需求供给与市场价格

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Changes in Quantity Demanded
Price of IceCream Cones
A tax that raises the price of ice-cream cones results in a
B
$2.00
movement along the demand curve.
Prices of related goods（相关产品的价格）
• 替代品 Substitutes • 互补品 Complements
Tastes（preference）（偏好） Expectations（预期） Number of buyers（买者的数量）
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Figure 2 Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve
税收引起冰激凌蛋卷价
格上升会导致沿着需求
1.00
A
曲线移动
0
4
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8
Quantity of Ice-Cream2C2ones
Change in Demand需求的变化
Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price.是由价格以外的因素变化引起的。
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么么么么方面
Sds绝对是假的
Supply 供给
Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.
供給量是指卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种 物品或劳务的数量。
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Supply Schedule 供给表
The supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the
good and the quantity supplied. 供给表是表示一种物品价格与供給量之
Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve. 从图形上看, 把个人需求曲线水平相 加，就得出了市场需求曲线。
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Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand
供给曲线——把价格与供給量联系在 一起的向右上方倾斜的曲线。
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Figure 5 Ben’s Supply Schedule and Supply Curve（）
rice of Ice-Cream
Cone $3.00
2.50 1. An increase in price ... 2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
需求量的变化与需求的变化
Change in Quantity Demanded(需求量的变化）
Caused by a change in the price of the product.(是由于产 品价格变动引起的)。
Movement along the demand curve.(沿着需求曲线移动) 。
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Catherine’s Demand Schedule 凯瑟琳
的需求表
Price Quantity
价格
数量
$0.00
12
0.50
10
1.00
8
1.50
6
2.00
4
2.50
2
3.00
0
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Demand Curve 需求曲线
The demand curve is the downwardsloping line relating price to quantity
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Law of Supply 供给规律
The law of supply states that there is a direct (positive) relationship between price and quantity supplied.
供给规律认为，价格与供給量之间的 关系是正关系。
make market economies work.） （ Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium. ）现代微观 经济学就是关于供给、需求和市场均衡的学 科。
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Markets and competition 市场与竞争
demanded.
需求曲线——把价格与需求量联系在 一起的向右下方倾斜的曲线。
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Figure 1 Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve （Catherine’s的需求表和需求曲线）
Ice-CreamPrCioceneof 冰激凌蛋卷的价格
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Market Demand versus Individual Demand 市场需求和单个消费者需求
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service.市场需求 是指所有个 人对某种物品或劳务需求的总和。
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right.需求曲线的移动，向左或者向右。
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Non-price Determining Variables of Demand需求的非价格决定因素
Consumer income（消费者的收入）
竞争市场——有很多买者和卖者的市 场，所以每一个买者或卖者对市场 价格的影响都可以忽略不计。
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Competitive Market完全竞争市场
Products are the same
Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no influence over price
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Demand Schedule 需求表
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
需求表 —— 表示一种物品的价格 与需求量之间关系的表格。
Oligopoly Few sellers Not always aggressive competition
垄断 一个卖者，卖者决定价格。
寡头 少数几个卖者。 并不总是主动地进行竞争。
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Demand 需求
Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. 需求量是指买者愿意而且能够购买 的一种物品或劳务的数量。
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Law of Demand 需求规律
The law of demand states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. 需求规律认为，价格与需求量之间 的关系是负关系。
间关系的表格。
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Ben’s Supply Schedule 供给表
Price
价格
$0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Quantity
数量
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
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Supply Curve 供给曲线
The supply curve is the upward-sloping line relating price to quantity supplied.
Buyers and Sellers are price takers
产品是完全相同的。 买者和卖者如此之多，以至于没有一个 买者或卖者可以影响价格。 买者和卖者都是价格接受者。
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Competition: Perfect and Otherwise
Monopoly One seller, and seller controls price
As income increases the demand for an inferior good will decrease. 收入增加，劣等品的需求减少
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Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of movie
需求曲线的移动
0
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Increase in demand 需求增加
Buyers determine demand. 买者决定需求
Sellers determine supply. 卖者决定供给
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A Competitive Market 完全竞争市场
A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price
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供给与需求的市场力量
供给和需求是经济学家最常用的两个词。（ Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often ） 供给和需求是让市场经济运行的力量。
（Supply and demand are the forces that
第二章 供给与需求（I）：市场如何运行 SUPPLY AND DEMAND I: HOW MARKETS WORK
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“你可以使一只鹦鹉成为经济学家，但 前提必须是让它明白‘供给’和‘需求 ’。”
----------------萨缪尔逊《经济学》
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思考：
1、农业的好消息是否是农民的好消息？ 2、最低工资法是否是保障工人福利的好 制度？
Decrease in demand 需求减少
D3
D2 D1
Quantity of movie 27
Prices of RelatLeabharlann Baidud Goods
Substitutes & Complements
相关物品的价格
替代品和互补品 When a fall in the price of one good reduces the demand for another good, the two goods are called substitutes. 当一种物品价格下降减少了另一种物品需求时，这两种 物品被称为替代品。 When a fall in the price of one good increases the demand for another good, the two goods are called complements. 当一种物品价格下降增加了另一种物品需求时，这两种 物品被称为互补品。
Price $30.00 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity
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Consumer Income 消费者收入
As income increases the demand for a normal good will increase. 收入增加，正常商品的需求增加
$3.00
2.50
1. A decrease in price ...
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
2. ... increases quantity 冰激淋蛋卷的数量
of cones demanded.