- the good cop and bad cop. In this approach, taken from the police interrogation, the bad cop players take a very hard-line approach and try to wear you down. After hammering at you, a break is taken where the “good cop” talk to you, try to flatter your ego and suggest a slightly moderated position, but one that you would not normally accept if you had not been so badly battered（击打）by the “bad cop”. The “good cops” seem friendly, considerate, and reasonable in comparison to the “bad cops” and they get you to go along with the unfavorable compromise. The best way to avoid this is simply not to allow yourself to judge the situation relative to the “bad cops”, but to maintai n your original goals.2开局发言九要点The most important parts of your presentation are the opening and closing statements. The beginning is important because your listeners are fresh and easy to impress. The end is important because people remember what they hear last. It is therefore advisable to give much thought to your introduction and conclusion. There are a number of approaches you can use to attract immediate attention.（1）Arouse curiosity by asking a question related to your talk.（2）Say something humorous（3）Start off with an interesting news item.（4）Begin with specific illustration, which tends to lend增加an air of seriousness and reality to your talk.（5）Open with the impact of a profound quotation.（6） Show a visual illustration of your mainpoints, which can be either a chart, picture or item related to your talk.（7） Open with a simple explanation of how your topic affects the common interests of the listeners.（8）Start with a shocking statement.（9） Casually comment on sth. that has just happened or been said at the meeting if it ties into your presentation.3 谈判一What is NegotiationHere is a story presented by Dr. Gerard Nierenberg, a universally acknowledged professor in the field of negotiation.“Recently two of my sons were squabbling over some apple pie, each insisting that he should have the larger slice. Neither would agree to an even split. So I suggested that one boy cut the pie any way he liked, and the other boy could choose the piece he wanted. This sounded fair to both of them, and they accepted. Each felt that he hadgotten the square deal.”This, according to Dr. Nierenberg, was an example of “perfect” negotiation, which vividly manifests the following “fundamental principles” of negotiation:4 谈判二First. “negotiation” is an element of human behavior. It depends on communication, that is, it occurs between individuals. A man doesn’t have to negotiate to himself. Whenever people exchange ideas with the intention of changing relationships, and whenever they consider for agreement, they are negotiating. Secondly, “negotiation” takes place only over issues that are “negotiable”. Thirdly, “negotiation” takes place only between people who have the same interest. Fourthly, “negotiation” takes place on ly when negotiators are interested not only in taking but also in giving; and finally, “negotiation” takes place only when negotiating partiestrust each other to some extent.•In short, negotiation is to talk with another person or group in order to try to come to an agreement or settle an argument.•5 需要层次论The need theory:One of the key theories about “people at work” is Maslow’s “hierarchy of human needs”. Maslow suggests that human beings take actions in order to satisfy essential needs. He classifies human needs under five main headings:1. Physical or survival needs (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS: FOOD & DRINK) 生理需要Our most important need is to survive. To remain alive, a man must have food, water, shelter and rest. His thoughts and energies will be directed toward satisfying the survival needs and shows little interest in the other four types of needs.2. Security and safety needs ( NEED FOR SHELTER)住所需要Once the human being’s most important physical needs are satisfied to at least a minimum and continuing degree, the next need that becomes dominant is the security or safety need. His efforts are now aimed at being comfortable, safe and secure. Security includes not only the physical safety of this person (locked doors and barred windows), but also includes economic safety, a steady job, life insurance, a saving account, etc. …6 需要层次论3. Social needs 社会需要When the individual is no longer continually hungry and has sufficient security he needs to belong to and be accepted by a small intimate group, his family and a few close friends and colleagues. He feels the need to be wanted and accepted not only by his family but by the social groups.4. Ego and esteem needs ( ESTEEM NEEDS ) 尊重需要The individual whose physical needs, security and belonging needs are satisfied becomes concerned with esteem. That is the need for self-respect and respect from the others.5. Self-realization needs ( NEED FOR SELF - ACTUALIZATION ) 实现自我价值需要If the physical, security, belongingness and esteem needs are satisfied, the individual’s most important need becomes self-realization. This need is named at self-fulfillment, his desire to become his best self, to realize his capabilities to the fullest. This need is sometimes called the “creative” need. …7 需要理论与谈判The need theory and negotiationIn negotiation, how to use the need theory to find, analyze and satisfy eachother’s needs is very crucial 至关重要for any negotiator to gain over the most possible benefits.1. Survival needs and negotiationNegotiation is very physical and mental consuming work with great psychological pressure. If the negotiator’s survival needs can not be ensured, his spirit and mood will be affected and consequently fail to achieve the expected negotiation objectives. The survival needs are embodied in the negotiation as the negotiato r’s needs for dress, food, accommodation, and traveling.The need for dress is to dress properly to match your identity and status. It can not only satisfy your need for dressing, to inspire 鼓励yourself and your peers 同辈人but also win your opponent’s admiration and approval so strengthen your own negotiating power. Contrarily if you lower your dressing standard, you’ll have some psychological pressure of inferiority complex 自卑感andbe despised 藐视，轻视by your opponent, which goes against effective negotiation. …8 需要理论与谈判The need for food is to eat well, which means nutritious and to your taste as well as up to the healthful requirement.The need for accommodation means to match your identity, status and living habit. It should be a place that is quiet, comfortable and with convenient living environment, which will help get rid of tiredness, resume energy and stimulate the negotiator’s way of thoughts and interests.The need for traveling indicates convenient traffic and communication with the outside world to improve negotiating efficiency and quality and fulfill all the negotiating tasks.As a host and negotiating organizer one should provide for the other party a better living condition to lighten the inconveniences,the psychological pressures and the doubtful feeling of the guest negotiators, which is helpful for creating a friendly negotiating atmosphere. …9 需要理论与谈判2. Security needs and negotiationThe negotiator’s security needs are mainly that of personal, positional and economical benefits.The guest negotiator is not familiar with the local social situation, customs and public order and traffic. They may feel a lack of security or safety. So the host should try to give more considerations to every detail of safety issues such as sending a special car to pick up and send off, keeping their company on visiting places, going shopping, sightseeing and tour guiding. …10 需要理论与谈判Status security represents that both parties will probably regard reaching an agreement as histask and prerequisite. Some negotiators even have the wrong idea that it’s better to reach an agreement that is not so ideal than non-agreement at all. To this question the negotiator and his superior should have a correct understanding of negotiation on the equal basis and for mutual benefit. A negotiator’s work should not be evaluated by the standard of reaching an agreement.Economical benefit safety has something to do with the negotiator’s superiors. They are likely to link the negotiation result with the negotiator’s income. They are exerting 施加an economical pressure on the negotiator by stressing the unilateral 单方面的effects of this link. Sometimes the negotiator may take the risk of seeking his personal benefit by reaching an agreement at the cost of the interests of the country or organization. …11 需要理论与谈判3. Social needs and negotiationEvery negotiator hopes to establish friendly relationship with the other party. In addition, they also hope to have a solidary 团结一致的team of their own to get a successful negotiation result.Since negotiation is a process of both competition and cooperation, negotiators all hope to have a comfortable and friendly but not a conflicting or suspicious negotiating environment. Therefore negotiators, especially the chief negotiator, should remain a psychologically friendly and cooperative attitude and seize every possible chance including the use of language, facial expression, dining, entertainment and gift to strengthen the friendship with the other party. Once the relationship is built, the two parties could do business better later on. Therefore negotiators should understand each other and self-surrender a bit to satisfy their own social needs. …12 需要理论与谈判 4. Ego needs and negotiationEgo satisfaction depends more on what a person values 重视than on what we can create within the negotiation.Even when the survival, security and social needs are met, there are many individuals whose ego needs has to be satisfied by material goods and by respect. The material goods are in the situation, in the package or product to be negotiated. They are looking for the best share they can get out of the deal.One’s need for respect is from three different sources: He needs the respect of his colleagues back home which is fundamental to his personal satisfaction from the negotiation. He will be influenced by the respect of the other party and believe that the other party’s respect depends on his success in earning those material goods. He will also be concerned with his self-respect which will equally focus on his success in winningmaterial goods.In a negotiation if both parties can satisfy each other’s need’s for respect, then this respect will change into a power to restrict each other’s behavior and ensure a successful negotiation. …13 需要理论与谈判 5. Self-realization needs and negotiationThe satisfaction of the self-realization needs in negotiation depends on the achievement the negotiator has made. The more benefits you obtained, the higher degree of satisfaction you’ll have of self-realization needs. The self-realization needs are the highest needs level for the negotiator. It is also the most difficult needs to meet.People’s self-realization is to show their own value. To evaluate the negotiator, it is enough to observe the benefits he strives for. Under what condition and how he strives for the benefits should also be takeninto consideration. In general, to compare negotiating achievement obtained in difficult situation and that of favoring condition, the former will be regarded as more self-realization needs achieved.In order to reach the most advanced level, the creative level, the negotiators must first, as Maslow suggests, take care of the previous four levels. …14 需要理论与谈判The inexperienced negotiator will not pay sufficient attention to the ground work. He will dash into the negotiation and start quickly on the content. He will fail to provide the basic survival and security conditions, let alone 更谈不上to provide for the social needs. These will create the conditions for aggression, defensiveness and counter-aggression and the basic conditions for hard fights.15 美国1. In the U.S., the rituals involvedin exchanging business cards are sometimes not observed as closely as in other countries.2. Meetings will proceed after some brief, preliminary “small talk”. Usually, business is conducted at an extremely fast pace.3. Americans tend to dislike periods of silence during negotiations; they are used to making up their minds quickly and decisively果断地. Often, American business-people try to extract an oral agreement at the first meeting.4. Many Americans believe that their country is the most successful economic and democratic power, and assume that American ways are the “correct” ones. This attitude frequently leads to a lack of interest in or knowledge of other cultures.5. The concept “time is money” is taken seriously in U.S. business culture, so always get to the point. Americans often know little of concept such as “saving face” and the social niceties and formalities that arevitally important to other cultures. In general, people can be very blunt率直and will not hesitate to disagree with you.6. Consistency言行一致is another characteristic among American businesspeople: when they agree to a deal, they rarely change their minds.7. The American culture stresses individual initiative and achievement. Moreover, American can also be very competitive in both work and leisure.。